I
nte
rna
t
io
na
l J
o
urna
l o
f
Adv
a
nces in Applie
d Science
s
(
I
J
AAS)
Vo
l.
6
,
No
.
1
,
Ma
r
ch
2
0
1
7
,
p
p
.
6
3
~
69
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8814
63
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o
ur
na
l ho
m
ep
a
g
e
:
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ttp
:
//ia
e
s
jo
u
r
n
a
l.c
o
m/o
n
li
n
e/in
d
ex
.
p
h
p
/I
J
AAS
Ana
ly
sis
of Super
co
nducting
Fault
Curren
t
Li
m
it
er i
n D
C
Sy
ste
m
w
ith
Rene
w
a
ble Energ
y
Sources
S.Sa
nje
ev
a
Ra
y
ud
u,
C.
G
a
ne
s
h,
B
.
Vig
nes
h Na
i
k
De
p
a
rtme
n
t
o
f
El
e
c
tri
c
a
l
&
El
e
c
tro
n
ics
E
n
g
in
e
e
rin
g
,
A
n
n
a
m
a
c
h
a
r
y
a
In
stit
u
te
o
f
T
e
c
h
n
o
lo
g
y
&
S
c
ien
c
e
,
In
d
ia
Art
icle
I
nfo
AB
ST
RAC
T
A
r
ticle
his
to
r
y:
R
ec
eiv
ed
J
an
1
1
,
2
0
1
6
R
ev
i
s
ed
Feb
1
6
,
2
0
1
7
A
cc
ep
ted
Feb
2
1
,
2
0
1
7
S
u
p
e
rc
o
n
d
u
c
ti
n
g
f
a
u
lt
-
c
u
rre
n
t
li
m
it
e
rs
(S
F
C
L
s)
h
a
v
e
b
e
e
n
th
e
su
b
jec
t
o
f
re
se
a
rc
h
a
n
d
d
e
v
e
lo
p
m
e
n
t
f
o
r
m
a
n
y
y
e
a
rs
a
n
d
o
f
f
e
r
a
n
a
tt
ra
c
ti
v
e
s
o
lu
ti
o
n
t
o
th
e
p
ro
b
lem
o
f
risin
g
fa
u
lt
lev
e
l
s
in
e
lec
tri
c
a
l
d
istri
b
u
ti
o
n
sy
st
e
m
s.
S
F
CL
s
c
a
n
g
re
a
tl
y
re
d
u
c
e
f
a
u
lt
c
u
rre
n
ts
a
n
d
th
e
d
a
m
a
g
e
a
t
th
e
p
o
in
t
o
f
fa
u
lt
,
a
n
d
h
e
lp
im
p
ro
v
e
th
e
sta
b
il
it
y
o
f
a
p
o
w
e
r
s
y
ste
m
.
S
u
p
e
rc
o
n
d
u
c
ti
n
g
f
a
u
lt
-
c
u
rre
n
t
li
m
it
e
rs
(S
F
CL
)
p
ro
v
id
e
a
n
e
w
e
ff
icie
n
t
a
p
p
ro
a
c
h
t
o
t
h
e
re
li
a
b
le
h
a
n
d
li
n
g
o
f
su
c
h
f
a
u
lt
s.(S
CF
L
s)
c
a
n
b
e
u
se
d
f
o
r
v
a
rio
u
s
n
o
m
in
a
l
v
o
l
tag
e
s
a
n
d
c
u
rre
n
ts,
a
n
d
c
a
n
b
e
a
d
a
p
ted
to
p
a
rti
c
u
la
r
li
m
it
in
g
c
h
a
ra
c
teristics
in
c
a
s
e
o
f
sh
o
rt
c
ircu
it
s.
In
t
h
is
p
r
o
jec
t,
d
c
re
sistiv
e
t
y
p
e
su
p
e
rc
o
n
d
u
c
t
in
g
f
a
u
lt
c
u
rre
n
t
li
m
it
e
r
(S
F
CL
)
is
p
re
se
n
ted
.
T
h
is
S
F
CL
is
d
e
sig
n
e
d
f
o
r
th
e
HV
DC
sy
st
e
m
.
Un
if
o
rm
c
u
rre
n
t
a
n
d
v
o
lt
a
g
e
sh
a
rin
g
a
m
o
n
g
th
e
S
F
CL
m
o
d
u
les
c
a
n
b
e
o
b
se
rv
e
d
th
ro
u
g
h
c
o
n
tac
t
re
sista
n
c
e
tes
ts,
d
c
f
lo
w
-
th
ro
u
g
h
tes
ts,
a
n
d
a
c
f
lo
w
-
th
ro
u
g
h
tes
ts.
Re
su
lt
s
o
f
tes
ts
sh
o
w
th
a
t
e
a
c
h
li
m
it
in
g
m
o
d
u
le
h
a
s
g
o
o
d
u
n
i
f
o
r
m
it
y
in
h
ig
h
e
r
c
u
rre
n
t
sy
ste
m
.
T
h
e
p
ro
p
o
se
d
c
o
n
c
e
p
t
c
a
n
b
e
im
p
lem
e
n
ted
u
sin
g
re
n
e
wa
b
le
e
n
e
rg
y
so
u
rc
e
s.
T
h
e
re
su
lt
s
a
re
p
re
se
n
ted
b
y
u
sin
g
M
a
tl
a
b
/sim
u
li
n
k
p
latf
o
rm
.
