Intern
ati
o
n
a
l
Jo
urn
a
l
o
f
Ad
va
nces
in Applied Sciences (IJ
A
AS)
V
o
l.
2, N
o
. 3
,
Sep
t
em
b
e
r
2013
, pp
. 13
7
~
14
0
I
S
SN
: 225
2-8
8
1
4
1
37
Jo
urn
a
l
h
o
me
pa
ge
: h
ttp
://iaesjo
u
r
na
l.com/
o
n
lin
e/ind
e
x.ph
p
/
IJAAS
Neurotransmitters’ Activity
and Pharmacotherapies: From
Decision Making Process
to Juridical Implications
A
b
d
e
la
zi
z G
h
a
n
e
m
i
Department o
f
P
h
armacolog
y
, C
h
ina Pharma
ceutical University
,
Nanjing 210009
, China
Department o
f
P
h
armacy
, Faculty
of
Medicin
e
,
Mentouri Univ
er
sity
of C
onstantine, Constantin
e
25000, Algeria
Article Info
A
B
STRAC
T
Article histo
r
y:
Received Nov 21, 2012
Rev
i
sed
Mar
26
, 20
13
Accepte
d Apr 8, 2013
Neurotransm
itte
rs’ activ
it
y, ph
a
r
m
acotherap
ies,
pathologi
ca
l stat
us and th
e
possible inter
a
ctions between th
em might
influence th
e neural f
unctions of
the brain region
s involved in the deci
sion making process. Therefore, we
should consider
that und
er certain circ
umstances, the decision making ability
and eventu
ally
the behavior might be affe
c
t
ed if
the individu
al is
for exam
ple
eith
er under
the influen
ce of
p
h
armakons or suffering from n
e
urological
disorders. Thus,
during leg
a
l
trials imp
licating th
is individual, such approach
m
a
y
have an im
pact on the jurid
i
ca
l deci
sions or verdicts, especially
if it is
supported b
y
experts’ opinions
on rela
ted fields such as pharmacolog
y
,
toxicolog
y
, ps
y
c
hiatr
y
and
neuro
p
s
y
cholog
y
.
Keyword:
Deci
si
o
n
m
a
ki
ng
p
r
ocess
Justice
Neurotransm
itte
r
Pat
hol
ogy
Pha
r
m
acotoxicology
Copyright ©
201
3 Institut
e
o
f
Ad
vanced
Engin
eer
ing and S
c
i
e
nce.
All rights re
se
rve
d
.
Co
rresp
ond
i
ng
Autho
r
:
Abdelaziz GHANEM
I
Depa
rt
m
e
nt
of
Pha
r
m
acol
ogy
,
China
Pha
r
m
a
c
e
utical Uni
v
ers
ity,
No
.
24
T
o
n
g
Ji
a Xi
an
g,
Na
n
j
i
n
g
,
21
0
0
0
9
,
Ji
a
ngs
u
Pr
o
v
i
n
ce,
The
Pe
opl
e’
s
R
e
pu
bl
i
c
o
f
C
h
i
n
a.
Em
a
il: g
h
a
n
e
miab
d
e
laziz@h
o
t
m
ai
l.co
m
1.
INTRODUCTION
Since
hum
ans are trying to establish
juri
dical
syste
m
s to re
gulate a
n
d
govern their social and
econ
o
m
i
c dai
l
y
l
i
v
es, expert
s i
n
di
ffe
rent
f
i
el
ds are i
nves
t
i
g
at
i
ng h
u
m
a
n deci
si
o
n
m
a
ki
n
g
p
r
oces
s,
hum
an
b
e
h
a
v
i
ors, in
ad
d
ition
o
f
the i
m
p
licatio
n
s
su
ch
con
cep
t
s
’ an
alyses can
h
a
v
e
o
n
bo
th
leg
i
slatio
n and
appl
i
cat
i
o
n
o
f
di
ffe
re
nt
l
a
ws and re
gul
at
i
o
n
s
.
