I
nte
rna
t
io
na
l J
o
urna
l o
f
Adv
a
nces in Applie
d Science
s
(
I
J
AAS)
Vo
l.
5
,
No
.
4
,
Dec
em
b
er
2016
,
p
p
.
1
4
9
~1
5
6
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8814
149
J
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:
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ttp
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Dep
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[
3
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.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
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N
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2
2
5
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8814
I
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AA
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Vo
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5
,
No
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4
,
Dec
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b
er
2
0
1
6
:
1
4
9
–
1
5
6
150
Fig
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Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IJ
AA
S
I
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N:
2252
-
8814
Hu
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I
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2
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8814
I
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Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IJ
AA
S
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8814
Hu
ma
n
,
Th
e
E
lectric Ma
ch
in
e
(
A
n
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r
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153
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e
ρ
=
Re
sistiv
it
y
–
sm
a
ll
λ
=
T
h
e
r
m
a
l
c
o
n
d
u
c
ti
v
it
y
–
sm
a
ll
C
o
n
f
licti
n
g
n
ee
d
s
ar
e
d
ev
elo
p
m
e
n
t
o
f
n
o
v
el
m
ater
ial
s
,
m
ater
ial
tailo
r
in
g
-
cr
y
s
tal
ch
e
m
is
tr
y
an
d
co
m
p
o
s
i
tes
-
m
icr
o
s
tr
u
ct
u
r
e,
n
a
n
o
s
tr
u
ct
u
r
e.
I
n
t
h
er
m
o
elec
tr
ic
u
p
-
to
-
d
ate
b
est
b
u
lk
s
ar
e
B
i2
T
e3
/Sb
2
T
e3
,
P
b
T
e,
Si
-
Ge
an
d
n
e
w
b
u
lk
m
ater
ial
s
ar
e
Sk
u
tter
u
d
ites
,
He
u
s
s
le
n
allo
y
s
,
C
o
m
p
le
x
C
h
alco
g
en
i
d
es,
o
x
id
es.
So
m
e
s
p
ec
ial
an
d
in
ter
esti
n
g
m
ater
ia
ls
w
h
ic
h
ar
e
r
elate
d
to
p
o
w
er
f
ac
to
r
to
h
ig
h
l
y
d
o
p
ed
s
e
m
ico
n
d
u
cto
r
s
.
Fo
r
alm
o
s
t
all
t
y
p
ical
th
er
m
o
elec
tr
ic
m
a
ter
ials
,
n
a
m
el
y
lo
w
g
ap
s
e
m
i
co
n
d
u
cto
r
s
,
i
f
d
o
p
in
g
is
in
cr
ea
s
e,
th
e
e
lectr
ical
co
n
d
u
cti
v
it
y
in
cr
e
m
en
t b
u
t t
h
e
s
ee
b
ec
k
co
ef
f
icien
t is r
ed
u
ce
.
Pf
=
α
2
ρ
Nan
o
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
in
t
h
er
m
o
e
le
ctr
icit
y
:
-
(
2
D
q
u
an
tu
m
w
ell
s
,
1
D
n
a
n
o
w
ir
e
s
,
0
D
q
u
an
t
u
m
d
o
ts
)
ZT
=
S
2
σ
T
K
Z
T
~
3
f
o
r
d
esire
d
g
o
al
W
h
er
e,
S =
s
ee
b
ec
k
co
ef
f
ic
ie
n
t
σ
=
C
o
n
d
u
cti
v
it
y
T
=
T
em
p
er
at
u
r
e,
K
=
T
h
er
m
a
l c
o
n
d
u
cti
v
it
y
A
li
m
it to
Z
is
r
ap
id
l
y
o
b
tain
e
d
in
co
n
v
e
n
tio
n
a
l
m
ater
ial
s
So
f
ar
,
b
est b
u
lk
m
ater
ial
(
B
i0
.
5
Sb
1
.
5
T
e3
)
h
as Z
T
~
1
at
3
0
0
K
2
.
2
.
P
o
w
er
f
ro
m
H
ea
rt
B
ea
t
Ass
u
m
e
an
a
v
er
ag
e
b
lo
o
d
p
r
ess
u
r
e
o
f
1
0
0
m
m
o
f
H
g
(
n
o
r
m
a
l d
esire
d
b
lo
o
d
p
r
ess
u
r
e
is
1
2
0
/8
0
ab
o
v
e
at
m
o
s
p
h
er
ic
p
r
ess
u
r
e)
,
a
r
esti
n
g
h
ea
r
t
r
ate
o
f
6
0
b
ea
ts
p
er
m
i
n
u
te
an
d
a
h
ea
r
t
s
tr
o
k
e
v
o
l
u
m
e
o
f
7
0
m
l
p
a
s
s
i
n
g
th
r
o
u
g
h
t
h
e
ao
r
ta
p
er
b
ea
t,
th
en
th
e
p
o
w
er
g
e
n
er
ated
is
(
100m
mHg
)
(
1
.
