I
nte
rna
t
io
na
l J
o
urna
l o
f
Adv
a
nces in Applie
d Science
s
(
I
J
AAS)
Vo
l.
10
,
No
.
1
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Ma
r
ch
2
0
2
1
,
p
p
.
13
~
19
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
8
1
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DOI
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Effec
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he min
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s, elici
tors
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ca
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May
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2
0
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ev
is
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2
5
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2
0
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ted
Sep
28
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F
a
rm
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ll
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th
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rld
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n
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f
v
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t
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p
=
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0
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).
Th
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ise
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s
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d
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t
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p
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d
.
K
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w
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d
s
:
Au
to
clav
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E
licito
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s
Mo
s
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Pleu
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W
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ex
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T
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s
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p
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c
c
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u
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d
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r th
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CC B
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C
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A
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Ok
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Dep
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Scien
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Fed
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Un
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s
ity
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T
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P.M
.
B
1
5
2
6
Owe
r
r
i,
I
m
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Stat
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Nig
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E
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ail:
s
am
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1.
I
NT
RO
D
UCT
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O
N
C
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tain
co
m
p
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d
s
an
d
ch
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ca
ls
wh
en
ap
p
lied
to
p
lan
ts
in
lo
w
co
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ce
n
tr
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s
ca
n
ac
tiv
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g
en
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p
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ical,
an
d
b
io
ch
em
ical
d
ef
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s
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m
ec
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is
m
s
[
1
]
T
h
ese
c
o
m
p
o
u
n
d
s
w
h
ich
a
r
e
k
n
o
wn
a
s
elicito
r
s
/ef
f
ec
to
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s
also
in
clu
d
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ce
r
tain
c
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m
p
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at
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g
en
s
i
n
th
eir
ef
f
o
r
t
to
c
o
lo
n
ize
p
lan
ts
[
1
]
,
[
2
]
.
C
h
itin
b
ased
s
u
b
s
tan
ce
s
s
u
ch
as
s
p
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t
m
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s
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m
s
u
b
s
tr
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h
av
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b
ee
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s
h
o
wn
in
a
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
s
tu
d
ies
to
b
e
p
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ten
t
elicito
r
s
o
f
p
lan
t
d
ef
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n
s
e
wh
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in
tu
r
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h
av
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allo
wed
p
lan
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t
o
r
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t
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r
to
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is
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s
es
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
: 2
2
5
2
-
8
8
1
4
I
n
t J Ad
v
Ap
p
l Sci
,
Vo
l.
10
,
No
.
1
,
Ma
r
c
h
2
0
2
1
:
13
–
19
14
in
clu
d
in
g
v
ir
u
s
es
[
3
]
.
T
h
ese
f
in
d
in
g
s
r
ev
ea
le
d
th
at
ch
iti
n
-
b
ased
p
r
o
d
u
cts
h
o
ld
p
r
o
m
i
s
e
co
m
m
er
cially
to
p
r
o
tect
cr
o
p
s
in
lar
g
e
s
ca
le
ag
r
icu
ltu
r
e.
R
ec
en
tly
th
e
co
n
tr
o
l
o
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p
lan
t
d
is
ea
s
es
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as
b
ec
o
m
e
in
cr
ea
s
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d
if
f
icu
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d
esp
ite
th
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m
er
its
b
r
o
u
g
h
t
b
y
th
e
ap
p
licatio
n
o
f
p
esti
cid
es
to
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r
icu
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im
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n
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en
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.
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b
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eg
r
a
d
ab
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e
o
f
co
m
p
o
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d
s
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b
tain
ed
f
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o
m
p
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n
tly
b
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f
in
ter
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to
p
lan
t
p
at
h
o
lo
g
is
t.
T
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er
ef
o
r
e,
th
e
m
y
c
elia
o
f
m
u
s
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o
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at
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(
SMS
)
ar
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d
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t
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o
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r
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s
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to
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i
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ag
en
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h
as
b
ec
o
m
e
a
u
s
ef
u
l
ap
p
r
ec
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co
m
p
o
u
n
d
d
u
e
to
it
s
ef
f
ec
t
o
n
th
e
elicitatio
n
o
f
d
ef
en
s
e
m
ec
h
an
is
m
s
in
p
lan
ts
[4
]
,
[
5
]
.
E
x
am
p
les
o
f
s
u
c
h
eli
cito
r
s
ar
e
ca
r
b
o
h
y
d
r
ate
a
n
d
p
r
o
tein
elicito
r
s
th
at
in
d
u
ce
d
ef
en
s
e
m
ec
h
an
is
m
in
p
lan
ts
ar
e
r
elea
s
ed
f
r
o
m
th
e
m
y
ce
lia
o
f
f
u
n
g
al
p
ath
o
g
e
n
s
[
6
]
.
On
ce
t
h
e
p
la
n
ts
r
ec
o
g
n
ize
th
ese
elicito
r
s
,
m
an
y
p
lan
ts
d
ev
elo
p
an
en
h
a
n
ce
d
r
e
s
is
tan
ce
to
f
u
r
th
er
p
ath
o
g
en
at
tack
also
in
th
e
u
n
in
o
cu
lated
o
r
g
an
s
.
T
h
is
ty
p
e
o
f
in
d
u
ce
d
r
esis
tan
ce
is
ca
lled
s
y
s
tem
ic
ac
q
u
ir
ed
r
esis
tan
ce
(
SAR
)
[7
]
-
[
1
1
]
.
T
h
e
ap
p
licatio
n
o
f
SMS
to
p
lan
ts
m
ay
b
e
u
s
ef
u
l
f
o
r
th
e
co
n
tr
o
l
o
f
p
lan
t
d
is
ea
s
es.
Ho
wev
er
,
th
e
s
tu
d
y
o
f
th
e
p
o
ten
tia
l
r
o
le
o
f
SMS
in
d
is
ea
s
e
co
n
tr
o
l
h
as
n
o
t
r
ec
ei
v
ed
ad
eq
u
ate
atten
tio
n
.
I
n
th
e
f
ew
s
tu
d
ies
th
at
h
av
e
ad
d
r
ess
ed
th
is
to
p
ic,
th
e
em
p
h
asis
h
as
b
ee
n
o
n
e
x
p
lo
itin
g
th
e
a
n
tib
io
tic
-
p
r
o
d
u
cin
g
m
icr
o
o
r
g
an
is
m
s
in
SMS
b
y
ap
p
ly
i
n
g
SMS
as
co
m
p
o
s
t [
1
2
]
-
[
1
5
]
.
C
ass
av
a
m
o
s
aic
d
is
ea
s
e
is
o
n
e
o
f
th
e
m
o
s
t
s
ev
er
e
an
d
wid
e
s
p
r
ea
d
d
is
ea
s
es
th
at
af
f
ec
t
ca
s
s
av
a
p
lan
t
as
it
r
ed
u
ce
s
p
r
o
d
u
ctio
n
o
f
th
e
cr
o
p
in
s
u
b
-
Sah
a
r
an
Af
r
ica.
T
h
e
s
y
m
p
to
m
s
o
f
th
e
d
is
ea
s
e
in
clu
d
e
a
v
ar
iety
o
f
f
o
liar
s
y
m
p
to
m
s
s
u
ch
as
m
o
s
aic,
m
o
ttli
n
g
,
m
is
s
h
ap
en
an
d
t
wis
ted
leaf
le
ts
,
an
d
g
en
er
al
r
ed
u
ctio
n
in
leaf
an
d
p
lan
t
s
ize.
I
n
f
ec
ted
p
lan
ts
p
r
o
d
u
ce
f
ew
o
r
n
o
tu
b
er
s
d
e
p
en
d
in
g
o
n
th
e
s
ev
er
ity
an
d
th
e
ag
e
o
f
th
e
p
lan
t
at
th
e
tim
e
o
f
in
f
ec
tio
n
.