B
a
sed on
ne
ural
descri
pt
i
o
ns, t
h
ese co
nc
ept
s
we
re l
i
n
k
e
d wi
t
h
n
e
ural activ
ities an
d
p
a
thway
s
with
in
th
e
brain
.
In
deed, pharm
aco
to
x
i
co
l
o
g
i
cal and
n
e
urop
athop
h
y
sio
l
o
g
i
cal
ad
v
a
n
ces are p
r
ov
id
ing
m
o
re d
e
tails ab
o
u
t h
o
w
cerebral activ
ities
may in
flu
e
n
ce t
h
e d
ecision
mak
i
ng
especially under certai
n
th
e
r
apeutical
or m
e
dical circum
stances.
He
rei
n
, we ex
em
p
lify po
ssib
l
e correlatio
n
b
e
tw
een
th
e
b
r
ai
n
’
s activ
ities an
d
so
m
e
j
u
rid
i
cal aspects w
ith
in
th
e
co
n
t
ex
ts of the n
e
uro
economics,
pha
rm
acot
oxi
c
o
l
o
gy
an
d t
h
e i
ndi
vi
d
u
al
s’
psy
c
ho
-
p
sy
chi
a
t
r
i
c
st
at
us.
The “
d
eci
si
on
m
a
ki
ng
pr
oces
s” we are
desc
ri
bi
n
g
herei
n
e
xpl
ai
n
s
t
h
e
po
ssi
bl
e i
ndi
vi
d
u
a
l
cases o
f
pers
ons
who
may suffe
r from
cerebral dis
eases or
be
und
er
t
h
e inf
l
u
e
nce o
f
exog
enou
s activ
e co
mp
oun
ds
(in
c
lud
i
ng
drug
s),
rath
er th
an
the
p
r
o
cesses th
at m
a
y b
e
d
e
scri
b
e
d at an in
du
strial
or at an
i
n
stitu
tio
nal lev
e
l
suc
h
as
t
h
e hea
lthcare orga
nizations [1] or
the
establis
hm
ent of strategies
to
reach
certain de
velopm
ent goal
s
(see P.
G. S
o
w
and V
.
Vi
ne
k
a
r (2
0
1
2
)
[
2
]
as an exam
pl
e), fi
xed
by
l
o
cal
;
nat
i
onal
,
re
gi
onal
o
r
i
n
t
e
r
n
a
t
i
onal
or
ga
ni
zat
i
ons
, whi
c
h
m
a
i
n
l
y
depe
n
d
up
o
n
a gr
o
up deci
si
o
n
rat
h
e
r
t
h
a
n
a
n
i
ndi
vi
dual
deci
si
on
.
T
h
e descr
i
pt
i
v
e
ap
pro
ach
of this p
a
p
e
r is m
u
ltid
iscip
lin
ary an
d inv
o
l
v
e
s n
e
u
r
o
s
cien
ce, p
h
arm
aco
lo
g
y
;
tox
i
co
log
y
, p
s
ych
i
atry
an
d p
s
ych
o
l
o
gy .Th
i
s app
r
o
a
ch
starts
fo
rm scien
tific
illu
stratio
n
s
of the d
ecision
m
a
k
i
ng
p
r
o
cess-related
fact
or
s t
o
reac
h l
e
gal
i
m
pl
i
cat
i
ons a
n
d
ju
ri
di
cal
concl
u
si
o
n
s
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
S
SN
:
2
252
-88
14
I
J
AA
S
V
o
l. 2, No
.
3
,
Sep
t
emb
e
r :
1
3
7
–
140
13
8
2.