0
1
3
x
10
5
kg
m
s
ec
o
n
d
2
7
6
0
m
m
Hg
)
(
6
0
b
eat
s
1
m
i
n
ut
e
)
(
1
m
i
n
6
0
s
eco
n
d
)
(
0
.
07l
b
eat
)
=
0
.
9
3
(
3
)
T
h
is
p
o
w
er
ca
n
b
e
ea
s
il
y
d
o
u
b
led
d
u
r
in
g
r
u
n
n
i
n
g
,
b
u
t
v
er
y
d
if
f
ic
u
lt
to
h
ar
n
e
s
s
it.
A
p
iezo
elec
tr
ic
g
en
er
ato
r
m
a
y
b
e
u
s
ed
to
h
ar
n
ess
t
h
i
s
p
o
w
er
,
w
h
ic
h
i
s
a
v
er
y
r
eliab
le
s
o
u
r
ce
to
p
o
w
er
m
e
d
ical
i
m
p
la
n
ts
s
u
ch
as a
p
ac
e
m
ak
er
.
2
.
3
.
E
nerg
y
H
a
rv
este
r
Driv
en
by
Ang
ula
r
K
nee
T
h
e
k
in
et
ic
e
n
er
g
y
s
to
r
ed
in
t
h
e
b
o
d
y
ca
n
b
e
co
n
v
er
te
d
in
to
elec
tr
icit
y
b
y
m
ag
n
et
o
elec
tr
ic,
p
iezo
elec
tr
ic,
m
a
g
n
e
to
astrict
iv
e
an
d
e
lectr
o
s
tatic
m
et
h
o
d
.
T
h
e
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t
o
f
a
m
a
g
n
eto
elec
tr
ic
b
ased
p
ass
iv
e
h
u
m
an
en
er
g
y
h
ar
v
est
er
ca
n
b
e
d
o
n
e
f
r
o
m
h
u
m
a
n
w
a
lk
i
n
g
an
d
r
u
n
n
i
n
g
ac
ti
v
it
y
[
1
0
-
12]
.
Fig
u
r
e
7
s
h
o
w
s
th
e
k
in
e
m
atic
o
f
th
e
h
u
m
a
n
en
er
g
y
h
ar
v
ester
.
T
h
e
k
i
n
e
m
atic
s
o
f
m
ec
h
a
n
is
m
d
eter
m
in
es
h
o
w
th
e
i
n
p
u
t
m
o
v
e
m
e
n
t
f
r
o
m
an
g
u
lar
k
n
ee
f
le
x
in
g
i
s
tr
an
s
m
itted
to
g
e
n
er
ate
elec
tr
icit
y
.
T
h
e
an
g
u
lar
v
elo
cit
y
f
r
o
m
k
n
ee
f
le
x
in
g
is
tr
a
n
s
m
it
ted
to
b
o
d
y
2
.
B
o
d
y
2
tr
an
s
m
its
its
an
g
u
la
r
v
elo
cit
y
to
b
o
d
y
3
a
n
d
f
i
n
all
y
t
h
e
i
n
p
u
t
v
e
lo
cit
y
is
tr
an
s
m
i
tted
to
th
e
b
o
d
y
4
(
m
a
g
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et
-
co
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s
y
s
te
m
)
.
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n
b
o
d
y
4
,
th
er
e
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a
m
ec
h
a
n
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m
w
h
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h
ca
n
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r
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ce
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n
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tio
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r
o
tatio
n
.
A
s
a
r
e
s
u
lt,
t
h
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m
a
n
en
t
m
a
g
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e
t a
tt
ac
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ed
to
th
e
b
o
d
y
4
w
ill r
o
tate
at
o
n
e
d
ir
ec
tio
n
.
Fig
u
r
e
7
.
Kin
e
m
atics o
f
Hu
m
a
n
E
n
er
g
y
Har
v
ester
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2
5
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4
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b
er
2
0
1
6
:
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4
9
–
1
5
6
154
Fig
u
r
e
8
.