K
ey
w
o
r
d
:
DC
s
y
s
te
m
R
en
e
w
ab
le
e
n
er
g
y
s
o
u
r
ce
s
R
esi
s
ti
v
e
-
t
y
p
e
s
u
p
er
co
n
d
u
cti
n
g
f
au
lt c
u
r
r
en
t li
m
iter
(
SF
C
L
)
Sh
o
r
t c
ir
cu
it c
u
r
r
en
t
Un
i
f
o
r
m
it
y
Co
p
y
rig
h
t
©
201
7
In
s
t
it
u
te o
f
A
d
v
a
n
c
e
d
E
n
g
i
n
e
e
rin
g
a
n
d
S
c
ien
c
e
.
Al
l
rig
h
ts
re
se
rv
e
d
.
C
o
r
r
e
s
p
o
nd
ing
A
uth
o
r
:
S.Sa
nje
ev
a
Ra
y
ud
u
Dep
ar
t
m
en
t o
f
E
lectr
ical
&
E
l
ec
tr
o
n
ics E
n
g
i
n
ee
r
in
g
,
An
n
a
m
ac
h
ar
y
a
I
n
s
ti
tu
te
o
f
T
e
ch
n
o
lo
g
y
&
Scie
n
ce
,
I
n
d
ia.
1.
I
NT
RO
D
UCT
I
O
N
DC
p
o
w
er
s
y
s
te
m
s
ar
e
w
id
el
y
u
s
ed
b
ec
au
s
e
o
f
it
s
f
le
x
ib
le,
l
o
w
m
ai
n
te
n
an
ce
co
s
t
an
d
f
a
s
t
tr
an
s
ien
t
ca
p
ab
ilit
y
.
Ho
w
e
v
er
,
f
o
r
b
u
l
k
p
o
w
er
tr
an
s
m
i
s
s
io
n
o
v
er
lo
n
g
d
is
tan
ce
s
h
i
g
h
v
o
lta
g
e
d
c
(
HVDC)
tr
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
lin
es
ar
e
p
r
ef
er
r
ed
.
Du
e
to
th
e
h
i
g
h
p
o
w
er
ca
p
ac
it
y
,
r
e
liab
l
e
an
d
s
a
f
et
y
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
ar
e
cr
itical
f
o
r
s
u
c
h
d
c
s
y
s
te
m
s
.
Size
o
f
co
n
d
u
cto
r
in
d
c
tr
an
s
m
i
s
s
io
n
ca
n
b
e
r
ed
u
c
ed
as
th
er
e
is
n
o
s
k
i
n
e
f
f
ec
t.
Ho
w
e
v
er
,
f
o
r
lar
g
e
-
p
o
w
er
tr
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
o
v
er
lo
n
g
d
is
ta
n
ce
s
,
HVD
C
tu
r
n
s
o
u
t
to
b
e
ec
o
n
o
m
ical.
I
n
o
r
d
er
to
ac
h
iev
e
s
a
f
et
y
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
,
f
au
lt
p
r
o
tectio
n
an
d
to
ler
an
ce
ar
e
u
s
u
all
y
r
e
q
u
ir
ed
.
I
n
d
c
g
r
id
s
,
t
h
e
f
au
lt
cu
r
r
en
t
h
as
n
o
ze
r
o
cr
o
s
s
in
g
p
o
in
t
a
s
t
h
e
ac
cu
r
r
en
t
d
o
es.
So
it
i
s
d
if
f
ic
u
lt
to
o
p
en
th
e
o
v
er
c
u
r
r
en
t
f
a
u
lt
tr
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
lin
e.
Su
p
er
co
n
d
u
cti
n
g
f
a
u
lt
c
u
r
r
en
t
li
m
iter
(
SF
C
L
)
is
o
n
e
o
f
t
h
e
m
o
s
t
id
ea
l
cu
r
r
en
t
li
m
iti
n
g
d
e
v
ices
to
p
r
o
tect
th
e
s
y
s
te
m
a
n
d
elec
tr
ical
eq
u
ip
m
en
ts
.
I
t
ca
n
li
m
it
t
h
e
f
au
l
t
cu
r
r
en
t
ef
f
ec
ti
v
el
y
i
n
p
o
w
er
s
y
s
te
m
s
an
d
p
r
ev
en
t
d
am
a
g
e
to
th
e
cir
cu
it
co
m
p
o
n
en
ts
w
it
h
i
n
s
ev
er
al
m
illi
s
ec
o
n
d
s
.
Ov
er
th
e
y
ea
r
s
,
HVDC
tr
a
n
s
m
i
s
s
io
n
h
as
b
ee
n
co
n
s
ta
n
tl
y
d
ev
e
lo
p
in
g
i
n
C
h
i
n
a.
Mu
ltip
le
HVD
C
tr
an
s
m
i
s
s
io
n
lin
es
h
av
e
b
ee
n
b
u
il
t
in
C
h
in
a
[
1
]
,
[
2
]
.
W
ith
th
e
i
n
cr
ea
s
e
o
f
p
o
w
er
s
y
s
te
m
ca
p
ac
it
y
a
n
d
th
e
d
e
v
elo
p
m
en
t
o
f
tr
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
tec
h
n
iq
u
e,
th
e
s
h
o
r
t
cir
cu
i
t
cu
r
r
en
t
w
i
ll
r
ea
ch
t
h
e
p
ea
k
cu
r
r
en
t
w
h
ic
h
r
an
g
es
b
et
w
ee
n
k
ilo
a
m
p
er
e
an
d
te
n
s
o
f
k
i
lo
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m
p
er
es
w
it
h
i
n
s
ev
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al
m
illi
s
ec
o
n
d
s
.
