I
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rna
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f
Adv
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nces in Applie
d Science
s
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I
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AAS)
Vo
l.
3
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No
.
4
,
Dec
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b
er
201
4
,
p
p
.
17
8
~
18
3
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8814
178
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1.
I
NT
RO
D
UCT
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N
C
o
n
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tr
u
ctio
n
w
aste
h
as
b
ec
o
m
e
a
n
i
m
p
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r
tan
t
en
v
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m
e
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al
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b
lem
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f
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C
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2
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w
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r
ld
’
s
m
u
n
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s
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lid
w
as
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(
MSW
)
[
1
]
.
T
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ex
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s
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v
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b
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2.
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W
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co
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th
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ld
in
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s
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o
n
s
tr
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w
as
te
ca
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b
e
d
ef
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as
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tiv
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v
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p
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o
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r
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e
p
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o
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u
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[
4
]
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IJ
AA
S
I
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N:
2252
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8814
R
ela
tio
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b
etw
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179
A
lter
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ac
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ities
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5
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Ma
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f
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s
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g
r
o
u
p
ed
u
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d
er
f
o
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r
ca
teg
o
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ies
:
(
1
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d
esig
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2
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p
r
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en
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(
3
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an
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ater
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4
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o
p
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[
6
]
.
C
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[
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.
W
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.
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[
9
]
.
So
u
r
ce
r
ed
u
ctio
n
w
as
d
e
f
i
n
ed
as
a
n
y
ac
tiv
it
y
th
a
t
r
ed
u
ce
s
o
r
eli
m
i
n
ate
s
t
h
e
g
e
n
er
atio
n
o
f
w
aste
a
t
s
o
u
r
ce
,
u
s
u
all
y
w
it
h
in
a
p
r
o
ce
s
s
,
an
d
r
ec
y
cli
n
g
as
th
e
r
ec
o
v
er
y
a
n
d
/o
r
r
e
-
u
s
e
o
f
w
h
at
w
o
u
ld
o
th
er
w
is
e
b
e
a
w
as
te
m
ater
ial
[
9
]
.
I
t
w
a
s
e
m
p
h
a
s
iz
ed
th
at
th
e
r
ed
u
ctio
n
is
t
h
e
b
est
an
d
m
o
s
t
e
f
f
icie
n
t
m
et
h
o
d
f
o
r
m
i
n
i
m
izin
g
t
h
e
g
en
er
atio
n
o
f
w
as
te
an
d
eli
m
i
n
ati
n
g
m
a
n
y
o
f
th
e
w
a
s
te
d
is
p
o
s
al
p
r
o
b
lem
s
[
5
]
.
3.
RE
S
E
ARCH
M
E
T
H
O
D
S
3
.
1
.
D
a
t
a
C
o
llect
io
n
M
et
ho
ds
T
h
ir
ty
-
f
o
u
r
(
3
4
)
ca
u
s
at
iv
e
f
ac
t
o
r
s
o
f
co
n
s
tr
u
ctio
n
m
ater
ial
waste
g
e
n
er
atio
n
as
lis
ted
i
n
T
ab
le
1
,
an
d
n
in
e
(
9
)
p
r
ev
en
ti
v
e
w
aste
m
i
n
i
m
izatio
n
m
ea
s
u
r
es
f
r
o
m
th
e
f
o
llo
w
i
n
g
r
ef
er
en
ce
s
[
9
]
-
[
1
0
]
,
[
2
2
]
,
[
2
5
]
,
w
h
ic
h
h
av
e
b
ee
n
ex
ten
s
iv
e
l
y
s
t
u
d
ied
w
er
e
e
x
tr
ac
ted
f
r
o
m
th
e
l
iter
atu
r
e.
B
o
th
f
ac
to
r
s
a
n
d
m
ea
s
u
r
es
w
er
e
p
r
e
-
test
ed
in
a
p
ilo
t
s
tu
d
y
u
s
i
n
g
in
ter
v
ie
w
s
a
n
d
q
u
esti
o
n
n
air
e
in
v
o
lv
in
g
s
ev
e
n
s
elec
ted
co
n
s
tr
u
ctio
n
ex
p
er
ts
to
ev
alu
ate
th
eir
ap
p
licab
ilit
y
to
th
e
c
u
r
r
en
t
s
t
u
d
y
.
T
w
o
o
f
th
e
e
x
p
er
ts
w
er
e
f
r
o
m
co
n
tr
ac
to
r
s
,
th
r
ee
w
er
e
f
r
o
m
o
n
-
s
ite
s
u
p
er
v
i
s
io
n
co
m
p
a
n
ie
s
,
an
d
t
w
o
f
r
o
m
a
co
n
s
tr
u
ctio
n
r
esear
ch
in
s
tit
u
te
i
n
t
h
e
cit
y
.
M
o
s
t
o
f
t
h
e
m
d
e
m
o
n
s
tr
ated
in
d
ep
th
u
n
d
er
s
ta
n
d
i
n
g
an
d
k
n
o
w
led
g
e
o
f
b
o
th
th
e
f
ac
to
r
s
an
d
m
ea
s
u
r
es
ex
tr
ac
ted
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
liter
atu
r
e
f
o
r
th
e
s
tu
d
y
.
T
h
e
y
a
g
r
ee
d
w
i
th
t
h
e
a
p
p
licab
ilit
y
o
f
t
h
e
s
elec
ted
f
ac
to
r
s
an
d
m
ea
s
u
r
e
s
to
t
h
e
cu
r
r
e
n
t
s
tu
d
y
.