Hu
m
a
n
E
n
er
g
y
Har
v
ester
Stru
ct
u
r
e
w
it
h
Mic
r
o
p
o
w
er
Gen
er
ato
r
T
h
e
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
b
et
w
ee
n
i
n
p
u
t a
n
d
o
u
tp
u
t V
elo
cit
y
is
e
x
p
r
es
s
ed
as f
o
llo
w
s
:
Q
zA
r
3
a
=
ω3
ω2
(
4
)
r
3
b
r4
=
ω4
ω3
(
5
)
W
h
er
e
r
3
a
R
ad
iu
s
o
f
b
o
d
y
3
a
r
3
b
R
ad
iu
s
o
f
b
o
d
y
3
b
r4
R
ad
iu
s
o
f
b
o
d
y
4
ω2
An
g
u
lar
v
elo
ci
t
y
o
f
b
o
d
y
2
ω
3
An
g
u
lar
v
elo
cit
y
o
f
b
o
d
y
3
ω
4
An
g
u
lar
v
elo
cit
y
o
f
b
o
d
y
4
Stru
ct
u
r
e
o
f
h
u
m
a
n
en
er
g
y
h
a
r
v
ester
s
y
s
te
m
w
i
th
m
icr
o
-
p
o
w
er
g
en
er
ato
r
s
ca
n
ea
s
il
y
b
e
u
n
d
er
s
to
o
d
b
y
F
i
g
u
r
e
8
.
D
u
r
i
n
g
w
alk
in
g
,
m
u
s
cles
g
e
n
er
ate
to
r
q
u
es
at
t
h
e
an
k
le,
k
n
ee
,
a
n
d
h
ip
j
o
in
ts
.
T
h
ese
to
r
q
u
es
ac
ts
alo
n
g
t
h
r
ee
ax
es
(
3
-
D)
,
an
d
th
e
ir
m
a
g
n
it
u
d
e
ch
an
g
es
d
u
r
i
n
g
th
e
g
ait
c
y
cle.
T
h
e
m
o
s
t
s
i
g
n
if
ican
t
to
r
q
u
es
in
ter
m
s
o
f
th
e
w
o
r
k
t
h
at
is
p
er
f
o
r
m
ed
d
u
r
in
g
th
e
w
a
lk
i
n
g
c
y
cle
s
ar
e
th
o
s
e
ac
tin
g
i
n
t
h
e
ax
es
n
o
r
m
al
t
o
th
e
s
ag
it
tal
p
lan
e.
W
in
ter
an
d
co
lleag
u
e
s
ca
lcu
lat
ed
th
e
w
o
r
k
p
er
f
o
r
m
ed
at
d
if
f
e
r
en
t
leg
j
o
in
ts
d
u
r
i
n
g
a
s
i
n
g
le
s
tep
an
d
n
o
r
m
a
lized
it b
y
t
h
e
s
u
b
j
ec
t’
s
w
ei
g
h
t.
I
n
a
d
d
itio
n
,
th
e
y
d
i
v
id
ed
th
e
n
et
wo
r
k
d
o
n
e
b
y
th
e
m
u
s
c
les at
t
h
e
j
o
in
ts
i
n
to
s
e
v
er
al
p
h
ases
o
f
m
o
tio
n
.
2
.
4
.
E
lect
ricit
y
G
ener
a
t
io
n by
F
o
o
t
s
t
eps
m
o
t
io
n
T
h
r
ee
s
tr
ateg
ies
t
h
at
ca
n
b
e
u
s
ed
to
co
n
v
er
t
k
i
n
etic
e
n
er
g
y
o
f
h
u
m
an
’
s
m
o
tio
n
i
n
to
elec
tr
ical
p
o
w
er
ar
e;
elec
tr
o
s
tatic,
elec
tr
o
m
a
g
n
etic
an
d
p
iezo
elec
tr
ic.
E
lectr
o
s
tatic
-
I
t
is
b
a
s
ed
o
n
v
ar
ac
to
r
s
ab
ilit
y
to
p
r
o
d
u
ce
elec
tr
ic
ch
a
r
g
e
w
h
e
n
t
h
e
ar
ea
o
r
d
is
tan
ce
o
f
p
late
s
ch
a
n
g
es.
T
h
e
m
o
s
t
s
i
g
n
i
f
ican
t
s
tr
e
n
g
t
h
s
o
f
th
is
m
et
h
o
d
ar
e
co
m
p
atib
il
it
y
w
it
h
ME
MS
f
a
b
r
icatio
n
tech
n
iq
u
e
b
esid
es
lo
w
co
s
t
i
m
p
le
m
e
n
ti
n
g
.
Ho
w
e
v
er
th
e
elec
tr
o
s
tatic
m
et
h
o
d
ca
n
n
o
t
b
e
r
eg
ar
d
ed
as
a
co
m
p
letel
y
s
el
f
-
p
o
w
er
ed
s
tr
ateg
y
s
i
n
ce
it
n
ee
d
e
x
ter
n
a
l
p
o
w
er
s
u
p
p
l
y
f
o
r
t
h
e
in
itial
c
h
ar
g
i
n
g
.