A
t
p
r
ese
n
t,
u
s
in
g
cir
cu
i
t
b
r
ea
k
er
s
to
cu
t
o
f
f
t
h
e
f
a
u
lt
cu
r
r
e
n
t
is
w
id
el
y
ap
p
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in
th
e
d
c
s
y
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m
to
en
s
u
r
e
th
e
w
h
o
le
s
y
s
te
m
s
a
f
et
y
.
Ho
w
ev
er
,
t
h
e
r
ated
u
lti
m
ate
b
r
ea
k
in
g
ca
p
ac
it
y
i
s
li
m
ited
,
w
h
ic
h
w
ill
n
o
t
m
ee
t
th
e
r
eq
u
ir
e
m
e
n
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t
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s
e
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n
s
h
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r
t
cir
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r
r
e
n
t
le
v
el.
R
ec
e
n
tl
y
,
t
h
e
d
c
b
r
e
ak
er
d
ev
elo
p
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b
y
A
B
B
ca
n
c
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o
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f
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1
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lt
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r
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w
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s
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3
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V
[
3
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,
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d
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ls
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m
h
as
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
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2
2
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Vo
l.
6
,
No
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1
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Ma
r
ch
2
0
1
7
:
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–
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64
d
ev
elo
p
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d
c
b
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s
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ate
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v
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s
1
2
0
k
V
[
4
]
.
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h
e
SF
C
L
co
u
ld
b
r
in
g
a
s
o
lu
tio
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t
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e
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ttle
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th
e
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ter
r
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p
tio
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th
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f
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lt c
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r
r
en
t.
Mo
s
t
o
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th
e
S
FC
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v
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b
ee
n
d
esig
n
ed
f
o
r
ac
s
y
s
te
m
s
[
5
]
–
[
8
]
.
T
h
is
p
ap
er
in
tr
o
d
u
ce
s
a
d
c
SF
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p
r
o
to
t
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p
e.
T
h
is
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esis
t
iv
e
t
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p
e
SF
C
L
p
r
o
to
ty
p
e
h
as
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ee
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d
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g
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ed
an
d
co
n
s
tr
u
cted
b
y
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a
n
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er
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T
h
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e
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lated
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c
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et
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k
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a
n
I
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id
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em
o
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tr
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e
th
e
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u
r
r
en
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g
ab
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f
S
FC
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n
d
c
s
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s
.
I
n
th
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s
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e
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te
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ical
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g
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es
w
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e
it
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n
ee
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ed
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h
u
n
d
r
ed
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o
r
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t
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s
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n
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o
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k
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eter
s
a
w
a
y
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r
a
r
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l
g
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d
d
e
m
o
n
s
tr
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,
t
h
e
u
tili
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r
eq
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ir
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t
h
e
S
FC
L
to
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o
d
cu
r
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t
li
m
iti
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p
er
f
o
r
m
a
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ce
.
So
t
h
e
HT
S
tap
es
ar
e
ch
o
s
e
n
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ased
o
n
t
h
eir
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h
ar
ac
ter
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tic
s
.
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h
en
s
i
m
u
latio
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s
ar
e
ca
r
r
ied
o
u
t
to
o
p
tim
ize
t
h
e
li
m
iti
n
g
e
f
f
ec
t
a
n
d
d
eter
m
i
n
e
t
h
e
S
FC
L
p
ar
a
m
eter
s
.
A
s
er
ies
o
f
e
x
p
er
i
m
e
n
ts
ar
e
co
n
d
u
cted
to
test
th
e
c
h
ar
ac
ter
is
tic
s
o
f
a
s
i
n
g
le
m
o
d
u
le
an
d
th
e
w
h
o
le
S
F
C
L
p
r
o
to
t
y
p
e
b
ef
o
r
e
d
e
m
o
n
s
tr
atio
n
.
2.
H
I
G
H
T
E
M
P
E
RATUR
E
SU
P
E
RCO
NDUC
T
O
R
T
AP
E
S
T
E
ST
A
h
i
g
h
p
o
w
er
d
c
s
h
o
r
t
c
ir
cu
it
tes
t
p
lat
f
o
r
m
is
b
u
ilt
to
v
er
if
y
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h
e
li
m
i
tin
g
ef
f
ec
t
o
f
t
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e
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ec
o
n
d
g
en
er
atio
n
(
2
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i
g
h
te
m
p
e
r
atu
r
e
s
u
p
er
co
n
d
u
cto
r
(
HT
S)
tap
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in
d
c
p
o
w
er
s
y
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te
m
s
.
T
h
e
p
latf
o
r
m
i
s
co
m
p
o
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ed
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f
a
s
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tr
a
n
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m
er
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n
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n
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lled
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ec
tif
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r
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n
d
a
s
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o
r
t
-
cir
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it
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n
tr
o
l
cir
cu
i
t,
as
s
h
o
w
n
i
n
Fi
g
u
r
e
1
.
T
h
e
s
y
s
te
m
v
o
ltag
e
is
p
r
o
v
id
ed
b
y
a
n
i
s
o
lated
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
er
w
h
ic
h
h
as
v
ar
iab
le
s
ec
o
n
d
ar
y
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0
/4
0
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0
0
VA
C
.
T
h
e
lo
w
v
o
ltag
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lev
el
is
g
o
o
d
f
o
r
th
e
s
af
e
t
y
o
f
t
h
e
te
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t
s
y
s
te
m
,
s
o
t
h
e
ex
p
er
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m
en
ts
ar
e
co
n
d
u
cted
w
h
e
n
t
h
e
v
o
ltag
e
is
2
0
V
AC
a
n
d
4
0
V
A
C
.