W
ar
b
u
r
g
[
16
]
r
ep
o
r
te
d
t
h
at
th
e
f
ir
s
t
ac
co
u
n
t
o
f
AC
MD
ca
m
e
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
Usam
b
ar
as
m
o
u
n
ta
in
r
a
n
g
e
in
No
r
th
ea
s
t
T
an
za
n
ia
in
1
8
9
4
wh
ile
th
e
d
is
ea
s
e
was
n
am
ed
as
“Kr
au
s
elk
r
a
n
k
h
eit”,
a
Ger
m
an
wo
r
d
th
a
t
tr
an
s
lated
to
‘
r
ip
p
lin
g
/cr
in
k
lin
g
illn
ess
’
wh
ich
d
escr
ib
ed
s
y
m
p
to
m
s
o
b
s
er
v
ed
o
n
in
f
ec
ted
p
lan
ts
.
C
h
an
t
[
1
7
]
r
ep
o
r
ted
th
at
v
ir
u
s
es
wer
e
o
r
i
g
in
ally
b
eliev
ed
to
b
e
th
e
ca
u
s
al
ag
en
t
o
f
AC
MD
,
an
d
its
tr
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
o
cc
u
r
r
ed
th
r
o
u
g
h
th
e
wh
itef
lies
,
th
e
v
i
r
al
s
tatu
s
was
n
o
t
p
r
o
v
en
im
m
ed
iately
n
o
t
u
n
til
th
e
1
9
7
0
s
,
wh
en
s
m
all
q
u
asi
-
is
o
m
etr
ic,
g
er
m
in
ate
p
ar
ticles we
r
e
f
o
u
n
d
in
s
y
m
p
to
m
atic
h
o
s
t tis
s
u
es [
1
8
].
Ho
wev
er
,
it
wo
u
ld
n
o
t
b
e
u
n
til
m
an
y
y
ea
r
s
later
th
at
th
e
v
ir
u
s
,
Af
r
ican
ca
s
s
av
a
m
o
s
aic
v
ir
u
s
(
AC
MV
)
was
m
o
lecu
lar
ly
c
h
ar
ac
ter
ized
[
1
9
]
an
d
Ko
ch
’
s
p
o
s
tu
late
f
u
lf
illed
[
2
0
]
.
C
MBs
in
d
u
ce
i
n
ca
s
s
av
a
an
d
th
e
ex
p
e
r
im
en
tal
h
o
s
t
N
ico
tia
n
a
b
e
n
th
a
mia
n
a
Do
m
in
s
e
v
er
al
cy
to
lo
g
ical
an
d
m
o
r
p
h
o
l
o
g
ical
m
o
d
if
icatio
n
wh
o
s
e
s
y
m
p
to
m
s
a
n
d
ac
c
o
m
p
an
y
in
g
ce
llu
lar
m
o
d
if
icatio
n
s
d
ep
en
d
o
n
wh
eth
er
th
ey
ar
e
in
f
ec
ted
with
a
s
in
g
le
v
ir
u
s
o
r
a
c
o
n
cu
r
r
en
t
in
f
ec
tio
n
o
f
two
o
r
m
o
r
e
C
MBs
r
esu
ltin
g
in
s
y
n
er
g
is
tic
in
ter
a
ctio
n
s
[
2
1
]
.
AC
MD
s
y
m
p
to
m
s
f
o
r
p
lan
ts
in
f
ec
ted
with
a
s
in
g
le
v
ir
u
s
is
ch
ar
ac
ter
ized
b
y
a
r
a
n
g
e
o
f
g
r
ee
n
to
y
ello
w
m
o
s
aic
in
in
f
ec
ted
leav
es
co
u
p
led
with
l
ea
f
d
is
to
r
tio
n
s
.
T
h
ese
alter
ati
o
n
s
in
th
e
m
o
r
p
h
o
lo
g
y
o
f
ca
s
s
av
a
o
f
ten
r
esu
lt
i
n
lo
w
tu
b
er
y
ield
wh
ile
s
ig
n
if
ic
an
t
s
to
r
ag
e
r
o
o
t
lo
s
s
es
ca
n
o
cc
u
r
e
v
en
in
r
esis
tan
t
g
en
o
ty
p
e
t
h
at
s
h
o
w
o
n
ly
m
ild
o
r
n
o
f
o
liar
s
y
m
p
to
m
[
2
1
]
.
Ov
er
all
s
to
r
ag
e
r
o
o
t
y
ield
lo
s
s
ac
r
o
s
s
s
u
b
-
Sah
ar
a
n
Af
r
ica
h
a
s
b
ee
n
esti
m
ated
t
o
b
e
b
etwe
e
n
5
%
a
n
d
2
4
%
an
n
u
ally
wh
ich
is
eq
u
iv
alen
t
to
1
2
-
2
3
m
illi
o
n
to
n
s
o
r
an
an
n
u
al
lo
s
s
o
f
US
$
1
.
2
t
o
$
2
.
3
b
illi
o
n
[
2
2
]
.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e,
th
e
m
ain
o
b
jectiv
e
o
f
th
is
s
tu
d
y
was
to
d
eter
m
in
e
th
e
ef
f
ec
t
o
f
au
t
o
clav
e
d
s
p
en
t
m
u
s
h
r
o
o
m
s
u
b
s
tr
ate
wate
r
ex
tr
ac
t
o
n
th
e
m
in
er
als,
elicito
r
s
,
ca
s
s
av
a
y
ield
a
n
d
th
e
m
an
ag
em
e
n
t
o
f
Af
r
ica
n
ca
s
s
av
a
m
o
s
aic
v
ir
u
s
.
2.
RE
S
E
ARCH
M
E
T
H
O
D
2
.
1
.
E
x
perim
ent
a
l site
/l
a
y
o
ut
T
h
i
s
ex
p
e
r
i
m
e
n
t
w
a
s
l
o
c
a
te
d
a
t
F
a
cu
l
t
y
o
f
A
g
r
i
c
u
l
tu
r
e,
T
ea
c
h
i
n
g
a
n
d
R
e
s
e
a
r
ch
f
a
r
m
U
n
i
v
e
r
s
i
t
y
o
f
P
o
r
t
H
ar
co
u
r
t
C
h
o
b
a
R
i
v
er
s
S
t
a
t
e
N
i
g
er
i
a
o
n
a
1
4
×
5
m
p
lo
t
s
i
z
e,
e
ac
h
p
lo
t
m
e
a
s
u
r
e
d
2
×
2
m
w
i
th
8
p
l
a
n
t
s
p
e
r
p
lo
t
.
R
a
n
d
o
m
i
z
e
d
co
m
p
l
et
e
b
lo
ck
d
e
s
i
g
n
w
a
s
u
s
e
d
f
o
r
t
h
i
s
in
v
e
s
t
i
g
a
t
i
o
n
w
i
th
3
tr
e
a
tm
e
n
t
s
r
ep
l
i
c
a
t
ed
3
t
i
m
e
s
.
2
.
2
.
So
urce
o
f
pla
nting
m
a
t
er
i
a
ls
T
MS
9
8
/0
5
0
5
u
s
ed
f
o
r
t
h
is
ex
p
er
im
en
t
wer
e
g
en
er
ated
th
r
o
u
g
h
m
e
r
is
tem
tip
cu
ltu
r
e
c
o
lle
cted
f
r
o
m
th
e
Natio
n
al
R
o
o
t
C
r
o
p
R
esear
ch
I
n
s
titu
te,
Um
u
ah
ia
Ab
ia
State
an
d
wer
e
ex
cised
an
d
asep
tically
cu
ltu
r
ed
u
s
in
g
M
&
S M
ed
iu
m
[
2
3
]
f
o
r
v
ir
al
elim
in
atio
n
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J Ad
v
Ap
p
l Sci
I
SS
N:
2
2
5
2
-
8
8
1
4
E
ffects o
f a
u
to
cla
vin
g
(
P
leu
r
o
tu
s
o
s
tera
tu
s
)
s
p
en
t m
u
s
h
r
o
o
m
s
u
b
s
tr
a
te
w
a
ter ex
t
r
a
ct
…
(
S
a
mu
el
Oke
r
e
)
15
2
.
3
.