T
o
r
ea
ch
th
e
ai
m
o
f
th
is
s
tu
d
y
,
a
s
tr
u
ct
u
r
ed
q
u
esti
o
n
n
air
e
s
u
r
v
e
y
w
a
s
co
n
d
u
cted
.
T
h
e
q
u
es
tio
n
n
air
e
w
a
s
d
iv
id
ed
i
n
to
th
r
ee
s
ec
tio
n
s
.
T
h
e
f
ir
s
t
p
ar
t
s
o
u
g
h
t
i
n
f
o
r
m
atio
n
ab
o
u
t
t
h
e
r
esp
o
n
d
en
ts
’
p
r
o
f
ile,
i
n
t
h
e
s
ec
o
n
d
an
d
th
ir
d
p
ar
t,
r
esp
o
n
d
en
ts
w
er
e
r
eq
u
ested
to
ev
al
u
ate
t
h
e
3
4
i
n
d
i
v
id
u
al
f
a
cto
r
s
b
ased
o
n
t
h
eir
ca
te
g
o
r
y
an
d
th
e
9
m
ea
s
u
r
e
s
in
ter
m
s
o
f
t
h
eir
i
m
p
o
r
tan
ce
.
T
h
e
lev
el
o
f
i
m
p
o
r
tan
ce
f
o
r
t
h
e
3
4
f
ac
to
r
s
a
n
d
9
m
ea
s
u
r
es
w
a
s
m
ea
s
u
r
ed
o
n
a
5
-
p
o
in
t
L
i
k
er
t
s
ca
le,
w
h
er
e
5
in
d
icate
d
ex
tr
e
m
el
y
im
p
o
r
tan
t,
4
im
p
o
r
tan
t,
3
n
eu
tr
al,
2
u
n
i
m
p
o
r
tan
t,
an
d
1
n
eg
lig
ib
le.
T
h
e
q
u
esti
o
n
n
air
e
s
u
r
v
e
y
(
w
r
itte
n
in
C
h
in
e
s
e)
w
as
co
n
d
u
cted
in
C
h
o
n
g
q
in
g
o
v
er
a
th
r
ee
-
m
o
n
t
h
p
er
io
d
f
r
o
m
J
an
u
ar
y
to
Ma
r
c
h
2
0
1
4
.
A
to
tal
o
f
9
0
q
u
esti
o
n
n
air
es
w
er
e
d
is
tr
ib
u
ted
t
h
r
o
u
g
h
d
ir
ec
t
v
is
it
s
to
th
e
co
n
s
tr
u
ctio
n
f
ir
m
s
a
n
d
s
ite
s
.
T
h
e
tar
g
et
g
r
o
u
p
s
w
er
e
r
a
n
d
o
m
l
y
s
e
lecte
d
f
r
o
m
in
d
u
s
tr
y
p
r
ac
titi
o
n
er
s
.
F
in
all
y
a
to
tal
o
f
8
0
v
alid
r
esp
o
n
s
e
s
w
er
e
r
ec
eiv
ed
,
r
ep
r
esen
tin
g
an
o
v
er
all
r
e
s
p
o
n
s
e
r
ate
o
f
8
9
%,
w
h
ich
i
s
co
n
s
id
er
ed
s
atis
f
ac
to
r
y
[
1
1
]
.
T
h
e
r
esp
o
n
d
en
ts
in
cl
u
d
ed
4
5
en
g
i
n
ee
r
s
co
m
p
r
i
s
in
g
o
f
f
ice
a
n
d
s
u
p
er
v
i
s
io
n
e
n
g
i
n
ee
r
s
,
1
1
ex
p
er
ien
ce
d
p
r
o
j
ec
t
m
an
a
g
er
s
,
1
0
C
o
n
s
tr
u
ctio
n
T
ec
h
n
icia
n
s
,
5
A
r
ch
it
ec
ts
,
an
d
9
Qu
an
tit
y
S
u
r
v
e
y
o
r
s
.
Mo
s
t
o
f
th
e
r
esp
o
n
d
en
ts
w
er
e
w
e
ll
-
e
x
p
er
i
en
ce
d
p
r
o
f
ess
io
n
als
i
n
co
n
s
tr
u
ctio
n
p
r
ac
tice
s
in
ce
th
e
m
aj
o
r
ity
o
f
t
h
e
m
(
8
0
p
er
ce
n
t)
h
av
e
m
o
r
e
t
h
a
n
ten
y
ea
r
s
’
w
o
r
k
i
n
g
ex
p
er
ien
ce
i
n
t
h
e
co
n
s
t
r
u
ctio
n
in
d
u
s
tr
y
(
s
ee
Fi
g
u
r
e
1
)
.
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
R
esp
o
n
d
en
t
’
s
e
x
p
er
i
en
ce
in
t
h
e
co
n
s
tr
u
ctio
n
in
d
u
s
t
r
y
3
.
2
.
Da
t
a
Ana
ly
s
is
M
et
ho
d
s
T
h
e
r
eliab
ilit
y
test
w
as
co
n
d
u
cted
o
n
t
h
e
d
ata
to
m
ea
s
u
r
e
it
s
s
tab
il
it
y
a
n
d
co
n
s
is
te
n
c
y
.
I
n
th
i
s
te
s
t
,
th
e
i
n
d
ex
C
r
o
n
b
ac
h
’
s
co
e
f
f
i
cien
t
alp
h
a
w
as
ca
lc
u
lated
i
n
o
r
d
er
to
in
d
icate
th
e
r
elia
b
ilit
y
o
f
th
e
d
ata.
