I
nte
rna
t
io
na
l J
o
urna
l o
f
Adv
a
nces in Applie
d Science
s
(
I
J
AAS)
Vo
l.
6
,
No
.
3
,
Sep
tem
b
er
2
0
1
7
,
p
p
.
2
1
3
~
2
2
0
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8814
213
J
o
ur
na
l ho
m
ep
a
g
e
:
h
ttp
:
//ia
e
s
jo
u
r
n
a
l.c
o
m/o
n
lin
e/in
d
ex
.
p
h
p
/I
J
AAS
Influences
of
H
y
b
rid Coo
ling
Mech
a
nis
m
throug
h P
V Sys
te
m
under Sola
r Si
m
u
la
tor Tes
ting
Y.
M.
I
rwa
n
1
,
A.
R.
A
m
elia
2
,
M.
I
rwa
nto
3
,
W.
Z.
L
eo
w
4
,
Z
.
Sy
a
f
iqa
h
5
,
I
.
Sa
f
w
a
t
i
6
1
Ce
n
tre
f
o
r
Dip
lo
m
a
S
tu
d
ies
,
U
n
i
v
e
rsit
y
M
a
la
y
sia
P
e
rli
s
,
M
a
lay
sia
.
1,
2
,
3,
4
,
5
Ce
n
tre
o
f
Ex
c
e
ll
e
n
c
e
f
o
r
Re
n
e
w
a
b
le E
n
e
rg
y
,
S
c
h
o
o
l
o
f
El
e
c
tri
c
a
l
S
y
st
e
m
En
g
in
e
e
rin
g
,
Un
iv
e
rsity
M
a
la
y
sia
P
e
rli
s
M
a
la
y
sia
3
De
p
a
rtme
n
t
o
f
El
e
c
tri
c
a
l
En
g
in
e
e
rin
g
,
M
e
d
a
n
o
f
In
stit
u
te o
f
T
e
c
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
,
In
d
o
n
e
sia
6
In
stit
u
te
o
f
En
g
in
e
e
rin
g
M
a
t
h
e
m
a
ti
c
s,
Un
iv
e
rsit
y
M
a
la
y
sia
P
e
rli
s
,
M
a
la
y
sia
Art
icle
I
nfo
AB
ST
RAC
T
A
r
ticle
his
to
r
y:
R
ec
eiv
ed
J
u
n
7
,
2
0
1
7
R
ev
i
s
ed
A
u
g
1
7
,
2
0
1
7
A
cc
ep
ted
A
u
g
2
3
,
2
0
1
7
A
n
in
c
re
a
sin
g
e
ff
icie
n
c
y
o
f
th
e
so
lar s
y
ste
m
c
a
n
b
e
i
m
p
ro
v
e
d
b
y
u
s
in
g
h
y
b
rid
c
o
o
li
n
g
m
e
c
h
a
n
ism
.
T
h
is
p
a
p
e
r
p
re
se
n
ts
th
e
im
p
a
c
t
o
f
h
y
b
ri
d
c
o
o
l
in
g
m
e
c
h
a
n
is
m
o
n
P
V
p
a
n
e
l
u
n
d
e
r
in
d
o
o
r
tes
ti
n
g
w
it
h
v
a
r
y
in
g
so
lar
in
ten
sity
.
T
h
u
s,
th
e
f
a
b
rica
ti
o
n
o
f
a
so
lar
sim
u
lato
r
f
o
r
in
d
o
o
r
tes
ti
n
g
re
a
c
ts
a
s
th
e
sp
a
c
e
so
lar
ra
d
iatio
n
is
d
e
sc
rib
e
d
.
T
h
e
p
e
rf
o
rm
a
n
c
e
o
f
P
V
p
a
n
e
l
w
h
ich
a
tt
a
c
h
e
d
to
a
h
y
b
rid
c
o
o
li
n
g
m
e
c
h
a
n
ism
c
o
m
p
a
re
d
w
it
h
P
V
p
a
n
e
l
w
it
h
o
u
t
c
o
o
li
n
g
m
e
c
h
a
n
ism
u
n
d
e
r
v
a
riatio
n
o
f
a
v
e
ra
g
e
so
lar
ra
d
iatio
n
.
Ex
p
e
rim
e
n
tal
tes
ts
w
e
r
e
c
a
rried
o
u
t
f
o
r
v
a
rio
u
s
a
v
e
ra
g
e
so
lar
ra
d
iatio
n
s
b
y
v
a
r
y
in
g
th
e
n
u
m
b
e
r
o
f
l
a
m
p
s
a
n
d
/o
r
th
e
lam
p
-
to
-
a
re
a
d
istan
c
e
.
W
it
h
o
u
t
a
lt
e
rin
g
th
e
sp
e
c
tral
d
istri
b
u
ti
o
n
,
t
h
e
c
h
a
ra
c
teristic
o
f
c
u
rre
n
t
-
v
o
lt
a
g
e
o
f
P
V
p
a
n
e
l
w
a
s
a
n
a
ly
se
d
u
n
d
e
r
a
v
e
ra
g
e
so
lar
ra
d
iatio
n
w
h
ich
v
a
ried
f
ro
m
2
0
2
W
/m
2
to
1
0
0
3
W
/
m
2
.
A
s
th
e
re
su
lt
,
t
h
e
P
V
p
a
n
e
l
w
it
h
h
y
b
rid
c
o
o
l
in
g
sy
ste
m
e
x
p
lo
re
d
t
o
g
e
n
e
ra
te
m
o
re
p
o
w
e
r
o
u
tp
u
t
w
it
h
d
e
c
re
a
sin
g
in
P
V
p
a
n
e
l
tem
p
e
ra
tu
re
.
A
b
o
u
t
1
5
.
7
9
%
i
n
c
re
m
e
n
t
o
f
p
o
w
e
r
o
u
tp
u
t
g
e
n
e
ra
ted
b
y
P
V
p
a
n
e
l
w
it
h
c
o
o
li
n
g
a
t
m
a
x
i
m
u
m
a
v
e
ra
g
e
so
lar
ra
d
iatio
n
.
F
u
rt
h
e
rm
o
re
,
th
e
P
V
p
a
n
e
l
tem
p
e
ra
tu
re
a
lso
c
a
n
b
e
d
e
c
re
a
se
d
a
b
o
u
t
1
0
.