P
re
pa
ra
t
io
n o
f
w
a
t
er
ex
t
ra
ct
f
ro
m
s
pent
m
us
hro
o
m su
bs
t
ra
t
e
T
h
e
s
p
en
t
m
u
s
h
r
o
o
m
co
m
p
o
s
t/s
u
b
s
tr
ate
was
o
b
tain
ed
f
r
o
m
Dilo
m
at
Far
m
s
lo
ca
te
d
at
R
iv
er
s
State
Un
iv
er
s
ity
o
f
Scien
ce
an
d
T
ec
h
n
o
lo
g
y
,
Po
r
t
Har
co
u
r
t,
R
iv
er
s
State
Nig
er
ia,
af
ter
4
m
o
n
th
s
o
f
f
r
u
it
b
o
d
y
p
r
o
d
u
ctio
n
an
d
was
im
m
ed
i
ately
u
s
ed
f
o
r
th
e
p
r
e
p
ar
atio
n
o
f
wate
r
ex
tr
ac
t
ac
co
r
d
i
n
g
to
t
h
e
p
r
o
ce
d
u
r
e
d
escr
ib
ed
b
y
Ok
er
e
a
n
d
Ata
g
a
[
2
5
]
.
Par
t
o
f
th
e
f
iltra
te
was
u
s
ed
as
wate
r
ex
tr
ac
t
f
r
o
m
s
p
en
t
m
u
s
h
r
o
o
m
s
u
b
s
tr
ate
(
W
E
SM
S)
wh
ile
th
e
r
em
ain
in
g
p
ar
t
was
au
to
clav
ed
as
au
to
clav
ed
wate
r
ex
tr
ac
t
s
p
en
t
m
u
s
h
r
o
o
m
s
u
b
s
tr
ate
(
AW
E
SM
S)
f
o
r
leaf
tr
ea
tm
en
t.
T
h
e
P
leu
r
o
tu
s
o
s
tera
tu
s
wate
r
ex
tr
ac
t
s
p
en
t
m
u
s
h
r
o
o
m
s
u
b
s
tr
at
e
(
POW
E
SM
S
)
an
d
P
leu
r
o
tu
s
o
s
tera
tu
s
au
to
clav
ed
s
p
en
t
m
u
s
h
r
o
o
m
s
u
b
s
tr
ate
(
POAW
E
SM
S
)
f
r
o
m
P
leu
r
o
tu
s
o
s
tera
tu
s
in
clu
d
in
g
th
e
co
n
tr
o
ls
r
ep
r
esen
ts
th
e
tr
ea
tm
en
ts
f
o
r
th
is
in
v
esti
g
atio
n
.
B
o
th
tr
ea
t
m
en
ts
PO
W
E
SMS
an
d
POAW
E
SM
S
wer
e
s
p
r
a
y
ed
p
r
o
f
u
s
ely
o
n
th
e
ca
s
s
av
a
p
lan
ts
af
ter
4
m
o
n
th
s
o
f
cu
l
tu
r
in
g
with
a
h
an
d
s
p
r
ay
er
.
2
.
4
.
Vira
l ino
culum
prepa
ra
t
io
n a
nd
ino
cula
t
io
n
Vir
al
in
o
cu
lu
m
was
p
r
e
p
ar
ed
ac
co
r
d
in
g
to
th
e
p
r
o
ce
d
u
r
e
d
e
s
cr
ib
ed
b
y
Ok
e
r
e
an
d
Atag
a
[
2
5
]
wh
ile
th
e
p
lan
ts
wer
e
in
n
o
cu
lated
5
d
ay
s
af
ter
ap
p
licatio
n
o
f
th
e
tr
ea
tm
en
ts
m
ec
h
a
n
ically
b
y
g
en
tly
r
o
b
b
i
n
g
it
o
n
th
e
leaf
s
u
r
f
ac
e
with
a
co
tto
n
s
wab
in
th
e
in
o
cu
latio
n
ch
am
b
er
co
v
er
ed
with
b
lack
p
o
ly
th
en
e
wh
e
r
e
tem
p
er
atu
r
e
a
n
d
r
elativ
e
h
u
m
i
d
ity
wer
e
r
ec
o
r
d
ed
.
2
.
5
.
T
ra
ns
p
la
nting
/po
s
t
pla
nting
o
pera
t
io
ns
T
h
e
p
lan
ts
wer
e
p
lan
ted
f
lat
a
t
a
p
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.
2
.
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Det
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t
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m
po
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ns
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elicit
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nd
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s
in t
he
v
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rio
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re
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ent
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m
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m
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5
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2
.
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a
t
a
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llect
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p
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b
er
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f
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p
l
an
t
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(
cm
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cm
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d
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d
je
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Os
ir
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[
2
6
]
,
c
r
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p
g
r
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ate
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C
GR
)
C
=
U
L
R
X
L
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UL
R
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ate
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ex
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it
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ass
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2
.
8
.
Dis
ea
s
e
s
ev
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it
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ind
ex
New
an
d
em
er
g
in
g
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s
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av
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leav
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ass
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k
ly
f
o
r
m
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s
aic
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y
m
p
to
m
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t.
Data
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m
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aic
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m
p
to
m
s
d
ev
elo
p
m
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n
t
wer
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tak
en
u
p
t
o
2
4
wee
k
s
af
ter
in
o
cu
latio
n
(
W
AI
)
.
Dis
ea
s
e
s
ev
er
ity
in
d
ex
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f
u
lly
ex
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d
e
d
leav
es
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o
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n
a
s
ca
le
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f
0
-
4
ac
co
r
d
in
g
to
t
h
e
p
r
o
ce
d
u
r
e
d
escr
ib
ed
b
y
[
2
7
]
as
f
o
llo
ws:
0
-
n
o
s
y
m
p
t
o
m
,
1
-
f
ain
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m
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m
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m
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ize,
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p
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ize
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leaf
r
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with
ab
o
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t 5
0
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8
0
% r
ed
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n
i
n
leaf
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ize.
3.
RE
SU
L
T
S
A
ND
AN
AL
Y
SI
S
3
.
1
.
Resis
t
a
nce
elicit
o
rs
T
h
e
r
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lt
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f
th
e
r
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tan
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r
s
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tain
e
d
f
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th
e
tr
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en
ts
is
p
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in
T
ab
le
1
.
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h
e
r
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m
th
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b
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ate
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th
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MS
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ed
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9
8
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d
0
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0
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%
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ig
h
er
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r
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o
h
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POAW
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r
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u
t
1
4
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9
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less
lip
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o
lecu
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n
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Ho
wev
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th
ese
r
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s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
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if
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en
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T
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is
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lt
s
u
g
g
ests
th
at
au
to
clav
in
g
in
f
lu
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ce
d
th
e
q
u
a
n
titi
es
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r
esis
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elicito
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s
p
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ex
tr
ac
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s
p
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m
u
s
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s
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b
s
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ate
d
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to
in
cr
ea
s
ed
s
o
lu
b
ilit
y
wh
ich
is
in
ag
r
ee
m
e
n
t w
ith
th
e
f
i
n
d
in
g
s
o
f
[
2
4
]
wh
o
r
ep
o
r
te
d
th
at
au
to
cla
v
in
g
in
cr
ea
s
es
th
e
lev
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q
u
an
titi
es
o
f
r
esi
s
tan
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elicito
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s
in
th
e
s
p
en
t
m
u
s
h
r
o
o
m
s
u
b
s
tr
ate.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
: 2
2
5
2
-
8
8
1
4
I
n
t J Ad
v
Ap
p
l Sci
,
Vo
l.
10
,
No
.
1
,
Ma
r
c
h
2
0
2
1
:
13
–
19
16
T
ab
le
1
.
E
v
alu
atio
n
o
f
th
e
elic
ito
r
s
in
th
e
au
to
clav
e
d
an
d
u
n
a
u
to
clav
ed
wate
r
e
x
tr
ac
t SMS
TR
EA
T
M
EN
TS
C
a
r
b
o
h
y
d
r
a
t
e
p
o
l
y
mers
(
%)
G
l
y
c
o
p
r
o
t
e
i
n
s
(
%)
Li
p
i
d
m
o
l
e
c
u
l
e
s (g
)
P
O
W
ESM
S
1
9
.
3
2
a
0
.
5
2
a
0
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1
2
a
P
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A
W
ESM
S
1
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3
4
b
0
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4
6
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1
5
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0
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D
(
p
=0
.
0
5
)
0
.
2
8
8
0
.
0
3
8
0
.
