I
nte
rna
t
io
na
l J
o
urna
l o
f
Adv
a
nces in Applie
d Science
s
(
I
J
AAS)
Vo
l.
6
,
No
.
2
,
J
u
n
e
2017
,
p
p
.
1
2
6
~
1
3
5
I
SS
N:
2252
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8814
126
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AAS
Rev
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ac
co
r
d
in
g
l
y
to
atta
in
b
etter
e
f
f
ic
ien
c
y
.
T
h
u
s
,
ab
s
o
r
p
tio
n
o
cc
u
r
s
at
th
e
f
ir
s
t
s
tep
o
f
th
e
r
ea
ctio
n
s
in
DSS
C
.
Un
d
er
il
lu
m
in
a
tio
n
,
s
e
n
s
it
izer
d
y
e
(
D
)
ab
s
o
r
b
s
a
p
h
o
to
n
w
h
ic
h
lead
s
to
e
x
cited
s
en
s
itiz
er
s
tate
(
D
*
)
.
P
h
o
to
ex
ci
tatio
n
o
f
t
h
is
s
e
n
s
i
tizer
i
s
t
h
en
f
o
llo
w
ed
b
y
t
h
e
e
lectr
o
n
in
j
ec
tio
n
in
to
t
h
e
co
n
d
u
ct
io
n
b
an
d
o
f
th
e
s
e
m
ico
n
d
u
cto
r
(
m
e
s
o
p
o
r
o
u
s
)
.
T
h
is
tak
es
t
h
e
s
e
n
s
it
izer
to
an
o
x
id
ized
s
tate
D
+
.
W
ith
t
h
e
e
lectr
o
n
d
o
n
atio
n
f
r
o
m
th
e
ele
ctr
o
ly
te,
co
n
tai
n
i
n
g
a
r
ed
o
x
c
o
u
p
le,
th
e
o
r
ig
i
n
al
s
tate
o
f
t
h
e
d
y
e
r
esto
r
ed
.
I
o
d
id
e/tr
iio
d
id
e
co
u
p
le
is
t
h
e
p
r
ef
er
r
ed
an
d
e
f
f
ec
tiv
e
r
ed
o
x
c
o
u
p
le
u
s
ed
.
I
o
d
id
e
r
eg
en
er
ates
th
e
s
e
n
s
i
tizer
an
d
it
g
et
s
r
eg
e
n
er
ated
it
s
el
f
b
y
th
e
r
ed
u
ctio
n
o
f
tr
iio
d
id
e
at
t
h
e
co
u
n
ter
elec
tr
o
d
e.
I
n
t
h
is
w
a
y
t
h
e
cir
c
u
it
g
ets
co
m
p
leted
b
y
tr
an
s
f
er
r
i
n
g
elec
tr
o
n
v
ia
t
h
e
e
x
ter
n
al
lo
ad
.
T
h
e
f
o
llo
w
in
g
r
ea
ctio
n
s
s
u
m
m
ar
ize
th
e
w
o
r
k
i
n
a
l
u
cid
m
an
n
er
: [
1
2
]
,
[
1
3
]
D
(absorbed)
+
h
v
D
*
(absorbed)
(
1
)
D*
(absorbed)
D
+
(absorbed)
+ e
-
(injected)
(
2
)
T
h
e
co
n
s
tr
u
ctio
n
o
f
a
D
y
e
Se
n
s
itized
So
lar
C
ell
ca
n
b
e
ca
teg
o
r
ized
as f
o
llo
w
s
: [
1
3
]
o
A
m
ec
h
a
n
ical
s
u
p
p
o
r
t c
o
ated
w
it
h
T
r
an
s
p
ar
en
t Co
n
d
u
cti
v
e
Ox
id
es.
