I
nte
rna
t
io
na
l J
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f
Adv
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s
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J
AAS)
Vo
l.
8
,
No
.
2
,
J
u
n
e
201
9
,
p
p
.
1
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SS
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154
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S
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id
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Me
ltin
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P
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2
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stit
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C
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p
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A
uth
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:
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a
f
ta
R
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Dep
ar
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P
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r
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c
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m
1.
I
NT
RO
D
UCT
I
O
N
T
h
e
ex
ten
s
i
v
el
y
u
s
ed
th
er
m
al
en
er
g
y
s
to
r
ag
e
m
ater
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ar
e
p
h
ase
ch
a
n
g
e
m
ater
ial
s
(
P
C
Ms)
b
ec
au
s
e
o
f
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ab
ilit
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o
f
s
to
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in
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d
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m
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ch
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t o
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s
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Ms a
r
e
attr
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s
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y
s
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f
o
r
m
a
n
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ap
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atter
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m
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t,
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r
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,
a
c
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m
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g
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e
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v
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m
e.
T
h
e
d
is
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v
an
tag
e
o
f
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C
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is
lo
w
th
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m
al
co
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d
u
c
tiv
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,
w
h
ic
h
d
ec
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ea
s
es
r
ates
o
f
m
elti
n
g
a
n
d
s
o
lid
if
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n
[
1
]
.
P
h
ase
ch
an
g
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m
ater
ials
a
n
d
th
er
m
al
e
n
er
g
y
s
to
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ec
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m
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cr
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l
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ts
d
u
r
in
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t
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last
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g
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W
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th
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m
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etw
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n
g
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er
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d
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e
m
a
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g
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o
lu
tio
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t
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m
al
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er
g
y
s
to
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a
g
e.
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ar
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th
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w
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to
s
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th
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m
al
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g
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e
s
en
s
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laten
t,
a
n
d
ch
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m
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p
tio
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s
.
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i
m
p
o
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tan
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m
to
ch
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s
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a
P
C
Ms
f
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a
s
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f
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ap
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h
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m
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l
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e
p
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s
s
ess
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in
to
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co
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t,
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n
clu
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i
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h
laten
t
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t
an
d
th
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m
al
co
n
d
u
ctiv
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v
al
u
e
s
,
in
ad
d
itio
n
to
cy
cli
n
g
s
tab
ilit
y
[
2
]
.
P
C
Ms
ca
n
b
e
class
i
f
ied
in
t
o
o
r
g
an
ic
a
n
d
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n
o
r
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ic
m
ater
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ls
.
T
h
e
p
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ase
ch
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n
g
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at
r
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lt
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s
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s
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.
T
h
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ch
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g
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f
r
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m
liq
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o
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s
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r
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iv
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r
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m
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m
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P
C
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s
h
o
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ld
also
h
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r
e
f
er
r
ed
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
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t.
J.
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A
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v
.
i
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A
p
p
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Sci.
I
SS
N:
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2
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2
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8814
S
o
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to
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(
F
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La
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155
p
r
o
p
er
ties
s
u
ch
as:
ec
o
n
o
m
ic,
th
er
m
o
p
h
y
s
ical,
c
h
e
m
ical,
k
i
n
etic
en
d
en
v
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n
m
e
n
tal
f
ea
s
i
b
ilit
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to
b
e
u
s
ed
in
p
ass
iv
e
L
HT
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S
s
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s
te
m
s
.
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e
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ty
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e
o
f
P
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M
s
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lled
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an
ic
P
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w
h
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ca
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o
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p
ar
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f
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n
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y
n
t
h
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s
,
li
k
e
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ls
,
f
a
tt
y
ac
id
s
,
g
l
y
co
ls
a
n
d
este
r
s
[
3
]
.
I
m
p
r
o
v
ed
h
ea
t
tr
a
n
s
f
er
tech
n
iq
u
es
in
s
o
lar
en
er
g
y
s
y
s
te
m
s
lead
s
to
b
etter
p
er
f
o
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ce
.