So
th
e
d
c
v
o
lta
g
e
b
eh
in
d
th
e
r
ec
ti
f
ier
b
r
id
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e
is
ab
o
u
t
2
8
V
an
d
5
6
V.
W
ith
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u
t
t
h
e
s
u
p
er
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n
d
u
c
tin
g
li
m
iti
n
g
m
o
d
u
le,
t
h
e
n
o
r
m
al
cu
r
r
en
t
an
d
th
e
s
h
o
r
t
cir
cu
it
cu
r
r
e
n
t
ar
e,
r
esp
ec
tiv
el
y
6
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7
A
a
n
d
1
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A
w
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e
n
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h
e
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
er
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C
s
i
g
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a
ls
;
a
n
d
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e,
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3
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ig
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s
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to
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cu
it,
th
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f
a
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lt c
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r
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en
t is n
o
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r
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p
er
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d
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cti
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g
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m
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le
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Dep
ar
t
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en
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o
f
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h
ai
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g
Un
i
v
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y
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SJ
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d
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ica
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u
p
er
co
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d
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r
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r
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atio
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A
MS
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,
ar
e
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p
lied
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th
e
d
c
s
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to
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r
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m
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ab
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o
f
s
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p
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ct
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g
m
ater
ia
ls
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F
ig
u
re
1
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Ov
e
ra
ll
T
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latf
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rm
T
a
b
l
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1
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P
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me
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e
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f
H
T
S
T
a
p
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s
T
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e
cr
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r
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f
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h
t
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e
s
o
f
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r
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5
0
A
.
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h
e
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g
th
o
f
HT
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co
n
s
is
ted
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th
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l
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m
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g
m
o
d
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le
ar
e
6
m
e
ter
s
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h
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p
ar
a
m
eter
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o
f
t
w
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t
y
p
e
s
o
f
HT
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tap
es
ar
e
s
h
o
w
n
in
T
ab
le
1
.
Sh
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2
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m
e
c
h
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ac
ter
is
t
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li
m
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n
g
e
f
f
ec
t i
n
t
h
e
d
c
s
y
s
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m
ar
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g
o
t
f
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o
m
t
h
e
ex
p
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m
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n
ts
,
as
s
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o
w
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le
I
I
.
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o
m
Fi
g
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d
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a
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I
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w
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o
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s
er
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at
s
u
p
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u
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ater
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s
also
h
a
v
e
t
h
e
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y
o
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in
g
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d
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y
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te
m
s
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e
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ar
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t
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n
t b
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o
r
e
th
e
c
u
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en
t r
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ch
e
s
t
h
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p
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k
v
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u
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T
ab
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2
.
C
h
ar
ac
ter
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tic
P
ar
am
eter
s
o
f
L
i
m
i
tin
g
E
f
f
ec
t
(
a
)
(
b
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ig
u
re
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(a
)
S
h
o
rt
Circu
it
C
u
rre
n
t
.
(b
)
Re
sista
n
c
e
o
f
th
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S
u
p
e
r
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c
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n
d
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c
ti
n
g
L
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m
it
in
g
M
o
d
u
le
3.
DE
S
I
G
N
O
F
SFCL M
O
DULE
B
ased
o
n
th
e
HT
S
ta
p
es
test
s
in
Sectio
n
I
I
,
s
u
p
er
-
co
n
d
u
c
tin
g
m
ater
ial
s
ar
e
p
r
o
v
ed
t
o
h
av
e
t
h
e
li
m
it
in
g
ab
ili
t
y
in
d
c
n
et
w
o
r
k
.
T
h
is
p
ar
t
w
ill
in
tr
o
d
u
ce
a
d
c
SF
C
L
p
r
o
to
t
y
p
e
w
h
ic
h
w
i
ll
b
e
ap
p
lied
in
to
a
r
ea
l
is
o
lated
d
c
n
et
w
o
r
k
.
T
h
e
cr
iti
ca
l
cu
r
r
en
t
s
h
o
u
ld
n
o
t
o
n
l
y
b
e
g
r
ea
ter
t
h
an
th
e
n
o
r
m
al
c
u
r
r
en
t,
b
u
t
also
h
a
v
e
a
ce
r
tain
s
a
f
et
y
m
ar
g
in
.
So
ac
c
o
r
d
in
g
t
h
e
r
ea
l
i
s
o
lated
DC
s
y
s
te
m
,
t
h
e
cr
itica
l
c
u
r
r
en
t
o
f
t
h
e
S
FC
L
m
o
d
u
le
is
s
et
as 5
k
A
.
C
o
n
s
id
er
in
g
t
h
e
v
o
ltag
e
to
ler
an
ce
o
f
YB
C
O
co
a
ted
co
n
d
u
cto
r
s
[
9
]
,
th
e
len
g
t
h
o
f
th
e
HT
S tap
es i
n
s
er
ies is
s
e
t a
s
6
6
m
.
Do
u
b
le
-
i
n
s
er
t
YB
C
O
tap
es
p
r
o
d
u
ce
d
b
y
A
M
SC
ar
e
u
s
ed
i
n
th
e
SF
C
L
p
r
o
to
t
y
p
e
to
s
a
v
e
t
h
e
m
o
d
u
le
s
p
ac
e.
T
h
e
cr
it
ical
cu
r
r
en
t
o
f
t
h
e
d
o
u
b
le
-
in
s
er
t
YB
C
O
tap
es
is
5
0
0
A
,
s
o
1
0
m
o
d
u
les
ar
e
n
ee
d
ed
to
m
ee
t
th
e
r
eq
u
ir
e
m
en
t
o
f
5
k
A
cr
itical
cu
r
r
en
t.