ILLUSTR
A
T
I
VE E
X
A
M
P
LES OF I
M
P
L
ICATE
D
N
E
UR
AL P
A
T
H
WA
YS
Div
e
rs stud
ies h
a
v
e
reported
so
m
e
n
e
u
r
o
t
ransmitters as in
te
rfering
with
the d
ecisio
n
m
a
k
i
n
g
pro
cess
and
ot
her
be
ha
vi
o
r
-
r
el
at
ed ce
reb
r
al
f
u
nct
i
o
n
s
. Am
on
g t
h
os
e ne
ur
ot
ra
nsm
i
t
t
e
rs;
serot
oni
n
an
d
do
pam
i
ne pl
ay
m
a
jor r
o
l
e
s wi
t
h
i
n
di
f
f
ere
n
t
brai
n st
ruct
ure
s
such as st
ri
at
um
and am
y
gdal
a
. In
deed
, a rel
a
t
i
ons
hi
p
be
t
w
een
do
pam
i
ne act
ivi
t
y
and
st
ri
at
u
m
act
i
v
at
i
on [
3
]
,
[4]
,
a
n
d
al
so
a l
i
nk
bet
w
ee
n
ser
o
t
o
ni
n
(5
-h
y
d
r
oxy
t
r
y
p
t
a
m
i
ne
o
r
5-
HT
) and am
y
gdal
a
act
i
v
at
i
on [
5
]
-
[
7]
ha
v
e
been s
h
o
w
n
t
h
ro
ug
h seve
ral
researc
h
es
usi
ng i
m
agi
ng an
d
genet
i
c
st
udi
es
. D
o
m
a
pam
i
nergi
c
sy
st
em
ne
ur
o
n
s
fo
u
n
d
i
n
di
v
e
rs
b
r
ai
n
r
e
gi
o
n
s,
i
n
cl
u
d
i
n
g
s
ubst
a
nt
i
a
ni
g
r
a
and t
h
e locus coeruleus
[8],
mediates its ef
fects via tw
o d
opam
i
nergic
re
cepto
rs’ fam
i
lies that are classifie
d
on t
h
e
basi
s o
f
m
o
l
ecul
a
r bi
ol
o
g
i
cal
dat
a
[
9
]
.
Thes
e
fam
i
lies are D1-li
k
e fam
i
ly with two
(D1 and D5)
recept
o
rs and
D2-like fam
i
ly with
three (D2, D3 and D4) receptors re
s
p
ectively [10],[11]. Dom
a
pa
minergic
act
i
v
i
t
y
has
be
en i
m
pl
i
cat
ed i
n
di
ver
s
phe
n
o
m
e
na t
h
at
m
i
ght
st
r
o
n
g
l
y
i
n
fl
ue
nce
bot
h t
h
e
deci
si
o
n
m
a
ki
n
g
pr
ocess
an
d t
h
e
beha
vi
or.
Suc
h
phe
n
o
m
e
na, m
e
di
at
ed
by
do
pam
i
ne, i
n
cl
u
d
e
em
ot
i
onal
beha
vi
o
r
[
1
0]
,
wellb
eing
feelin
g
s
an
d stress red
u
c
tion
[12]. In add
itio
n,
reward co
m
p
u
t
atio
n
an
d
reward pred
iction
erro
rs
i
n
v
o
l
v
e m
e
sol
i
m
b
i
c
dopam
i
ner
g
i
c
ne
ur
o
n
s
[1
3]
,[
1
4
]
.
O
n
t
h
e ot
her
h
a
nd
, ha
rm
avoi
da
nce an
d a
v
ersi
ve
beha
vi
o
r
ha
ve been
l
i
nke
d
t
o
serot
oni
n neu
r
ons
[
1
5]
.
Im
port
a
nt
l
y
, b
e
havi
oral
ec
on
om
i
c
s research
es, em
pl
oy
i
ng
an i
m
agi
ng ge
net
i
c
s st
rat
e
gy
have
b
r
o
u
ght
out
a no
vel
ne
ural
ex
pl
anat
i
o
n of t
h
e deci
si
on m
a
ki
ng p
r
o
cesses [1
6]
. Thi
s
st
udy
has i
nve
st
i
g
at
ed t
h
e
rol
e
s
t
h
at
b
o
t
h
d
o
p
a
m
i
ne and
ser
o
t
oni
n
pl
ay
i
n
m
e
di
at
i
ng
st
ri
at
al
and
am
y
gdal
a
res
p
o
n
ses
d
u
r
i
n
g
deci
si
on
m
a
ki
ng
pr
ocesses
.