o
T
h
e
s
e
m
ico
n
d
u
c
to
r
f
il
m
,
u
s
u
al
l
y
T
iO
2
o
A
s
e
n
s
itizer
ab
s
o
r
b
ed
o
n
to
th
e
s
u
r
f
ac
e
o
f
th
e
s
e
m
ico
n
d
u
cto
r
o
An
elec
tr
o
l
y
te
co
n
tain
in
g
a
r
ed
o
x
m
ed
iato
r
o
A
co
u
n
ter
elec
tr
o
d
e
is
ca
p
ab
le
o
f
r
eg
en
er
ati
n
g
th
e
r
ed
o
x
m
e
d
iato
r
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
Sch
e
m
atic
P
r
in
cip
le
o
f
a
DSS
C
: P
h
o
to
E
x
citatio
n
o
f
t
h
e
Da
y
(
Se
n
s
it
izer
,
S
)
Gen
e
r
ates E
lectr
o
n
s
W
h
ich
ar
e
I
n
j
ec
ted
I
n
to
t
h
e
C
o
n
d
u
ctio
n
B
an
d
o
f
T
iO
2
I
n
DS
SC
s
,
t
h
e
f
u
n
ct
io
n
o
f
lig
h
t
ab
s
o
r
p
tio
n
a
n
d
c
h
ar
g
e
s
ep
ar
atio
n
ar
e
is
o
lated
,
u
n
l
ik
e
i
n
th
e
co
n
v
e
n
tio
n
al
s
ilico
n
-
b
ased
s
o
lar
ce
lls
.
Un
d
er
lig
h
t
i
llu
m
i
n
atio
n
,
th
e
i
n
ter
ac
tio
n
b
et
w
ee
n
th
e
d
y
e
m
o
lecu
le
s
an
d
th
e
p
h
o
to
n
s
ca
u
s
e
t
h
eir
p
h
o
to
-
ex
citat
io
n
,
th
er
eb
y
g
e
n
er
atin
g
elec
tr
o
n
h
o
le
p
air
s
.
T
h
e
elec
tr
o
n
s
ar
e
in
j
ec
ted
in
to
th
e
co
n
d
u
ctio
n
b
an
d
o
f
th
e
s
e
m
ico
n
d
u
cto
r
T
iO
2
.
T
h
is
ca
n
o
cc
u
r
o
n
a
f
ast
o
r
u
ltra
f
a
s
t
ti
m
e
s
ca
le
o
n
th
e
o
r
d
er
o
f
p
ico
s
ec
o
n
d
s
o
r
h
u
n
d
r
ed
s
o
f
Fe
m
to
s
ec
o
n
d
s
.
T
h
e
o
x
id
ized
s
tate
o
f
th
e
d
y
e
co
n
tain
i
n
g
th
e
h
o
le
s
is
r
ap
id
l
y
r
e
d
u
ce
d
b
y
th
e
elec
t
r
o
ly
te,
th
u
s
r
eg
e
n
er
atin
g
t
h
e
d
y
e.
T
h
is
p
r
ev
e
n
ts
b
ac
k
tr
a
n
s
f
e
r
o
f
elec
tr
o
n
s
.
T
h
e
elec
tr
o
n
s
tr
av
el
t
h
r
o
u
g
h
th
e
s
e
m
ico
n
d
u
cto
r
to
th
e
tr
an
s
p
ar
e
n
t
elec
tr
o
d
e
an
d
th
e
ex
ter
n
al
l
o
ad
an
d
ev
en
t
u
all
y
r
ea
ch
th
e
co
u
n
ter
elec
tr
o
d
e
an
d
r
eg
en
er
ate
th
e
e
lectr
o
l
y
te
[
1
4
]
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
-
8814
IJ
AA
S
Vo
l.
6
,
No
.
2
,
J
u
n
e
201
7
:
126
–
1
3
5
128
2
.
2
.
Na
t
ura
l D
y
es
C
o
u
m
ar
in
d
y
e,
m
er
o
c
y
an
in
e
d
y
e
an
d
p
o
l
y
e
n
e
d
y
e
s
h
av
e
b
ee
n
d
esi
g
n
ed
s
u
cc
e
s
s
f
u
ll
y
as
o
r
g
an
ic
-
d
y
e
p
h
o
to
s
en
s
itizer
s
i
n
DSS
C
s
,
a
n
d
h
ig
h
s
o
lar
en
er
g
y
to
elec
tr
ici
t
y
co
n
v
er
s
io
n
e
f
f
icie
n
cies o
f
u
p
to
8
% u
n
d
er
A
M
1
.