2
8
%
re
sp
e
c
ti
v
e
ly
.
T
h
e
c
o
m
b
in
a
ti
o
n
o
f
DC
f
a
n
a
n
d
w
a
ter
p
u
m
p
a
s
c
o
o
li
n
g
m
e
c
h
a
n
ism
p
la
y
s
a
n
i
m
p
o
rtan
t
ro
le
in
g
e
n
e
ra
ti
n
g
e
ff
ic
ien
t
p
o
w
e
r
o
u
t
p
u
t
f
ro
m
P
V
p
a
n
e
l
.
K
ey
w
o
r
d
:
Dir
ec
t
-
c
u
r
r
en
t (
DC
)
f
an
P
h
o
to
v
o
ltaic
(
P
V)
p
an
el
P
V
p
an
el
te
m
p
er
atu
r
e
So
lar
r
ad
iatio
n
So
lar
s
i
m
u
lato
r
W
ater
-
p
u
m
p
Co
p
y
rig
h
t
©
201
7
In
s
t
it
u
te o
f
A
d
v
a
n
c
e
d
E
n
g
i
n
e
e
rin
g
a
n
d
S
c
ien
c
e
.
Al
l
rig
h
ts
re
se
rv
e
d
.
C
o
r
r
e
s
p
o
nd
ing
A
uth
o
r
:
A.
R.
Am
elia
,
C
en
tr
e
o
f
E
x
ce
lle
n
ce
f
o
r
R
e
n
e
w
ab
le
E
n
er
g
y
,
Sch
o
o
l o
f
E
lectr
ical
S
y
s
te
m
E
n
g
i
n
ee
r
i
n
g
,
Un
i
v
er
s
it
y
Ma
la
y
s
ia
P
er
lis
(
U
n
iM
A
P
)
,
Ma
la
y
s
ia.
E
m
ail: a
m
elia_
r
az
ak
8
7
@
y
a
h
o
o
.
co
m
1.
I
NT
RO
D
UCT
I
O
N
So
lar
en
er
g
y
i
s
o
n
e
o
f
t
h
e
m
o
s
t
i
m
p
o
r
tan
t
s
o
u
r
ce
s
o
f
r
en
e
w
ab
le
en
er
g
y
b
ec
o
m
e
o
n
e
o
f
th
e
m
o
s
t
d
esira
b
le
ap
p
licatio
n
s
to
r
ed
u
ce
en
er
g
y
co
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
[
1
]
.
P
V
p
an
el
is
co
m
m
o
n
l
y
k
n
o
w
n
as
o
n
e
o
f
th
e
p
r
o
m
i
s
in
g
co
m
p
ar
t
m
e
n
ts
o
f
s
o
lar
en
er
g
y
tec
h
n
o
lo
g
ies.
I
t
is
a
w
ell
-
k
n
o
w
n
f
ac
t
t
h
at
th
e
ele
ctr
ical
ef
f
icie
n
c
y
o
f
P
V
p
an
el
f
alls
as
th
e
te
m
p
er
a
tu
r
e
o
f
t
h
e
p
h
o
to
v
o
ltaic
ce
ll
s
ar
is
e.
Fro
m
th
e
r
ad
i
atio
n
f
all
i
n
g
o
n
to
a
P
V
p
an
el
o
n
l
y
u
p
to
2
0
%
o
f
t
h
e
in
c
id
en
t
s
o
lar
e
n
er
g
y
is
co
n
v
er
ted
t
o
elec
tr
icit
y
[
2
]
.
B
asicall
y
,
m
o
r
e
h
ea
t
en
er
g
y
w
i
ll
p
r
o
d
u
ce
co
m
p
ar
ed
to
elec
tr
ical
en
er
g
y
w
it
h
ab
s
o
r
p
tio
n
o
f
s
o
lar
r
ad
iatio
n
.
T
h
e
ex
is
ti
n
g
h
ea
t
en
er
g
y
lead
s
in
cr
ea
s
i
n
g
te
m
p
er
at
u
r
e
t
h
r
o
u
g
h
P
V
p
an
el.
T
h
e
ef
f
icie
n
t
o
u
tp
u
t
e
n
er
g
y
o
f
s
o
lar
s
y
s
te
m
g
e
n
er
ated
at
h
i
g
h
s
o
lar
r
ad
iatio
n
w
it
h
lo
w
te
m
p
er
atu
r
e.
Hen
ce
,
co
o
lin
g
tec
h
n
o
lo
g
y
r
ep
r
esen
ted
as
a
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
m
et
h
o
d
o
f
k
ee
p
in
g
t
h
e
P
V
p
an
el
o
p
er
ated
at
lo
w
te
m
p
er
atu
r
e.
P
V
p
an
el
s
u
f
f
e
r
s
f
r
o
m
a
d
r
o
p
i
n
ef
f
icie
n
c
y
w
i
th
t
h
e
r
is
e
i
n
te
m
p
er
at
u
r
e
d
u
e
to
h
ea
t
en
er
g
y
g
en
er
ated
.
T
h
e
in
cr
ea
s
e
i
n
o
p
er
atin
g
P
V
te
m
p
er
at
u
r
e
co
n
s
eq
u
en
tl
y
d
ec
r
ea
s
in
g
th
e
ef
f
icie
n
t
co
n
v
er
s
io
n
o
f
elec
tr
icit
y
.
T
h
u
s
,
th
e
e
f
f
ec
tiv
e
n
es
s
o
f
a
P
V
s
y
s
te
m
ca
n
b
e
p
r
o
d
u
ce
d
b
y
ca
r
r
y
i
n
g
h
ea
t
a
w
a
y
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
P
V
p
an
el
w
it
h
co
o
l
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
-
8814
IJ
AA
S
Vo
l.
6
,
No
.
3
,
Sep
tem
b
er
201
7
:
2
1
3
–
2
20
214
d
o
w
n
it.
A
lo
t
o
f
r
esear
c
h
er
s
h
av
e
w
o
r
k
ed
o
n
s
o
m
e
tec
h
n
iq
u
es,
li
k
e
air
co
o
lin
g
a
n
d
w
ater
c
o
o
lin
g
,
ar
e
u
tili
ze
d
to
co
o
l
th
e
P
V
p
an
el
to
m
ai
n
t
ain
lo
w
er
o
p
er
atin
g
te
m
p
er
at
u
r
e.