T
h
e
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e
o
f
a
s
in
g
l
e
cu
r
r
en
t
li
m
it
in
g
m
o
d
u
le
[
1
0
]
is
s
h
o
w
n
i
n
Fig
u
r
e
3
.
E
ac
h
m
o
d
u
le
co
n
tain
s
1
1
6
p
iece
s
o
f
0
.
5
7
m
lo
n
g
YB
C
O
tap
es
w
h
ic
h
ar
e
co
n
n
ec
ted
i
n
a
co
m
b
i
n
atio
n
o
f
s
er
ies
a
n
d
p
ar
allel.
E
v
er
y
5
8
YB
C
O
tap
es
ar
e
co
n
n
ec
ted
i
n
s
er
ies
to
f
o
r
m
o
n
e
c
u
r
r
en
t
p
at
h
at
o
n
e
s
id
e
o
f
G1
0
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o
r
m
er
a
n
d
t
w
o
p
at
h
s
ar
e
co
n
n
ec
ted
in
p
ar
allel.
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v
er
y
t
w
o
ta
p
es
ar
e
s
o
ld
er
ed
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er
at
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h
e
en
d
s
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a
s
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r
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ar
e
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o
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er
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h
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er
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in
a
ls
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e
ar
e
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o
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y
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g
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tap
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in
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ie
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n
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t
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o
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r
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e
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t
p
ath
s
in
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e
li
m
i
tin
g
m
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e
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L
m
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ee
d
s
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6
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er
ies
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n
d
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ar
alleled
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an
c
h
es.
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t
h
e
w
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le
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L
m
o
d
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le
i
s
d
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ig
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as
s
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i
n
F
ig
u
r
e
4
(
a)
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d
th
e
r
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l
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m
o
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le
is
s
h
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w
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in
Fig
u
r
e
4
(
b
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.
I
t
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n
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i
s
ts
o
f
t
wo
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ar
ts
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ies
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ar
t
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as
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er
s
in
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ar
allel
w
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ic
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h
a
v
e
1
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p
ar
a
lleled
tap
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h
e
p
er
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o
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an
ce
s
o
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s
in
g
le
m
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le
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n
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th
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la
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ato
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cted
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er
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An
d
in
-
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test
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ill s
tar
t in
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b
er
2
0
1
3
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
-
8814
IJ
AA
S
Vo
l.
6
,
No
.
1
,
Ma
r
ch
2
0
1
7
:
64
–
70
66
Fig
u
r
e
3
.
Stru
ct
u
r
e
o
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le
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r
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t
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i
m
it
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le
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u
r
e
4
.
(
a)
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ctu
r
e
o
f
th
e
W
h
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le
SF
C
L
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d
u
le.
(
b
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R
ea
l SFC
L
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u
le.
4.
M
O
DULE
T
E
S
T
S
4
.
1
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Co
nta
ct
Resis
t
a
nce
T
est
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o
r
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Sin
g
le
M
o
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le
T
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er
e
ar
e
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0
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iti
n
g
m
o
d
u
le
s
in
p
ar
allel
in
t
h
i
s
SF
C
L
.
I
f
t
h
e
cu
r
r
en
t
i
s
n
o
t
eq
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al
l
y
d
is
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i
b
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ted
an
d
o
n
e
m
o
d
u
le
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as
h
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g
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er
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u
r
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t
t
h
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n
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t
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th
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e
n
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ir
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n
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er
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o
llo
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e
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en
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it
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u
t
f
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lt.
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b
ala
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ce
d
cu
r
r
en
t
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
m
a
y
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to
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d
is
as
ter
d
u
r
in
g
th
e
n
o
r
m
al
o
p
er
ati
o
n
.
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th
e
co
n
tac
t
r
esis
ta
n
ce
o
f
cu
r
r
e
n
t
p
ath
s
h
as
to
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e
m
ea
s
u
r
ed
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en
s
u
r
e
th
e
u
n
i
f
o
r
m
it
y
o
f
t
h
e
c
u
r
r
en
t
o
f
ea
c
h
li
m
iti
n
g
m
o
d
u
le.
C
o
n
tact
r
esis
ta
n
ce
s
o
f
2
0
cu
r
r
en
t
p
ath
s
ar
e
s
h
o
w
n
i
n
T
ab
le
3
.
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ab
le
3
s
h
o
w
s
t
h
at
co
n
tact
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esis
ta
n
ce
s
o
f
m
o
s
t
c
u
r
r
en
t
p
ath
s
ar
e
b
et
w
ee
n
0
.
1
0
m
Ω
to
0
.
1
2
m
Ω
.
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m
e
o
f
t
h
e
co
n
tact
r
esis
ta
n
c
es
ar
e
a
litt
le
lar
g
e
r
b
ec
au
s
e
o
f
th
e
s
o
ld
er
in
g
tech
n
iq
u
e.
T
h
e
m
ax
i
m
u
m
a
n
d
m
i
n
i
m
u
m
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n
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s
ta
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ce
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ar
e,
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esp
ec
tiv
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y
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.
1
6
3
m
Ω
an
d
0
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1
0
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m
Ω
.
T
o
s
o
lv
e
th
e
u
n
i
f
o
r
m
i
t
y
p
r
o
b
le
m
,
th
e
d
ata
o
f
co
n
tact
r
esis
tan
ce
s
h
a
s
b
ee
n
o
p
ti
m
ized
.
2
0
cu
r
r
en
t
p
ath
s
ar
e
d
iv
id
ed
in
to
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air
s
.