I
n
o
r
d
er
to
im
p
r
o
v
e
th
e
h
ar
v
e
s
ted
p
o
w
er
in
el
ec
tr
o
s
tatic
m
et
h
o
d
v
ar
io
u
s
s
ch
e
m
es
ca
n
b
e
ap
p
lied
b
ased
o
n
p
r
in
cip
le
m
en
tio
n
ed
ab
o
v
e.
Fo
r
ex
a
m
p
le
a
n
e
last
o
m
er
ic
g
en
er
ato
r
ca
n
b
e
u
s
ed
i
n
t
h
e
h
ee
l
o
f
a
b
o
o
t.
W
h
en
th
e
h
ee
l
is
p
r
ess
ed
ag
ain
s
t
t
h
e
g
r
o
u
n
d
,
th
e
p
ad
co
m
p
r
e
s
s
e
s
th
e
m
o
u
n
ted
elasto
m
er
ic
m
e
m
b
r
an
e
f
o
r
p
r
o
d
u
cin
g
a
v
o
lta
g
e.
W
h
e
n
a
v
o
ltag
e
is
ap
p
lied
ac
r
o
s
s
th
e
ele
ctr
o
d
es,
th
en
it p
r
o
d
u
ce
s
en
er
g
y
.
E
lectr
o
m
a
g
n
etic
-
W
h
e
n
a
m
a
g
n
et
ic
m
ater
ial
m
o
v
e
s
i
n
t
h
e
elec
tr
o
m
ag
n
etic
f
ield
,
a
v
o
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w
il
l
b
e
in
d
u
ce
d
o
n
a
co
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s
u
r
r
o
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n
d
ed
it.
B
asicall
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a
n
elec
tr
o
m
a
g
n
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y
s
te
m
m
u
s
t
i
n
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d
e
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co
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t
m
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a
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m
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m
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n
t
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n
s
u
c
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y
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te
m
ca
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s
e
d
b
y
s
tr
u
ct
u
r
al
v
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r
atio
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.
T
h
e
m
a
g
n
etic
f
ield
in
t
h
e
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il
w
ill
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y
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n
d
u
ce
d
i
f
th
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m
a
g
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et
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s
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e.
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w
e
v
er
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th
e
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ize
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d
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t
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m
ag
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et
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li
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ited
b
y
t
h
e
s
p
r
in
g
an
d
th
e
s
tr
u
ct
u
r
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o
f
th
e
d
ev
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its
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lf
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o
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id
er
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g
th
e
n
atu
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al
w
al
k
m
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v
e
m
en
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tr
ie
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im
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le
m
e
n
t
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tr
o
m
ag
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en
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ato
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in
s
h
o
es.
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h
e
ap
p
lic
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n
o
f
a
p
er
m
a
n
en
t
m
ag
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et
i
n
a
s
h
o
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ca
n
b
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v
iab
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ce
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lk
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g
p
r
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id
es
a
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i
f
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i
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h
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m
a
g
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et
co
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ca
u
s
i
n
g
a
m
a
g
n
etic
f
ie
ld
th
at
g
en
er
ate
s
en
er
g
y
.
T
h
is
p
r
o
t
o
ty
p
e
is
i
m
p
le
m
e
n
ted
in
a
s
h
o
e
o
n
l
y
w
it
h
a
s
p
r
in
g
,
a
p
en
d
u
lu
m
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n
d
a
g
en
er
ato
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y
s
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m
t
h
at
p
r
o
d
u
ce
s
a
p
ea
k
p
o
w
er
n
ea
r
1
W
i.e
.
en
o
u
g
h
en
e
r
g
y
to
p
o
w
er
a
r
ad
io
d
u
r
in
g
a
w
al
k
[
2
]
.
P
iezo
elec
tr
ic
-
Sp
ec
if
ic
ab
ilit
y
o
f
an
o
th
er
clas
s
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s
m
ar
t
m
a
ter
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s
u
ch
as
P
Z
T
,
P
VDF
o
r
MFC
to
p
r
o
d
u
ce
elec
tr
icit
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f
r
o
m
a
n
ap
p
lied
m
ec
h
a
n
ical
f
o
r
ce
is
p
ar
ticu
lar
l
y
u
s
e
f
u
l f
o
r
h
ar
v
e
s
ti
n
g
e
n
er
g
y
f
r
o
m
ex
ter
n
al
p
ass
iv
e
m
o
tio
n
li
k
e
tal
k
i
n
g
[
1
3
-
19]
.