6
7
Key
:
M
e
a
n
s
v
a
l
u
e
s
w
i
t
h
i
n
t
h
e
s
a
me
c
o
l
u
m
e
w
i
t
h
t
h
e
sa
me
s
u
p
e
r
scr
i
p
t
l
e
t
t
e
r
d
o
n
o
t
d
i
f
f
e
r
.
P
O
W
ESM
S
-
P
l
e
u
ro
t
u
s
o
st
r
a
c
t
u
s
w
a
t
e
r
e
x
t
r
a
c
t
sp
e
n
t
m
u
s
h
r
o
o
m s
u
b
st
r
a
t
e
.
P
O
A
W
ESM
S
-
Pl
e
u
ro
t
u
s
o
s
t
r
a
c
t
u
s
a
u
t
o
c
l
a
v
e
d
w
a
t
e
r
e
x
t
r
a
c
t
sp
e
n
t
m
u
s
h
r
o
o
m s
u
b
st
r
a
t
e
.
3
.
2
.
E
v
a
lua
t
io
n o
f
a
uto
cl
a
v
ed
a
n
d una
uto
cla
v
ed
m
inera
l c
o
mp
o
s
it
io
ns
o
f
wa
t
er
ex
t
ra
c
t
S
M
S
T
h
e
r
esu
lt
o
b
tain
ed
f
r
o
m
th
e
ev
alu
atio
n
o
f
th
e
m
in
e
r
al
co
m
p
o
s
itio
n
s
o
f
th
e
wate
r
ex
t
r
ac
t
s
p
en
t
m
u
s
h
r
o
o
m
s
u
b
s
tr
ate
is
p
r
esen
ted
in
T
ab
le
2
.
T
ab
le
2
.
Min
er
al
c
o
m
p
o
s
itio
n
s
o
f
th
e
a
u
to
clav
ed
a
n
d
u
n
au
to
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ac
t SMS
P
a
r
a
me
t
e
r
P
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W
ESM
S
P
O
A
W
ESM
S
LSD
(
p
=
0
.
0
5
)
N
i
t
r
o
g
e
n
(
m
g
/
1
0
0
g
)
3
.
1
7
3
.
4
0
NS
P
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
u
s (m
g
/
1
0
0
g
)
2
1
2
.
1
a
1
7
1
.
3
b
4
0
.
3
P
o
t
a
ssi
u
m(
mg
/
1
0
0
g
)
1
7
.
9
a
1
3
.
0
b
0
.
8
1
7
S
o
d
i
u
m (m
g
/
1
0
0
g
)
2
1
.
8
b
3
0
.
2
a
8
.
2
0
M
a
g
n
e
ssi
u
m(
m
g
/
1
0
0
g
)
5
8
.
8
a
4
6
.
0
b
1
0
.
2
4
C
a
l
c
i
u
m (m
g
/
1
0
0
g
)
1
1
1
.
4
a
7
5
.
9
b
2
0
.
8
1
Key
:
M
e
a
n
v
a
l
u
e
s
w
i
t
h
i
n
t
h
e
s
a
me
r
o
w
w
i
t
h
t
h
e
sam
e
s
u
p
e
r
scr
i
p
t
l
e
t
t
e
r
d
o
n
o
t
d
i
f
f
e
r
.
NS
-
N
o
t
s
i
g
n
i
f
i
c
a
n
t
P
O
W
ESM
S
-
P
l
e
u
ro
t
u
s
o
st
r
a
c
t
u
s
w
a
t
e
r
e
x
t
r
a
c
t
sp
e
n
t
m
u
s
h
r
o
o
m s
u
b
st
r
a
t
e
.
P
O
A
W
ESM
S
-
Pl
e
u
ro
t
u
s
o
s
t
r
a
c
t
u
s
a
u
t
o
c
l
a
v
e
d
w
a
t
e
r
e
x
t
r
a
c
t
sp
e
n
t
m
u
s
h
r
o
o
m su
b
st
r
a
t
e
.
POW
E
S
MS
co
n
tain
e
d
0
.
2
2
m
g
less
n
itro
g
en
th
an
POAW
E
SMS
wh
ich
wer
e
n
o
t
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
d
if
f
er
en
t.
T
h
e
r
esu
lt
o
b
tain
e
d
also
r
e
v
ea
led
t
h
at
POW
E
SMS
co
n
tain
ed
4
0
.
8
,
4
.
9
,
1
2
.
8
,
a
n
d
3
5
.
5
m
g
h
ig
h
er
Ph
o
s
p
h
o
r
u
s
,
Po
tass
iu
m
,
Ma
g
n
esiu
m
an
d
C
alciu
m
th
a
n
POAW
E
SM
S
r
esp
ec
tiv
ely
b
u
t
8
.
4
m
g
le
s
s
So
d
iu
m
wh
ich
wer
e
h
ig
h
ly
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
d
if
f
er
e
n
t.
T
h
e
r
esu
lt
r
e
v
e
aled
th
at
th
e
n
itro
g
en
c
o
n
ten
t
o
f
th
e
SMS
is
in
ag
r
ee
m
en
t
with
th
e
f
in
d
i
n
g
s
o
f
[
2
8
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,
[
2
9
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.
wh
ile
a
n
o
n
s
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n
if
ican
t
d
if
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er
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h
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h
e
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lt
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r
ev
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led
th
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in
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l
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en
ce
d
th
e
q
u
an
titi
es/av
ailab
ilit
y
o
f
Ph
o
s
p
h
o
r
u
s
in
th
e
wate
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ex
tr
ac
t
s
p
en
t
m
u
s
h
r
o
o
m
s
u
b
s
tr
ate
wh
ich
s
u
g
g
est
th
at
th
ey
ar
e
n
o
t
h
ea
t
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h
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m
b
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west
q
u
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wh
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u
t
h
e
at
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A
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itical
an
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f
th
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r
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lts
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r
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m
b
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th
th
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au
to
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an
d
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n
au
t
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h
is
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g
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T
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3
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3
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f
f
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f
t
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a
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v
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a
n
d una
uto
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v
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ater
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d
POAW
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×
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t.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
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co
n
tr
o
l
p
lan
ts
r
esp
ec
tiv
ely
wh
ich
ar
e
h
ig
h
ly
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
d
if
f
er
e
n
t.
T
h
e
co
n
tr
o
l
p
lan
ts
h
ad
1
.
6
an
d
0
.
6
,
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.
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d
2
.
2
,
9
.
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d
3
.
3
,
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,
2
.
0
3
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d
1
.
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d
0
.
1
6
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d
0
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0
6
1
h
ig
h
er
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
r
o
o
ts
,
s
to
r
ag
e
r
o
o
t
weig
h
t
,
f
r
esh
wh
o
le
p
lan
t
b
io
m
ass
,
f
r
esh
s
h
o
o
t
weig
h
t,
l
ea
f
weig
h
t
an
d
d
r
y
b
io
m
ass
th
an
POW
E
SMS
an
d
POAW
E
SMS
tr
ea
ted
p
lan
ts
r
esp
ec
tiv
ely
wh
ile
POAW
E
S
MS
h
ad
2
0
an
d
1
5
%
h
ig
h
er
h
ar
v
est
in
d
ex
th
an
POW
E
SMS
tr
ea
ted
p
lan
ts
an
d
th
e
co
n
tr
o
l
p
la
n
ts
r
esp
ec
tiv
ely
wh
ich
wer
e
n
o
t
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
d
if
f
er
en
t.
T
h
e
r
esu
lts
o
b
tain
ed
f
r
o
m
T
ab
le
s
3
an
d
4
s
u
g
g
est
th
at
th
e
co
n
tr
o
l
p
la
n
ts
with
h
ig
h
er
s
ev
er
ity
in
d
ex
r
ec
o
r
d
ed
h
ig
h
er
g
r
o
w
th
a
n
d
y
ield
attr
ib
u
tes
th
an
POW
E
S
MS
an
d
POAW
E
SM
S
tr
ea
ted
p
la
n
ts
wh
ich
c
o
u
ld
b
e
attr
ib
u
ted
to
i
n
cr
ea
s
ed
r
esp
ir
atio
n
r
ates
r
e
q
u
ir
ed
to
p
r
o
v
id
e
th
e
r
e
q
u
ir
e
d
en
er
g
y
f
o
r
r
esis
tan
ce
ag
ain
s
t
AC
M
D
in
f
ec
tio
n
wh
ich
co
u
ld
h
a
v
e
b
ee
n
r
esp
o
n
s
ib
le
f
o
r
th
e
p
o
o
r
g
r
o
wth
a
n
d
y
ield
o
b
s
er
v
ed
in
t
h
is
s
tu
d
y
.