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ac
h
p
air
o
f
cu
r
r
en
t
p
ath
s
h
a
s
s
i
m
ilar
v
al
u
e
o
f
co
n
tact
r
esi
s
tan
ce
an
d
is
tr
ea
ted
as
th
e
t
w
o
s
id
es
o
f
a
li
m
it
in
g
m
o
d
u
le.
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r
e
x
a
m
p
le,
p
at
h
1
0
a
n
d
p
ath
2
0
s
h
ar
in
g
th
e
b
ig
g
est
v
alu
e
ar
e
c
h
o
s
en
to
f
o
r
m
t
h
e
t
w
o
s
id
es o
f
a
li
m
iti
n
g
m
o
d
u
le
w
i
th
th
e
b
ig
g
est
co
n
tact
r
esis
ta
n
ce
.
T
h
en
th
e
te
n
li
m
iti
n
g
m
o
d
u
les
ar
e
d
iv
id
ed
in
to
t
w
o
g
r
o
u
p
s
.
Fi
v
e
o
f
th
e
m
h
a
v
in
g
a
lar
g
er
co
n
ta
ct
r
esis
tan
ce
ar
e
in
a
g
r
o
u
p
an
d
lab
eled
as
p
ar
t
I
.
An
d
th
e
n
th
e
o
t
h
er
s
w
it
h
a
s
m
aller
co
n
tact
r
esi
s
ta
n
ce
ar
e
in
a
g
r
o
u
p
an
d
lab
eled
as
p
ar
t
I
I
.
I
n
th
is
w
a
y
,
t
h
e
cu
r
r
en
t
u
n
if
o
r
m
it
y
o
f
ea
c
h
l
i
m
itin
g
m
o
d
u
le
i
s
i
m
p
r
o
v
ed
.
T
h
e
m
a
x
i
m
u
m
a
n
d
m
in
i
m
u
m
co
n
t
ac
t r
esis
ta
n
ce
s
o
f
a
s
in
g
le
li
m
iti
n
g
m
o
d
u
le
ar
e
ab
o
u
t
0
.
0
8
1
m
Ω
a
n
d
0
.
0
5
2
m
Ω
,
r
esp
ec
tiv
el
y
.
T
o
an
al
y
ze
t
h
e
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
o
f
d
c
cu
r
r
en
t,
s
o
m
e
ca
lc
u
latio
n
s
ar
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
ed
o
n
t
h
e
b
asi
s
o
f
s
u
c
h
m
o
d
u
le
co
n
tact
r
esis
tan
ce
s
.
T
h
e
m
o
d
u
les
w
it
h
th
e
b
ig
g
e
s
t
a
n
d
s
m
alles
t
co
n
tact
r
esis
ta
n
ce
s
ac
co
u
n
t
f
o
r
ab
o
u
t
1
6
.
0
5
%
an
d
2
2
.
0
3
%
o
f
t
h
e
to
tal
c
u
r
r
en
t,
r
esp
ec
tiv
el
y
.
T
h
e
p
er
ce
n
ta
g
e
d
if
f
er
en
ce
is
5
.
9
8
%.
T
a
b
le 3
.
Co
n
tac
t
Re
sista
n
c
e
o
f
2
0
Cu
rre
n
t
P
a
th
s
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IJ
AA
S
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8814
A
n
a
lysi
s
o
f S
u
p
erco
n
d
u
ctin
g
F
a
u
lt C
u
r
r
en
t Limite
r
in
…
(
S
.
S
a
n
jeev
a
R
a
yu
d
u
)
67
4
.
2
.
DC
F
lo
w
-
T
hro
ug
h T
est
T
h
e
SF
C
L
m
o
d
u
le
is
ass
e
m
b
l
ed
af
ter
t
h
e
1
0
li
m
iti
n
g
m
o
d
u
l
es
h
a
v
e
b
ee
n
o
p
ti
m
ized
an
d
g
r
o
u
p
ed
.
I
n
o
r
d
er
to
test
th
e
cu
r
r
en
t
u
n
i
f
o
r
m
it
y
o
f
ea
c
h
li
m
iti
n
g
m
o
d
u
le
i
n
liq
u
id
n
itro
g
e
n
(
L
N2
)
,
th
e
d
c
f
lo
w
-
th
r
o
u
g
h
test
is
ca
r
r
ied
o
u
t
f
o
r
th
e
w
h
o
le
S
FC
L
m
o
d
u
le.
Di
f
f
er
e
n
t
d
c
cu
r
r
en
ts
ar
e
ap
p
lied
to
th
e
w
h
o
l
e
SF
C
L
m
o
d
u
le
i
n
L
N2
.
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e
u
s
e
m
u
lti
-
ch
a
n
n
el
d
ata
ac
q
u
is
itio
n
s
y
s
te
m
to
m
ea
s
u
r
e
t
h
e
cu
r
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en
t
o
f
ev
er
y
li
m
iti
n
g
m
o
d
u
le.
T
h
e
cu
r
r
en
t is
s
h
o
w
n
i
n
Fi
g
u
r
e
5
.
Fig
u
r
e
5
s
h
o
w
s
t
h
at
th
e
c
u
r
r
en
ts
o
f
m
o
s
t
m
o
d
u
le
s
ar
e
s
i
m
ilar
.
T
h
e
m
a
x
i
m
u
m
an
d
th
e
m
i
n
i
m
u
m
v
alu
e
s
o
f
t
h
e
cu
r
r
en
ts
ar
e
s
h
o
w
n
i
n
T
ab
le
4
.
Fro
m
th
e
T
ab
le
4
,
it
is
o
b
s
er
v
ed
th
at
t
h
e
p
er
ce
n
ta
g
e
d
if
f
er
en
ce
is
ab
o
u
t
6
.