T
h
e
f
u
n
d
a
m
e
n
tal
eq
u
at
i
o
n
in
t
h
ese
m
ater
ials
i
s
s
tated
b
y
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IJ
AA
S
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N:
2252
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8814
Hu
ma
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Th
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ch
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(
A
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155
(
T
D
)
=
[
c
−
e
t
e
ε
]
(
S
E
)
(
6
)
I
n
th
is
m
atr
ix
eq
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atio
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T
,
D,
S
an
d
E
ar
e
s
tr
ess
,
elec
tr
ical
d
is
p
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m
e
n
t,
s
tr
ain
an
d
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r
ical
f
ield
,
r
esp
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n
th
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m
atr
i
x
o
f
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e
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Yo
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h
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,
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y
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h
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m
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h
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ical
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er
g
y
ca
n
b
e
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y
k
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s
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g
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.
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h
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t
r
an
s
d
u
ce
r
s
h
av
e
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s
ed
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o
r
m
an
y
ap
p
licatio
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s
f
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m
i
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d
u
s
tr
ial
m
ea
s
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r
e
m
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t
s
y
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m
s
to
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esear
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h
m
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s
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m
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ical
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tr
ical
c
h
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en
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s
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ep
icted
in
Fig
u
r
e
9
.
Fig
u
r
e
9
.
P
iezo
elec
tr
ic
ar
r
an
g
e
m
en
t f
o
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Har
n
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Var
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f
p
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ter
ial
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ar
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r
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s
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s
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ar
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s
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h
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m
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m
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f
th
e
f
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ce
o
n
th
e
h
ee
l a
n
d
to
es
[
2
0
-
23
]
.
3.
AUTOM
AT
I
C
CO
NT
RO
L
O
F
G
E
N
E
RA
T
E
D
E
N
E
R
G
Y
Hu
m
an
en
er
g
y
h
ar
v
e
s
ter
tech
n
o
lo
g
ies
ar
e
r
eq
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ed
au
to
m
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to
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o
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m
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n
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y
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ce
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tain
ti
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e.
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o
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o
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s
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ar
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s
ti
n
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o
f
p
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m
h
u
m
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b
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d
y
m
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y
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h
ea
lt
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p
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lem
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n
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o
f
ab
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e
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e
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m
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L
o
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er
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A
n
alg
o
r
ith
m
f
o
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au
to
m
at
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tr
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l
o
f
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p
o
w
er
g
en
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f
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m
h
u
m
a
n
b
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d
y
is
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
u
s
in
g
R
S
-
2
3
2
DF1
in
ter
f
ac
e.
C
o
n
tr
o
lli
n
g
t
h
e
v
ar
io
u
s
d
ev
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s
w
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th
t
h
e
p
r
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m
m
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l
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co
n
tr
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n
b
e
u
s
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n
ly
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th
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ca
s
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o
f
g
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p
p
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.
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r
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s
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g
le
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s
o
n
s
m
all
co
n
tr
o
ller
cir
cu
it is
r
eq
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ir
ed
[
2
4
-
26]
.
3
.
1
.
L
a
dd
er
L
o
g
ic
P
ro
g
ra
m
m
i
ng
Alg
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rit
h
m
f
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r
Co
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o
f
H
u
m
a
n B
o
dy
E
nerg
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Sy
s
t
em
R
u
n
g
1
[
XI
O]
is
co
n
n
ec
ted
to
<M
C
R
>
f
o
r
th
e
p
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m
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s
s
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o
f
w
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le
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m
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d
.
I
f
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>
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s
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t
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s
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e
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ill b
e
ex
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ted
.
R
u
n
g
2
Hav
i
n
g
t
w
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u
m
b
er
s
o
f
[
XI
O]
s
w
itc
h
a
n
d
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o
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tp
u
t
a
n
d
b
in
ar
y
s
u
p
p
l
y
i
s
p
r
o
v
id
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th
e
r
u
n
g
is
u
s
ed
f
o
r
th
e
h
o
ld
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n
g
o
p
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n
.
I
n
li
m
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n
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o
f
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u
tp
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t
w
e
n
ee
d
to
u
s
e
h
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ld
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g
[
B
3
:0
]
.
R
u
n
g
3
Hav
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n
g
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n
n
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w
ith
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ND
>
u
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th
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p
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r
a
m
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f
t
h
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u
s
er
w
an
ts
t
o
s
to
p
th
e
w
h
o
le
g
e
n
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.
R
u
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g
4
[
XI
O]
is
co
n
n
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ted
to
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MP
>
f
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s
k
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th
e
s
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m
m
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n
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t
to
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s
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p
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h
e
d
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T
h
e
s
y
s
te
m
m
a
y
b
e
g
e
n
er
atin
g
o
r
lo
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n
p
r
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d
u
ce
d
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g
y
.