C
r
o
n
b
ac
h
’
s
a
lp
h
a
r
eliab
ilit
y
c
o
ef
f
icie
n
t
n
o
r
m
a
ll
y
r
an
g
es
b
et
w
ee
n
0
a
n
d
1
.
T
h
e
clo
s
er
C
r
o
n
b
ac
h
’
s
co
e
f
f
icie
n
t
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
-
8814
IJ
AA
S
Vo
l.
3
,
No
.
4
,
Dec
em
b
er
201
4
:
17
8
–
18
3
180
alp
h
a
v
al
u
e
to
1
th
e
h
i
g
h
er
th
e
in
ter
n
al
co
n
s
i
s
ten
c
y
r
eliab
ilit
y
o
f
t
h
e
d
ata
[
1
2
]
.
T
h
e
r
esu
lt
o
f
th
i
s
test
i
s
0
.
9
1
2
,
in
d
icati
n
g
t
h
at
t
h
e
d
ata
co
llected
ar
e
h
ig
h
l
y
r
eliab
le.
T
ab
le
1
.
C
au
s
ati
v
e
f
ac
to
r
s
o
f
c
o
n
s
tr
u
ct
io
n
m
ater
ial
w
aste
No
S
o
u
r
c
e
C
a
u
sa
t
i
v
e
f
a
c
t
o
r
s o
f
c
o
n
st
r
u
c
t
i
o
n
ma
t
e
r
i
a
l
w
a
st
e
R
e
f
e
r
e
n
c
e
s
1
D
e
si
g
n
F
r
e
q
u
e
n
t
d
e
si
g
n
c
h
a
n
g
e
s
[
5
]
[
1
5
]
[
1
6
]
[
1
7
]
[
1
8
]
[
1
9
]
[
2
0
]
[
2
1
]
2
M
i
s
t
a
k
e
s a
n
d
Er
r
o
r
s i
n
d
e
si
g
n
[
2
]
[
6
]
[
7
]
[
1
4
]
[
1
6
]
[
1
7
]
[
1
8
]
[
1
9
]
[
2
2
]
3
C
o
mp
l
e
x
i
t
y
o
f
d
e
t
a
i
l
i
n
g
i
n
t
h
e
d
r
a
w
i
n
g
s
[
5
]
[
6
]
4
L
a
c
k
o
f
i
n
f
o
r
mat
i
o
n
i
n
t
h
e
d
r
a
w
i
n
g
s
[
5
]
[
1
5
]
[
1
6
]
[
1
7
]
[
2
3
]
5
H
a
n
d
l
i
n
g
D
a
mag
e
d
u
r
i
n
g
t
r
a
n
s
p
o
r
t
a
t
i
o
n
t
o
s
i
t
e
/
o
n
si
t
e
[
2
]
[
6
]
[
1
5
]
[
1
9
]
6
I
n
a
p
p
r
o
p
r
i
a
t
e
s
t
o
r
a
g
e
l
e
a
d
i
n
g
t
o
d
a
ma
g
e
[
2
]
[
6
]
[
7
]
[
1
5
]
[
1
6
]
[
1
9
]
[
2
1
]
[
2
2
]
[
2
3
]
7
W
r
o
n
g
mat
e
r
i
a
l
h
a
n
d
l
i
n
g
[
5
]
[
6
]
[
7
]
[
1
5
]
[
1
6
]
[
2
0
]
[
2
1
]
[
2
2
]
[
2
3
]
8
P
r
o
c
u
r
e
me
n
t
O
r
d
e
r
i
n
g
e
r
r
o
r
s
[
2
]
[
6
]
[
7
]
[
1
4
]
[
1
9
]
[
2
2
]
9
P
r
o
d
u
c
t
s
n
o
t
i
n
c
o
m
p
l
i
a
n
c
e
w
i
t
h
sp
e
c
i
f
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
[
5
]
[
1
9
]
10
M
i
s
t
a
k
e
s i
n
q
u
a
n
t
i
t
y
su
r
v
e
y
s
[
5
]
[
6
]
[
1
5
]
[
2
1
]
11
O
p
e
r
a
t
i
o
n
D
a
mag
e
t
o
w
o
r
k
d
o
n
e
c
a
u
se
d
b
y
su
b
s
e
q
u
e
n
t
t
r
a
d
e
s
[
1
6
]
[
1
9
]
[
2
3
]
[
2
4
]
12
U
se
o
f
i
n
c
o
r
r
e
c
t
ma
t
e
r
i
a
l
,
t
h
u
s re
q
u
i
r
i
n
g
r
e
p
l
a
c
e
me
n
t
[
2
]
[
1
6
]
[
1
9
]
[
2
3
]
13
P
o
o
r
w
o
r
k
man
sh
i
p
.
[
2
2
]
[
2
5
]
[
2
6
]
14
M
i
s
t
a
k
e
s d
u
r
i
n
g
c
o
n
st
r
u
c
t
i
o
n
.