It
has al
so sh
o
w
n t
h
e po
ssi
bl
e
neur
ot
ra
nsm
i
ssi
on
’s pat
h
w
a
y
s
and co
ncl
ude
d t
h
at
i
n
deci
si
o
n
mak
i
n
g
un
d
e
r
r
i
sk
, opp
on
en
cy b
e
tw
een
dopa
m
i
n
e
an
d sero
ton
i
n
is i
n
vo
l
v
ed. I
m
p
o
r
t
an
t
l
y, th
e r
e
su
lts
h
a
v
e
al
so sh
ow
n enha
nce
d
st
ri
at
al
act
i
v
at
i
on and i
n
c
r
ease
d
am
y
gdal
a
act
ivat
i
on s
u
g
g
est
i
ng t
h
at
ser
o
t
one
r
g
i
c
in
h
i
b
ition
m
a
y lead
to
a striatal activ
ati
o
n
of th
e
dop
am
in
erg
i
c n
e
u
r
o
t
ran
s
m
i
ssio
n
.
Th
is co
nfirm
s
th
e
hy
p
o
t
h
esi
s
of s
e
rot
oni
n l
i
nke
d
t
o
do
pam
i
ne in an “
o
p
p
o
n
e
n
t
part
ne
rshi
p” t
h
at
has
been
d
e
scri
be
d by
pr
evi
o
u
s
pu
bl
i
cat
i
on
[1
7]
,[
18]
.
Fu
rt
h
e
rm
ore, com
p
l
e
m
e
nt
ary
st
udi
es’ dat
a
a
b
out
deci
si
o
n
m
a
king l
o
o
k
c
o
here
nt
wi
t
h
th
is h
ypo
th
esis an
d th
e
fun
c
tio
n
s
of th
e t
w
o b
r
ai
n
stru
ctures (striatu
m
an
d
am
yg
d
a
la) are coh
e
ren
t
with
th
i
s
conce
p
t.
In fac
t
, striatum
, that r
eceives
afferent input
from
midbrain dop
a
m
inergic neurons, has bee
n
pointed
as p
l
aying
a
ro
le in
d
ecision
m
a
k
i
n
g
un
der risk
[19
]
-[21
]. In
add
itio
n, with
i
n
th
e cen
t
ral
n
e
rv
ou
s
syste
m
do
pam
i
ne rep
r
esent
s
t
h
e
m
o
st
ubi
qui
t
o
us
cat
echol
am
i
n
e ne
ur
ot
ra
nsm
i
tt
er [
22]
. M
o
r
e
ove
r, am
y
g
d
a
l
a
is
i
n
v
o
l
v
e
d
i
n
di
vers
deci
si
on
-r
el
at
ed p
r
oce
s
s
e
s [
23]
a
n
d i
t
was
rep
o
r
t
e
d t
h
at
d
o
p
am
i
n
e cont
rol
s
a
va
ri
et
y
of
fun
c
tion
s
in
clud
ing
lo
co
m
o
tio
n
,
co
gn
itio
n, em
o
t
io
n
,
food
in
tak
e
an
d
endo
cri
n
e reg
u
l
ati
o
n
[22
]
wh
ich
furth
e
r
ou
r
u
nde
rst
a
n
d
i
ng
o
f
t
h
e
deci
s
i
on m
a
ki
ng
p
r
o
cess.
As a l
a
r
g
er a
p
pr
oac
h
,
we sh
oul
d co
nsi
d
er
t
h
e net
w
o
r
k
(
F
i
g
u
r
e
1.) t
h
at
descri
bes
di
v
e
rs p
o
t
e
nt
i
a
l
interactions be
tween
pha
rm
a
k
ons, ce
re
bral
diseases
an
d
t
h
e i
n
fl
ue
nce
s
t
h
ey
m
i
ght
have
o
n
t
h
e
neu
r
al
fu
nct
i
o
ns vi
a
chan
gi
n
g
t
h
e
neu
r
ot
ran
s
m
i
ssi
on
fu
nct
i
o
ns.