I
f
u
s
er
w
a
n
t
s
to
co
n
tin
u
e
th
e
p
r
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s
s
w
it
h
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u
t
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k
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e
n
th
e
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MP
>
an
d
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B
L
>
m
u
s
t
b
e
u
s
e
b
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r
e
th
e
r
u
n
g
n
o
t
s
u
p
p
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s
ed
to
ex
ec
u
te.
R
u
n
g
5
I
f
a
p
er
s
o
n
w
a
n
t
s
to
clo
s
e
th
e
s
y
s
te
m
a
f
ter
s
o
m
e
ti
m
e
f
o
r
p
r
o
p
er
f
u
n
ctio
n
in
g
o
f
b
o
d
y
s
o
th
e
T
OF
‘
T
4
:0
’
tim
er
ca
n
b
e
u
s
e
ac
co
r
d
i
n
g
to
th
e
ti
m
e
th
e
v
a
lu
e
o
f
(
.
ac
c)
an
d
(
p
r
eset)
ca
n
a
d
j
u
s
ted
in
p
r
o
g
r
am
.
R
u
n
g
6
T
T
o
r
DN
b
its
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n
b
e
g
iv
en
ac
co
r
d
in
g
to
u
s
er
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o
u
tp
u
t secti
o
n
ca
n
b
e
co
n
tr
o
lled
th
r
o
u
g
h
i
t.
R
u
n
g
7
A
<
L
B
L
>
i.e
.
t
h
e
lab
el
is
u
s
ed
f
o
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th
e
d
ef
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n
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n
g
t
h
e
j
u
m
p
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n
o
f
p
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g
r
a
m
p
lace
d
o
n
r
u
n
g
3
.
R
u
n
g
8
E
x
a
m
in
e
i
f
o
p
en
s
w
i
tch
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s
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s
e
d
to
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n
C
T
U
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.
Up
co
u
n
ter
.
R
u
n
g
9
DN
b
it o
f
C
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is
co
n
n
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ted
w
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e
o
/p
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.
O:
0
.
0
/3
.
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r
d
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ib
u
tio
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m
a
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p
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s
e
o
f
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5
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n
d
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co
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n
ter
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n
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e
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s
ed
w
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h
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s
in
g
DN
b
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t.
R
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n
g
1
0
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n
g
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n
n
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ted
w
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t
h
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m
p
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te
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n
co
m
m
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as c
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ed
to
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th
er
m
e
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d
.
RE
F
E
R
E
NC
E
S
[1
]
T
h
a
d
S
tarn
e
r
a
n
d
Jo
se
p
h
,
A
.
P
a
ra
d
iso
,
H
u
ma
n
Ge
n
e
ra
ted
Po
we
r f
o
r M
o
b
il
e
El
e
c
tro
n
ics
.
CRC
P
re
ss
,
F
a
ll
2
0
0
4
.
[2
]
Ha
m
id
A
b
d
i
a
n
d
Na
v
id
M
o
h
a
jer
,
Hu
ma
n
Pa
ss
ive
M
o
ti
o
n
a
n
d
a
Us
e
r
-
frien
d
ly E
n
e
rg
y
H
a
rv
e
stin
g
S
y
ste
m
.
Ce
n
ter f
o
r
in
telli
g
e
n
t
sy
ste
m
re
s
e
a
rc
h
,
De
a
k
in
Un
iv
e
rsity
.
[3
]
D.
M
o
rt
o
n
,
Hu
ma
n
L
o
c
o
m
o
ti
o
n
a
n
d
B
o
d
y
Fo
rm
.
T
h
e
W
il
li
a
m
s &
W
il
k
in
s Co
.
,
Ba
lt
im
o
re
,
M
D,
1
9
5
2
.
[4
]
M
.
L
o
ss
e
c
,
B.
M
u
lt
o
n
,
H.Ben
A
h
m
e
d
,
a
n
d
C.
G
o
u
p
il
,
“
T
h
e
r
m
o
e
lec
tri
c
g
e
n
e
ra
to
r
p
lac
e
d
o
n
th
e
h
u
m
a
n
b
o
d
y
:
s
y
st
e
m
m
o
d
e
li
n
g
a
n
d
e
n
e
rg
y
c
o
n
v
e
rsio
n
im
p
ro
v
e
m
e
n
ts,”
th
e
e
u
ro
p
e
a
n
p
h
y
sic
a
l
jo
u
rn
a
l
a
p
p
li
e
d
p
h
y
sic
s
,
Vo
l.
5
2
,
Iss
u
e
0
1
,
Oc
to
b
e
r
2
0
1
0
.
[5
]
Jo
n
a
th
a
n
L
u
e
k
e
a
n
d
W
a
li
e
d
,
A
.