[
2
]
[
2
4
]
15
W
o
r
k
e
r
I
n
su
f
f
i
c
i
e
n
t
t
r
a
i
n
i
n
g
f
o
r
w
o
r
k
e
r
s
[
2
]
[
1
5
]
[
2
6
]
16
S
h
o
r
t
a
g
e
o
f
sk
i
l
l
e
d
w
o
r
k
e
r
s
[
5
]
[
1
6
]
[
2
3
]
[
2
6
]
17
W
o
r
k
e
r
s’
mi
st
a
k
e
s
[
2
]
[
6
]
[
7
]
[
1
4
]
[
1
9
]
[
2
0
]
[
2
5
]
18
R
e
w
o
r
k
d
u
e
t
o
w
o
r
k
e
r
s’
mi
st
a
k
e
[
5
]
[
6
]
[
2
5
]
19
M
a
n
a
g
e
me
n
t
P
o
o
r
si
t
e
man
a
g
e
me
n
t
a
n
d
s
u
p
e
r
v
i
si
o
n
[
2
]
[
1
6
]
[
1
7
]
[
1
8
]
[
2
2
]
[
2
4
]
20
L
a
c
k
o
f
st
r
a
t
e
g
y
t
o
w
a
st
e
mi
n
i
m
i
z
a
t
i
o
n
[
2
5
]
21
L
a
c
k
o
f
o
n
si
t
e
w
a
st
e
man
a
g
e
me
n
t
p
l
a
n
s
[
5
]
[
1
9
]
[
2
4
]
[
2
5
]
22
I
n
a
d
e
q
u
a
t
e
p
l
a
n
n
i
n
g
a
n
d
sc
h
e
d
u
l
i
n
g
[
6
]
[
7
]
[
2
2
]
[
2
3
]
23
I
n
c
o
mp
e
t
e
n
t
s
u
b
c
o
n
t
r
a
c
t
o
r
s
[
2
]
[
6
]
[
7
]
24
L
a
c
k
o
f
c
o
o
r
d
i
n
a
t
i
o
n
a
mo
n
g
p
a
r
t
i
e
s
[
5
]
[
1
5
]
[
1
6
]
25
S
c
a
r
c
i
t
y
o
f
e
q
u
i
p
me
n
t
o
r
O
u
t
d
a
t
e
d
e
q
u
i
p
me
n
t
[
5
]
[
6
]
[
1
6
]
[
1
8
]
[
2
3
]
26
I
n
a
p
p
r
o
p
r
i
a
t
e
c
o
n
st
r
u
c
t
i
o
n
me
t
h
o
d
s
[
1
6
]
[
2
1
]
[
2
3
]
27
S
l
o
w
i
n
f
o
r
mat
i
o
n
f
l
o
w
b
e
t
w
e
e
n
t
h
e
p
a
r
t
i
e
s
[
6
]
[
1
5
]
[
1
9
]
28
U
n
n
e
c
e
ssary
i
n
v
e
n
t
o
r
i
e
s
[
1
6
]
29
S
i
t
e
c
o
n
d
i
t
i
o
n
P
o
o
r
si
t
e
c
o
n
d
i
t
i
o
n
[
1
6
]
[
1
8
]
[
2
3
]
30
D
i
f
f
i
c
u
l
t
a
c
c
e
ss i
n
c
o
n
s
t
r
u
c
t
i
o
n
s
i
t
e
s
[
1
8
]
21
L
i
g
h
t
i
n
g
p
r
o
b
l
e
m i
n
n
i
g
h
t
sh
a
f
t
o
p
e
r
a
t
i
o
n
s
[
1
8
]
32
Ex
t
e
r
n
a
l
f
a
c
t
o
r
s
A
c
c
i
d
e
n
t
s
[
6
]
[
1
6
]
[
1
7
]
[
1
9
]
[
2
2
]
33
Ef
f
e
c
t
o
f
w
e
a
t
h
e
r
[
5
]
[
6
]
[
1
7
]
[
1
9
]
[
2
2
]
34
U
n
p
r
e
d
i
c
t
a
b
l
e
l
o
c
a
l
c
o
n
d
i
t
i
o
n
s
[
5
]
[
1
3
]
T
h
e
d
ata
w
er
e
th
e
n
an
a
l
y
ze
d
b
y
u
s
i
n
g
s
tati
s
tical
a
n
al
y
s
is
te
ch
n
iq
u
es
i
n
cl
u
d
in
g
r
an
k
in
g
a
n
al
y
s
i
s
an
d
co
r
r
elatio
n
test
.
T
h
ese
r
esear
ch
ac
ti
v
itie
s
w
er
e
f
ac
ilit
ated
w
it
h
th
e
aid
o
f
SP
SS
1
2
.
0
.
T
h
e
p
r
o
ce
s
s
o
f
d
ata
an
al
y
s
is
i
s
i
n
ter
p
r
eted
as f
o
llo
w
s
.
First,
t
h
e
r
elati
v
e
i
m
p
o
r
tan
ce
o
f
all
f
ac
to
r
s
an
d
m
ea
s
u
r
es
was
ex
a
m
i
n
ed
b
y
r
an
k
i
n
g
t
h
e
m
b
ased
o
n
th
eir
m
ea
n
v
al
u
e
s
an
d
s
ta
n
d
ar
d
d
ev
iatio
n
.
I
t
i
s
w
o
r
th
h
i
g
h
li
g
h
t
in
g
t
h
at
o
n
l
y
t
h
o
s
e
f
ac
to
r
s
an
d
m
ea
s
u
r
e
s
w
it
h
m
ea
n
v
al
u
e
s
t
h
at
ar
e
g
r
ea
ter
t
h
an
3
.
0
0
0
w
er
e
r
ec
o
g
n
ized
as
cr
itical
ca
u
s
ati
v
e
f
ac
to
r
s
an
d
p
r
ev
en
ti
v
e
m
ea
s
u
r
es
o
f
m
ater
ial
w
a
s
te.
