I
n
t
ern
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
A
d
v
a
n
ces
i
n
A
p
p
l
i
ed
S
ci
en
ces
(
I
J
A
A
S
)
V
o
l
.
7
,
N
o
.
2
,
J
une
201
8
,
p
p.
1
17
~1
2
6
I
S
S
N
:
225
2
-
88
14
,
D
O
I
:
10.
115
91
/ij
a
a
s
.
v7
.
i
2
.
p
p11
7
-
1
26
1
17
Jo
u
r
n
al
h
om
e
pa
ge
:
h
t
t
p
:
/
/
i
a
e
s
co
r
e
.
c
o
m/
o
n
l
i
n
e
/
i
n
d
e
x
.
p
h
p
/
I
J
A
A
S
A
n E
xami
na
t
i
o
n
o
f
t
he
I
mpa
c
t
o
f
P
ow
er
S
e
c
t
or
R
ef
or
m o
n
M
a
nuf
act
ur
i
ng
a
nd Se
r
v
i
c
es
Sec
t
or
i
n N
i
ger
i
a
:
a
n E
mpi
r
i
c
a
l
A
na
l
ys
i
s
E
mma
n
u
el
A
meh
O
j
i
y
a
1
,
N
g
w
u
J
ero
me
C
h
u
k
w
u
emek
a
2
,
B
.
A
.
D
a
n
e
ji
3
,
G
eo
r
g
e
D
u
h
u
Isi
w
u
4
1
D
e
pa
rt
m
e
nt
of E
c
onom
i
c
s
,
F
e
d
e
ra
l
U
ni
ve
rs
i
t
y
W
uka
ri
,
N
i
g
e
ri
a
2
,4
D
e
pa
rt
m
e
nt
of
E
c
onom
i
c
s
,
E
nu
gu S
t
a
t
e
U
ni
v
e
rs
i
t
y
of
S
c
i
e
n
c
e
a
n
d T
e
c
hnol
og
y
(E
S
U
T
),
E
nugu
S
t
a
t
e
,
N
i
g
e
ri
a
3
D
e
pa
rt
m
e
nt
L
e
c
t
ure
r,
D
e
pa
r
t
m
e
nt
of A
c
c
ount
i
ng
,
M
odi
bbo A
d
a
m
a
U
ni
ve
rs
i
t
y
of
T
e
c
hnol
og
y
(M
A
U
T
E
CH
),
Y
ol
a
,
N
i
ge
ri
a
A
rt
i
cl
e
I
n
f
o
A
B
S
T
RA
C
T
Ar
t
i
c
l
e
h
i
s
t
o
r
y
:
R
ecei
v
ed
J
an
25
,
20
1
8
Re
v
i
s
e
d
Ma
y
2
,
201
8
A
ccep
t
e
d
Ma
y
2
8
,
2
01
8
Th
e
m
a
in
o
b
je
c
tiv
e
o
f
th
is
s
tu
d
y
is
to
e
m
p
ir
i
c
a
ll
y
e
x
a
m
in
e
th
e
im
p
a
c
t o
f
P
ow
e
r S
e
c
t
or Re
form
on
M
a
nufa
c
t
ur
i
ng a
nd
S
e
r
vi
c
e
s
S
e
c
t
o
r i
n N
i
ge
ri
a
b
et
w
een
1999
-
2
016.
T
he
s
t
ud
y
e
m
pl
o
y
e
d s
e
c
on
da
r
y
a
nnua
l
t
i
m
e
s
e
ri
e
s
da
t
a
s
ourc
e
d from
W
orl
d Ba
nk da
t
a
b
a
s
e
(2016).
T
he
m
e
t
hodol
og
y
a
d
opt
e
d for t
he
st
u
d
y
wa
s Au
g
m
e
n
t
e
d
Di
c
k
e
y
-
F
ul
l
e
r (A
D
F
);
a
t
e
s
t
for
l
ong
-
run
re
l
a
t
i
ons
hi
p
us
i
ng A
RD
L
Bounds
T
e
s
t
i
ng
a
p
proa
c
h w
i
t
h
a
na
l
y
s
i
s
of
l
ong
-
run
a
nd s
hort
-
run d
y
n
a
m
i
c
s
i
n
t
he
m
ode
l
.
A
s
t
ri
ki
ng re
ve
l
a
t
i
on f
rom
t
he
s
t
ud
y
i
s
t
he
i
nv
e
rs
e
re
l
a
t
i
ons
hi
p t
ha
t
e
xi
s
t
s
be
t
w
e
e
n m
a
nufa
c
t
uri
ng out
put
a
nd e
l
e
c
t
ri
c
i
t
y
c
ons
um
pt
i
on i
n N
i
ge
ri
a
w
i
t
hi
n t
he
pe
r
i
od
re
fe
re
n
c
e
d
.
T
h
i
s
ne
ga
t
i
v
e
re
l
a
t
i
ons
hi
p i
s
not
unc
onn
e
c
t
e
d w
i
t
h
w
i
de
s
pre
a
d a
l
l
e
ga
t
i
on of
m
i
s
a
ppropri
a
t
i
o
n of budge
t
e
d funds
for t
he
P
ow
e
r S
e
c
t
or b
y
s
uc
c
e
s
s
i
v
e
a
dm
i
ni
s
t
ra
t
i
ons
i
n N
i
ge
ri
a
s
i
nc
e
1999.