Fol
l
o
wi
n
g
t
h
i
s
l
i
n
e o
f
t
h
ou
ght
s
,
d
r
u
g
s
us
ed f
o
r
treat
m
e
n
t
m
a
y
in
flu
e
n
ce t
h
e
cerebral n
e
u
r
ofun
ction
s
a
n
d
th
e progn
o
s
is
o
f
so
m
e
b
r
ain d
i
seases as
well; in
addition,
disea
s
es m
a
y have a
n
im
pact on dr
ugs efficacy.
Furt
herm
ore,
brain m
odifications
due to acti
v
e co
m
p
o
u
n
d
s
and ce
re
bral
d
i
sor
d
ers m
i
ght
resul
t
i
n
a
neu
r
ochem
i
cal
m
odi
fi
cat
i
o
n
s
t
h
at
m
a
y
i
n
fl
u
e
nce t
h
e
deci
si
on m
a
ki
ng
p
r
o
cess, an
d e
v
e
n
t
u
al
be
havi
or
-r
el
at
ed
n
e
uro
-
asp
ects, b
u
t
o
n
l
y
if
th
e n
e
uro
c
h
e
m
i
cal
m
o
d
i
ficatio
ns
in
vo
lv
e n
e
uro
t
ran
s
m
itters
o
r
n
e
ural
p
a
t
h
ways
th
at
are either
dire
ctly im
p
licated in th
e deci
si
o
n
m
a
ki
ng p
r
oc
ess or a
r
e i
n
vo
l
v
ed in m
echanism
s
that indirectly
i
n
fl
ue
nce t
h
e
d
eci
si
on m
a
ki
ng
p
r
oces
s (s
uc
h
as psy
c
ho
-
p
sy
chi
a
t
r
i
c
st
at
us
).
Brain
Dr
ug
s /
T
r
eat
m
e
nt
s
Cerebral dis
o
rders
Neural
Im
balances
/
disturbances
Fi
gure
1.
Possib
le in
teractions b
e
tween
p
h
ar
m
a
kon
s, ce
reb
r
al
dy
sf
unct
i
o
ns
,
neu
r
ot
ran
s
m
i
t
t
ers’
act
i
v
i
t
y
an
d t
h
e
deci
si
on
m
a
ki
ng
p
r
oces
s.
Psy
c
hiatric
im
plicat
ions
Psy
c
hological
Conse
q
ue
nces
Decision
m
a
king pr
ocess
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
J
AA
S I
S
SN
:
225
2-8
8
1
4
Neu
r
o
t
ran
s
mitters'
Activity and
Pha
r
ma
co
th
era
p
i
es: From
Decision
Ma
kin
g
Pro
cess (Abd
ela
z
iz
Gh
an
emi)
13
9
3.
IMPLI
CATI
O
NS
A
N
D
PE
RSPE
CTIVE
S
B
o
t
h
d
opam
i
nergi
c
a
n
d
se
ro
t
one
rgi
c
pat
h
way
s
, wi
t
h
i
n
st
ri
at
um
and am
y
gdal
a
res
p
ect
i
v
el
y
,
are
i
n
v
o
l
v
e
d
i
n
t
h
e
deci
si
o
n
m
a
ki
ng
p
r
o
cesses.