T
h
en
a
n
in
v
esti
g
a
tio
n
w
a
s
co
n
d
u
cted
i
n
th
is
s
t
u
d
y
to
d
eter
m
i
n
e
t
h
e
co
r
r
elatio
n
b
et
w
ee
n
t
h
e
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IJ
AA
S
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8814
R
ela
tio
n
s
b
etw
ee
n
th
e
C
a
u
s
a
tive
F
a
cto
r
s
o
f
W
a
s
te
a
n
d
Th
eir
P
r
ev
en
tive…
(
S
u
la
la
M.Z.F
A
L
-
Ha
ma
d
a
n
i
)
181
m
aj
o
r
f
ac
to
r
s
an
d
th
e
m
ea
s
u
r
es.
T
o
d
eter
m
i
n
e
th
e
co
r
r
elati
o
n
,
th
e
Sp
ea
r
m
a
n
C
o
r
r
elatio
n
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
h
as
b
ee
n
r
u
n
,
w
h
ic
h
is
t
h
e
m
o
s
t a
p
p
r
o
p
r
iate
s
tati
s
tical
te
s
t
w
h
en
a
s
s
e
s
s
in
g
o
r
d
in
a
l d
ata
th
at
ar
e
r
elate
d
to
m
o
r
e
t
h
an
o
n
e
attr
ib
u
te
[
1
3
]
.
I
n
s
tatis
tics
,
th
e
v
al
u
e
o
f
t
h
e
co
r
r
elatio
n
co
ef
f
icien
t
v
ar
ie
s
b
et
w
ee
n
+1
a
n
d
-
1.
W
h
en
t
h
e
v
al
u
e
o
f
th
e
co
r
r
elatio
n
c
o
ef
f
icie
n
t
lies
ar
o
u
n
d
±
1
,
s
tr
o
n
g
co
r
r
elatio
n
b
et
w
ee
n
t
h
e
t
w
o
v
ar
ia
b
les
is
co
n
s
id
er
ed
.
W
h
en
t
h
e
v
a
lu
e
o
f
th
e
co
r
r
ela
tio
n
co
ef
f
icie
n
t
g
o
es
to
w
ar
d
s
0
,
w
ea
k
co
r
r
elatio
n
b
et
w
ee
n
t
h
e
t
w
o
v
ar
iab
les
is
co
n
s
id
er
ed
[
1
3
]
.
4.
DATA F
I
NDIN
G
S
AND
AN
AL
YS
I
S
4
.
1
.
M
a
j
o
r
C
a
us
a
t
iv
e
F
a
ct
o
rs
o
f
M
a
t
er
ia
l Wa
s
t
e
T
h
e
r
esu
lts
o
f
th
e
m
aj
o
r
ca
u
s
ativ
e
f
ac
to
r
s
i
n
ea
c
h
ca
teg
o
r
y
ar
e
s
h
o
w
n
i
n
T
ab
le
2
.
C
au
s
at
iv
e
f
ac
to
r
s
w
er
e
g
r
o
u
p
ed
in
to
th
e
ei
g
h
t
ca
teg
o
r
ies:
Desi
g
n
,
Han
d
li
n
g
,
P
r
o
cu
r
e
m
en
t,
Op
er
atio
n
,
W
o
r
k
er
,
Ma
n
ag
e
m
e
n
t,
Sit
e
co
n
d
itio
n
a
n
d
E
x
ter
n
al
f
a
cto
r
s
.
T
h
e
s
ig
n
i
f
ica
n
ce
o
f
t
h
e
ca
u
s
ati
v
e
f
ac
to
r
i
n
ea
c
h
ca
te
g
o
r
y
w
as
d
eter
m
i
n
ed
b
ased
o
n
th
e
m
ea
n
v
a
lu
e
a
n
d
s
tan
d
ar
d
d
ev
iatio
n
.
T
h
e
f
ac
to
r
th
at
h
as
t
h
e
h
i
g
h
e
s
t
m
ea
n
v
al
u
e
o
f
ea
ch
ca
teg
o
r
y
w
a
s
id
en
ti
f
ied
as a
m
aj
o
r
f
ac
to
r
w
it
h
i
n
th
at
ca
te
g
o
r
y
.
T
ab
le
2
.
Ma
j
o
r
ca
u
s
ativ
e
f
ac
to
r
s
b
ased
o
n
th
eir
ca
teg
o
r
y
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
4
.
2
.
P
re
v
ent
iv
e
Wa
s
t
e
M
ini
m
i
za
t
io
n M
e
a
s
u
res
T
h
e
an
al
y
s
is
o
n
m
a
ter
ial
w
ast
e
m
i
n
i
m
izatio
n
m
ea
s
u
r
e
s
is
s
h
o
w
n
in
T
ab
le
3
.
T
h
e
an
al
y
s
is
s
h
o
w
s
th
a
t
th
e
to
p
f
o
u
r
m
ea
s
u
r
es
f
o
cu
s
o
n
w
a
s
te
p
r
ev
en
tio
n
.
T
h
ese
m
ea
s
u
r
es
ar
e:
Vo
ca
tio
n
al
tr
ai
n
in
g
an
d
h
e
ig
h
te
n
ed
a
w
ar
e
n
ess
,
Or
d
er
in
g
j
u
s
t
w
h
a
t
is
n
ee
d
ed
o
f
m
ater
ial,
E
f
f
ici
en
t
co
o
r
d
in
atio
n
b
et
w
ee
n
s
to
r
e
an
d
co
n
s
tr
u
c
tio
n
p
er
s
o
n
n
el,
a
n
d
Usi
n
g
m
ater
ial
s
b
ef
o
r
e
ex
p
ir
y
d
ates.
U
n
d
o
u
b
ted
l
y
,
t
h
is
i
s
a
p
r
io
r
itized
o
p
tio
n
to
m
o
s
t
i
f
n
o
t
all
f
ir
m
s
.