It
m
us
t
be
s
t
a
t
e
d i
n
c
l
e
a
r
t
e
rm
s
t
ha
t
c
ons
t
a
nt
a
nd c
on
s
i
s
t
e
nt
e
l
e
c
t
ri
c
i
t
y ge
ne
r
a
t
i
on
,
t
r
a
n
s
m
i
s
s
i
on a
nd di
s
t
ri
but
i
on
i
s
si
n
e
-
qua
-
none
fo
r t
he
grow
t
h of t
he
na
t
i
on
a
l
e
c
on
om
y
.
V
i
rt
u
a
l
l
y
a
l
l
s
e
c
t
ors
of
t
he
e
c
onom
y
d
e
pe
nd on t
he
s
uppl
y
of e
l
e
c
t
ri
c
i
t
y
t
o do bus
i
ne
s
s
a
nd s
o t
he
l
a
c
k of t
hi
s
vi
t
a
l
i
ngr
e
di
e
nt
of grow
t
h c
ont
ri
bu
t
e
s
i
n no s
m
a
l
l
m
e
a
s
ure
i
n
s
t
a
gna
t
i
ng
e
c
on
om
i
c
grow
t
h a
nd de
ve
l
opm
e
n
t
.
E
ffor
t
s
a
t
re
f
orm
i
ng t
he
pow
e
r s
e
c
t
or
c
a
n
onl
y
be
fru
i
t
ful
w
he
n A
L
L
s
t
a
k
e
hol
de
rs
i
n t
h
e
po
w
e
r s
e
c
t
or
i
nc
l
udi
ng t
h
e
pol
i
t
i
c
a
l
c
l
a
s
s
put
a
w
a
y
t
he
i
r pe
rs
on
a
l
a
ge
nd
a
s
a
nd t
a
ke
t
he
bul
l
b
y
t
h
e
horn t
ow
a
rds
re
s
c
ui
ng t
h
e
na
t
i
on from
t
h
e
l
oom
i
ng da
nge
r of s
t
a
gna
nt
e
c
onom
i
c
grow
t
h.
F
urt
he
rm
or
e
,
t
h
e
re
i
s
t
h
e
ne
e
d for t
h
e
N
i
ge
ri
a
n
gove
rnm
e
nt
t
o c
om
e
up w
i
t
h ne
w
,
be
t
t
e
r a
nd a
l
t
e
rna
t
i
ve
w
a
y
s
of i
m
provi
ng
e
ne
rg
y
g
e
ne
r
a
t
i
on a
nd
s
u
p
p
l
y
,
as
w
el
l
as
p
r
o
p
er
m
ai
n
t
en
an
ce
o
f
el
ect
r
i
c
i
t
y
i
nfra
s
t
ruc
t
ure
i
n t
he
c
ount
r
y
.
Ke
y
wo
r
d
:
A
R
D
L
E
l
e
c
t
r
i
c
i
t
y
c
o
n
s
u
m
p
t
i
o
n
Ma
n
uf
a
c
tur
ing
P
o
w
er
S
ect
o
r
R
e
fo
rm
S
er
v
i
ces
Copy
r
i
ght
©
201
8
Ins
t
i
t
ut
e
o
f
A
d
v
anc
e
d
E
ngi
n
e
e
r
i
ng and S
c
i
e
nc
e
.
A
l
l
ri
g
h
t
s re
se
rv
e
d
.
C
or
r
e
s
po
n
di
n
g
A
u
t
h
or
:
E
m
m
a
n
u
e
l
A
m
e
h
O
j
iya
,
L
e
c
t
u
re
r,
D
e
p
a
rt
m
e
n
t
o
f
E
c
o
n
o
m
i
c
s
,
F
e
d
e
r
a
l
U
n
i
v
e
r
s
i
t
y
W
u
k
a
r
i
,
N
i
g
e
r
i
a
.
E
m
a
i
l
:
oji
y
a
e
noc
h
2
00
0
@
gm
a
i
l
.
c
om
1.
I
N
T
R
O
D
U
C
T
I
O
N
1
.
1
.
B
a
c
kg
r
o
und
t
o
t
he
S
t
u
dy
E
l
e
c
t
r
i
c
e
n
e
r
g
y
i
s
a
n
i
m
p
o
r
t
a
n
t
f
a
c
t
o
r
o
f
p
r
o
d
u
c
t
i
o
n
a
n
d
c
r
u
c
i
a
l
f
o
r
i
n
d
u
s
t
r
i
a
l
i
z
a
t
i
o
n
a
n
d
e
c
o
n
o
m
i
c
gr
owt
h
of
a
ny
na
t
i
o
n.
T
he
q
ue
s
t
f
o
r
r
a
pi
d
a
nd
s
u
s
t
a
i
na
bl
e
e
c
o
nom
i
c
gr
owt
h
of
a
n e
c
on
om
y
i
s
a
f
u
nc
t
i
on
a
m
ong
ot
he
r
va
r
i
a
bl
e
s
,
of
not
j
us
t
a
de
q
u
a
t
e
po
w
e
r
s
up
p
l
y
b
u
t
a
s
u
s
t
a
i
n
a
b
l
e
a
n
d
r
e
l
i
a
b
l
e
d
i
s
t
r
i
b
u
t
i
o
n
o
f
en
er
g
y
,
p
a
r
t
i
cu
l
ar
l
y
el
ect
r
i
ci
t
y
f
o
r
eco
n
o
m
i
c g
r
o
w
t
h
an
d
d
ev
el
o
p
m
en
t
[1
].
I
n f
a
c
t
,
no
e
c
on
om
y
w
i
ll
de
ve
l
o
p
w
i
t
ho
ut
ha
vi
n
g
a
n e
f
f
i
c
i
e
nt
a
nd
f
u
nc
t
i
o
ni
n
g
e
ne
r
gy
c
ons
u
m
pti
on pl
a
t
f
or
m
.