There
f
ore,
f
o
r
deci
si
o
n
m
a
ki
ng
pr
ocess,
we
m
a
y
sug
g
est
p
o
ssi
bl
e
i
n
fl
ue
nces
o
f
dr
u
g
s (a
g
oni
st
s o
r
a
n
t
a
g
oni
s
t
s) t
h
at
in
teract with
eith
er th
e two
correspo
nd
ing
recep
t
ors
(dopam
inergic and
serot
one
rgic
), the
relate
d
mechanism
s
or eve
n
tually
ot
her recept
o
rs
that can i
n
fl
uenc
e the
deci
si
o
n
m
a
ki
ng,
pr
ocesses
es
peci
al
l
y
i
f
we t
a
ke i
n
t
o
co
nsi
d
erat
i
on
b
o
t
h
t
h
e di
ve
rs
fact
or
s t
h
at
m
a
y
i
n
fl
uence
t
h
e ne
u
r
o
r
ece
p
t
ors
’
f
u
nct
i
o
ns
(f
o
r
e
x
am
pl
es, re
fer
t
o
[24]) and t
h
e fac
t
that the ce
nt
ral ne
rvous
syste
m
co
nstitu
tes com
p
lex
n
e
two
r
ks with
in
wh
ich d
i
fferen
t
n
e
ur
o
t
ran
s
m
i
tters are con
s
tan
tly in
teracting
and
lead
in
g
to
d
i
v
e
r
s
ou
tco
m
es in
f
o
r
m
o
f
b
e
h
a
v
i
o
r
s, p
s
ych
o
l
og
ical statu
s
an
d
physical i
m
p
licat
io
n
s
. Th
er
efo
r
e, w
e
shoul
d
consider, in case
of legal
investigations, for exam
ple while j
udging indivi
dua
ls accused of cri
m
e to
d
ecid
e
wh
eth
e
r th
ey are gu
ilty or inno
cen
t, an
d th
is if
th
e accu
sed
were, at th
e tim
e o
f
co
mmit
tin
g
th
e
crime
,
un
de
r s
u
ch
d
r
u
g
s i
n
fl
ue
nces
or i
f
t
h
ey
suffered from
cerebral im
balances
or
n
e
ur
o
l
og
ical d
i
sor
d
er
s t
h
at can
in
flu
e
n
ce th
e
path
ways link
e
d to
d
ecision
mak
i
ng
m
echanism
s
. Furtherm
ore
,
som
e
cerebral
neurorece
ptors
’
exp
r
essi
ons
m
a
y
depe
n
d
up
o
n
t
h
e age
[
2
5]
.
In a
d
dition, t
h
e population
(adolesce
nts
or adu
lts) to
which bel
o
ng the
accuse
d constitutes also
anot
her elem
e
n
t (which is
physiological) t
h
at s
h
ould
be
juridically
considere
d
,
es
peci
ally that the
use of
drugs am
ong
som
e
population c
o
nstitutes a factor t
h
at
increases t
h
e
crim
inality r
a
te which m
i
ght
be
explaine
d, in s
o
m
e
cases, by the potential im
pact
som
e
com
pou
nd
s i
n
cl
udi
ng
psy
c
h
o
s
t
im
ul
ant
s
dru
g
s
and
di
ffe
re
nt
ot
her
sub
s
t
a
nces
l
i
k
e
am
phet
a
m
i
ne can
ha
ve
on
t
h
e b
r
ai
n
an
d t
h
us,
l
ead t
o
ce
r
e
bral
ne
ur
oc
he
m
i
cal
m
odi
fi
cat
i
ons and
b
e
h
a
v
i
oral ch
ang
e
s
[26
]
.
Thu
s
, und
er
p
a
rticu
l
ar cond
itio
n
s
, th
e decisio
n
m
a
k
i
n
g
ab
ility an
d
the capability to evaluate and distingui
s
h
be
tween what is considere
d
“g
ood “or “ba
d
” by the society, and
“allo
wed
”
or
“forb
i
d
d
e
n
”
by th
e lo
w
remain
an
i
n
terest
in
g
area th
at
n
eeds fu
rt
h
e
r i
n
v
e
stig
atio
n
s
,
main
ly
within the context of the rel
a
ted ju
ridical im
plications, because the be
ha
vioral conse
q
uence
s
suc
h
fa
ctors
have
. T
h
ese
c
once
p
t
s
a
r
e s
u
pp
o
r
t
e
d
by
t
h
e
di
ve
rs
fi
n
d
i
n
g
s
i
n
di
cat
i
ng
h
o
w
neu
r
orece
pt
ors
are
i
m
pl
i
c
at
ed i
n
n
u
m
erou
s
n
e
urop
sycho
l
og
ical p
h
e
no
m
e
n
a
su
ch
as co
gn
itiv
e or em
o
tio
n
a
l b
e
h
a
v
i
o
r
[2
7
]
,[28
], feelin
g
s
of
wellbein
g
[2
9]
and
stress
re
d
u
c
tion [3
0]
.