I
t is b
etter
to
p
r
ev
en
t
waste
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
b
eg
i
n
n
i
n
g
t
h
a
n
d
ea
lin
g
w
it
h
it a
f
ter
it is
g
e
n
er
at
ed
.
T
h
e
t
w
o
m
ea
s
u
r
es
th
a
t
th
e
an
a
l
y
s
i
s
p
r
esen
t
s
to
b
e
less
c
o
n
s
id
er
ab
ly
i
m
p
le
m
e
n
ted
in
t
h
e
in
d
u
s
tr
y
ar
e
:
e
m
p
lo
y
m
en
t
o
f
o
n
-
s
ite
w
a
s
te
m
a
n
ag
e
m
e
n
t
p
er
s
o
n
n
el
a
n
d
r
ec
y
c
lin
g
o
f
w
as
te
m
a
ter
ials
o
n
-
s
ite
o
r
o
f
f
-
s
ite.
E
m
p
lo
y
m
en
t
o
f
o
n
-
s
ite
w
a
s
te
m
a
n
ag
e
m
e
n
t
p
er
s
o
n
n
el
w
a
s
s
ee
n
a
s
t
h
e
leas
t
p
r
ef
er
r
ed
o
p
tio
n
f
o
r
co
n
tr
ac
to
r
s
b
ec
a
u
s
e
it
w
o
u
ld
b
e
a
co
s
t
ad
d
in
g
ite
m
.
F
u
r
th
er
m
o
r
e,
r
ec
y
c
lin
g
is
r
ar
el
y
ca
r
r
ied
o
u
t
b
ec
au
s
e
o
f
t
h
e
lac
k
o
f
r
ec
y
c
lin
g
f
ac
ilit
ie
s
an
d
m
atu
r
e
m
ar
k
et
f
o
r
tr
ad
in
g
r
ec
y
c
led
m
ater
ials
in
C
h
in
a
C
h
o
n
g
q
i
n
g
ci
t
y
.
T
ab
le
3
.
R
an
k
i
n
g
o
f
p
r
ev
en
ti
v
e
w
as
te
m
i
n
i
m
izatio
n
m
ea
s
u
r
es
P
r
e
v
e
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id
er
ab
le
ef
f
o
r
t
s
ca
n
b
e
d
ev
o
ted
to
ap
p
l
y
in
g
t
h
e
r
elev
a
n
t
m
in
i
m
iza
tio
n
m
ea
s
u
r
e
s
as
a
f
ir
s
t
l
in
e
of
d
e
f
en
s
e
in
a
ca
m
p
a
ig
n
to
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ed
u
ce
co
n
s
tr
u
ctio
n
m
ater
ia
l
w
a
s
te.
ACK
NO
WL
E
D
G
E
M
E
NT
S
T
h
is
w
o
r
k
w
as
s
u
p
p
o
r
ted
b
y
th
e
Fac
u
lt
y
o
f
Ur
b
an
C
o
n
s
tr
u
ctio
n
an
d
E
n
v
ir
o
n
m
e
n
tal
E
n
g
in
ee
r
i
n
g
,
C
h
o
n
g
q
i
n
g
U
n
i
v
er
s
it
y
,
C
h
o
n
g
q
in
g
,
4
0
0
0
4
5
,
P
.
R
.
C
h
in
a.
RE
F
E
R
E
NC
E
S
[1
]
Do
n
g
S. S.,
e
t
a
l
.
,
“
M
u
n
icip
a
l
so
l
i
d
w
a
ste
m
a
n
a
g
e
m
e
n
t
in
Ch
in
a
:
u
s
in
g
c
o
m
m
e
rc
ial
m
a
n
a
g
e
m
e
n
t
to
s
o
lv
e
a
g
ro
w
in
g
p
ro
b
lem
,”
Util
it
ies
Po
li
c
y
jo
u
rn
a
l
,
2
0
0
1
,
V
o
l
.
10
,
N
o
.
1
,
p
p
.
7
–
1
1
.
[2
]
W
a
n
g
J.
Y.,
e
t
a
l
.
,
“
A
n
in
v
e
st
ig
a
ti
o
n
o
f
c
o
n
stru
c
ti
o
n
w
a
ste
s:
a
n
e
m
p
iri
c
a
l
stu
d
y
in
S
h
e
n
z
h
e
n
,
”
J
o
u
r
n
a
l
o
f
En
g
i
n
e
e
rin
g
,
De
sig
n
a
n
d
T
e
c
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
,
2
0
0
8
,
V
o
l.
6
,
No
.
3
,
p
p
.
2
27
–
3
6
.
[3
]
Lu
K.
A
.
,
“
T
h
e
a
c
tu
a
li
t
y
a
n
d
in
teg
ra
te
u
sin
g
o
f
Ch
in
a
’s
c
o
n
stru
c
ti
o
n
w
a
ste
s
,”
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
Co
n
stru
c
ti
o
n
T
e
c
h
n
o
lo
g
y
,
1
9
9
9
,
Vo
l.
1
2
8
,
N
o
.
5
,
p
p
.
44
-
4
5
.
[4
]
Ko
sk
e
la
L.
,
“
A
p
p
li
c
a
ti
o
n
o
f
th
e
n
e
w
p
ro
d
u
c
ti
o
n
p
h
il
o
s
o
p
h
y
to
c
o
n
stru
c
ti
o
n
,”
T
e
c
h
n
ica
l
Rep
o
rt
No
.
7
2
,
CIF
E
,
S
tan
f
o
rd
Un
iv
e
rsity
,
Ca
li
f
,
US
A
,
1
9
9
2
.