I
n N
i
ge
r
i
a
,
e
ne
r
gy
s
e
r
ve
s
as
t
h
e
pi
l
l
a
r
of
we
a
l
t
h c
r
e
a
t
i
o
n.
I
t
i
s
t
he
nuc
l
e
us
o
f
ope
r
a
t
i
ons
a
n
d e
n
gi
ne
of
g
r
owt
h f
or
a
l
l
s
e
c
t
or
s
o
f
t
he
e
c
on
om
y
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
S
SN
:
2
252
-
88
14
IJ
A
A
S
V
o
l
.
7
,
N
o
.
2
,
J
un
e
201
8
:
117
–
1
26
1
18
T
he
out
put
of
e
l
e
c
t
r
i
c
i
t
y
i
n
t
he
c
o
unt
r
y
us
ua
l
l
y
c
ons
ol
i
d
a
t
e
s
t
he
a
c
t
i
vi
t
i
e
s
of
ot
he
r
s
e
c
t
or
s
w
hi
c
h p
r
ovi
de
es
s
en
t
i
al
s
er
v
i
c
es
t
o
d
i
r
ect
p
r
o
d
u
c
t
i
o
n
a
c
t
i
v
i
t
i
e
s
i
n
a
g
r
i
c
u
l
t
u
r
e
,
m
a
n
u
f
a
c
t
u
r
i
n
g
,
m
i
n
i
n
g
,
c
o
m
m
e
r
c
e
e
t
c
.
N
i
g
e
r
i
a
i
s
e
nd
o
w
e
d
w
i
t
h a
b
un
da
nt
e
ne
r
gy
r
e
s
o
ur
c
e
s
b
ut
s
uf
f
e
r
s
f
r
om
pe
r
e
nn
i
a
l
e
ne
r
gy
c
r
i
s
i
s
w
hi
c
h
ha
s
de
f
i
e
d
s
ol
ut
i
o
n.
S
uc
c
e
s
s
i
ve
a
dm
i
ni
s
t
r
a
t
i
ons
i
n N
i
g
e
r
i
a
ha
ve
i
n
ve
s
t
e
d h
um
ong
o
us
a
m
ount
of
m
one
y
(
i
n
bi
l
l
i
ons
o
f
A
m
e
r
i
c
a
n
d
o
l
l
a
r
s
)
t
o
w
a
r
d
s
r
e
v
i
t
a
l
i
z
i
n
g
t
h
i
s
a
l
l
-
im
por
t
a
nt
s
e
c
t
or
u
p
on
w
hi
c
h t
he
e
c
o
nom
i
c
s
uc
c
e
s
s
a
n
d
p
r
o
s
p
e
r
i
t
y
o
f
N
i
g
e
r
i
a
d
e
p
e
n
d
s
,
w
i
t
h
l
i
t
t
l
e
o
r
n
o
t
h
i
n
g
t
o
s
h
o
w
f
o
r
i
t
[2
]
.
1
.
2
.
B
a
c
kg
r
o
und
t
o
t
he
S
t
u
dy
T
h
e d
i
s
ag
r
ee
m
en
t
o
n
t
h
e
a
s
s
o
c
i
a
t
i
o
n
c
o
n
n
e
c
t
i
n
g
e
l
e
c
t
r
i
c
i
t
y
c
o
n
s
u
m
p
t
i
o
n
w
i
t
h
g
r
o
s
s
d
o
m
e
s
t
i
c
pr
o
duc
t
(
G
D
P
)
wa
s
a
de
q
ua
t
e
l
y
i
nve
s
t
i
ga
t
e
d
i
n e
ne
r
gy
e
c
o
n
om
i
c
s
l
it
e
r
a
t
ur
e
[
3
,
4
]
.
D
i
v
e
r
s
e
e
m
p
i
r
i
c
a
l
f
i
n
d
i
n
g
s
w
e
r
e
m
a
i
nt
a
i
ne
d a
n
d i
n m
a
ny
i
ns
t
a
nc
e
s
f
o
u
nd t
o be
c
o
nt
r
a
di
c
t
or
y
.
A
l
ot
of
f
a
c
t
o
r
s
ha
ve
c
ont
r
i
b
ut
e
d t
o
t
he
s
e
di
s
a
g
r
e
e
m
e
nt
s
a
nd
di
s
c
r
e
pa
nc
i
e
s
,
a
m
ong
w
hi
c
h
a
r
e
m
e
t
hod
ol
o
gi
e
s
a
d
o
pt
e
d
a
n
d
t
he
pe
r
i
o
d
o
f
s
t
u
dy
c
h
os
e
n.
I
n
s
om
e
c
a
s
e
s
,
s
uc
h w
or
ks
s
t
u
di
e
d t
he
e
ne
r
gy
s
e
c
t
or
o
ve
r
a
l
l
w
i
t
ho
ut
gi
vi
ng
de
f
i
ni
t
e
a
n
d p
a
r
t
i
c
ul
a
r
a
t
t
e
nt
i
on t
o
e
l
e
c
t
r
i
c
i
t
y
c
ons
um
pt
i
on
whi
c
h
i
s
t
he
c
or
e
i
nd
e
x
f
or
m
e
a
s
ur
i
ng
e
ne
r
gy
c
o
ns
um
pt
i
on
i
n
N
i
g
e
r
i
a
.