M
o
u
ss
a
,
“
M
E
M
S
-
Ba
se
d
P
o
w
e
r
Ge
n
e
ra
ti
o
n
T
e
c
h
n
iq
u
e
s
f
o
r
Im
p
l
a
n
tab
le
Bio
se
n
sin
g
A
p
p
li
c
a
ti
o
n
s,”
S
e
n
so
rs
jo
u
rn
a
l
.
[6
]
Ero
l
Ba
sa
r,
Ca
n
a
n
Ba
sa
r
-
Ero
g
lu
,
S
irel
Ka
ra
k
a
s
a
n
d
M
a
rti
n
S
c
h
ü
rm
a
n
,
“
G
a
m
m
a
,
a
lp
h
a
,
d
e
lt
a
,
a
n
d
t
h
e
ta
o
sc
il
lati
o
n
s
g
o
v
e
rn
c
o
g
n
it
iv
e
p
ro
c
e
ss
e
s
,
”
In
t.
J
.
Psy
c
h
o
p
h
y
sio
l
,
v
o
l.
3
9
,
p
p
.
2
4
1
-
8
,
2
0
0
1
.
[7
]
E
Ba
sa
r
,
C
.
Ba
sa
r
-
Ero
ğ
lu
,
S
.
Ka
ra
k
a
s
,
a
n
d
M
.
S
c
h
ü
rm
a
n
n
,
“
Bra
in
o
sc
il
la
ti
o
n
s
i
n
p
e
rc
e
p
ti
o
n
a
n
d
m
e
m
o
r
y
,
”
In
t.
J
.
Psy
c
h
o
p
h
y
si
o
l
,
v
o
l
.
3
5
,
p
p
.
9
5
-
1
2
4
,
2
0
0
0
.
[8
]
W
.
Klim
e
sc
h
,
M
.
Do
p
p
e
lm
a
y
r,
Th
.
P
a
c
h
in
g
e
r
a
n
d
B
.
Ri
p
p
e
r,
“
Bra
i
n
o
sc
il
latio
n
s
a
n
d
h
u
m
a
n
m
e
m
o
r
y
:
EE
G
c
o
rre
late
s
in
t
h
e
u
p
p
e
r
a
lp
h
a
a
n
d
th
e
ta
b
a
n
d
”
,
Ne
u
ro
sc
i.
L
e
tt
.
,
v
o
l.
2
3
8
.
p
p
.
9
-
1
2
,
1
9
9
7
.
[9
]
W.
Klime
sc
h
,
“
EE
G
a
lp
h
a
a
n
d
t
h
e
ta
o
sc
il
latio
n
s
re
f
lec
t
c
o
g
n
it
iv
e
a
n
d
m
e
m
o
r
y
p
e
rf
o
r
m
a
n
c
e
:
a
re
v
ie
w
a
n
d
a
n
a
ly
sis
,
”
Bra
in
.
Res
.
Rev
,
v
o
l.
2
9
,
p
p
.
1
6
9
-
9
5
,
1
9
9
9
.
[1
0
]
Ra
z
iel
Rie
m
e
r
a
n
d
Am
ir
S
h
a
p
ir,
“
Bio
m
e
c
h
a
n
ica
l
e
n
e
rg
y
h
a
rv
e
stin
g
f
ro
m
h
u
m
a
n
m
o
ti
o
n
:
t
h
e
o
ry
,
sta
te
o
f
th
e
a
rt,
d
e
sig
n
g
u
id
e
li
n
e
s,
a
n
d
f
u
tu
re
d
ire
c
ti
o
n
s
,”
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
Ne
u
ro
En
g
in
e
e
rin
g
a
n
d
Reh
a
b
il
it
a
t
io
n
,
V
o
l
.
8
,
p
p
.
2
2
,
2
0
1
1
.
[1
1
]
Dre
ss
e
lh
a
u
s
M
S
,
C
h
e
n
G
,
T
a
n
g
M
Y,
Ya
n
g
RG
,
L
e
e
H,
W
a
n
g
DZ,
Re
n
ZF
,
F
leu
r
ial
J
P
,
a
n
d
G
o
g
n
a
P
,
“
Ne
w
d
irec
ti
o
n
s
f
o
r
lo
w
-
d
ime
n
sio
n
a
l
t
h
e
rm
o
e
lec
tr
ic m
a
teria
ls,”
Ad
v
M
a
ter
,
v
o
l.
1
9
,
p
p
.
1
0
4
3
-
1
0
5
3
,
2
0
0
7
.
[1
2
]
Niu
P
.
,
L
CP
,
DiBe
ra
rd
in
o
L
.