5
ir
r
a
d
iatio
n
h
av
e
b
ee
n
atta
in
ed
.
T
h
e
lo
w
er
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
o
f
DSSC
s
b
ased
o
n
o
r
g
an
ic
d
y
e
s
co
m
p
ar
ed
to
th
o
s
e
b
ased
o
n
R
u
co
m
p
le
x
es
is
p
r
o
b
ab
ly
d
u
e
to
th
e
lo
w
er
o
p
en
-
cir
c
u
it
v
o
lta
g
e
(
V
o
c)
th
at
is
g
e
n
er
ated
in
th
e
DSSC
s
b
ased
o
n
o
r
g
an
ic
d
y
e
s
,
r
ath
er
t
h
an
th
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
o
f
t
h
e
s
h
o
r
t
-
cir
c
u
it
p
h
o
to
c
u
r
r
en
t
d
en
s
i
t
y
(
J
s
c)
,
w
h
ic
h
i
s
al
m
o
s
t
t
h
e
s
a
m
e
[
1
7
]
.
Natu
r
al
s
en
s
itizer
s
f
r
o
m
p
la
n
ts
ar
e
w
id
e
v
ar
iet
y
o
f
f
lo
w
er
s
,
lea
v
es
a
n
d
f
r
u
its
h
av
e
b
ee
n
e
x
p
lo
r
ed
to
ex
tr
ac
t
n
atu
r
al
s
e
n
s
itizer
f
o
r
s
o
lar
ce
lls
,
h
o
w
e
v
er
s
co
p
e
o
f
th
is
r
e
v
ie
w
p
ap
er
h
as
b
ee
n
li
m
ited
to
s
e
n
s
itizer
s
e
x
tr
ac
te
d
f
r
o
m
I
n
d
ian
p
lan
ts
in
r
ec
en
t
t
i
m
e
s
.
T
h
is
s
t
u
d
y
is
also
i
n
ten
d
ed
to
id
en
ti
f
y
I
n
d
ian
p
lan
t
s
h
a
v
i
n
g
p
o
ten
tial
to
p
r
o
v
id
e
en
er
g
y
h
ar
v
esti
n
g
m
ater
ial.
C
h
r
o
m
o
p
h
o
r
es
ar
e
r
esp
o
n
s
ib
l
e
f
o
r
th
e
co
lo
u
r
.
P
ig
m
en
t
s
ca
n
also
b
e
class
if
ied
as
n
at
u
r
al
,
s
y
n
th
e
tic
an
d
i
n
o
r
g
an
ic
b
ased
o
n
it
s
o
r
i
g
in
.
C
ar
o
te
n
o
id
s
p
r
o
v
id
e
y
ell
o
w
,
o
r
an
g
e
a
n
d
r
ed
co
lo
u
r
to
f
lo
w
er
s
a
n
d
f
r
u
it.
I
t
ab
s
o
r
b
s
v
is
ib
le
lig
h
t
in
t
h
e
r
an
g
e
o
f
4
7
0
–
5
5
0
n
m
u
s
u
al
l
y
n
o
t
ab
s
o
r
b
ed
b
y
c
h
lo
r
o
p
h
y
ll.
C
ar
o
ten
o
id
s
co
n
s
is
t
o
f
eig
h
t iso
p
r
en
o
id
u
n
it
s
.
T
h
e
y
ar
e
class
i
f
ied
as (
i)
C
ar
o
ten
es c
o
n
s
i
s
t
i
n
g
ca
r
b
o
n
a
n
d
h
y
d
r
o
g
en
(
ii)
Ox
y
ca
r
o
te
n
o
id
o
r
x
an
t
h
o
p
h
y
l
l
co
n
s
is
ti
n
g
ca
r
b
o
n
,
h
y
d
r
o
g
e
n
a
n
d
o
x
y
g
e
n
.
P
r
im
ar
y
C
ar
o
ten
o
id
s
ar
e
r
eq
u
ir
ed
f
o
r
p
h
o
to
s
y
n
t
h
esi
s
an
d
s
ec
o
n
d
ar
y
ar
e
f
o
u
n
d
in
f
r
u
its
a
n
d
f
lo
w
er
s
.