T
h
is
r
esu
lt
is
in
ag
r
ee
m
e
n
t
with
th
e
f
in
d
in
g
s
o
f
[
3
0
]
a
n
d
[
3
1
]
.
T
h
e
r
esu
lt
also
ag
r
ee
s
with
th
e
f
in
d
in
g
s
o
f
[
3
2
]
w
h
o
r
ep
o
r
te
d
th
at
r
esis
tan
ce
in
clu
d
es
allo
ca
tio
n
co
s
ts
ar
is
in
g
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
d
iv
er
s
io
n
o
f
m
etab
o
lites
an
d
th
e
r
e
q
u
ir
ed
e
n
er
g
y
f
r
o
m
g
r
o
wth
a
n
d
o
th
er
m
etab
o
lic
p
r
o
ce
s
s
es
to
war
d
d
ef
e
n
s
e.
3
.
5
.
E
f
f
ec
t
o
f
t
he
t
re
a
t
m
ent
s
o
n AC
M
D
s
ev
er
it
y
T
h
e
r
esu
lt o
b
tain
ed
f
r
o
m
th
e
ev
alu
atio
n
o
f
th
e
ef
f
ec
t o
f
th
e
tr
ea
tm
en
ts
o
n
th
e
Af
r
ican
ca
s
s
a
v
a
m
o
s
aic
d
is
ea
s
e
s
ev
er
ity
is
p
r
esen
ted
i
n
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
Fro
m
t
h
e
f
ig
u
r
e
th
e
C
o
n
tr
o
l
ex
p
er
im
e
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tal
p
lan
ts
h
ad
eq
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al
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ev
er
ity
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ex
with
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u
t
lo
wer
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ev
er
ity
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f
0
.
9
th
an
POW
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4
W
AI
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ain
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h
ad
0
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1
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d
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7
,
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6
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d
1
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4
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,
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2
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9
at
8
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1
2
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6
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4
a
n
d
2
8
W
AI
h
ig
h
e
r
s
ev
er
ity
in
d
ex
th
a
n
POAW
E
SMS
an
d
POW
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SM
S
tr
ea
ted
p
lan
ts
r
esp
ec
tiv
ely
w
h
ich
wer
e
also
h
ig
h
ly
s
ig
n
if
ic
an
tly
d
if
f
er
e
n
t.
T
h
is
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
: 2
2
5
2
-
8
8
1
4
I
n
t J Ad
v
Ap
p
l Sci
,
Vo
l.
10
,
No
.
1
,
Ma
r
c
h
2
0
2
1
:
13
–
19
18
r
esu
lt
is
in
lin
e
wi
th
th
e
f
in
d
in
g
s
o
f
[
3
3
]
wh
o
r
e
p
o
r
ted
th
at
ap
p
licatio
n
o
f
ch
itin
an
d
its
d
er
iv
ativ
e
h
av
e
b
ee
n
u
s
ed
to
co
n
tr
o
l v
ir
al
d
is
ea
s
es
in
p
lan
ts
t
h
r
o
u
g
h
th
e
d
is
r
u
p
tio
n
o
f
th
e
tr
an
s
f
er
o
f
v
ir
al
p
ar
ticle
an
d
th
e
in
d
u
ctio
n
o
f
th
e
h
y
p
er
s
en
s
itiv
ity
r
esp
o
n
s
es
[
3
4
]
-
[
3
7
]
.
T
h
is
r
esu
lt
is
also
in
ag
r
ee
m
e
n
t
with
th
e
f
in
d
in
g
s
o
f
[
3
8
]
in
wh
ich
th
ey
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ated
t
h
at
ap
p
licatio
n
o
f
wa
ter
ex
t
r
ac
t
f
r
o
m
s
p
en
t
m
u
s
h
r
o
o
m
s
u
b
s
tr
at
e
in
d
u
ce
d
s
y
s
tem
ic
r
esis
tan
ce
o
n
to
m
ato
b
y
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
en
h
an
ci
n
g
th
e
e
x
p
r
ess
io
n
o
f
th
e
PR
-
la
an
d
Gle
A
g
e
n
es
in
to
m
ato
p
lan
ts
tr
ea
ted
wate
r
ex
tr
ac
t
s
p
en
t
m
u
s
h
r
o
o
m
s
u
b
s
tr
ate
(
W
E
SMS)
wh
en
it
was
co
m
p
ar
ed
to
t
h
e
c
o
n
tr
o
l
p
lan
ts
tr
ea
ted
with
wate
r
.
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
E
f
f
ec
t o
f
th
e
tr
ea
tm
e
n
ts
o
n
AC
MD
s
ev
er
ity
4.
CO
NCLU
SI
O
N
T
h
e
r
esu
lt
o
b
tain
ed
f
r
o
m
th
is
s
tu
d
y
r
ev
ea
led
th
at
au
to
clav
i
n
g
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
in
f
lu
en
ce
d
th
e
lev
els
o
f
th
e
lip
id
m
o
lec
u
les
u
n
lik
e
th
e
ca
r
b
o
h
y
d
r
ate
p
o
ly
m
er
s
an
d
t
h
e
g
ly
co
p
r
o
tein
s
.
Ap
p
licatio
n
o
f
POW
E
SMS
to
p
lan
ts
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
r
ed
u
ce
d
A
C
MD
s
ev
er
ity
th
an
POAW
E
S
MS
an
d
th
e
co
n
tr
o
l
b
u
t
in
ter
e
s
tin
g
ly
th
is
d
id
n
o
t
tr
an
s
late
to
h
ig
h
er
y
ield
.
Ag
ai
n
,
th
e
r
esu
lt
also
r
ev
ea
led
th
at
p
lan
ts
ar
e
n
atu
r
ally
en
d
o
wed
to
r
esis
t
p
ath
o
g
en
attac
k
b
u
t
th
is
h
o
wev
er
n
ee
d
to
b
e
ac
tiv
ated
o
r
en
h
a
n
ce
d
.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e,
it
is
r
ec
o
m
m
en
d
e
d
th
at
t
h
e
ap
p
licatio
n
o
f
wate
r
ex
tr
ac
t
f
r
o
m
s
p
en
t
m
u
s
h
r
o
o
m
s
u
b
s
tr
ate
(
SMS)
in
th
e
m
an
ag
em
en
t
o
f
AC
MD
s
h
o
u
ld
b
e
in
co
r
p
o
r
ate
d
with
th
e
ap
p
licatio
n
o
f
th
e
n
e
ce
s
s
ar
y
p
lan
t
n
u
tr
ien
ts
in
o
r
d
e
r
to
ac
h
iev
e
th
e
d
esire
d
y
ield
in
cr
ea
s
es.
Ho
wev
er
f
u
r
th
er
s
tu
d
ies
ar
e
r
ec
o
m
m
e
n
d
ed
s
p
ec
ially
to
d
eter
m
in
e
th
e
im
p
ar
t
o
f
th
e
tr
ea
tm
en
ts
o
n
v
ir
al
co
n
ce
n
tr
atio
n
m
o
lecu
lar
ly
.
ACK
NO
WL
E
DG
E
M
E
NT
S
T
h
e
au
th
o
r
s
ar
e
g
r
atef
u
l
to
T
E
T
FUND
f
o
r
f
u
n
d
in
g
th
is
r
esea
r
ch
u
n
d
er
Aca
d
em
ic
Staf
f
T
r
a
in
in
g
an
d
Dev
elo
p
m
en
t.
RE
F
E
R
E
NC
E
S
[1
]
A.
G
a
r
c
ia
-
Bru
g
g
e
r,
e
t
a
l.