I
n
a
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
s
tu
d
ie
s
,
w
a
ter
b
ein
g
t
h
e
m
o
s
t
f
av
o
u
r
ite
as
w
o
r
k
in
g
f
l
u
id
u
s
e
d
am
o
n
g
r
esear
ch
er
to
co
o
l d
o
w
n
P
V
p
an
el
[
3
-
6
]
.
T
h
er
e
is
a
h
ig
h
er
p
o
ten
tia
l f
o
r
h
ea
t p
r
o
d
u
ctio
n
t
h
an
elec
tr
icit
y
f
r
o
m
a
g
i
v
e
n
s
u
r
f
ac
e
o
f
a
P
V
m
o
d
u
le.
B
y
w
a
ter
f
lo
w
o
v
er
th
e
f
r
o
n
t sid
e
o
f
P
V
p
an
el,
it’s n
o
t o
n
l
y
d
ec
r
ea
s
i
n
g
P
V
tem
p
er
at
u
r
es,
in
s
tead
r
ed
u
ce
d
r
ef
lectio
n
lo
s
s
a
n
d
k
ee
p
i
n
g
th
e
s
u
r
f
ac
e
clea
n
.
As
r
eg
ar
d
s
air
as
th
e
w
o
r
k
i
n
g
f
lu
id
,
m
an
y
ex
p
er
i
m
en
ta
l
s
t
u
d
ies
u
s
ed
f
a
n
to
co
o
l
d
o
w
n
th
e
b
ac
k
s
id
e
o
f
P
V
m
o
d
u
le
[
7
-
8
]
.
C
o
o
lin
g
f
an
d
ef
in
e
as
a
f
o
r
ce
co
n
v
ec
tio
n
m
et
h
o
d
w
ill
f
o
r
c
e
co
o
l
air
f
r
o
m
o
u
ts
id
e
f
lo
w
t
h
r
o
u
g
h
P
V
p
an
el
to
ex
tr
ac
t
h
ea
t
p
r
o
d
u
ce
d
.
T
h
e
h
o
t
air
d
is
tr
ib
u
ted
in
s
id
e
P
V
p
an
el
w
ill
co
o
l
d
o
w
n
w
it
h
ex
i
s
ti
n
g
h
i
g
h
d
en
s
it
y
co
o
l
air
f
r
o
m
o
u
ts
id
e.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e,
in
th
is
ex
p
er
i
m
en
tal
s
tu
d
y
,
t
h
e
co
m
b
in
atio
n
o
f
w
ater
-
air
(
f
an
)
ar
e
p
r
o
d
u
ce
d
to
c
o
o
l d
o
w
n
b
ac
k
a
n
d
f
r
o
n
t s
id
e
o
f
P
V
p
an
el.
T
h
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
o
f
P
V
p
an
el
v
ar
ies
w
it
h
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
ta
l
at
m
o
s
p
h
er
ic,
esp
ec
iall
y
w
it
h
s
o
lar
r
ad
iatio
n
an
d
a
m
b
ie
n
t
te
m
p
er
at
u
r
e
[
9
-
1
1
]
.
T
o
ex
p
lo
r
e
in
d
etails
th
e
ef
f
ec
t
o
f
h
y
b
r
id
co
o
lin
g
s
y
s
te
m
o
n
P
V
p
an
el,
a
n
in
d
o
o
r
test
in
g
u
s
in
g
a
s
o
lar
s
i
m
u
lato
r
s
h
all
b
e
u
s
ed
to
o
b
tai
n
a
s
tead
y
s
tate
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
o
f
a
P
V
p
an
el.
T
h
e
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t
o
f
s
o
lar
s
i
m
u
la
t
o
r
en
ab
les
to
ca
r
r
y
o
u
t
e
x
p
er
im
en
tal
te
s
ti
n
g
P
V
p
an
el
w
it
h
o
u
t
t
h
e
e
x
p
o
s
u
r
e
to
th
e
o
u
td
o
o
r
w
ea
t
h
er
f
l
u
ct
u
ati
o
n
s
.
B
es
id
es,
test
e
x
p
er
i
m
e
n
t
al
also
ca
n
b
e
ca
r
r
ied
o
u
t
at
a
n
y
c
h
o
s
e
n
ti
m
e
an
d
th
e
s
u
r
r
o
u
n
d
i
n
g
e
n
v
ir
o
n
m
en
t
ca
n
b
e
co
n
tr
o
lled
p
r
ac
tically
w
it
h
ex
i
s
ti
n
g
s
i
m
u
lato
r
.
So
lar
s
i
m
u
lato
r
is
an
in
te
g
r
al
p
ar
t
o
f
an
y
lab
o
r
ato
r
y
i
n
v
o
lv
ed
lig
h
t
as
a
s
o
u
r
ce
t
o
s
i
m
u
la
tes
s
o
lar
r
a
d
iatio
n
.
T
h
e
o
p
er
atio
n
o
f
th
e
s
o
lar
s
i
m
u
lato
r
m
ai
n
l
y
d
ep
en
d
s
o
n
th
e
s
u
itab
le
li
g
h
t
s
o
u
r
c
e
to
s
im
u
late
s
u
n
li
g
h
t
in
te
n
s
i
t
y
.
Var
iatio
n
la
m
p
s
h
av
e
b
ee
n
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
s
u
ch
as
a
m
etal
h
al
id
e
ar
c
la
m
p
,
x
e
n
o
n
ar
c
la
m
p
,
m
er
cu
r
y
x
en
o
n
la
m
p
,
an
d
li
g
h
t
-
e
m
itti
n
g
d
io
d
e
lam
p
(
L
E
D)
.
M.
Sh
atat
et
a
l.
d
ev
elo
p
ed
a
n
o
v
el
s
o
lar
s
i
m
u
la
to
r
b
y
u
s
in
g
4
0
0
W
o
f
h
alo
g
e
n
la
m
p
s
.
3
0
u
n
it
s
o
f
h
alo
g
e
n
la
m
p
s
ar
e
r
ep
r
esen
ted
to
co
v
er
a
g
r
o
s
s
ar
ea
o
f
2
.
3
2
m
2
.