A
p
p
r
o
x
i
m
a
te
l
y
ca
r
o
ten
o
id
is
p
r
o
d
u
ce
d
1
0
8
to
n
/
y
ea
r
b
y
n
at
u
r
e
[
1
5
]
.
C
ar
o
ten
o
id
m
o
lecu
le
s
a
r
e
v
er
y
r
ea
ctiv
e
a
n
d
h
a
v
e
q
u
ick
d
eg
r
ad
atio
n
i
n
p
r
ese
n
ce
o
f
o
x
y
g
e
n
tr
ac
es
.
E
x
tr
ac
tio
n
o
f
ca
r
o
ten
o
id
s
i
s
ch
alle
n
g
i
n
g
as
n
o
o
p
ti
m
a
l
s
o
lv
en
t
is
f
o
u
n
d
w
h
ic
h
ca
n
co
m
p
letel
y
av
o
id
t
h
e
d
eg
r
ad
atio
n
.
T
h
in
L
a
y
er
C
h
r
o
m
a
to
g
r
ap
h
y
(
T
L
C
)
ca
n
b
e
u
s
ed
as
o
n
e
o
f
th
e
m
eth
o
d
s
f
o
r
s
ep
ar
atio
n
b
ein
g
s
i
m
p
le
an
d
ec
o
n
o
m
ic.
A
b
s
o
r
p
tio
n
co
e
f
f
ic
ien
t
o
f
ca
r
o
ten
o
id
s
is
1
3
ti
m
es
h
i
g
h
er
t
h
an
R
u
b
ased
N
-
7
1
9
d
y
e
y
e
t
g
iv
e
s
p
o
o
r
ef
f
icie
n
c
y
i
n
DS
SC
d
u
e
to
p
o
o
r
d
y
e
r
eg
en
er
at
io
n
[
1
6
]
.
Flav
o
n
o
id
s
ca
n
b
e
g
r
o
u
p
ed
as
an
th
o
c
y
an
in
s
,
f
la
v
o
n
o
ls
a
n
d
p
r
o
an
th
o
c
y
an
id
in
s
.
An
t
h
o
c
y
an
i
n
h
a
s
b
ee
n
w
id
el
y
e
x
p
lo
r
ed
as
w
ate
r
s
o
lu
b
le
s
en
s
itizer
r
e
n
d
er
in
g
v
ar
iet
y
o
f
co
lo
u
r
s
f
r
o
m
p
in
k
,
r
ed
v
io
let
to
d
ar
k
b
lu
e.
I
ts
co
n
ce
n
tr
at
io
n
v
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ie
s
f
r
o
m
0
.
1
%
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1
%
d
r
y
w
ei
g
h
t
i
n
f
r
u
its
a
n
d
v
e
g
etab
les
[
1
7
]
.
T
L
C
is
w
id
el
y
u
s
ed
to
s
ep
ar
ate
an
t
h
o
c
y
a
n
i
n
.
An
t
h
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cy
a
n
i
n
i
s
m
o
s
t
ab
u
n
d
an
t
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d
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s
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h
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n
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t
w
a
v
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en
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t
h
.
An
t
h
o
c
y
a
n
i
n
is
af
f
ec
ted
b
y
p
H,
a
g
g
r
e
g
atio
n
an
d
te
m
p
er
at
u
r
e
a
m
o
n
g
o
t
h
er
f
ac
to
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s
.
B
etala
in
s
ar
e
w
ater
s
o
lu
b
le
p
ig
m
e
n
t
w
it
h
o
r
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g
e
an
d
r
ed
co
lo
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r
.
B
etala
i
n
s
h
av
e
h
ig
h
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lo
r
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tr
en
g
th
t
h
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t
h
o
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y
a
n
i
n
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d
h
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ce
m
a
in
tai
n
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it
s
co
lo
r
o
n
m
i
x
in
g
w
it
h
o
th
er
d
y
es
[
1
8
]
.
T
h
ey
ar
e
s
tab
le
i
n
t
h
e
p
H
r
a
n
g
e
o
f
3
–
7
(
Stra
ck
et
a
l.,
2
0
0
3
)
.