I
t
i
s
i
n
vi
e
w
of
t
h
es
e i
n
c
o
n
s
i
s
t
en
ci
es
t
h
at
t
h
i
s
p
a
p
er
s
ee
k
s
t
o
em
p
i
r
i
cal
l
y
ex
am
i
n
e t
h
e i
m
p
act
o
f
P
o
w
er
S
ect
o
r
R
ef
o
r
m
o
n
M
an
u
f
act
u
r
i
n
g
an
d
S
e
r
v
i
ces
S
ect
o
r
i
n
N
i
g
er
i
a
T
h
e s
t
u
d
y
i
s
d
e
l
i
b
e
r
a
t
e
l
y
d
e
s
i
gne
d t
o c
ov
e
r
t
he
pe
r
i
o
d
19
9
9
-
2
01
6,
a
s
e
ve
nt
e
e
n y
e
a
r
s
pe
r
i
o
d
f
o
r
s
pe
c
i
f
i
c
e
m
pha
s
i
s
o
n t
he
F
ou
r
t
h R
e
p
u
bl
i
c
de
m
oc
r
a
t
i
c
di
s
pe
ns
a
t
i
o
n.
T
he
c
hoi
c
e
o
f
s
c
ope
i
s
f
ur
t
he
r
m
ot
i
va
t
e
d
b
y
t
h
e
f
a
c
t
t
h
a
t
i
t
w
a
s
dur
i
ng t
he
s
e
pe
r
i
o
ds
(
1
99
9
-
20
16)
th
a
t
N
i
g
e
r
i
a
i
n
v
e
s
t
e
d
b
i
l
l
i
o
n
s
o
f
U
S
d
o
l
l
a
r
s
i
n
i
nve
s
t
m
e
nt
t
o
m
a
ke
t
he
po
we
r
s
e
c
t
or
e
f
f
i
c
i
e
nt
a
nd e
f
f
e
c
t
i
v
e
t
ow
a
r
ds
c
o
nt
r
i
b
ut
i
ng t
o o
ve
r
a
l
l
e
c
on
om
i
c
gr
ow
t
h
a
nd
de
ve
l
o
pm
e
nt
.
T
he
va
l
ue
of
t
he
f
e
de
r
a
l
go
ve
r
nm
e
nt
’
s
i
nve
s
t
m
e
nt
in t
he
s
e
e
nt
e
r
p
r
i
s
e
s
f
or
t
he
p
e
r
i
o
d
s
t
u
d
i
e
d
i
s
m
i
n
d
-
b
o
g
g
l
i
n
g
a
n
d
i
t
i
s
n
o
t
a
n
e
x
a
g
g
e
r
a
t
i
o
n
t
o
s
t
a
t
e
t
h
a
t
t
h
e
p
o
w
e
r
s
e
c
t
o
r
h
a
s
s
t
e
a
d
i
l
y
a
b
s
o
r
b
e
d
a
l
a
r
ge
s
ha
r
e
of
pu
bl
i
c
f
i
na
nc
e
s
w
i
t
ho
ut
c
om
m
e
ns
ur
a
t
e
be
ne
f
i
t
s
t
o
t
he
e
c
o
no
m
y
,
he
nc
e
t
hi
s
s
t
udy
i
s
t
im
e
l
y.
T
h
e
f
o
llow
ing
r
e
s
e
a
r
c
h qu
e
s
tion
s
a
r
e
e
xp
e
ct
ed
t
o
b
e a
n
s
w
er
e
d
at
t
h
e e
n
d
o
f
t
h
e
s
t
u
d
y
(
a)
w
h
at
i
s
t
h
e e
f
f
ect
o
f
p
o
w
e
r
s
e
c
t
o
r
r
e
f
o
r
m
o
n
m
a
n
u
f
a
c
t
u
r
i
n
g
o
u
t
p
u
t
i
n
N
i
g
e
r
i
a
?
(
b
)
w
h
a
t
i
s
t
h
e
i
m
p
a
c
t
o
f
e
l
e
c
t
r
i
c
i
t
y
c
o
n
s
u
m
p
t
i
o
n
o
n
s
er
v
i
ces
s
ect
o
r
o
f
t
h
e
N
i
g
e
r
i
an
eco
n
o
m
y
?
1
.
3
.
S
t
u
dy
O
bj
e
c
t
i
v
e
s
I
n
s
p
eci
f
i
c
t
e
r
m
s
,
t
h
e
s
t
u
d
y
a
i
m
s
a
t
a
c
h
i
e
v
i
n
g
t
h
e
f
o
l
l
o
w
i
n
g
o
b
j
e
c
t
i
v
e
s
:
a.
E
x
am
i
n
e
t
h
e
ef
f
ect
o
f
P
o
w
er
S
ect
o
r
R
ef
o
r
m
o
n
m
an
u
f
act
u
r
i
n
g
o
u
t
p
u
t
i
n
N
i
g
er
i
a;
b.
E
xa
m
i
ne
t
he
im
pa
c
t of
E
l
e
c
t
r
i
c
i
t
y
c
ons
um
pt
i
on (
pr
oxy
f
o
r
p
owe
r
s
e
c
t
or
r
e
f
o
r
m
)
on s
e
r
vi
c
e
s
s
e
c
t
o
r
i
n
N
i
g
e
r
i
a
;
1
.
4
.
R
es
ea
rc
h
H
y
p
o
t
h
es
i
s
T
he
s
t
udy
s
ha
l
l
e
xa
m
i
ne
t
he
v
e
r
a
c
i
t
y
of
t
he
f
ol
l
ow
i
ng
hy
pot
he
s
i
s
:
H
o1
:
P
o
w
e
r
S
e
c
t
o
r
R
e
f
o
r
m
ha
s
n
o
s
i
gni
f
i
c
a
nt
e
f
f
e
c
t
on
m
a
nuf
a
c
t
ur
i
ng
o
ut
p
ut
i
n
Ni
ge
r
i
a
;
H
o2
:
E
l
e
c
t
r
i
c
i
t
y
c
o
n
s
u
m
p
t
i
o
n
h
a
s
n
o
p
o
s
i
t
i
v
e
i
m
p
a
c
t
o
n
s
e
r
v
i
c
e
s
s
e
c
t
o
r
i
n
N
i
g
e
r
i
a
;
T
h
i
s
s
t
u
d
y
p
r
o
ceed
s
as
f
o
l
l
o
w
s
.