Am
o
n
g
m
a
n
y
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m
p
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v
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e
n
t
tech
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e
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s
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,
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s
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ater
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ter
s
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s
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te
m
s
,
s
o
lar
s
t
ill
an
d
s
o
lar
ce
lls
[
4
]
.
2.
M
AT
E
RIAL
S
AND
M
E
T
H
O
DS
T
h
e
w
ater
/p
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y
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h
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g
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l
(
P
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G)
w
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th
(
ti
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x
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(
Sn
O
2
)
–
tan
talu
m
ca
r
b
id
e
(
T
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d
(
tin
o
x
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–
s
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b
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a
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ar
ticless
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te
m
s
w
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p
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ar
ed
f
o
r
th
er
m
al
en
er
g
y
s
to
r
ag
e
an
d
r
elea
s
e
b
y
n
an
o
f
lu
id
s
w
it
h
d
if
f
er
en
t
c
o
n
ce
n
tr
atio
n
s
o
f
n
a
n
o
p
ar
ticles
ar
e
w
a
ter
-
p
o
l
y
et
h
y
le
n
e
g
l
y
co
l/
(
Sn
O
2
)
0.
05
-
x
-
T
aC
x
n
an
o
p
ar
ticles
a
n
d
w
ater
-
p
o
l
y
e
th
y
len
e
g
l
y
co
l/
(
S
n
O
2
)
0.
05
-
x
-
Si
C
x
n
a
n
o
p
ar
ticles,
w
h
er
e
x
=0
.
0
0
5
,
0
.
0
1
an
d
0
.
0
1
5
)
w
h
er
e
SiC
a
n
d
T
aC
n
an
o
p
ar
ticles
w
er
e
ad
d
ed
ea
ch
o
n
e
to
S
n
O
2
w
it
h
co
n
ce
n
tr
atio
n
s
ar
e
(
1
0
,
2
0
,
an
d
3
0
)
w
t.%.
T
h
e
(
Sn
O
2
-
T
aC)
an
d
(
Sn
O
2
-
S
i
C
)
n
a
n
o
p
ar
ticles
w
er
e
ad
d
ed
to
w
ater
w
i
th
co
n
ce
n
tr
at
io
n
(
1
.
6
7
×1
0
-
3
g
/
m
L
)
.
T
h
e
m
elti
n
g
an
d
s
o
lid
if
ica
tio
n
p
r
o
ce
s
s
es
d
u
r
i
n
g
h
ea
ti
n
g
a
n
d
co
o
lin
g
p
r
esen
t
th
er
m
al
en
er
g
y
s
t
o
r
ag
e
an
d
r
elea
s
e
.
Dig
ital d
e
v
ice
w
as
u
s
ed
to
m
e
asu
r
e
th
e
te
m
p
er
at
u
r
e
d
u
r
in
g
t
h
e
h
ea
ti
n
g
an
d
co
o
lin
g
p
r
o
ce
s
s
es.
3.
RE
SU
L
T
S AN
D
D
I
SCU
SS
I
O
N
T
h
e
h
ea
t
tr
an
s
f
er
o
f
w
ater
/P
E
G
w
it
h
(
Sn
O
2
-
T
aC)
an
d
(
S
n
O
2
-
SiC
)
n
a
n
o
p
ar
ticles
n
an
o
f
l
u
id
s
w
a
s
in
v
e
s
ti
g
ated
d
u
r
i
n
g
th
e
p
r
o
ce
s
s
es
o
f
m
el
tin
g
a
n
d
s
o
lid
if
icati
o
n
as
s
h
o
w
n
in
F
i
g
u
r
e
1
to
Fi
g
u
r
e
4
.