T
h
e
m
o
s
t
i
m
p
o
r
tan
t
ch
ar
ac
ter
is
tic
s
is
t
h
e
p
r
esen
c
e
o
f
ca
r
b
o
x
y
l
f
u
n
ctio
n
a
l
g
r
o
u
p
(
–
C
OOH)
th
at
e
n
ab
les
b
in
d
in
g
w
it
h
T
iO
2
p
h
o
to
an
o
d
e.
B
etala
in
s
ar
e
g
r
o
u
p
ed
as
b
etac
y
a
n
in
s
h
av
i
n
g
m
ax
i
m
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ab
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t
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o
f
5
3
5
n
m
an
d
b
eta
x
an
t
h
i
n
s
o
f
4
8
0
n
m
.
C
h
lo
r
o
p
h
y
ll
i
s
t
h
e
g
r
e
e
n
c
olour
pi
g
ment
th
a
t
is
not
stable
in
a
c
id
o
r
ba
se
.
Th
e
y
a
re
a
bunda
nt
in
na
t
ur
e
a
nd
non
-
tox
ic.
I
t
ha
s
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ad
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le
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tr
al
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etal
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m
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atib
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n
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ctio
n
b
an
d
o
f
th
e
p
h
o
to
an
o
d
e
[
1
9
]
.
T
ab
le
1
.
Dy
e
Se
n
s
it
ized
So
lar
C
ell
B
ased
Dif
f
er
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t Sen
s
itize
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D
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A
n
o
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A
b
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p
t
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p
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k
(
n
m)
El
e
c
t
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y
t
e
C
o
u
n
t
e
r
e
l
e
c
t
r
o
d
e
J
sc
(
mA
c
m
_2
)
V
oc
(
mV
)
FF
(
%)
C
a
n
n
a
i
n
d
i
c
a
l
[
2
0
]
T
i
O
2
5
1
3
I
o
d
i
d
e
b
a
se
d
Pt
0
.
8
2
5
4
0
59
0
.
2
9
%
S
a
l
v
i
a
sp
l
e
n
d
e
n
s
[
2
0
]
T
i
O
2
5
0
7
I
o
d
i
d
e
b
a
se
d
Pt
0
.
7
5
5
8
61
0
.
2
6
%
C
o
w
b
e
r
r
y
[
2
0
]
T
i
O
2
5
2
2
I
o
d
i
d
e
b
a
se
d
Pt
0
.
4
5
3
9
54
0
.
3
1
%
R
e
d
c
a
b
b
a
g
e
[
2
0
]
T
i
O
2
5
5
0
P
h
t
h
a
l
o
y
l
C
h
i
t
o
sa
n
:
P
EO
N
H
4
I
+
B
M
I
I
Pt
3
.
5
0
9
3
4
0
39
0
.
4
6
%
B
l
a
c
k
b
e
r
r
y
[
2
0
]
T
i
O
2
5
3
8
.
2
5
I
o
d
i
d
e
b
a
se
d
Pt
2
.
7
2
9
7
38
0
.
2
4
5
%
R
o
se
[
2
1
]
T
i
O
2
6
0
0
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o
d
i
d
e
b
a
se
d
Pt
0
.
9
7
3
5
0
6
6
.
6
0
.
3
8
%
P
o
me
g
r
a
n
a
t
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l
e
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v
e
s
[
2
1
]
T
i
O
2
6
6
5
I
o
d
i
d
e
b
a
se
d
Pt
2
.
0
9
5
6
0
52
0
.
5
9
7
%
M
a
l
l
o
w
[
2
1
]
T
i
O
2
5
1
3
I
o
d
i
d
e
b
a
se
d
Pt
0
.
6
9
6
0
0
55
0
.
2
1
5
%
A
n
n
a
t
t
o
[
2
1
]
T
i
O
2
5
7
0
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o
d
i
d
e
b
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se
d
Pt
1
.
1
5
9
0
59
0
.