S
ect
i
o
n
I
I
r
ev
i
e
w
s
p
r
ev
i
o
u
s
l
i
t
er
at
u
r
e o
n
P
o
w
er
S
ect
o
r
R
ef
o
r
m
i
n
N
i
g
e
r
i
a,
E
co
n
o
m
i
c
G
r
o
w
t
h
,
et
c.
S
ect
i
o
n
I
I
I
d
ev
el
o
p
s
an
e
m
p
i
r
i
cal
m
o
d
el
f
o
r
an
al
y
zi
n
g
t
h
e ef
f
ect
o
f
p
o
w
e
r
s
e
c
t
or
r
e
f
o
r
m
on
e
c
o
nom
i
c
gr
owt
h
i
n
Ni
g
e
r
i
a
a
nd
d
e
s
c
r
i
b
e
s
t
h
e
d
a
t
a
u
t
i
l
i
z
e
d
i
n
t
h
i
s
s
t
u
d
y
.
S
e
c
t
i
o
n
I
V
p
r
e
s
e
n
t
s
a
nd
di
s
c
us
s
e
s
t
he
r
e
s
ul
t
s
of
t
he
e
m
pi
r
i
c
a
l
m
ode
l
,
w
hi
l
e
S
e
c
t
i
o
n
V
pr
o
vi
de
s
c
onc
l
us
i
o
n a
n
d
p
ol
i
c
y
r
e
c
om
m
e
nda
t
i
ons
.
2.
LI
TER
A
TU
R
E
R
EV
I
E
W
2.
1.
A
n
O
v
er
v
i
ew
o
f
P
ri
v
a
t
i
z
a
t
i
o
n
o
f
P
o
w
er
S
ect
o
r
i
n
N
i
g
er
i
a
2.
1.
1.
H
i
s
t
or
i
c
al
O
ve
r
vi
e
w
E
l
e
c
t
r
i
c
p
o
w
e
r
c
a
m
e
t
o
N
i
g
e
r
i
a
i
n
1
8
9
8
w
i
t
h
t
h
e
e
s
t
a
b
l
i
s
h
m
e
n
t
o
f
t
h
e
f
i
r
s
t
g
e
n
e
r
a
t
i
n
g
p
l
a
n
t
b
y
t
h
e
Br
i
t
i
s
h
c
o
l
o
n
i
a
l
g
o
v
e
r
n
m
e
n
t
[
5,
6
].
T
he
m
a
na
ge
m
e
nt
of
t
he
ge
ne
r
a
t
i
ng
pl
a
nt
w
a
s
na
m
e
d t
he
P
u
bl
i
c
W
o
r
ks
D
e
p
a
rt
m
e
n
t
(P
WD
).
T
he
r
e
a
f
t
e
r
,
t
he
t
he
n
F
e
de
r
a
l
G
o
ve
r
n
m
e
nt
of
Ni
ge
r
i
a
pa
s
s
e
d a
n
or
di
na
nc
e
i
n
19
5
0,
e
s
t
a
b
l
i
s
h
i
n
g
t
h
e
E
l
e
c
t
r
i
c
i
t
y
Co
r
p
o
r
a
t
i
o
n
o
f
N
i
g
e
r
i
a
(
E
C
N
)
s
a
d
d
l
e
d
w
i
t
h
t
h
e
r
e
s
p
o
n
s
i
b
i
l
i
t
y
o
f
g
e
n
e
r
a
t
i
n
g
,
t
r
a
n
s
m
i
t
t
i
n
g
,
d
i
s
t
r
i
b
u
t
i
n
g
a
n
d
s
a
l
e
o
f
e
l
e
c
t
r
i
c
i
t
y
i
n
N
i
g
e
r
i
a
.
O
t
h
e
r
b
o
d
i
e
s
l
i
k
e
t
h
e
N
a
t
i
v
e
A
u
t
h
o
r
i
t
i
e
s
a
n
d
t
h
e
N
i
g
e
r
i
a
E
l
e
c
t
r
i
c
i
t
y
S
u
p
p
l
y
Co
m
p
a
n
y
(
N
E
S
CO
)
h
a
d
l
i
c
e
n
s
e
s
t
o
p
r
o
d
u
c
e
e
l
e
c
t
r
i
c
i
t
y
in s
om
e
l
oc
a
t
ions
i
n
N
i
g
e
r
i
a
[
5
].
I
n
19
6
2,
t
he
F
e
d
e
r
a
l
G
ove
r
nm
e
nt
by
a
n a
c
t
o
f
P
a
r
l
i
a
m
e
nt
e
s
ta
bl
i
s
he
d t
he
N
i
ge
r
Da
m
A
ut
ho
r
i
t
y
(
N
D
A
)
.
T
h
e
a
ut
h
or
i
t
y
wa
s
r
e
s
po
ns
i
bl
e
f
or
t
he
c
ons
t
r
uc
t
i
o
n a
nd
m
a
i
nt
e
na
nc
e
of
da
m
s
a
nd
ot
he
r
w
or
ks
i
n t
h
e
R
i
ve
r
Ni
ge
r
a
nd e
l
s
e
w
he
r
e
,
ge
ne
r
a
t
e
e
l
e
c
t
r
i
c
i
t
y
by
w
a
t
e
r
po
w
e
r
,
i
m
pr
ov
e
na
vi
ga
t
i
o
n a
nd
p
r
om
ot
e
f
i
s
he
r
i
e
s
an
d
i
r
r
i
g
at
i
o
n
.