1
%.
T
h
is
p
er
ce
n
tag
e
d
if
f
er
e
n
ce
o
f
e
x
p
er
i
m
e
n
ts
is
a
litt
le
b
ig
g
er
t
h
a
n
t
h
at
in
p
ar
t
A
b
y
ca
lcu
la
tio
n
b
ec
au
s
e
co
n
t
ac
t
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esis
tan
ce
also
co
n
tain
s
t
h
e
j
o
in
t
r
es
is
ta
n
ce
b
et
w
ee
n
li
m
it
in
g
m
o
d
u
le
s
a
n
d
th
e
co
p
p
er
cu
r
r
en
t
b
u
s
.
T
h
i
s
co
n
tact
r
esis
tan
ce
b
r
in
g
s
m
o
r
e
u
n
b
alan
ce
d
cu
r
r
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n
t.
A
cc
o
r
d
in
g
to
th
e
s
y
s
te
m
c
u
r
r
en
t
an
d
t
h
e
p
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n
tag
e
d
i
f
f
er
e
n
ce
in
T
ab
le
I
V,
th
e
d
if
f
er
en
c
e
b
et
w
ee
n
t
h
e
m
ax
i
m
u
m
a
n
d
m
i
n
i
m
u
m
c
u
r
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en
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o
f
li
m
it
in
g
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les
is
ab
o
u
t
1
5
2
.
5
A
.
T
h
e
m
a
x
i
m
u
m
cu
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en
t
o
f
a
s
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n
g
le
li
m
it
in
g
m
o
d
u
le
w
it
h
t
w
o
cu
r
r
en
t
p
at
h
s
is
ab
o
u
t
5
9
5
A
,
w
h
i
ch
i
s
s
a
f
e
to
YB
C
O
tap
es.
An
d
th
e
d
i
f
f
er
en
ce
o
f
cu
r
r
en
ts
i
s
ac
ce
p
tab
le
f
o
r
th
e
w
h
o
le
SF
C
L
.
F
ig
u
re
5.
Distr
ib
u
ti
o
n
o
f
th
e
DC C
u
rre
n
t
T
a
b
le 4
.
M
a
x
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Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
-
8814
IJ
AA
S
Vo
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6
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No
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1
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Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IJ
AA
S
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8814
A
n
a
lysi
s
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f S
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p
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s
6
6
m
YB
C
O
tap
es
i
n
s
er
ies
a
n
d
1
0
li
m
i
tin
g
m
o
d
u
le
s
i
n
p
ar
allel.
T
h
e
SF
C
L
w
it
h
a
0
.
6
Ω
s
h
u
n
t
r
esis
to
r
is
ab
le
to
r
ed
u
ce
th
e
f
a
u
l
t
cu
r
r
en
t to
5
0
.
7
6
% o
f
th
e
o
r
ig
i
n
al
v
al
u
e.
RE
F
E
R
E
NC
E
S
[1
]
Y.
Hu
a
n
g
a
n
d
Z
.
Xu
,
“
S
t
u
d
y
o
n
th
e
p
u
re
d
c
tran
sm
issio
n
sc
h
e
m
e
f
o
r
Ch
in
a
’s
f
u
tu
re
p
o
w
e
r
tran
s
m
i
ss
io
n
f
o
rm
th
e
w
e
st t
o
e
a
st,” i
n
Pr
o
c
.
IEE
E
Po
w
e
r E
n
g
.
S
o
c
.
Ge
n
.
M
e
e
t.
,
2
0
0
4
,
p
p
.
1
4
5
9
–
1
4
6
3
.
[2
]
H.
Hu
a
n
g
,
Z.
X
u
,
W
.
Wan
g
,
a
n
d
C.
W
a
n
g
,
“
T
ra
n
sie
n
t
sta
b
il
it
y
a
n
a
ly
sis
o
f
sh
a
n
g
h
a
i
p
o
we
r
g
rid
w
it
h
m
u
lt
ip
l
e
HV
DC l
i
n
k
s,” in
Pro
c
.
In
t
.
POW
ER
CON S
y
st.
T
e
c
h
n
o
l
.
,
p
p
.
1
–
6.
[3
]
L
.
X
iao
,
S
.
Da
i,
L
.
L
in
,
Z
.
Zh
a
n
g
,
a
n
d
J.
Zh
a
n
g
,
“
HT
S
p
o
w
e
r
tec
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
f
o
r
f
u
tu
re
DC
p
o
w
e
r
g
rid
,
”
IEE
E
T
ra
n
s.
Ap
p
l
.
S
u
p
e
rc
o
n
d
.
,
v
o
l.
2
3
,
n
o
.
3
,
p
.
5
4
0
1
5
0
6
,
Ju
n
.
2
0
1
3
.
[4
]
G
.
F
.
T
a
n
g
,
“
M
u
lt
ip
le
-
term
in
a
l
D
C
p
o
w
e
r
tran
s
m
issio
n
a
n
d
DC
p
o
w
e
r
g
rid
tec
h
n
o
lo
g
y
,
”
p
re
se
n
ted
a
t
th
e
F
ra
g
ra
n
t
Hill
S
c
i.
M
e
e
ti
n
g
,
Be
ij
in
g
,
C
h
i
n
a
,
S
e
p
.
2
7
–
2
9
,
2
0
1
2
.
[5
]
L
.
Ye
a
n
d
L
.