,
“
Early
sig
n
a
li
n
g
e
v
e
n
ts
in
d
u
c
e
d
b
y
e
li
c
it
o
rs
o
f
p
lan
t
d
e
fe
n
se
s
,”
M
o
l
Pl
a
n
t
M
icr
o
b
e
In
ter
a
c
t
,
v
o
l.
1
9
,
p
p
7
1
1
-
7
2
4
,
2
0
0
6
,
d
o
i:
1
0
.
1
0
9
4
/M
P
M
I
-
19
-
0
7
1
1
.
[2
]
H.
Ka
k
u
,
e
t
a
l.
,
“
P
lan
t
c
e
ll
s
re
c
o
g
n
ize
c
h
it
in
fra
g
m
e
n
t
f
o
r
d
e
fe
n
se
sig
n
a
li
n
g
t
h
ro
u
g
h
a
p
las
m
a
m
e
m
b
r
a
n
e
re
c
e
p
to
r
,”
Pro
c
.
Na
tl
.
Aca
d
.
S
c
i.
,
U
S
A
,
v
o
l.
1
0
3
,
p
p
.
1
1
0
8
6
-
1
1
0
9
1
,
2
0
0
6
,
d
o
i:
1
0
.
1
0
7
3
/
p
n
a
s.
0
5
0
8
8
8
2
1
0
3
.
[3
]
S.
E.
Ok
e
re
,
“
S
tu
d
ies
o
n
t
h
e
m
icro
b
ial
m
e
tab
o
li
tes
i
n
s
p
e
n
t
m
u
sh
ro
o
m
su
b
stra
te
a
n
d
t
h
e
m
a
n
a
g
e
m
e
n
t
o
f
c
a
ss
a
v
a
m
o
sa
ic
d
ise
a
se
,
”
A
Ph
.
D
T
h
e
sis
S
u
b
mi
tt
e
d
t
o
t
h
e
Po
st
Gr
a
d
u
a
te
S
c
h
o
o
l
Un
ive
rs
it
y
o
f
Po
rt
Ha
rc
o
u
rt
,
Ri
v
e
rs
sta
te,
Nig
e
ria
,
2
0
1
7
.
[4
]
C.
L.
Wi
lso
n
,
e
t
a
l
.
,
“
P
o
te
n
ti
a
l
o
f
in
d
u
c
e
d
re
si
sta
n
c
e
to
c
o
n
tr
o
l
p
o
st
h
a
rv
e
st
d
ise
a
se
s
o
f
fru
it
s
a
n
d
v
e
g
e
tab
le
,
”
Pl
a
n
t
.
Dis
.
,
v
o
l.
7
8
,
p
p
.
8
3
7
-
8
4
4
,
1
9
9
4
.
[5
]
L.
A.
Terr
y
a
n
d
D.
C.
J
o
y
c
e
,
“
El
icito
rs
o
f
i
n
d
u
c
e
d
d
ise
a
se
re
sista
n
c
e
in
p
o
st
h
a
rv
e
st
h
o
rti
c
u
lt
u
r
a
l
c
ro
p
s
a
b
rief
re
v
iew
,”
Po
st
h
a
rv
e
st B
io
l
.
T
e
c
h
n
o
l.
,
v
o
l.
3
2
,
p
p
.
1
-
1
3
,
2
0
0
4
,
d
o
i:
1
0
.
1
0
1
6
/j
.
p
o
st
h
a
rv
b
io
.
2
0
0
3
.
0
9
.
0
1
6
.
[6
]
N.
S
h
ib
u
y
a
a
n
d
E.
M
i
n
a
m
i,
“
Olig
o
sa
c
c
h
a
rid
e
S
i
g
n
a
li
n
g
f
o
r
De
fe
n
se
Re
sp
o
n
se
s
in
p
lan
ts
,
”
Ph
y
sio
l.
M
o
l.
Pl
a
n
t
Pa
th
o
l
.
,
v
o
l.
5
9
,
p
p
.
2
2
3
-
2
3
3
,
2
0
0
1
,
d
o
i:
1
0
.
1
0
0
6
/p
m
p
p
.
2
0
0
1
.
0
3
6
4
.
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
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2
2
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8
1
4
E
ffects o
f a
u
to
cla
vin
g
(
P
leu
r
o
tu
s
o
s
tera
tu
s
)
s
p
en
t m
u
s
h
r
o
o
m
s
u
b
s
tr
a
te
w
a
ter ex
t
r
a
ct
…
(
S
a
mu
el
Oke
r
e
)
19
[7
]
W.
E.
Du
rra
n
t
a
n
d
X.
D
o
n
g
,
“
S
y
ste
m
ic
a
c
q
u
ired
re
sista
n
c
e
,
”
A
n
n
u
.
Rev
.
Ph
y
t
o
Pa
th
o
l
,
v
o
l.
4
2
,
p
p
.
1
8
5
-
2
0
9
,
2
0
0
4
,
d
o
i:
1
0
.
1
1
4
6
/an
n
u
re
v
.
p
h
y
t
o
.
4
2
.
0
4
0
8
0
3
.
1
4
0
4
2
1
.
[8
]
G.
E.
Va
ll
a
d
a
n
d
R.
M
.
G
o
o
d
m
a
n
,
“
S
y
ste
m
ic
a
c
q
u
ired
re
sista
n
c
e
a
n
d
in
d
u
c
e
d
sy
ste
m
ic
re
sista
n
c
e
in
c
o
n
v
e
n
ti
o
n
a
l
a
g
ricu
lt
u
re
,
”
Cr
o
p
S
c
i
.
,
v
o
l.
4
4
,
p
p
.
1
9
2
0
-
1
9
3
4
,
2
0
0
4
,
d
o
i:
1
0
.
2
1
3
5
/cro
p
sc
i2
0
0
4
.
1
9
2
0
.
[9
]
A.
R.
Da
-
Ro
c
h
a
a
n
d
R.
Ha
m
m
e
r
sc
h
m
id
t,
“
Histo
ry
a
n
d
p
e
rsp
e
c
ti
v
e
s
o
n
th
e
u
se
o
f
d
ise
a
se
re
sista
n
c
e
in
d
u
c
e
rs
o
n
h
o
rti
c
u
lt
u
ra
l
c
ro
p
s
,
”
H
o
rtT
e
c
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
,
v
o
l
.
1
5
,
p
p
.
5
1
8
-
5
2
9
,
2
0
0
5
,
d
o
i:
1
0
.
2
1
2
7
3
/HORTTE
CH.
1
5
.
3
.
0
5
1
8
.
[1
0
]
D.
R.
Walters
a
n
d
C.
Bo
y
le,
“
In
d
u
c
e
d
re
sista
n
c
e
a
n
d
a
ll
o
c
a
ti
o
n
c
o
sts:
wh
a
t
is
t
h
e
im
p
a
c
t
o
f
p
a
th
o
g
e
n
c
h
a
ll
e
n
g
e
,
”
Ph
y
sio
l.
M
o
l.
P
la
n
tP
a
th
o
l
,
v
o
l
.
66
,
pp
.
40
-
4
4
,
2
0
0
5
,
d
o
i:
1
0
.
1
0
1
6
/
j
.
p
m
p
p
.
2
0
0
5
.
0
4
.
0
0
2
.
[1
1
]
U.
Co
n
ra
t
h
,
“
S
y
ste
m
ic
a
c
q
u
ire
d
re
sista
n
c
e
,
”
Pl
a
n
t
S
i
g
n
a
l.
B
e
h
a
v
.
,
v
o
l.
1
,
n
o
.
4
,
p
p
.
1
7
9
-
1
8
4
,
2
0
0
6
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
4
1
6
1
/
p
sb
.
1
.
4
.
3
2
2
1
.
[1
2
]
D.
S
.
Yo
h
a
lem
,
e
t
a
l.
,
“
Aq
u
e
o
u
s
e
x
trac
ts o
f
sp
e
n
t
m
u
s
h
ro
o
m
su
b
st
ra
te fo
r
fo
li
a
r
d
ise
a
se
c
o
n
tr
o
l
,”
C
o
mp
o
st
S
c
i.
Util
.
,
v
o
l.
2
,
p
p
6
7
-
7
4
,
1
9
9
4
.
[1
3
]
M
.
J.