3
7
%
T
a
marin
d
[
2
1
]
T
i
O
2
4
1
0
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o
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i
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e
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se
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Pt
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1
8
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1
0
56
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8
%
B
a
n
a
n
a
[
2
1
]
T
i
O
2
4
0
0
–
550
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o
d
i
d
e
b
a
se
d
Pt
0
.
7
8
3
0
0
45
0
.
2
1
%
P
u
mp
k
i
n
[
2
2
]
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i
O
2
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0
0
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550
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o
d
i
d
e
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se
d
Pt
0
.
0
2
3
0
0
50
0
.
0
0
6
%
H
e
n
n
a
[
2
2
]
T
i
O
2
4
0
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–
550
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o
d
i
d
e
b
a
se
d
Pt
0
.
1
9
9
5
0
3
0
.
4
7
6
0
.
0
5
2
%
M
u
s
a
[
2
2
]
a
c
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n
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t
a
(
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a
n
a
n
a
f
l
o
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r
)
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O
2
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0
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–
550
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o
d
i
d
e
b
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se
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Pt
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.
4
8
5
5
5
6
0
.
5
5
7
0
.
1
6
8
%
C
h
e
r
r
y
[
2
2
]
T
i
O
2
5
4
3
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o
d
i
d
e
b
a
se
d
Pt
1
.
8
9
5
5
5
49
0
.
4
9
%
B
l
a
c
k
G
r
a
p
e
s[
2
2
]
T
i
O
2
5
2
0
C
u
S
C
N
Pt
1
.
1
9
4
4
9
50
0
.
5
9
%
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IJ
AA
S
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8814
R
ev
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o
n
R
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t A
d
v
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in
Tit
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129
2
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P
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co
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w
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(
I
T
O)
.
Glass
i
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its
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f
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o
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co
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a
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d
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it
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eq
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ater
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als.
A
u
n
if
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r
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co
atin
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s
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h
e
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2
m
atr
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p
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x
i
m
atel
y
1
0
–
3
0
n
m
i
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d
ia
m
e
ter
en
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lin
g
a
g
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ter
s
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r
f
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e
ar
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f
o
r
ad
s
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r
p
tio
n
[
2
3
]
.
Fig
u
r
e
2
.
I
T
O
Glass
w
it
h
T
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2
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u
b
s
tr
ate
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d
ab
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b
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ab
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t
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in
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2
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in
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to
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late.
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h
is
p
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ca
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ter
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f
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3
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m
i
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4
]
.
(
a)
(
b
)
Fig
u
r
e
3
.
a)
T
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2
-
co
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C
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a
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e
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ak
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in
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(
R
u
th
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b
)
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Sp
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ay
in
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o
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as C
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E
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e
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
-
8814
IJ
AA
S
Vo
l.
6
,
No
.
2
,
J
u
n
e
201
7
:
126
–
1
3
5
130
T
h
e
in
cr
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ed
s
u
r
f
ac
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ar
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o
f
T
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2
,
n
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o
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ar
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ts
a
g
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ter
a
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n
t
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les
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o
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b
ed
,
w
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tu
r
n
tr
an
s
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ates
in
to
an
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n
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w
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f
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tr
ic
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.
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h
e
a
m
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o
f
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tr
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s
allo
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to
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t
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ar
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en
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u
p
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m
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er
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les
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s
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m
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v
e
s
.
Af
ter
ab
s
o
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p
tio
n
o
f
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e
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y
e,
th
e
p
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p
lace
d
u
n
d
er
a
h
ea
t
g
u
n
f
o
r
d
r
y
i
n
g
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e
n
s
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ay
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h
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co
at
in
g
o
f
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h
e
co
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n
ter
elec
tr
o
d
e
(
ca
r
b
o
n
o
r
p
latin
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m
)
.
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n
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ll
y
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is
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ai
n
d
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ied
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s
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g
a
h
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t
g
u
n
(
r
ea
c
h
in
g
ap
p
r
o
x
im
a
tel
y
1
2
0
°C
)
.
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h
is
p
r
o
ce
s
s
m
a
y
b
e
r
ep
ea
ted
u
n
til
t
h
e
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tal
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
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e
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o
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tai
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ed
.