Var
io
u
s
lev
e
ls
o
f
s
o
lar
i
n
t
en
s
it
y
s
tar
ted
f
r
o
m
2
4
5
W
/m
2
to
8
5
0
W
/
m
2
w
as
ca
r
r
ied
o
u
t
b
y
th
e
au
th
o
r
s
in
o
r
d
er
to
an
al
y
s
e
t
h
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
o
f
a
n
e
v
ac
u
ated
s
o
lar
co
llecto
r
[
1
2
]
.
L
E
D
la
m
p
s
h
av
e
b
ee
n
u
s
ed
as
li
g
h
t
s
o
u
r
ce
s
i
n
d
ev
elo
p
ed
s
m
al
l
s
o
la
r
s
i
m
u
lato
r
f
o
r
s
o
lar
ce
ll
m
ea
s
u
r
e
m
en
ts
[
1
3
]
.
I
n
th
i
s
p
ap
er
,
ab
o
u
t
3
%
o
f
th
e
u
n
e
v
en
n
es
s
h
as
b
ee
n
f
o
u
n
d
i
n
t
es
tin
g
s
m
all
ar
ea
s
o
f
1
0
0
x
1
0
0
m
m
2
o
f
p
h
o
to
v
o
lta
i
c
ce
lls
.
S.
A
g
r
a
w
a
l
et
al.
S.
A
g
r
a
w
al
et
al.
ev
alu
ated
th
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
o
f
m
icr
o
-
ch
an
n
el
s
o
lar
ce
ll t
h
er
m
a
l (
M
C
S
C
T
)
in
ter
m
s
o
f
e
lectr
ical
e
f
f
icien
c
y
,
t
h
er
m
al
g
ain
an
d
o
v
er
all
th
er
m
al
e
n
er
g
y
in
i
n
d
o
o
r
co
n
d
it
io
n
s
.
A
b
o
u
t
2
8
u
n
it
s
o
f
5
0
0
W
tu
n
g
s
ten
h
al
o
g
en
la
m
p
s
ac
t
a
s
r
ad
iatio
n
s
o
u
r
ce
s
i
n
d
ev
elo
p
in
g
s
o
lar
s
i
m
u
la
to
r
.
T
h
e
in
ten
s
it
y
o
f
r
ad
iatio
n
h
as
b
ee
n
v
ar
ied
b
et
w
ee
n
3
0
0
W
/
m
2
to
1
0
0
0
W
/
m
2
b
y
d
ec
r
ea
s
i
n
g
g
ap
b
et
w
ee
n
o
f
h
alo
g
en
la
m
p
s
an
d
p
latf
o
r
m
[
1
4
]
.
M.
G.
Gu
v
en
ch
et
al.
ca
r
r
ied
o
u
t I
-
V
m
ea
s
u
r
e
m
en
t
s
f
o
r
s
o
lar
test
i
n
g
.
T
h
e
o
p
ti
m
al
o
p
er
atio
n
al
p
o
in
ts
f
o
r
m
a
x
i
m
u
m
elec
tr
i
ca
l o
u
tp
u
t
w
er
e
d
eter
m
i
n
ed
u
n
d
er
s
o
lar
s
i
m
u
la
to
r
.
A
s
o
lar
s
i
m
u
lato
r
h
a
s
b
ee
n
d
ev
elo
p
ed
b
y
co
m
b
i
n
i
n
g
m
etal
-
h
a
lid
e
an
d
q
u
ar
tz
h
alo
g
en
a
s
lig
h
t
s
o
u
r
ce
s
[
1
5
]
.
Un
d
er
in
d
o
o
r
test
in
g
,
I
r
w
an
e
t
al.
d
ev
elo
p
ed
a
s
o
lar
s
i
m
u
la
to
r
d
u
e
to
an
aly
s
e
th
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
o
f
P
V
p
an
els
w
it
h
o
r
w
i
th
o
u
t
co
o
lin
g
m
ec
h
an
i
s
m
.
An
e
x
p
er
i
m
e
n
tal
co
n
d
u
cted
u
n
d
er
f
o
u
r
s
ets
o
f
u
n
i
f
o
r
m
it
y
o
f
s
o
lar
r
ad
iatio
n
w
h
ich
ar
e
4
1
3
,
6
2
0
,
8
2
1
an
d
1
0
1
6
W
/m
2
.
T
h
e
r
es
u
lts
o
b
s
er
v
ed
t
h
at
t
h
er
e
is
d
ec
r
ea
s
e
i
n
te
m
p
er
atu
r
e
w
it
h
2
-
3
°C
w
h
e
n
u
s
i
n
g
t
h
e
ai
r
co
o
lin
g
m
ec
h
a
n
is
m
.
R
ed
u
ci
n
g
i
n
te
m
p
er
atu
r
e
ca
u
s
e
s
th
e
i
n
cr
ea
m
e
n
t
i
n
p
o
w
er
o
u
tp
u
t
w
it
h
t
h
e
r
an
g
e
o
f
6
-
1
4
% r
esp
ec
tiv
el
y
[
1
6
]
.
I
n
th
i
s
p
r
esen
t
s
t
u
d
y
,
a
s
o
lar
s
i
m
u
la
to
r
h
a
s
b
ee
n
d
ev
elo
p
ed
d
u
e
to
in
v
est
ig
ate
t
h
e
i
m
p
ac
t
o
f
h
y
b
r
id
co
o
lin
g
s
y
s
te
m
o
n
P
V
p
an
el.
T
h
e
h
y
b
r
id
co
o
lin
g
m
ec
h
a
n
is
m
co
n
s
is
t
s
o
f
w
ater
s
p
r
a
y
i
n
g
o
v
er
th
e
f
r
o
n
t
s
id
e
s
u
r
f
ac
e
w
h
er
e
t
w
o
u
n
it
s
D
C
f
a
n
u
s
ed
to
ex
tr
ac
t
h
ea
t p
r
o
d
u
ce
d
at
t
h
e
b
ac
k
s
id
e
t
h
e
P
V
p
a
n
el
.
A
b
o
u
t 2
0
u
n
i
ts
o
f
5
0
0
W
h
alo
g
en
la
m
p
s
u
s
ed
as
lig
h
t
s
o
u
r
ce
i
n
d
ev
elo
p
ed
s
o
lar
s
i
m
u
lato
r
.