Cro
n
in
,
e
t
a
l.
,
“
P
u
tati
v
e
m
e
c
h
a
n
ism
a
n
d
d
y
n
a
m
ics
o
f
in
h
i
b
it
i
o
n
o
f
th
e
a
p
p
le
sc
a
b
p
a
th
o
g
e
n
v
e
n
tu
ri
i
n
e
q
u
a
li
s
c
o
m
p
o
st ex
tra
c
ts
,”
S
o
il
Bi
o
l.
Bi
o
c
h
e
m
,
v
o
l.
2
8
,
p
p
.
1
2
4
1
-
1
2
4
9
,
1
9
9
6
.
[1
4
]
G
.
Viji
,
e
t
a
l.
,
“
S
u
p
p
re
ss
io
n
o
f
g
ra
y
lea
f
sp
o
t
(b
las
t)
o
f
p
e
re
n
n
ial
ry
e
g
ra
ss
tu
rf
b
y
p
se
u
d
o
mo
n
a
s
a
e
ru
g
i
n
o
sa
fro
m
sp
e
n
t
m
u
sh
r
o
o
m
s
u
b
stra
t
e
,”
Bi
o
l.
Co
n
tro
l
,
v
o
l.
2
6
,
p
p
.
2
3
3
-
2
4
3
,
2
0
0
3
,
d
o
i:
1
0
.
1
0
1
6
/
S
1
0
4
9
-
9
6
4
4
(0
2
)
0
0
1
7
0
-
6
.
[1
5
]
H.
W.
Ch
o
i,
e
t
a
l.
,
“
T
h
e
e
ff
e
c
t
o
f
sp
e
n
t
m
u
sh
r
o
o
m
sa
wd
u
st
c
o
m
p
o
st
m
ix
e
s,
c
a
lciu
m
c
y
n
a
m
id
e
a
n
d
so
lariz
a
ti
o
n
o
n
b
a
sa
l
ste
m
ro
t
o
f
t
h
e
c
a
c
tu
s
h
y
lo
c
e
re
u
s
tri
g
o
n
u
s
c
a
u
se
d
b
y
fu
s
a
ri
um
o
x
y
sp
o
ru
m
,”
Cro
p
.
Pro
t.
,
v
o
l.
2
6
,
p
p
1
6
2
-
1
6
8
,
2
0
0
7
,
d
o
i:
1
0
.
1
0
1
6
/
j.
c
ro
p
ro
.
2
0
0
6
.
0
4
.
0
1
7
.
[1
6
]
O.
Warb
u
r
g
,
“
Die
k
u
lt
u
r
p
flan
tze
u
u
sa
m
b
a
ra
s.
m
it
tcilu
n
g
e
n
a
u
s
d
e
n
d
e
u
tsc
h
e
n
,
”
S
c
h
u
tz
g
e
b
iete
n
v
o
l.
7
,
p
p
1
3
1
,
1
8
9
4
.
[1
7
]
S.
R.
Ch
a
n
t,
“
S
t
u
d
ies
o
n
t
h
e
tran
s
m
issio
n
o
f
c
a
ss
a
v
a
m
o
sa
ic
v
ir
u
s
b
y
b
e
misia
sp
p
.
(
a
ley
ro
d
i
d
a
e
)
,
”
A
n
n
.
Ap
p
l.
Bi
o
l
.
,
v
o
l.
4
6
,
p
p
.
2
1
0
-
2
1
5
,
1
9
5
8
,
d
o
i:
1
0
.
1
1
1
1
/j
.
1
7
4
4
-
7
3
4
8
.
1
9
5
8
.
tb
0
2
1
9
8
.
x
.
[1
8
]
B.
D,
Ha
rriso
n
,
e
t
a
l.
,
“
P
lan
t
v
iru
se
s
with
c
ircu
lar
sin
g
le
-
stra
n
d
e
d
DNA
,”
Na
tu
re
,
v
o
l.
2
7
0
,
p
p
.
7
6
0
-
7
6
2
,
1
9
7
7
,
d
o
i:
1
0
.
1
0
3
8
/
2
7
0
7
6
0
a
0
.
[1
9
]
J
.
S
tan
ley
a
n
d
M
.
R.
G
a
y
,
“
Nu
c
leo
ti
d
e
se
q
u
e
n
c
e
o
f
c
a
ss
a
v
a
late
n
t
v
iru
s
DNA
,
”
Na
tu
re
,
v
o
l.
3
0
1
,
p
p
.
260
-
2
6
2
,
1
9
8
3
,
d
o
i:
1
0
.
1
0
3
8
/3
0
1
2
6
0
a
0
.
[2
0
]
K.
R.
Bo
c
k
a
n
d
R.
D.
Wo
o
d
s
,
“
Et
io
lo
g
y
o
f
Afric
a
n
c
a
ss
a
v
a
m
o
sa
ic d
ise
a
se
,
”
Pl
a
n
t
Dis
.
,
v
o
l.
67
,
pp
.
994
-
9
9
5
,
1
9
8
3
,
d
o
i:
1
0
.
1
0
9
4
/P
D
-
67
-
9
9
4
.
[2
1
]
A.
A.
S
e
if,
“
Eff
e
c
ts
o
f
c
a
ss
a
v
a
m
o
sa
ic
v
iru
s
o
n
y
ield
o
f
c
a
ss
a
v
a
,”
Pl
a
n
t
Dis
.
,
v
o
l
.
66
,
p
p
6
6
1
-
6
6
2
,
1
9
8
2
,
d
o
i:
1
0
.
1
0
9
4
/
P
D
-
66
-
6
6
1
.
[2
2
]
J.
M
.
Th
re
sh
,
e
t
a
l.
,
“
Afric
a
n
c
a
ss
a
v
a
m
o
sa
ic
v
iru
s
d
ise
a
se
.
Th
e
m
a
g
n
it
u
d
e
o
f
th
e
p
r
o
b
lem
,”
Af
r.
J
.
Ro
o
t
T
u
b
e
r
Cro
p
s
,
v
o
l.
2,
pp
.
13
-
1
8
,
1
9
9
7
.
[2
3
]
T.
M
u
ra
sh
ig
e
a
n
d
F
.
S
k
o
o
g
,
“
A
re
v
ise
d
m
e
d
i
u
m
f
o
r
ra
p
i
d
g
r
o
wth
a
n
d
b
i
o
a
ss
a
y
wit
h
t
o
b
a
c
c
o
ti
ss
u
e
c
u
lt
u
re
,
”
Ph
y
sio
l.
Pl
a
n
t
,
v
o
l.
15
,
pp
.
4
7
3
-
4
9
4
,
1
9
6
2
,
d
o
i:
1
0
.
1
1
1
1
/j
.
1
3
9
9
-
3
0
5
4
.
1
9
6
2
.
tb
0
8
0
5
2
.
x
.
[2
4
]
S.
E
Ok
e
re
a
n
d
A.
E
Ata
g
a
,
“
E
li
c
it
o
rs
a
n
d
m
in
e
ra
l
c
o
n
ten
t
o
f
wa
ter
e
x
trac
t
fro
m
a
u
to
c
lav
e
d
s
p
e
n
t
m
u
sh
r
o
o
m
(
p
leu
ro
t
u
s
t
u
b
e
r
-
re
g
iu
m
)
s
u
b
str
a
te
a
n
d
it
s
e
ffe
c
t
o
n
c
a
ss
a
v
a
in
o
c
u
late
d
wit
h
Afric
a
n
c
a
ss
a
v
a
m
o
sa
ic
v
iru
s
(ACMV)
,
”
Nig
.
J
.
Pl
a
n
t
Pr
o
tec
ti
o
n
(NJ
PP
)
,
v
o
l
.
32
,
n
o
.
1
.
p
p
6
1
-
7
6
,
2
0
1
8
.
[2
5
]
R.
Y.
P
a
ra
d
a
,
S
.
M
u
ra
k
a
m
i,
N.
S
h
imo
m
u
ra
,
M
.
E
g
u
sa
,
a
n
d
H.
Ota
n
i
,
“
Au
to
c
lav
e
d
s
p
e
n
t
su
b
stra
te
o
f
h
a
tak
e
sh
ime
j
i
m
u
sh
ro
o
m
(
lyo
p
h
y
ll
u
m
d
e
c
a
ste
s
sin
g
.