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h
e
in
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IJ
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Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IJ
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I
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N:
2252
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8814
R
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Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
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Vo
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th
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v
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n
.
RE
F
E
R
E
NC
E
S
[1
]
F
u
ji
sh
im
a
,
A
.
;
Ho
n
d
a
,
K.
“
El
e
c
tro
c
h
e
m
ica
l
P
h
o
t
o
ly
sis
o
f
Wate
r
a
t
a
S
e
m
ico
n
d
u
c
to
r
E
lec
tro
d
e
”
,
Na
tu
re
,
v
o
l
.
2
3
8
,
p
p
.
3
7
–
38.
[2
]
L
in
se
b
ig
ler,
A
.
L
.
;
L
u
,
G
.
;
Ya
tes
,
J.
T
.
“
P
h
o
to
c
a
taly
sis
o
n
T
iO2
S
u
rf
a
c
e
s:
P
rin
c
i
p
les
,
M
e
c
h
a
n
ism
s,
a
n
d
S
e
lec
ted
Re
su
lt
s”
,
Ch
e
mic
a
l
.
Rev
.
,
v
o
l
.
9
5
,
p
p
7
3
5
–
7
5
8
,
1
9
9
5
.
[3
]
Jo
n
g
S
u
n
g
P
a
rk
a
n
d
W
o
n
y
o
n
g
Ch
o
i
,
W
.
“
En
h
a
n
c
e
d
Re
m
o
te P
h
o
t
o
c
a
tal
y
ti
c
Ox
id
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ti
o
n
o
n
S
u
rf
a
c
e
-
F
lu
o
ri
n
a
ted
T
iO
2
,
Ch
e
m.
Rev
.
,
v
o
l
.
2
6
,
p
p
1
1
5
2
3
–
1
1
5
2
7
,
2
0
0
4
.
[4
]
T
h
o
m
p
so
n
,
T
.
L
.
;
Ya
tes
,
J.
T
.
,
Jr.
“
S
u
rf
a
c
e
S
c
ien
c
e
S
tu
d
ies
o
f
th
e
P
h
o
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o
a
c
ti
v
a
ti
o
n
o
f
T
iO
2
Ne
w
P
h
o
to
c
h
e
m
ica
l
P
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o
c
e
ss
e
s”
,
Ch
e
m
.
Rev
.
v
o
l.
1
0
,
p
p
4
4
2
8
–
4
4
5
3
,
2
0
0
6
.
[5
]
Ch
e
n
,
X
.
;
M
a
o
,
S
.
S
.
“
T
it
a
n
iu
m
Dio
x
id
e
Na
n
o
m
a
teri
a
ls:
S
y
n
th
e
sis,
P
ro
p
e
rti
e
s,
M
o
d
i
f
ica
ti
o
n
s,
a
n
d
A
p
p
li
c
a
ti
o
n
s,Ch
e
m
.
Re
v
.
,
v
o
l.
1
0
7
,
p
p
2
8
9
1
-
9
5
9
,
2
0
0
7
.
[6
]
Ch
e
n
,
H.;
Na
n
a
y
a
k
k
a
r
a
,
C.
E.
;
G
ra
ss
ian
,
V
.
H.
“
I
n
n
o
v
a
ti
v
e
th
re
e
-
d
im
e
n
sio
n
a
l
(3
D)
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-
T
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2
p
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o
to
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a
taly
sts
f
o
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p
ra
c
ti
c
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l
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m
e
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tal
a
n
d
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io
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m
e
d
ica
l
a
p
p
li
c
a
ti
o
n
s”
,
Ch
e
m
.
Rev
.
,
v
o
l.
1
1
2
,
p
p
5
9
1
9
–
5
9
4
8
,
2
0
1
2
.
[7
]
Zh
a
n
g
,
Z.
;
Ya
tes
,
J.
T
.
,
Jr.
“
Ba
n
d
Be
n
d
in
g
i
n
S
e
m
ico
n
d
u
c
t
o
rs:
C
h
e
m
ic
a
l
a
n
d
P
h
y
sic
a
l
Co
n
se
q
u
e
n
c
e
s
a
t
S
u
rf
a
c
e
s
a
n
d
In
terf
a
c
e
s”
,
Ch
e
m.