T
h
e el
ect
r
i
ci
t
y
p
r
o
d
u
ced
b
y
N
D
A
w
as
s
o
l
d
t
o
E
CN
f
o
r
d
i
s
t
r
i
b
u
t
i
o
n
a
n
d
s
a
l
e
s
a
t
u
t
i
l
i
t
y
vol
t
a
ge
s
.
I
n
A
pr
i
l
19
7
2,
by
a
de
c
r
e
e
,
E
l
e
c
t
r
i
c
i
t
y
C
or
p
or
a
t
i
on of
Ni
ge
r
i
a
a
n
d N
i
ge
r
Da
m
A
ut
h
or
i
t
y
w
e
r
e
m
e
r
ge
d t
o f
or
m
Na
t
i
ona
l
E
le
c
t
r
i
c
P
ow
e
r
A
ut
ho
r
i
t
y
(
N
E
P
A
)
.
T
he
r
e
a
s
ons
gi
ve
n f
o
r
t
hi
s
m
e
r
ge
r
i
n
c
l
ude
:
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IJ
A
A
S
I
S
S
N
:
225
2
-
88
14
A
n
E
x
a
m
i
n
at
i
o
n
of
t
he
I
m
p
ac
t
of
P
ow
e
r
Se
c
t
or
R
e
f
or
m
on
M
a
nuf
ac
t
ur
i
n
g
…
(
O
J
IY
A
,
E
mm
a
n
u
e
l
A
m
e
h
)
1
19
v
e
s
t
i
n
g
o
f
p
r
od
uc
t
i
on
a
n
d
di
s
t
r
i
b
ut
i
on
i
n
o
ne
c
om
pa
ny
a
nd
t
ha
t
i
t
w
i
l
l
br
i
n
g
a
b
o
ut
m
or
e
e
f
f
i
c
i
e
nt
ut
i
l
i
z
a
ti
on
of
t
h
e
h
u
m
a
n
,
f
i
n
a
n
c
i
a
l
a
n
d
o
t
h
e
r
r
e
s
o
u
r
c
e
s
a
v
a
i
l
a
b
l
e
t
o
t
h
e
e
l
e
c
t
r
i
c
i
t
y
s
u
p
p
l
y
i
n
d
u
s
t
r
y
i
n
t
h
e
c
o
u
n
t
r
y
[7
].
I
n
1
97
3,
N
E
P
A
be
c
a
m
e
ope
r
a
t
i
ona
l
a
n
d
w
a
s
r
e
s
p
o
ns
i
bl
e
f
or
ge
ne
r
a
t
i
n
g,
t
r
a
ns
m
i
t
ti
ng
a
n
d
di
s
t
r
i
b
ut
i
ng
o
f
e
l
e
c
t
r
i
c
i
t
y
t
o
a
l
l
p
a
r
t
s
o
f
t
h
e
f
e
d
e
r
a
t
i
o
n
.
S
t
a
r
t
i
n
g
w
i
t
h
o
n
l
y
f
o
u
r
p
o
w
e
r
s
t
a
t
i
o
n
s
n
a
m
e
l
y
I
j
o
r
a
,
D
e
l
t
a
,
A
f
a
m
t
h
e
r
m
a
l
s
t
a
t
i
o
n
s
a
n
d
K
a
i
n
j
i
h
y
d
r
o
p
o
w
e
r
s
t
a
t
i
o
n
w
i
t
h
a
t
o
t
a
l
i
n
s
t
a
l
l
e
d
c
a
p
a
c
i
t
y
o
f
5
3
2
.
6
M
W
s
e
r
vi
n
g
m
or
e
t
ha
n
t
wo m
i
ll
i
on c
us
t
om
e
r
s
,
w
hi
c
h ha
s
gr
o
w
n
t
o 5,
9
58M
W
i
n y
e
a
r
2
0
00
w
i
t
h t
he
e
s
t
a
b
l
i
s
hm
e
nt
of
a
d
di
t
i
ona
l
p
o
w
e
r
s
t
a
t
i
o
n
s
n
a
m
e
l
y
J
e
b
b
a
,
S
h
i
r
o
r
o
h
y
d
r
o
p
o
w
e
r
s
t
a
t
i
o
n
E
g
b
i
n
,
S
a
p
e
l
e
,
D
e
l
t
a
t
h
e
r
m
a
l
p
o
w
e
r
s
t
a
t
i
o
n
i
n
t
h
e
e
a
r
l
y
e
i
g
h
t
i
e
s
h
a
v
i
n
g
a
c
o
m
b
i
n
ed
i
n
s
t
al
l
ed
g
en
e
r
at
i
n
g
cap
aci
t
y
o
f
2
9
4
0
M
W
(P
H
C
N
,
2
0
1
0
.
N
i
g
e
ri
a
@
50
:
S
t
a
t
us
of
P
o
we
r
s
e
c
t
o
r
)
.
I
n
1
98
8 N
E
P
A
w
a
s
pa
r
t
i
a
l
l
y
c
o
m
m
e
r
c
i
a
l
i
z
e
d a
nd s
u
pp
or
t
e
d by
a
n
u
pw
a
r
d
r
ev
i
e
w
o
f
t
h
e
t
ar
i
f
f
s
.