T
h
e
m
ai
n
f
o
c
u
s
is
o
n
th
e
co
m
p
ar
is
o
n
o
f
th
e
P
V
p
an
el
w
it
h
an
d
w
it
h
o
u
t c
o
o
lin
g
m
ec
h
an
i
s
m
u
n
d
er
s
o
m
e
s
elec
ted
o
f
a
v
er
ag
e
s
o
lar
in
ten
s
it
y
.
2.
DE
V
E
L
O
P
M
E
NT
O
F
H
AL
O
G
E
N
L
AM
P
ARRA
Y
AS
SO
L
AR
S
I
M
UL
AT
O
R
A
s
o
lar
s
i
m
u
lato
r
is
in
v
alu
ab
l
e
f
o
r
a
s
o
lar
en
er
g
y
lab
o
r
ato
r
y
t
h
at
clo
s
el
y
s
i
m
u
late
th
e
s
u
n
’
s
s
p
ec
tr
a
w
it
h
g
o
o
d
u
n
i
f
o
r
m
i
t
y
.
T
h
e
m
ain
co
m
p
ar
t
m
e
n
t
o
f
th
e
s
o
lar
s
i
m
u
lato
r
ca
n
b
e
clas
s
i
f
ied
i
n
to
t
w
o
s
u
b
s
y
s
te
m
s
w
h
ic
h
ar
e
lig
h
t
s
o
u
r
ce
a
n
d
ad
ju
s
t
m
e
n
t
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e.
Fi
g
u
r
e
1
(
a)
p
r
esen
ts
th
e
s
c
h
e
m
atic
o
f
th
e
ex
p
er
i
m
e
n
tal
s
et
u
p
o
f
t
h
e
h
alo
g
e
n
la
m
p
ar
r
a
y
as
t
h
e
p
u
r
p
o
s
e
to
d
i
s
tr
ib
u
te
s
o
lar
s
i
m
u
lato
r
.
T
h
e
f
ab
r
icate
d
s
o
la
r
s
i
m
u
lato
r
co
n
s
i
s
ts
o
f
2
0
u
n
its
o
f
h
alo
g
en
la
m
p
w
it
h
b
u
i
lt
in
r
e
f
lecto
r
.
A
ll
h
a
lo
g
en
la
m
p
s
ar
e
ar
r
an
g
ed
in
a
4
x
5
m
etr
ics
f
o
r
u
n
i
f
o
r
m
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
o
f
s
o
lar
r
ad
iatio
n
f
o
r
P
V
p
an
el
s
u
s
ed
.
T
h
e
h
alo
g
e
n
la
m
p
s
ar
e
p
o
s
itio
n
ed
in
4
r
o
w
s
w
h
ic
h
co
n
s
is
tin
g
o
f
5
la
m
p
s
ea
ch
.
T
h
e
d
is
ta
n
ce
b
et
w
ee
n
t
h
e
ce
n
te
r
s
o
f
ea
ch
h
alo
g
en
la
m
p
i
s
ap
p
r
o
x
i
m
atel
y
3
2
c
m
.
Fig
u
r
e
1
(
b
)
s
h
o
w
s
a
m
etal
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e
m
ad
e
o
f
s
tee
l
w
i
th
a
s
ize
o
f
1
8
3
c
m
b
y
1
8
3
cm
b
y
1
8
3
c
m
i
s
u
s
ed
to
h
o
ld
all
t
h
e
h
alo
g
e
n
l
a
m
p
s
.
Me
tal
s
teel
is
f
ab
r
icate
d
w
it
h
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IJ
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N:
2252
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8814
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u
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3.
DE
V
E
L
O
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E
NT
O
F
H
YB
RID CO
O
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I
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M
T
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A
h
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g
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h
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g
m
ed
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u
m
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ated
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F
ig
u
r
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2
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h
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e
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g
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a)
o
b
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ater
s
p
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t
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r
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e
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el
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d
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ip
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ed
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h
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n
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tle
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f
o
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ater
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lo
w
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n
ad
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itio
n
,
t
h
e
r
eq
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ir
ed
w
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ter
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o
r
s
p
r
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y
in
g
is
f
ed
b
y
th
e
w
ater
p
u
m
p
.
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t
o
n
l
y
a
s
th
e
co
o
lan
t,
w
ater
h
a
s
ca
p
ab
ilit
y
to
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ed
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ce
r
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lectio
n
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s
s
as
w
ell
a
s
clea
n
th
e
s
u
r
f
ac
e
o
f
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h
e
in
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u
tle
t
m
a
n
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f
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ld
o
f
DC
f
a
n
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ed
at
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h
e
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ac
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f
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s
is
s
h
o
w
n
i
n
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g
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r
e
2
(
b
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.
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w
o
u
n
its
o
f
D
C
f
a
n
wer
e
in
s
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led
to
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et
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er
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it
h
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n
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tee
l
w
h
ich
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ls
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clas
s
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f
ie
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as
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t
tr
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n
s
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er
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ater
ial.
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ir
f
lo
w
f
r
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m
o
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ts
i
d
e
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ill
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lo
w
t
h
r
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u
g
h
i
n
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m
an
if
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ld
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e
n
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tr
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t
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t
d
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ib
u
ted
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r
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u
g
h
o
u
t
o
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tlet
m
a
n
i
f
o
ld
as
w
ell
as r
ed
u
ce
d
th
e
te
m
p
er
at
u
r
e.
(a)
(b
)
Fig
u
r
e
2
.
(
a)
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ater
s
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ay
o
v
er
th
e
f
r
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n
t
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e
o
f
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el
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d
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b
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in
let/o
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an
s
attac
h
ed
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th
e
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ac
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o
f
a
P
V
p
an
el
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
-
8814
IJ
AA
S
Vo
l.
6
,
No
.
3
,
Sep
tem
b
er
201
7
:
2
1
3
–
2
20
216
4.
M
E
T
H
O
DO
L
O
G
Y
AND
T
E
ST
P
RO
CE
DUR
E
T
h
e
ex
p
er
im
e
n
tal
p
r
o
ce
d
u
r
e
co
n
d
u
cted
b
y
co
m
p
ar
i
n
g
th
e
o
v
er
all
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
t
h
r
o
u
g
h
P
V
p
an
el
w
it
h
o
u
t
an
d
w
it
h
co
o
lin
g
m
ec
h
a
n
i
s
m
.
Fig
u
r
e
3
s
h
o
w
s
th
e
o
v
er
all
test
s
etu
p
.