T
h
e
ti
m
e
o
f
m
elti
n
g
an
d
s
o
lid
if
ica
tio
n
d
ec
r
ea
s
es
w
it
h
i
n
cr
ea
s
i
n
g
o
f
(
S
n
O
2
-
T
aC)
an
d
(
Sn
O
2
-
SiC
)
n
an
o
p
ar
ticles
co
n
ce
n
tr
atio
n
s
.
E
f
f
ec
ti
v
e
d
is
p
er
s
i
o
n
o
f
(
Sn
O
2
-
T
aC)
an
d
(
Sn
O
2
-
Si
C
)
n
a
n
o
p
ar
ticles
in
t
o
b
ase
f
lu
id
w
er
e
ac
ce
ler
ated
th
e
co
n
d
u
cti
v
e
h
ea
t
tr
an
s
f
er
d
u
r
in
g
t
h
e
p
r
o
ce
s
s
o
f
m
elti
n
g
an
d
s
o
lid
i
f
icatio
n
w
h
e
r
e
th
e
n
a
n
o
p
ar
ticles
f
o
r
m
a
p
ath
s
n
et
w
o
r
k
i
n
s
id
e
t
h
e
n
a
n
o
f
l
u
id
s
.
T
h
e
w
ater
/P
E
G
w
ith
(
S
n
O
2
-
T
aC)
an
d
(
Sn
O
2
-
Si
C
)
n
an
o
p
ar
ticles
n
an
o
f
l
u
id
s
co
u
ld
b
e
co
n
s
id
er
e
d
ef
f
icien
t
f
o
r
s
o
lar
w
a
ter
h
ea
t
i
n
g
s
y
s
te
m
d
u
e
to
t
h
eir
ch
ar
ac
t
er
is
tics
o
f
e
n
h
a
n
ce
d
h
ea
t tr
an
s
f
er
[
5
-
1
2
]
.
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
Me
ltin
g
cu
r
v
es o
f
wate
r
/P
E
G
-
(
Sn
O
2
-
T
aC
)
n
an
o
f
l
u
id
s
Fig
u
r
e
2
.
Me
ltin
g
cu
r
v
es o
f
wate
r
/P
E
G
-
(
Sn
O
2
SiC
)
n
an
o
f
l
u
id
s
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
: 2
2
5
2
-
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I
n
t.
J.
o
f
A
d
v
.
i
n
A
p
p
l.
Sci.
Vo
l.
8
,
No
.
2
,
J
u
n
e
2019:
1
5
4
–
156
156
Fig
u
r
e
3
.
So
lid
if
icatio
n
c
u
r
v
e
s
o
f
w
ater
/P
E
G
-
(
Sn
O
2
-
T
aC)
n
an
o
f
lu
id
s
Fig
u
r
e
4
.
So
lid
if
icatio
n
c
u
r
v
e
s
o
f
w
ater
/P
E
G
-
(
Sn
O
2
-
Si
C
)
n
a
n
o
f
l
u
id
s
4.
CO
NCLU
SI
O
N
T
h
e
w
ater
/P
E
G
w
ith
(
S
n
O
2
-
T
aC)
an
d
(
Sn
O
2
-
Si
C
)
n
an
o
p
ar
ti
cles
n
an
o
f
l
u
id
s
h
a
v
e
h
i
g
h
e
f
f
i
cien
c
y
f
o
r
s
to
r
ag
e
an
d
r
elea
s
e
o
f
t
h
er
m
al
en
er
g
y
w
h
ich
ca
n
b
e
u
s
ed
f
o
r
h
ea
ti
n
g
-
co
o
lin
g
o
f
b
u
ild
in
g
s
,
a
u
to
m
o
b
ile
en
g
i
n
es,
etc.