L
in
,
“
S
tu
d
y
o
f
su
p
e
rc
o
n
d
u
c
ti
n
g
f
a
u
lt
c
u
rre
n
t
l
im
it
e
rs
f
o
r
s
y
ste
m
in
teg
r
a
ti
o
n
o
f
w
in
d
f
a
r
m
s,”
IEE
E
T
ra
n
s.
Ap
p
l.
S
u
p
e
rc
o
n
d
.
,
v
o
l
.
2
0
,
n
o
.
3
,
p
p
.
1
2
3
3
–
1
2
3
7
,
Ju
n
.
2
0
1
0.
[6
]
O.
B.
Hy
u
n
,
H.
R.
Kim
,
J.
S
i
m
,
Y.
H.
Ch
u
n
g
,
K.
B.
P
a
rk
,
B.
W
.
L
e
e
,
a
n
d
I.
S
.
Oh
,
“
6
.
6
k
V
re
sistiv
e
su
p
e
rc
o
n
d
u
c
ti
n
g
f
a
u
lt
c
u
rre
n
t
li
m
it
e
r
b
a
se
d
o
n
YBCO
f
il
m
s,
”
I
EE
E
T
ra
n
s.
A
p
p
l.
S
u
p
e
rc
o
n
d
.
,
v
o
l.
1
5
,
n
o
.
2
,
p
p
.
2
0
2
7
–
2
0
3
0
,
J
u
n
.
2
0
0
5
.
[7
]
L
.
M
a
rti
n
i,
M
.
Bo
c
c
h
i
,
M
.
A
sc
a
d
e
,
A
.
V
a
lza
sin
a
,
V
.
Ro
ss
i,
C.
Ra
v
e
tt
a
,
a
n
d
G
.
A
n
g
e
l,
“
L
iv
e
-
g
rid
in
sta
ll
a
ti
o
n
a
n
d
f
ield
tes
ti
n
g
o
f
th
e
f
irst
Italian
su
p
e
rc
o
n
d
u
c
ti
n
g
f
a
u
lt
c
u
rre
n
t
li
m
it
e
r,
”
IEE
E
T
ra
n
s.
A
p
p
l
.
S
u
p
e
rc
o
n
d
.
,
v
o
l.
2
3
,
n
o
.
3
,
p
.
5
6
0
2
5
0
4
,
Ju
n
.
2
0
1
3
.
[8
]
H.
S
h
i
n
,
S
.
C
h
o
,
J.
H
u
h
,
J.
Kim
,
a
n
d
D.
Kw
e
o
n
,
“
A
p
p
li
c
a
ti
o
n
o
n
o
f
S
F
CL
in
a
u
t
o
m
a
ti
c
p
o
w
e
r
c
h
a
n
g
e
o
v
e
r
s
w
it
c
h
s
y
ste
m
o
f
e
lec
tri
c
ra
il
w
a
y
s,”
IEE
E
T
ra
n
s.
A
p
p
l.
S
u
p
e
rc
o
n
d
.
,
v
o
l.
2
2
,
n
o
.
3
,
p
.
5
6
0
0
7
0
4
,
J
u
n
.
2
0
1
2
.
[9
]
M
.
No
e
,
A
.
Ho
b
l
,
P
.
T
ix
a
d
o
r,
L
.
M
a
rti
n
i
,
a
n
d
B
.
Du
t
o
it
,
“
C
o
n
c
e
p
t
u
a
l
d
e
sig
n
o
f
a
2
4
k
V
,
1
k
A
re
sistiv
e
su
p
e
rc
o
n
d
u
c
ti
n
g
f
a
u
lt
c
u
rre
n
t
li
m
it
e
r,
”
IEE
E
T
r
a
n
s.
Ap
p
l.
S
u
p
e
rc
o
n
d
.
,
v
o
l
.
2
2
,
n
o
.
3
,
p
.
5
6
0
0
3
0
4
,
Ju
n
.
2
0
1
2
.
[1
0
]
Z.
Ho
n
g
,
J.
S
h
e
n
g
,
J.
Zh
a
n
g
,
B.
Li
n
,
L
.
Yin
g
,
Y.
L
i,
a
n
d
Z.
Jin
,
“
Th
e
d
e
v
e
lo
p
m
e
n
t
a
n
d
p
e
rf
o
r
m
a
n
c
e
tes
t
o
f
a
1
0
k
V
r
e
sistiv
e
t
y
p
e
su
p
e
rc
o
n
d
u
c
ti
n
g
f
a
u
lt
c
u
rre
n
t
l
im
it
e
r,
”
IEE
E
T
ra
n
s.
Ap
p
l.
S
u
p
e
rc
o
n
d
.
,
v
o
l.
2
2
,
n
o
.
3
,
p
.
5
6
0
0
5
0
4
,
Ju
n
.
2
0
1
2
.
[1
1
]
Y.
Ch
e
n
,
S
.
L
i,
J.
S
h
e
n
g
,
Z.
Ji
n
,
Z.
Ho
n
g
,
a
n
d
J.
G
u
,
“
Ex
p
e
rime
n
tal
a
n
d
n
u
m
e
rica
l
stu
d
y
o
f
c
o
-
o
rd
i
n
a
ti
o
n
o
f
re
sistiv
e
-
t
y
p
e
su
p
e
rc
o
n
d
u
c
to
r
f
a
u
lt
c
u
rre
n
t
li
m
it
e
r
a
n
d
re
lay
p
ro
te
c
ti
o
n
,
”
J
.
S
u
p
e
rc
o
n
d
.
No
v
e
l
M
a
g
n
.
,
v
o
l.
2
6
,
n
o
.
1
1
,
p
p
.
3
2
2
5
–
3
2
3
0
,
No
v
.
2
0
1
3
.
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