T
w
o
u
n
it
s
o
f
5
0
W
m
o
co
cr
y
s
tall
in
e
P
V
p
an
el
w
er
e
test
ed
to
g
e
th
er
w
i
th
a
d
if
f
er
en
t
s
et
u
p
.
On
e
o
f
t
h
e
P
V
p
an
els
is
attac
h
ed
to
a
h
y
b
r
id
co
o
lin
g
m
ec
h
a
n
is
m
i
n
s
tead
th
e
o
th
er
o
n
e
ac
t
as
a
P
V
r
ef
er
en
ce
p
an
el.
T
h
e
o
v
er
all
elec
tr
ical
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
,
s
u
ch
a
s
cu
r
r
en
t
,
v
o
ltag
e
an
d
p
o
w
er
o
u
tp
u
t
w
er
e
m
ea
s
u
r
ed
u
s
i
n
g
P
R
OV
A
2
0
0
s
o
lar
p
an
el
an
al
y
ze
r
f
o
r
b
o
th
P
V
p
an
el
s
.
T
E
S
s
o
lar
p
o
w
er
m
eter
m
a
n
u
f
ac
t
u
r
ed
b
y
T
E
S
E
lectr
ical
E
l
ec
tr
o
n
ic
C
o
r
p
w
as
u
s
ed
to
m
ea
s
u
r
e
th
e
s
o
lar
r
ad
iatio
n
o
f
th
e
s
o
lar
s
i
m
u
lato
r
at
th
e
test
s
u
r
f
ac
e.
T
h
e
r
ad
iatio
n
w
a
s
m
ea
s
u
r
e
d
1
0
ti
m
e
s
at
t
h
e
s
a
m
e
h
e
ig
h
t
o
f
m
etal
s
teel
s
tr
u
ct
u
r
e
to
p
r
o
d
u
ce
th
e
a
v
er
ag
e
m
ea
s
u
r
e
m
e
n
t.
Fiv
e
s
ets
o
f
a
v
er
ag
e
s
o
lar
r
ad
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n
w
er
e
m
ea
s
u
r
ed
at
d
if
f
er
en
t
h
eig
h
t
as
2
0
2
W
/
m
2
,
4
0
8
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/m
2
,
6
1
6
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/m
2
,
8
0
5
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/m
2
,
an
d
1
0
0
3
W
/
m
2
.
I
n
p
u
r
p
o
s
e
to
o
b
s
er
v
e
t
h
e
te
m
p
er
at
u
r
e
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
d
u
e
to
v
ar
io
u
s
s
o
lar
r
ad
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n
s
,
ea
ch
P
V
p
an
el
w
a
s
attac
h
ed
w
it
h
f
o
u
r
u
n
its
o
f
t
h
e
r
m
o
co
u
p
le
-
K
at
t
h
e
b
ac
k
s
id
e
th
eir
s
u
r
f
ac
e.
Fig
u
r
e
3
.
T
h
e
Ov
er
all
E
x
p
er
im
en
tal
Set
u
p
5.
RE
SU
L
T
S AN
D
D
I
SCU
SS
I
O
NS
I
n
an
e
x
p
er
i
m
en
t
co
n
d
u
cted
,
a
ll
d
ata
h
a
v
e
b
ee
n
co
llected
an
d
r
ec
o
r
d
e
d
at
d
if
f
er
e
n
t
s
o
lar
i
n
ten
s
i
t
y
f
o
r
co
m
p
ar
ati
v
e
ev
al
u
atio
n
f
o
r
b
o
th
P
V
p
an
el.
T
h
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
o
f
b
o
th
P
V
p
an
els
w
a
s
co
m
p
ar
ed
b
ased
o
n
th
eir
te
m
p
er
atu
r
e
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
a
n
d
elec
tr
ical
o
u
tp
u
t p
o
w
er
.
5
.
1
.
So
la
r
Ra
dia
t
io
n Ve
rsu
s
H
o
rizo
nta
l H
eig
ht
o
f
H
a
lo
g
en
L
a
m
p
Arr
a
y
Var
io
u
s
s
o
lar
in
te
n
s
it
y
w
ill
b
e
p
r
o
d
u
ce
d
d
u
e
to
an
al
y
ze
th
e
i
m
p
ac
t
o
f
f
co
o
lin
g
m
ec
h
a
n
is
m
.
T
h
e
lev
el
o
f
s
o
lar
r
ad
iatio
n
ad
j
u
s
ted
b
y
d
ec
r
ea
s
in
g
/i
n
cr
ea
s
i
n
g
t
h
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
a
h
alo
g
e
n
la
m
p
.
Fe
w
la
m
p
s
w
ill
b
e
s
w
itc
h
ed
o
n
,
w
h
ile
o
t
h
er
s
ar
e
s
w
itc
h
ed
o
f
f
i
n
o
r
d
er
to
ac
h
iev
e
a
r
eq
u
ir
ed
p
o
in
t
o
f
s
o
lar
r
a
d
iatio
n
.
Oth
er
,
t
h
e
v
ar
iatio
n
s
o
lar
r
ad
iatio
n
also
ca
n
b
e
p
r
o
d
u
ce
d
b
y
ad
j
u
s
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g
t
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e
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o
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th
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tee
l
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u
p
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o
r
t
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tr
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h
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u
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in
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e
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en
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en
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y
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u
s
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ed
.
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le
2
p
r
esen
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f
i
v
e
s
e
ts
av
er
ag
e
o
f
s
o
lar
r
ad
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n
w
er
e
m
ea
s
u
r
ed
.
C
o
n
tin
u
o
u
s
o
b
s
er
v
atio
n
s
s
i
m
p
li
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ie
d
th
at
th
e
s
o
lar
s
i
m
u
lato
r
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o
k
1
0
-
2
0
m
i
n
u
tes
to
r
ea
ch
a
co
n
s
tan
t
in
te
n
s
it
y
f
o
r
ev
er
y
le
v
el
r
ad
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n
ad
j
u
s
ted
.
T
h
e
m
a
x
i
m
u
m
av
er
a
g
e
s
o
lar
r
ad
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n
f
o
u
n
d
at
h
eig
h
t
m
e
tal
s
teel
s
tr
u
ct
u
r
e
o
f
6
8
.
1
1
cm
w
it
h
1
0
0
3
W
/m
2
s
o
lar
r
ad
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n
.