Startin
g
fro
m
t
h
e striatu
m
an
d
amyg
d
a
la fun
c
tio
ns,
d
e
scri
b
e
d
as illu
strativ
e ex
am
p
l
es, ex
trap
o
l
ations
fr
om
t
h
ese concept
s
ca
n l
ead t
o
a wi
de
r
ove
rvi
e
w o
f
t
h
e pos
si
bl
e
i
n
t
e
ract
i
ons
of t
h
e
phy
si
ol
ogi
cal
,
pathological and thera
p
e
u
tical neur
o-
cer
e
br
al asp
ects
w
ith
th
e hu
m
a
n
b
e
h
a
v
i
or
and
th
e
d
ecision
maki
ng
p
r
o
cess, esp
e
cially if su
ppo
rted
b
y
fu
rt
h
e
r
stu
d
i
es t
o
d
e
scrib
e
o
t
h
e
r
n
e
uro
t
ran
s
m
itters an
d dru
g
s
th
at
m
a
y
i
n
fl
ue
nce t
h
e
d
eci
si
on m
a
ki
ng-
rel
a
t
e
d p
h
e
n
om
ena. To rea
c
h su
ch
go
al
s,
fact
or
s suc
h
as
t
h
e p
o
ssi
bl
e l
i
nka
g
e
b
e
tween
m
e
n
t
al h
ealth
and
p
s
ych
o
s
o
c
ial stresso
rs
[31
]
a
nd
th
e in
teracti
o
ns of t
h
e
d
i
fferen
t
n
e
uro
t
ran
s
m
itteu
r
s
with
in
th
e “
ps
ychiatric n
e
ural n
e
tworks”
[3
2]
s
h
o
u
l
d
be co
nsi
d
ere
d
as wel
l
.
Take
n t
oget
h
er
and c
o
m
b
i
n
ed
wi
t
h
o
t
h
e
r referen
c
es, th
e ab
ov
e
d
e
scrib
e
d
d
a
ta mig
h
t
resu
lts
in
t
o
a “red
efin
ition
”
of co
n
c
ep
ts
in
clu
d
i
n
g
“Th
e
Free
Deci
si
o
n
”
a
n
d
“The
V
o
l
u
nt
e
e
r Act
i
on”
. H
o
we
ve
r,
e
x
pert
s’ opi
ni
o
n
s
a
n
d descri
pt
i
o
n
s
of
t
h
e rel
a
t
e
d fact
or
s
sho
u
l
d
be t
a
ke
n as
re
fere
nces
wi
t
h
i
n
an
y legal o
r
ju
ri
d
i
cal co
n
t
ex
t.
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.
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jsps.2013.01.008
BI
O
G
R
A
P
HY
OF
A
U
T
HO
R
Abdelaziz GHANEMI was
born
on October,
11
th
, 1986 in Algiers (Algeria). H
e
finished his
elementar
y
and
high school edu
c
ation
in Constan
tine (Algeria).
In 2004, he graduated with the Secondar
y
Ed
ucation Baccalaur
eate Degree
with honors
(Good).
In 2009, Abdelaziz GHANEMI graduated from the
Medicine Faculty
of Men
t
ouri Constantin
e
Univers
i
t
y
(Alg
e
r
ia) wi
th
a P
h
ar
m
acis
t
Diplom
a
(Valedi
c
tori
an)
From
Septem
ber 2009 to June 2010: Chinese
languag
e
Clas
s at China Pha
r
m
aceuti
cal
Uni
v
e
r
si
ty
(Na
n
ji
ng ci
ty
,
Jiangsu Provence,
Chin
a).
From September 2010 to
June 2013: Master’s
degree (Msc) candid
a
te majoring
in
P
h
arm
acolog
y
at
China
P
h
arm
a
c
e
uti
cal
Univers
i
t
y
(China)
.
In addition to
Arabic (mother
tongue), Mr
.GHANEMI has
English, Fren
ch
and Chines
e
languag
e
prof
iciency
cer
tificates.
The author do
es research
and has publicati
ons
about both phar
m
acolog
y
and n
e
uroscien
ce-
related fields
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