T
h
i
s
w
a
s
ai
m
ed
at
at
t
r
act
i
n
g
i
n
v
e
s
t
o
r
s
t
o
t
h
e
s
ect
o
r
.
D
u
e
t
o
i
n
c
r
eas
e
i
n
t
he
po
pul
a
t
i
on
o
f
t
he
c
o
unt
r
y
a
n
d t
he
a
b
s
e
nc
e
of
a
ddi
t
i
o
na
l
p
ow
e
r
pl
a
nt
s
t
h
e
a
va
i
l
a
bl
e
f
a
c
i
l
i
ti
e
s
be
c
a
m
e
ove
r
s
t
r
e
t
c
he
d a
nd t
hi
s
l
e
d
t
o
t
he
r
e
f
or
m
of
t
he
po
we
r
s
e
c
t
or
.
2.
1.
2
.
P
o
w
er S
ect
o
r
R
ef
o
r
m
I
n
N
i
g
eri
a
W
i
t
h t
he
r
e
t
u
r
n o
f
c
i
vi
l
r
ul
e
i
n 19
99
,
t
he
f
e
de
r
a
l
g
ove
r
n
m
e
nt
e
m
b
a
rk
e
d
o
n
p
o
w
e
r s
e
c
t
o
r re
fo
rm
.
T
h
i
s
c
u
l
m
i
n
a
t
e
d
i
n
t
h
e
E
l
e
c
t
r
i
c
P
o
w
e
r
S
e
c
t
o
r
Re
f
o
r
m
(
E
P
S
R)
A
c
t
2
0
0
5
.
T
h
i
s
i
s
c
o
n
t
a
i
n
e
d
i
n
a
F
e
d
e
r
a
l
G
o
v
e
r
n
m
en
t
o
f
N
i
g
e
r
i
a
G
azet
t
e an
d
i
t
s
t
i
p
u
l
at
es
t
h
e
r
ef
o
r
m
s
i
n
t
h
e el
ect
r
i
ci
t
y
p
o
w
er
s
ect
o
r
an
d
h
o
w
t
h
e
y
ar
e
t
o be
im
pl
e
m
e
nt
e
d.
T
he
P
o
w
e
r
S
e
c
t
or
R
e
f
o
r
m
wa
s
e
m
ba
r
ke
d
up
o
n o
n M
a
r
c
h,
20
0
5 d
ue
t
o t
he
i
na
d
e
qua
t
e
s
up
pl
y
o
f
e
l
e
c
t
r
i
c
i
t
y
,
hi
gh
de
m
a
nds
a
nd i
s
s
ue
s
w
i
t
h
bi
l
l
s
.
T
he
m
a
i
n goa
l
of
t
he
r
e
f
o
r
m
i
s
t
o a
c
c
om
pl
is
h f
ul
l
d
e
r
e
g
u
l
a
t
i
o
n
o
f
t
h
e
E
l
e
c
t
r
i
c
i
t
y
S
u
p
p
l
y
I
n
d
u
s
t
r
y
(
E
S
I
)
i
n
t
w
o
y
e
a
r
s
a
f
t
e
r
i
t
s
i
m
p
l
e
m
e
n
t
a
t
i
o
n
.
T
h
e
o
b
j
e
c
t
i
v
e
s
i
nc
l
ude
m
a
ki
ng e
l
e
c
t
r
i
c
i
t
y
ge
ne
r
a
t
i
o
n a
n
d s
up
pl
y
a
v
a
i
l
a
bl
e
t
o c
o
ns
um
e
r
s
,
m
a
ki
ng t
he
s
e
c
t
or
i
nve
s
t
or
-
fri
e
n
d
l
y
a
nd
di
s
m
a
nt
l
i
ng N
E
P
A’
s
m
ono
p
ol
y
.
T
hi
s
wa
s
a
c
hi
e
ve
d
t
hr
ou
g
h t
he
pa
s
s
a
ge
of
t
he
E
l
e
c
t
r
i
c
P
o
w
e
r
S
ect
o
r
R
e
f
or
m
(
E
P
S
R
)
Ac
t wh
ic
h c
a
m
e
in
to
be
ing on
th
e
11
th of
Ma
r
c
h
,
200
5.