Rev
.
,
v
o
l.
1
1
2
,
p
p
5
5
2
0
–
5
5
5
1
,
2
0
1
2
.
[8
]
He
n
d
e
rso
n
,
M
.
A
.
;
Ly
u
b
in
e
tsk
y
,
I
.
”
M
o
lec
u
lar
-
L
e
v
e
l
In
si
g
h
ts
in
to
P
h
o
t
o
c
a
taly
sis
f
ro
m
S
c
a
n
n
in
g
P
r
o
b
e
M
icro
sc
o
p
y
S
tu
d
ies
o
n
T
iO2
(1
1
0
)”
,
Ch
e
m
.
Re
v
.
2
0
1
3
,
v
o
l.
1
1
3
,
p
p
4
4
2
8
–
4
4
5
5
,
2
0
1
2
.
[9
]
P
a
n
g
,
C.
L
.
;
L
in
d
sa
y
,
R.
;
T
h
o
rn
to
n
,
G
.
,
“
S
tr
u
c
tu
re
o
f
Clea
n
a
n
d
A
d
so
r
b
a
te
-
Co
v
e
re
d
S
in
g
le
-
Cry
sta
l
Ru
ti
le
T
iO2
S
u
rf
a
c
e
s”
,
Ch
e
m
.
Re
v
.
2
0
1
3
,
1
1
3
,
p
p
3
8
8
7
–
3
9
4
8
,
2
0
1
3
.
[1
0
]
A
z
i
z
,
A
.
,
A
z
iz,
E.
M
.
,
Zo
u
g
g
a
r,
S
.
,
A
b
o
u
t
n
i,
R.
,
T
a
n
o
u
ti
,
J.
a
n
d
S
e
tt
i,
M
.
(2
0
1
3
)
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f
icie
n
c
y
i
m
p
ro
v
e
m
e
n
t
o
f
a
p
h
o
to
v
o
lt
a
ic
sy
ste
m
b
y
a
c
ti
n
g
o
n
th
e
c
h
a
ra
c
teristics
o
f
M
P
P
T
c
o
n
t
ro
l’,
In
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
Ren
e
wa
b
le
En
e
rg
y
T
e
c
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
,
Vo
l.
4
,
No
.
1
,
p
p
.
4
4
–
64.
[1
1
]
Ba
n
d
y
,
J.,
Zh
a
n
g
,
Q.
a
n
d
Ca
o
,
G
.
,
”
El
e
c
tro
p
h
o
re
ti
c
De
p
o
siti
o
n
o
f
T
it
a
n
iu
m
Ox
id
e
Na
n
o
p
a
rti
c
le
F
il
m
s
f
o
r
Dy
e
-
S
e
n
siti
z
e
d
S
o
lar Cell
A
p
p
li
c
a
ti
o
n
s”
,
M
a
ter
ia
ls
S
c
ien
c
e
s a
n
d
Ap
p
li
c
a
ti
o
n
s
,
v
o
l
.
2
,
p
p
1
4
2
7
-
1
4
3
1
,
2
0
1
1
.
[1
2
]
Dh
u
n
g
e
l,
S
.
K.
a
n
d
P
a
rk
,
J.G
.
“
Op
ti
m
iza
ti
o
n
o
f
p
a
ste
f
o
rm
u
latio
n
f
o
r
T
iO2
n
a
n
o
p
a
rti
c
les
w
it
h
w
id
e
ra
n
g
e
o
f
siz
e
d
istri
b
u
ti
o
n
f
o
r
it
s
a
p
p
li
c
a
ti
o
n
i
n
d
y
e
se
n
siti
z
e
d
so
lar
c
e
ll
s”
,
R
e
n
e
wa
b
le
E
n
e
rg
y
,
V
o
l.
3
5
,
No
.
1
2
,
p
p
.
2
7
7
6
–
2
7
8
0
,
2
0
1
0
.
[1
3
]
G
ra
t
z
e
l
M
.
,
J.
“
D
y
e
-
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Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IJ
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9
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4
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[3
3
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8
3
9
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1
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2
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0
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.
[3
4
]
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ian
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