T
h
e
tim
e
o
f
m
elti
n
g
an
d
s
o
lid
if
icatio
n
f
o
r
s
to
r
ag
e
an
d
r
elea
s
e
o
f
th
er
m
a
l e
n
er
g
y
ap
p
licatio
n
s
ar
e
d
ec
r
ea
s
ed
w
it
h
i
n
cr
ea
s
e
o
f
t
h
e
(
Sn
O
2
-
T
a
C
)
an
d
(
Sn
O
2
-
S
iC
)
n
a
n
o
p
ar
tic
les co
n
ce
n
tr
atio
n
s
.
RE
F
E
R
E
NC
E
S
[1
]
M
u
a
th
A
.
A
lo
m
a
ir,
Ya
z
e
e
d
A
.
Alo
m
a
ir,
Hu
ss
e
in
A
.
A
b
d
u
ll
a
h
,
S
h
o
h
e
l
M
a
h
m
u
d
,
a
n
d
S
y
e
d
a
T
a
sn
i
m
,
“
Na
n
o
p
a
rti
c
le
En
h
a
n
c
e
d
P
h
a
se
Ch
a
n
g
e
M
a
teri
a
l
in
L
a
ten
t
He
a
t
T
h
e
rm
a
l
En
e
rg
y
S
to
ra
g
e
S
y
ste
m
:
A
n
Ex
p
e
ri
m
e
n
tal
S
tu
d
y
,
”
P
r
o
c
e
e
d
in
g
s
o
f
th
e
In
ter
n
a
t
io
n
a
l
Co
n
fer
e
n
c
e
o
f
En
e
rg
y
Ha
rv
e
sti
n
g
,
S
to
r
a
g
e
,
a
n
d
T
ra
n
sfe
r
(
EHS
T
'1
7
)
,
T
o
ro
n
t
o
,
Ca
n
a
d
a
,
A
u
g
u
st 2
1
–
2
3
,
2
0
1
7
.
[2
]
Is
m
a
il
a
H.
Zar
m
a
,
Ha
m
d
y
Ha
ss
a
n
,
S
h
in
ic
h
i
Oo
k
a
w
a
ra
,
a
n
d
M
a
h
m
o
u
d
A
h
m
e
d
,
“
T
h
e
r
m
a
l
En
e
rg
y
S
to
ra
g
e
in
P
h
a
se
Ch
a
n
g
e
M
a
teria
ls:
–
A
p
p
li
c
a
ti
o
n
s
,
A
d
v
a
n
tag
e
s
a
n
d
Disa
d
v
a
n
tag
e
s
,
”
1
st
In
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
Cn
fer
e
c
n
e
o
f
Ch
e
mic
a
l,
En
e
rg
y
a
n
d
En
v
ir
o
n
me
n
t
a
l
E
n
g
in
e
e
rin
g
,
Hilt
o
n
A
lex
a
n
d
ira G
re
e
n
P
laz
a
,
1
9
-
2
1
M
a
rc
h
2
0
17
,
Eg
y
p
t,
2
0
1
7
.
[3
]
M
a
ria
El
e
n
a
A
rc
e
,
M
ig
u
e
l
A
n
g
e
,
A
l
v
a
re
z
F
e
ij
o
o
,
A
n
d
re
s
S
u
a
re
z
G
a
rc
ia,
a
n
d
Clau
d
ia
C.
L
u
h
rs,
“
No
v
e
l
F
o
rm
u
latio
n
s
o
f
P
h
a
se
Ch
a
n
g
e
M
a
teria
ls
—
Ep
o
x
y
Co
m
p
o
sites
f
o
r
T
h
e
r
m
a
l
En
e
rg
y
S
to
ra
g
e
m,
”
M
a
ter
ia
ls
, v
o
l.
1
1
,
n
o.
1
9
5
,
2
0
1
8
.
[4
]
M
a
ll
e
b
o
y
e
n
a
M
a
st
a
n
a
iah
,
K.
He
m
a
c
h
a
n
d
ra
Re
d
d
y
,
a
n
d
V
.