B
y
f
u
r
t
h
e
r
in
cr
ea
s
i
n
g
t
h
e
g
ap
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et
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alo
g
en
la
m
p
ar
r
ay
a
n
d
P
V
p
an
el
s
u
r
f
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e
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r
o
m
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.
3
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4
cm
,
1
2
0
.
3
2
cm
a
n
d
1
3
9
.
9
8
cm
,
th
e
av
er
ag
e
s
o
lar
r
ad
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n
d
ec
r
ea
s
ed
to
8
0
5
W
/m
2
,
6
1
6
W
/m
2
,
4
0
8
W
/m
2
,
an
d
2
0
2
W
/m
2
r
esp
e
ctiv
el
y
.
T
ab
le
2
.
Dis
tan
ce
b
et
w
ee
n
Ha
lo
g
en
L
a
m
p
A
r
r
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y
a
n
d
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P
a
n
el
S
u
r
f
ac
e
A
v
e
r
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g
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l
a
r
r
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d
i
a
t
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o
n
D
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st
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n
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e
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e
t
w
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e
n
h
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l
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l
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mp
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r
r
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y
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n
d
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n
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r
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e
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9
.
9
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3
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m
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.
0
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m
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.
3
1
c
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1
1
c
m
5
.
2
.
T
e
m
pera
t
ure
Di
s
t
ributio
n
t
h
ro
ug
h P
V
P
a
nels
P
V
p
an
el
tem
p
er
at
u
r
e
is
a
p
ar
a
m
eter
th
at
h
as
g
r
ea
t
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n
f
lu
e
n
c
e
in
ass
es
s
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n
g
t
h
e
lo
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g
ter
m
p
er
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an
c
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o
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P
V
p
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els,
as
it
m
o
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ie
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te
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e
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icie
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n
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u
tp
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en
er
g
y
.
W
h
en
e
x
p
o
s
ed
to
th
e
s
u
n
,
th
e
P
V
p
an
el
te
m
p
er
atu
r
e
is
n
o
r
m
all
y
g
r
ea
t
er
th
an
th
e
a
m
b
ien
t
te
m
p
er
at
u
r
e.
T
h
e
am
b
ie
n
t
te
m
p
er
at
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n
o
r
m
al
l
y
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f
f
ec
ted
b
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th
e
p
o
ten
tial
o
f
s
o
lar
r
ad
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n
as
s
h
o
w
n
i
n
th
e
Fi
g
u
r
e
4
.
I
n
t
h
is
f
ig
u
r
e,
it
d
es
cr
ib
es
a
h
i
g
h
s
o
lar
r
ad
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n
w
i
ll
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IJ
AA
S
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8814
I
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217
p
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o
d
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ce
a
h
ig
h
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ie
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atu
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lar
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ith
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h
er
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s
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e
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f
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el
d
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n
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d
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n
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tal.
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t
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ee
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t
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it
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i
s
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o
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i
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u
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e
i
m
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t
o
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ad
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n
o
n
a
m
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ie
n
t
te
m
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er
at
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r
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ca
n
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e
d
is
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u
s
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ed
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I
k
e
a
n
d
C
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i
n
d
icate
d
t
h
at
th
e
m
a
x
i
m
u
m
v
al
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es o
f
h
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g
h
am
b
ien
t te
m
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r
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d
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e
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er
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ce
in
h
i
g
h
s
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lar
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ad
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n
[
1
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]
.
Fig
u
r
e
4
.
Am
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t
T
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m
p
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Ver
s
u
s
So
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R
ad
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Fig
u
r
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5
p
r
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th
e
co
m
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ar
ativ
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te
m
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er
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r
e
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
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et
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n
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el
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it
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o
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t
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d
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er
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o
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A
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ig
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r
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ar
k
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le
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r
ea
s
e
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el
te
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e
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f
o
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d
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y
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l
y
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g
h
y
b
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h
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el,
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o
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e
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e
o
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atin
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te
m
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ith
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e
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n
in
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ea
s
ed
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d
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e
n
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,
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e
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er
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e
o
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atin
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te
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e
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h
o
u
t
ap
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l
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g
co
o
lin
g
m
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h
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n
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s
m
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n
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ea
s
e
d
to
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6
.
3
9
°C
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5
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5
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,
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2
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1
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n
d
5
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1
1
°C
r
esp
ec
tiv
el
y
.
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u
t
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e
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e
h
y
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o
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g
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h
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is
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a
p
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e
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V
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el
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e
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e
o
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atin
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er
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e
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e
cr
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e
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h
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0
7
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,
5
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8
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C
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d
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7
7
º
C
r
esp
ec
tiv
el
y
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at
s
a
m
e
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er
a
g
e
s
o
lar
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n
.
T
h
e
r
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s
i
m
p
ly
h
y
b
r
id
co
o
lin
g
s
y
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te
m
h
a
v
e
ab
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y
a
s
a
co
o
lan
t
o
f
P
V
p
a
n
el.
W
.
Z
.
L
eo
w
e
t
al.
p
r
o
v
ed
th
at
th
e
P
V
p
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el
t
e
m
p
er
atu
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e
ca
n
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e
d
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r
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b
y
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l
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g
D
C
h
y
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o
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g
m
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h
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n
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m
o
n
t
h
e
s
a
m
e
t
y
p
e
o
f
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V
p
an
el
th
r
o
u
g
h
o
u
td
o
o
r
ex
p
er
i
m
en
ta
l [
1
8
]
.
Fig
u
r
e
5
.
P
V
P
an
el
T
em
p
er
atu
r
e
w
it
h
an
d
W
ith
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u
t H
y
b
r
id
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o
o
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g
Me
c
h
an
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m
0
10
20
30
40
50
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
A
m
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t
tem
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ra
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re
(
°
C)
No
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a
m
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t
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ra
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re
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t
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m
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ra
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re
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t
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0
8
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²
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t
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ra
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re
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t
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1
6
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t
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re
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t
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5
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ra
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re
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t
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1
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4
5
6
7
8
9
10
P
V
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a
n
e
l
tem
p
e
ra
tu
re
(
°
C)
No
.
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0
2
W/
m
²
w
i
th
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t
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o
li
n
g
4
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W
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m
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with
h
y
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ri
d
c
o
o
li
n
g
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
-
8814
IJ
AA
S
Vo
l.