,
a
n
d
Hs
iao
-
W
e
c
k
sl
e
r,
“
De
sig
n
a
n
d
o
p
ti
m
iza
ti
o
n
o
f
a
b
io
m
e
c
h
a
n
ica
l
e
n
e
rg
y
h
a
rv
e
stin
g
d
e
v
ice
,
”
PE
S
C;
Rh
o
d
e
s
,
p
p
.
4
0
6
2
-
4
0
6
9
,
G
re
e
c
e
2
0
0
8
.
[1
3
]
Q.
L
i,
V
.
Na
in
g
,
a
n
d
J.
M
.
Do
n
e
lan
,
“
De
v
e
lo
p
m
e
n
t
o
f
a
b
io
m
e
c
h
a
n
ica
l
e
n
e
rg
y
h
a
rv
e
st
e
r,
”
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
Ne
u
ro
En
g
i
n
e
e
rin
g
a
n
d
Re
h
a
b
il
it
a
ti
o
n
,
v
o
l.
6
,
p
p
.
2
2
,
2
0
0
9
.
[1
4
]
M
.
N.
F
a
k
h
z
a
n
a
n
d
A
.
G
.
A
.
M
u
th
a
li
f
,
“
V
i
b
ra
ti
o
n
b
a
se
d
e
n
e
r
g
y
h
a
rv
e
sti
n
g
u
sin
g
p
iez
o
e
lec
tri
c
m
a
teri
a
l,
”
4
t
h
In
ter
n
a
t
io
n
a
l
C
o
n
fer
e
n
c
e
o
n
M
e
c
h
a
tro
n
ics
(
ICOM
)
,
p
p
.
1
-
7
,
2
0
1
1
.
[1
5
]
C.
A
.
Ho
w
e
ll
s,
“
P
iez
o
e
lec
tri
c
e
n
e
rg
y
h
a
rv
e
stin
g
,
”
En
e
rg
y
Co
n
v
e
rs
io
n
a
n
d
M
a
n
a
g
e
me
n
t
,
v
o
l
.
5
0
,
p
p
.
1
8
4
7
-
1
8
5
0
,
7
/
/
2
0
0
9
.
[1
6
]
N.
S
.
S
h
e
n
c
k
a
n
d
J
.
A
.
P
a
ra
d
iso
,
“
En
e
rg
y
sc
a
v
e
n
g
in
g
w
it
h
sh
o
e
-
m
o
u
n
ted
p
i
e
z
o
e
lec
tri
c
s,”
M
icr
o
,
IE
EE
,
V
o
l.
2
1
,
p
p
.
30
-
4
2
,
2
0
0
1
.
[1
7
]
Zu
rb
u
c
h
e
n
,
P
f
e
n
n
ig
e
r,
S
tah
e
l
,
C.
T
.
S
t
o
e
c
k
,
S
.
V
a
n
d
e
n
b
e
rg
h
e
,
V
.
M
.
Ko
c
h
,
a
n
d
R
o
lf
V
o
g
e
l,
“
En
e
rg
y
Ha
rv
e
stin
g
f
ro
m
th
e
Be
a
ti
n
g
He
a
rt
b
y
a
M
a
ss
I
m
b
a
lan
c
e
o
sc
il
latio
n
G
e
n
e
ra
to
r.
A
n
n
a
ls o
f
Bio
m
e
d
ica
l
En
g
in
e
e
rin
g
,
2
0
1
2
.
[1
8
]
A
n
o
n
y
m
o
u
s
P
iez
o
e
lec
tri
c
Ce
ra
m
ics
:
P
ri
n
c
ip
les
a
n
d
A
p
p
li
c
a
ti
o
n
s
Am
e
rica
n
P
iez
o
Ce
ra
m
ics
(
A
P
C
In
tern
a
ti
o
n
a
l),
M
a
c
k
e
y
v
il
le,
P
A
,
2
0
0
1
.
[1
9
]
A
n
to
n
io
R
u
b
io
a
n
d
F
ra
n
c
e
sc
M
o
l
l,
Hu
m
a
n
P
o
w
e
re
d
P
iez
o
e
lec
tri
c
Ba
tt
e
ries
to
S
u
p
p
ly
P
o
w
e
r
to
W
e
a
ra
b
le E
lec
tro
n
i
c
De
v
ice
s.
[2
0
]
V
lad
im
ir
L
e
o
n
o
v
,
“
En
e
rg
y
H
a
rv
e
stin
g
f
o
r
S
e
lf
-
P
o
w
e
re
d
W
e
a
ra
b
le
De
v
ice
,
”
S
p
rin
g
e
r
sc
ien
c
e
DO
I
1
0
.
1
0
0
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1
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5
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6
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B.
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9
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