Krish
n
a
Re
d
d
y
,
“
T
h
e
r
m
a
l
P
e
rf
o
r
m
a
n
c
e
Im
p
ro
v
e
m
e
n
t
o
f
F
lat
P
late
S
o
lar
Co
ll
e
c
t
o
r
u
si
n
g
Na
n
o
F
l
u
id
s
,
”
I
n
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
J
o
u
r
n
a
l
o
f
M
e
c
h
a
n
ica
l
En
g
in
e
e
rin
g
a
n
d
T
e
c
h
n
o
lo
g
y
,
v
o
l.
8
,
n
o
.
7
,
2
0
1
7
.
[5
]
Na
h
e
d
a
Hu
m
o
o
d
A
l
-
G
a
r
a
h
,
F
a
rh
a
n
L
a
f
ta
Ra
sh
id
,
A
se
e
l
Ha
d
i,
a
n
d
A
h
m
e
d
Ha
sh
i
m
,
“
S
y
n
th
e
sis
a
n
d
Ch
a
ra
c
teriz
a
ti
o
n
o
f
No
v
e
l
(Org
a
n
ic
–
In
o
rg
a
n
ic)
Na
n
o
f
lu
id
s
f
o
r
A
n
ti
b
a
c
teria
l,
A
n
ti
f
u
n
g
a
l
a
n
d
He
a
t
T
ra
n
sf
e
r
A
p
p
li
c
a
ti
o
n
s
,
”
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
Bi
o
n
a
n
o
sc
ien
c
e
, v
o
l.
1
2
,
2
0
1
8
.
[6
]
Ha
n
i
Na
jm
Ob
a
id
,
M
a
jee
d
A
li
Ha
b
e
e
b
,
F
a
rh
a
n
L
a
f
ta
Ra
sh
id
,
a
n
d
A
h
m
e
d
Ha
sh
im
,
“
T
h
e
r
m
a
l
e
n
e
rg
y
sto
ra
g
e
b
y
n
a
n
o
f
lu
i
d
s
,
”
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
En
g
in
e
e
ri
n
g
a
n
d
A
p
p
li
e
d
S
c
ie
n
c
e
s
,
v
o
l.
8
,
n
o
.
5
,
p
p
.
1
4
3
-
1
4
5
,
2
0
1
3
.
[7
]
F
a
rh
a
n
L
a
f
ta Ras
h
id
,
A
se
e
l
Ha
d
i,
Na
h
e
d
a
Hu
m
o
o
d
A
l
-
G
a
ra
h
,
a
n
d
A
h
m
e
d
Ha
sh
i
m
,
“
No
v
e
l
P
h
a
se
C
h
a
n
g
e
M
a
teria
ls,
M
g
O
Na
n
o
p
a
rti
c
les
,
a
n
d
W
a
ter
Ba
se
d
Na
n
o
f
lu
id
s
f
o
r
T
h
e
r
m
a
l
En
e
rg
y
S
to
ra
g
e
a
n
d
Bio
m
e
d
ica
l
A
p
p
li
c
a
ti
o
n
s
,
”
In
ter
n
a
t
io
n
a
l
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
P
h
a
rm
a
c
e
u
ti
c
a
l
a
n
d
P
h
y
to
p
h
a
rm
a
c
o
lo
g
ica
l
Res
e
a
rc
h,
v
o
l.
8
,
n
o
.
1
,
2
0
1
8
.
[8
]
Ib
ra
h
im
R.
A
g
o
o
l,
Ka
d
h
im
J.
Ka
d
h
im
,
a
n
d
A
h
m
e
d
Ha
sh
i
m
,
“
P
re
p
a
r
a
ti
o
n
o
f
(p
o
ly
v
in
y
l
a
lco
h
o
l
–
p
o
ly
e
t
h
y
len
e
g
l
y
c
o
l
–
p
o
ly
v
in
y
l
p
y
rro
li
d
in
o
n
e
–
t
it
a
n
i
u
m
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p
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