[5
]
P
o
lat
G.
,
e
t
a
l.
,
“
W
a
ste
in
T
u
rk
ish
Co
n
stru
c
ti
o
n
:
Ne
e
d
f
o
r
L
e
a
n
Co
n
str
u
c
ti
o
n
T
e
c
h
n
iq
u
e
s
,”
T
we
lf
th
An
n
u
a
l
Co
n
fer
e
n
c
e
o
f
th
e
I
n
ter
n
a
t
io
n
a
l
G
ro
u
p
f
o
r L
e
a
n
C
o
n
str
u
c
ti
o
n
(
IGLC
-
12)
,
El
sin
o
re
,
De
n
m
a
rk
,
2
0
0
4
.
[6
]
Ek
a
n
a
y
a
k
e
L
.
L
.
,
e
t
a
l
.
,
“
Co
n
str
u
c
ti
o
n
M
a
teria
l
W
a
ste
S
o
u
rc
e
E
v
a
lu
a
ti
o
n
,”
I
n
:
Pr
o
c
e
e
d
in
g
s
o
f
th
e
2
n
d
S
o
u
th
e
rn
Af
ric
a
n
C
o
n
fer
e
n
c
e
o
n
S
u
sta
in
a
b
l
e
De
v
e
lo
p
me
n
t
in
th
e
B
u
il
t
En
v
iro
n
me
n
t
,
P
re
to
ria,
S
o
u
th
A
f
rica
,
2
0
0
0
.
[7
]
G
a
v
il
a
n
R.
M
.
,
e
t
a
l.
,
“
S
o
u
rc
e
e
v
a
lu
a
ti
o
n
o
f
so
li
d
w
a
ste
in
b
u
il
d
i
n
g
c
o
n
stru
c
ti
o
n
,”
J
o
u
r
n
a
l
o
f
Co
n
stru
c
ti
o
n
En
g
i
n
e
e
rin
g
a
n
d
M
a
n
a
g
e
me
n
t
,”
1
9
9
4
,
V
o
l
.
20
,
N
o
.
3
,
p
p
.
5
3
6
–
5
5
2
.
[8
]
En
v
iro
n
m
e
n
tal
P
r
o
tec
ti
o
n
A
g
e
n
c
y
o
f
US
A
,
“
S
o
l
id
W
a
ste
a
n
d
Em
e
rg
e
n
c
y
Re
sp
o
n
se
,
”
E
P
A
-
530
-
F
-
00
-
0
0
1
,
U
n
it
e
d
S
tate
s,
2
0
0
0
.
[9
]
Be
g
u
m
R.
A
.
,
e
t
a
l.
,
“
Im
p
le
m
e
n
tatio
n
o
f
w
a
ste
m
a
n
a
g
e
m
e
n
t
a
n
d
m
in
im
iza
ti
o
n
in
th
e
M
a
la
y
si
a
n
c
o
n
stru
c
ti
o
n
in
d
u
stry
,
”
Co
n
se
rv
a
ti
o
n
a
n
d
Rec
y
c
li
n
g
,
2
0
0
6
,
V
o
l
.
5
1
,
p
p
.
1
9
0
-
2
0
2
.
[1
0
]
S
h
e
n
L
.
Y.
,
e
t
a
l
.
,
“
Im
p
le
m
e
n
ta
ti
o
n
o
f
e
n
v
iro
n
m
e
n
tal
m
a
n
a
g
e
m
e
n
t
in
t
h
e
Ho
n
g
Ko
n
g
c
o
n
stru
c
ti
o
n
in
d
u
str
y
,”
In
ter
n
a
t
io
n
a
l
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
Pr
o
jec
t
M
a
n
a
g
e
me
n
t
,
2
0
0
2
,
Vo
l.
20
,
No
.
7
,
p
p
.
5
3
5
-
5
4
3
.
[1
1
]
M
o
se
r
C.
A
.
,
e
t
a
l
.
,
“
S
u
rv
e
y
m
e
th
o
d
s i
n
so
c
ial
i
n
v
e
stig
a
ti
o
n
,
”
L
o
n
d
o
n
:
He
in
e
m
a
n
n
Ed
u
c
a
ti
o
n
a
l
,
1
9
7
1
.
[1
2
]
S
e
k
a
ra
n
U.
,
e
t
a
l
.
,
“
Re
se
a
rc
h
m
e
t
h
o
d
s
f
o
r
b
u
si
n
e
ss
:
A
sk
il
l
b
u
il
d
i
n
g
a
p
p
ro
a
c
h
,
”
5
th
e
d
it
i
o
n
.
L
o
n
d
o
n
:
J
o
h
n
W
il
e
y
&
Sons
,
2
0
1
0
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IJ
AA
S
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8814
R
ela
tio
n
s
b
etw
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n
th
e
C
a
u
s
a
tive
F
a
cto
r
s
o
f
W
a
s
te
a
n
d
Th
eir
P
r
ev
en
tive…
(
S
u
la
la
M.Z.F
A
L
-
Ha
ma
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a
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i
)
183
[1
3
]
Na
o
u
m
S.
,
“
Diss
e
rtatio
n
Re
se
a
rc
h
a
n
d
W
rit
in
g
f
o
r
Co
n
stru
c
ti
o
n
S
t
u
d
e
n
ts,
”
2
nd
Ed
.
,
Ox
fo
rd
:
Bu
tt
e
rwo
rth
-
He
in
e
ma
n
n
,
2
0
0
7
.
[1
4
]
M
a
c
o
z
o
m
a
D.