)
a
n
d
it
s
wa
ter
e
x
trac
t
p
ro
tec
t
c
u
c
u
m
b
e
r
fro
m
a
n
th
r
a
c
n
o
se
,”
J
.
Cro
p
p
ro
tec
ti
o
n
,
v
o
l
.
3
0
,
p
p
.
4
4
3
-
4
5
0
,
2
0
1
1
,
d
o
i:
1
0
.
1
0
1
6
/
j.
c
ro
p
ro
.
2
0
1
0
.
1
1
.
0
2
1
.
[2
6
]
D.
P
e
a
rso
n
,
“
C
h
e
m
ica
l
An
a
ly
sis
o
f
F
o
o
d
,
”
8
t
h
.
Ed
it
io
n
.
C
h
u
rc
h
il
l
L
ivin
g
st
o
n
e
,
pp
.
5
-
6
3
,
1
9
7
6
.
[2
7
]
O.
T
Ed
je,
a
n
d
D.
S
.
O.
Os
iru
,
“
M
e
th
o
d
s
f
o
r
De
term
in
g
Lea
f
Are
a
in
S
o
m
e
Cro
p
P
lan
ts
,”
In
w
o
rk
sh
o
p
o
f
Ca
ss
a
v
a
-
Ba
se
d
Cro
p
p
i
n
g
S
y
ste
ms
Res
e
a
rc
h
IIT
A
,
Ib
a
d
a
n
,
Ni
g
e
ria
,
p
p
2
3
7
-
2
4
5
,
1
9
8
7
.
[2
8
]
P
.
Zh
a
n
g
,
e
t
a
l.
,
“
Re
sista
n
c
e
to
Ca
ss
a
v
a
M
o
sa
ic
Dise
a
se
in
Tran
sg
e
n
ic
Ca
ss
a
v
a
Ex
p
re
ss
in
g
A
n
tse
n
se
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v
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lan
t
,
”
Bi
o
tec
h
n
o
l
J
,
v
o
l.
3
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n
o
.
4
,
pp
.
3
8
5
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7
,
2
0
0
5
.
[2
9
]
A.
A.
Ib
ie
n
e
e
t
a
l
.
,
“
P
h
y
sic
o
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c
h
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m
ica
l
a
n
d
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lt
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re
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p
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n
d
e
n
t
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icrb
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l
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ica
l
C
h
a
ra
c
teriz
a
ti
o
n
o
f
S
p
e
n
t
Pl
e
u
ro
tu
s
Co
mp
o
sts
fr
o
m
Th
re
e
Diffe
re
n
t
Ag
ro
-
b
a
se
d
Was
tes
,”
J
.
o
f
A
d
v
a
n
c
e
s
in
Bi
o
l
o
g
y
a
n
d
Bi
o
tec
h
,
v
o
l.
3
,
n
o
.
4
,
p
p
1
7
3
-
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8
3
,
2
0
1
5
[3
0
]
M.
J.
M
a
h
e
r,
e
t
a
l.
,
M
a
n
a
g
i
n
g
S
M
C
,
P
r
o
jec
t
4
4
4
4
.
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g
a
sc
,
Kin
se
a
ly
Re
se
a
rc
h
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n
ter,
M
a
lah
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o
a
d
,
D
u
b
li
n
.
1
7
.
2
0
0
0
.
[3
1
]
V.
S
m
e
d
e
g
a
a
rd
-
P
e
ters
.
,
a
n
d
O.
S
t
o
lo
n
,
“
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e
c
ts
o
f
e
n
e
r
g
y
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re
q
u
ri
n
g
d
e
fe
n
c
e
s
re
a
c
ti
o
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o
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y
ield
a
n
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g
ra
in
q
u
a
li
t
y
in
a
p
o
wd
e
r
y
m
il
d
e
w
–
re
sista
n
t
c
u
lt
i
v
a
r
,
”
Ph
y
to
p
a
th
o
lo
g
y
,
v
o
l.
7
1
,
p
p
.
3
9
6
-
3
9
9
,
1
9
8
1
.
[3
2
]
J
.
A.
Za
v
a
la,
e
t
a
l.
,
“
M
a
n
ip
u
lati
o
n
o
f
e
n
d
o
g
e
n
o
u
s
tr
y
p
si
n
p
ro
tei
n
a
se
in
h
ib
it
o
r
p
r
o
d
u
c
ti
o
n
i
n
Nic
o
ti
a
n
a
a
tt
e
n
u
a
ta
d
e
m
o
n
stra
tes
th
e
ir
f
u
n
c
ti
o
n
a
s a
n
t
ih
e
rb
i
v
o
re
d
e
fe
n
c
e
,”
Pl
a
n
t
P
h
y
sio
l
,
v
o
l.
1
3
4
,
p
p
.
1
1
8
1
-
1
1
9
0
,
2
0
0
4
.
[3
3
]
M
.
He
il
.
,
a
n
d
I
.
T.
Ba
ld
wi
n
.
,
“
F
it
n
e
ss
Co
sts
o
f
In
d
u
c
e
d
Re
sista
n
c
e
:
Eme
rg
in
g
E
x
p
e
rime
n
tal
S
u
p
p
o
r
t
fo
r
a
S
li
p
p
e
r
y
Co
n
c
e
p
t
,
”
T
re
n
d
s P
l
a
n
t
S
c
i
.
,
v
o
l.
7
,
pp
.
61
-
6
7
,
2
0
0
2
.
[3
4
]
S.
N
Ku
li
k
o
v
,
e
t
a
l.
,
“
Eff
e
c
t
o
f
th
e
M
o
lec
u
lar
Wei
g
h
t
o
f
C
h
it
o
sa
n
o
n
i
ts
An
ti
v
iral
a
c
ti
v
i
ty
i
n
P
lan
ts
,”
Prikl
Bi
o
k
h
i
m
M
ikr
o
b
i
o
l
,
v
o
l.
4
2
,
p
p
.
2
2
4
-
2
2
8
,
2
0
0
6
.
[3
5
]
H.
P
o
s
p
ies
z
n
y
,
e
t
a
l.
,
“
In
d
u
c
ti
o
n
o
f
An
ti
v
iral
Re
sista
n
c
e
in
P
lan
t
s
b
y
Ch
a
t
o
y
a
n
t
,”
P
la
n
t
S
c
i
.
,
v
o
l.
7
9
,
p
p
.
63
-
6
8
,
1
9
9
1
.
[3
6
]
F
.
F
a
o
r
o
,
e
t
a
l
.
,
“
Ch
it
o
sa
n
-
e
li
c
it
e
d
Re
sista
n
c
e
to
P
lan
ts
Viru
se
s:
A
Histo
c
h
e
m
ica
l
a
n
d
Cy
to
c
h
e
m
ica
l
S
tu
d
y
,”
In
Ch
it
in
En
zy
mo
l
o
g
y
,
M
u
zz
a
re
ll
i,
R
.
A.
A.
,
Ed
.
,
At
e
c
:
Gr
o
t
ta
mm
a
re
,
It
a
ly
,
p
p
.
5
7
-
6
2
,
2
0
0
1
.
[3
7
]
S
.
N.
C
h
irk
o
v
,
“
Th
e
An
ti
v
iral
Ac
ti
v
it
y
o
f
C
h
a
to
y
a
n
t
(re
v
iew
)
,”
Ap
p
l.
Bi
o
c
h
e
ms
.
M
icr
o
b
io
l
,
v
o
l.
3
8
,
p
p
,
1
-
8
,
2
0
0
2
.
[3
8
]
K.
Am
in
,
e
t
a
l
.
,
“
Wate
r
e
x
trac
t
fro
m
S
M
S
o
f
He
riciu
n
e
rian
c
e
u
s
su
p
p
re
ss
e
s
b
a
c
teria
l
wilt
Dise
a
se
o
f
To
m
a
to
,
”
M
y
c
o
b
i
o
lo
g
y
,
v
o
l
4
3
,
n
o
.
3
,
p
p
.
3
1
1
-
3
1
8
,
2
0
1
5
.
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