6
,
No
.
3
,
Sep
tem
b
er
201
7
:
2
1
3
–
2
20
218
5
.
3
.
E
lect
rica
l
O
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P
er
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Fig
u
r
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6
s
h
o
w
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e
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u
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t
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ed
f
r
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m
b
o
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el
s
d
u
r
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g
ex
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er
i
m
en
ta
l
w
er
e
c
h
an
g
ed
i
n
p
ar
allel
w
it
h
s
o
lar
r
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n
.
As
th
e
s
o
lar
r
ad
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n
in
cr
ea
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ed
,
P
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p
an
el
cu
r
r
en
t
in
cr
ea
s
e
d
as
w
ell.
As
s
h
o
wn
in
a
f
i
g
u
r
e,
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ith
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o
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ad
iatio
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h
e
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i
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m
u
m
c
u
r
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en
t
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t
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o
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n
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at
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lar
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ad
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it
h
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.
4
A
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ile
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e
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a
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u
m
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at
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0
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3
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it
h
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.
4
9
A
r
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tiv
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y
.
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h
e
r
esu
lts
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er
e
i
d
en
tifie
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th
e
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u
r
r
en
t o
u
tp
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t
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en
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s
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g
a
co
o
li
n
g
m
ec
h
a
n
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n
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h
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if
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er
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m
p
ar
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t
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lin
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m
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h
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s
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at
s
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m
e
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v
er
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e
r
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h
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u
r
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t
o
n
l
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li
g
h
tl
y
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n
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ea
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ed
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h
en
u
s
i
n
g
h
y
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o
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h
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n
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m
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Fo
r
i
n
s
ta
n
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at
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er
ag
e
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o
lar
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iatio
n
o
f
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n
l
y
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n
c
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r
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w
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en
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s
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n
g
co
o
li
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g
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ec
h
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t
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e
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h
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er
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m
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r
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atin
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er
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h
e
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r
r
en
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t
i
s
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ir
ec
tl
y
r
elate
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u
m
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er
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s
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ed
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e
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ico
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cto
r
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ate
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ial
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te
n
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it
h
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e
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n
cr
ea
s
e
in
th
e
in
c
id
en
t
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o
lar
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n
m
o
r
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n
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m
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er
o
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h
o
to
n
s
w
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ll
b
e
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v
ailab
le
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o
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lectr
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alan
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b
an
d
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n
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u
ctio
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an
d
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n
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r
o
d
u
ctio
n
o
f
m
o
r
e
cu
r
r
en
t [
1
9
]
.
Fig
u
r
e
6
.
C
u
r
r
en
t
O
u
tp
u
t o
f
PV
P
an
el
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ith
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t H
y
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o
o
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Me
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n
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T
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im
p
ac
t
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o
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o
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a
P
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el
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m
p
ar
ed
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it
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o
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o
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g
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er
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w
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in
Fi
g
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r
e
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R
es
u
lt
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n
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icate
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er
ag
e
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o
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g
e
o
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t
e
x
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er
ien
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s
in
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ec
r
e
m
en
t
v
alu
e
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h
en
s
o
lar
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ad
iatio
n
in
cr
ea
s
e.
T
h
e
P
V
p
an
el
v
o
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g
e
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a
f
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ts
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o
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o
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al
l
o
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th
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el
te
m
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er
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r
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t
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ec
r
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h
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ec
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n
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g
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ed
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n
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n
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r
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en
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[
20
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.
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ith
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o
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,
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e
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g
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ed
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ell.
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r
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0
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t
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.
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6
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s
i
n
g
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y
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ec
h
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n
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m
.
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n
cr
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s
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n
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lta
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t
r
esu
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s
ed
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y
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ec
r
em
e
n
t
i
n
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p
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m
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e
r
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r
e.
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y
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f
er
r
in
g
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atas
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ts
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ce
d
b
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el
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a
n
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er
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al
m
o
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ll
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t
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e
n
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at
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e
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icie
n
t
in
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n
g
te
m
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er
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r
e.
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h
er
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y
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h
y
b
r
id
co
o
lin
g
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ee
m
to
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e
an
ef
f
icie
n
t
m
et
h
o
d
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ed
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ce
th
e
P
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an
e
l
te
m
p
er
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e
as
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el
l a
s
in
cr
ea
s
ed
th
e
v
o
ltag
e
o
u
tp
u
t
.
C
o
o
lin
g
th
e
P
V
p
an
el
h
as
b
ee
n
p
er
f
o
r
m
ed
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eter
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i
n
e
th
e
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lu
e
n
ce
o
f
r
ed
u
ce
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te
m
p
er
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r
e
u
n
d
er
v
ar
io
u
s
av
er
a
g
e
s
o
lar
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ad
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n
s
.
Fig
u
r
e
8
p
r
esen
ts
t
h
e
p
o
w
er
o
u
tp
u
t
g
e
n
er
ated
b
y
b
o
th
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p
an
el
s
at
2
0
2
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m
2
,
4
0
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2
,
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6
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n
d
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f
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o
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n
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ith
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t
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o
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h
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n
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m
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e
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el
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n
l
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2
3
.
1
4
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o
f
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er
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t
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n
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e
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r
o
d
u
ce
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at
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o
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er
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e
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u
t
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e
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9
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ig
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m
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m
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ated
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ly
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h
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o
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t
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.
8
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d
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1
2
3
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Cu
r
r
e
n
t
(A)
No.
20
2 W
/m² w
ith
o
u
t
coo
l
in
g
40
8 W
/m
²
w
ith
o
u
t
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l
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g
61
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ith
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u
t
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l
in
g
80
5 W
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²
w
ith
o
u
t
coo
l
in
g
10
03 W
/m
²
w
ith
o
u
t
c
o
o
ling
20
2 W
/m
²
w
ith
h
y
b
rid
co
o
ling
40
8 W
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ith
h
y
b
rid
co
o
ling
61
6 W
/m
²
w
ith
h
y
b
rid
co
o
ling
80
5 W
/m² w
ith
h
y
b
rid
co
o
ling
10
03 W/m
²
w
ith
h
y
b
rid
co
o
ling
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IJ
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1
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3
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5
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.
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.
[1
6
]
Y.
M
.
Irw
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n
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Z.
L
e
o
w
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M
.
Irw
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7
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Ik
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