S
.
,
“
Co
n
stru
c
ti
o
n
S
it
e
W
a
ste
M
a
n
a
g
e
m
e
n
t
a
n
d
M
i
n
im
iza
ti
o
n
,
”
In
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
Co
u
n
c
il
fo
r
Res
e
a
rc
h
a
n
d
In
n
o
v
a
ti
o
n
i
n
B
u
il
d
in
g
a
n
d
Co
n
str
u
c
ti
o
n
(
CIB)/
(
CS
IR)
Bu
il
d
in
g
a
n
d
Co
n
stru
c
ti
o
n
T
e
c
h
n
o
lo
g
y
,
Re
p
o
r
t
No
.
BOU
/C3
6
1
,
P
re
to
r
ia,
S
o
u
t
h
A
f
ric
a
,
2
0
0
2
.
[1
5
]
G
a
r
a
s
G
.
L
.
,
e
t
a
l.
,
“
M
a
teria
ls
W
a
ste
in
th
e
Eg
y
p
ti
a
n
Co
n
str
u
c
t
io
n
I
n
d
u
stry
,”
Pro
c
e
e
d
in
g
s
o
f
th
e
n
in
t
h
An
n
u
a
l
Co
n
fer
e
n
c
e
o
f
T
h
e
I
n
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
Gr
o
u
p
fo
r L
e
a
n
C
o
n
str
u
c
ti
o
n
IGL
C
-
9
,
S
i
n
g
a
p
o
re
,
2
0
0
1
.
[1
6
]
A
l
w
i
S.,
e
t
a
l
.
,
“
W
a
ste
in
th
e
In
d
o
n
e
sia
n
Co
n
stru
c
ti
o
n
P
ro
je
c
t
,”
In
:
Pro
c
e
e
d
in
g
s
o
f
t
h
e
1
st
In
ter
n
a
t
io
n
a
l
Co
n
fer
e
n
c
e
s
o
f
CIB
W
1
0
7
–
Cre
a
ti
n
g
a
S
u
sta
i
n
a
b
le
C
o
n
stru
c
ti
o
n
In
d
u
stry
in
De
v
e
lo
p
in
g
Co
u
n
tries
,
S
o
u
th
Af
rica
,
2
0
0
2
,
p
p
.
3
0
5
-
3
1
5
.
[1
7
]
A
l
w
i
S
.
,
e
t
a
l
.
,
“
No
n
V
a
lu
e
-
A
d
d
i
n
g
A
c
ti
v
it
ies
in
A
u
stra
li
a
n
Co
n
str
u
c
ti
o
n
P
r
o
jec
ts
,”
In
In
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
Co
n
fer
e
n
c
e
on
Ad
v
a
n
c
e
me
n
t
i
n
De
sig
n
,
C
o
n
stru
c
ti
o
n
,
Co
n
str
u
c
ti
o
n
M
a
n
a
g
e
me
n
t
a
n
d
M
a
in
ten
a
n
c
e
o
f
Bu
il
d
i
n
g
S
tru
c
tu
re
,
2
0
0
2
.
[1
8
]
Zh
a
o
Y.
,
e
t
a
l.
,
“
Re
lati
o
n
sh
ip
b
e
tw
e
e
n
P
r
o
d
u
c
ti
v
it
y
a
n
d
No
n
V
a
l
u
e
-
A
d
d
in
g
Ac
ti
v
it
ies
,”
In
:
Pro
c
e
e
d
in
g
o
f
th
e
1
1
t
h
a
n
n
u
a
l
c
o
n
fer
e
n
c
e
o
f
t
h
e
in
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
g
r
o
u
p
f
o
r lea
n
c
o
n
str
u
c
ti
o
n
,
Blac
k
sb
u
rg
,
V
irg
in
ia,
U
S
A
,
2
0
0
3
.
[1
9
]
Bo
ss
in
k
B.
A
.
G
.
,
e
t
a
l
.
,
“
Co
n
s
tru
c
ti
o
n
w
a
ste
:
Qu
a
n
ti
f
ica
ti
o
n
a
n
d
so
u
rc
e
e
v
a
lu
a
ti
o
n
,”
J
o
u
r
n
a
l
o
f
Co
n
stru
c
ti
o
n
En
g
i
n
e
e
rin
g
a
n
d
M
a
n
a
g
e
me
n
t
,
1
9
9
6
,
V
o
l
.
1
2
2
,
No
.
1,
p
p
.
55
-
6
0
.
[2
0
]
Lu
W
.
,
e
t
a
l.
,
“
A
n
e
m
p
iri
c
a
l
in
v
e
stig
a
ti
o
n
o
f
c
o
n
stru
c
ti
o
n
a
n
d
d
e
m
o
li
ti
o
n
w
a
ste
g
e
n
e
ra
ti
o
n
ra
tes
in
S
h
e
n
z
h
e
n
c
it
y
,
S
o
u
t
h
C
h
in
a
,”
W
a
ste
m
a
n
a
g
e
me
n
t
,
2
0
1
1
,
V
o
l.
31
,
No
.
4
,
p
p
.
6
8
0
-
6
8
7
.
[2
1
]
W
a
h
a
b
A
.
B.
,
e
t
a
l
.
,
“
A
n
e
v
a
lu
a
ti
o
n
o
f
w
a
ste
c
o
n
tro
l
m
e
a
su
re
s in
c
o
n
stru
c
t
io
n
in
d
u
stry
in
Ni
g
e
ria
,”
Af
ric
a
n
J
o
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P
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,
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.
2
,
p
p
.
201
–
20
2
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