T
h
e
r
e
a
s
on
s
giv
e
n
f
o
r
t
h
e
r
e
f
or
m
i
nc
l
ude
:
i
nt
r
o
d
uc
t
i
on
of
c
om
pe
t
i
t
i
on i
n t
he
i
ndu
s
t
r
y
a
s
a
m
e
a
ns
of
i
m
pr
ovi
ng i
n
d
us
t
r
y
e
f
f
i
c
i
e
nc
y
t
ha
t
wi
l
l
r
e
s
ul
t
i
n p
r
ovi
di
n
g l
o
w
e
r
e
n
e
r
gy
p
r
i
c
e
s
t
o
e
nd
us
e
r
s
,
l
a
c
k o
f
p
r
i
c
e
t
r
a
n
s
pa
r
e
nc
y
i
n ut
i
l
i
t
y
ope
r
a
t
i
ons
he
nc
e
c
on
s
um
e
r
s
a
n
d r
e
gul
a
t
o
r
s
d
e
m
a
nd p
r
i
c
e
t
r
a
ns
pa
r
e
nc
y
a
nd
de
c
l
a
r
a
t
i
o
n
of
c
r
os
s
s
u
bs
i
di
e
s
a
m
ong
d
i
f
f
e
r
e
nt
us
e
r
s
,
l
i
ke
m
a
ny
ot
he
r
p
ubl
i
c
ow
ne
d i
n
s
t
i
t
ut
i
on
s
,
c
o
r
r
u
pt
i
on,
i
ne
f
f
i
c
i
e
n
c
y
a
nd m
an
ag
er
i
al
i
n
co
m
p
et
en
ce
pr
e
va
i
l
e
d
a
n
d
t
he
e
l
e
c
t
r
i
c
i
t
y
ind
us
t
r
y
s
h
o
we
d
i
nc
o
ns
i
s
t
e
nt
pol
i
c
y
di
r
e
c
t
i
o
n
a
n
d
l
a
c
k
of
s
t
r
a
t
e
gy
f
r
a
m
e
wor
k
f
or
i
t
s
s
us
t
a
i
na
bl
e
de
ve
l
o
pm
e
nt
,
pol
i
c
y
de
c
i
s
i
ons
by
pa
s
t
g
ove
r
nm
e
nt
i
n
t
he
E
S
I
w
e
r
e
ba
s
e
d on
pol
i
t
i
c
a
l
or
a
d
m
i
n
i
s
t
r
a
t
i
v
e
i
n
t
e
r
es
t
i
n
s
t
e
ad
o
f
e
f
f
i
ci
en
t
r
es
o
u
r
ce al
l
o
cat
i
o
n
a
n
d
co
s
t
r
eco
v
er
y
n
ec
es
s
ar
y
f
o
r
eco
n
o
m
i
c
de
ve
l
opm
e
nt
a
nd
t
he
s
t
r
a
t
e
gi
c
e
ne
r
gy
p
ol
i
c
y
f
o
r
t
he
c
o
u
nt
r
y
wa
s
ne
ve
r
i
m
p
l
e
m
e
nt
e
d
[5
].
T
he
A
c
t
r
e
pe
a
l
e
d t
he
e
a
r
l
i
e
r
l
a
w
e
s
t
a
bl
i
s
hi
n
g
N
E
P
A
,
c
o
ns
e
que
nt
l
y
,
t
he
P
owe
r
H
ol
di
n
g C
om
pa
ny
o
f
N
i
ge
r
i
a
,
(
P
H
C
N
)
w
a
s
s
e
t
u
p a
n
d c
ha
r
ge
d w
i
t
h t
he
r
e
s
po
ns
i
bi
l
i
t
y
of
pr
o
vi
di
n
g
po
we
r
s
u
ppl
y
.
I
t
a
l
s
o
r
e
s
t
r
uc
t
ur
e
d t
h
e
po
we
r
s
e
c
t
o
r
f
r
om
a
ve
r
t
i
c
a
l
l
y
i
nt
e
gr
a
t
e
d s
t
r
u
c
t
ur
e
i
nt
o e
i
g
ht
e
e
n u
n
bu
n
dl
e
d a
ut
o
n
om
ous
c
om
pa
ni
e
s
c
o
m
pr
i
s
i
ng one
t
r
a
ns
m
i
s
s
i
on c
om
pa
ny
c
a
l
l
e
d T
r
a
ns
C
o,
s
i
x
ge
ne
r
a
t
i
on c
om
pa
ni
e
s
kn
o
wn a
s
G
e
nC
os
a
n
d
e
l
e
ve
n
di
s
t
r
i
but
i
on
c
om
pa
ni
e
s
-
D
i
s
C
o
s
r
es
p
ect
i
v
el
y
.
T
h
e
A
ct
f
o
cu
s
e
d
o
n
t
h
e l
i
b
er
al
i
zat
i
o
n
an
d
pr
i
va
t
i
z
a
t
i
on
o
f
t
he
s
ol
e
p
o
w
e
r
pr
ovi
de
r
-
P
H
C
N w
hi
l
e
i
nt
r
od
uc
i
n
g
I
nde
p
e
nde
nt
P
o
w
e
r
P
r
o
d
uc
e
r
s
I
P
P
s
.
Th
e
E
P
S
R
A
ct
n
u
r
t
u
r
es
a
w
h
o
l
es
o
m
e
m
ar
k
et
s
t
ar
t
i
n
g
w
i
t
h
a
s
i
n
g
l
e
b
u
y
er
o
f
el
ect
r
i
ci
t
y
p
r
o
d
u
ced
b
y
P
H
C
N
an
d
t
h
e
I
P
P
s
f
o
r
o
nwa
r
d s
a
l
e
t
o t
he
e
l
e
ve
n Di
s
C
os
t
ha
t
w
oul
d a
l
s
o be
o
f
f
e
r
e
d f
or
s
a
l
e
.
E
ve
nt
u
a
l
l
y
t
he
s
i
ngl
e
m
ode
l
w
o
ul
d
be
di
s
c
a
r
de
d f
or
a
b
i
l
a
t
e
r
a
l
c
on
t
r
a
c
t
m
o
d
e
l
w
i
t
h
s
u
p
p
l
i
e
r
s
a
n
d
b
u
y
e
r
s
f
r
e
e
t
o
co
n
t
r
act
b
et
w
een
t
h
em
s
el
v
es
.
T
h
e
A
c
t
f
u
r
t
h
e
r
p
r
o
v
i
d
e
s
f
o
r
t
h
e
e
s
t
a
b
l
i
s
h
m
e
n
t
o
f
t
h
e
N
i
g
e
r
i
a
E
l
e
c
t
r
i
c
i
t
y
Re
g
u
l
a
t
o
r
y
Co
m
m
i
s
s
i
o
n
(
N
E
RC
)
w
h
i
c
h
i
s
c
h
a
r
g
e
d
w
i
t
h
t
h
e
f
o
l
l
o
w
i
n
g
[8
].
Re
g
u
l
a
t
e
t
a
r
i
f
f
s
a
n
d
q
u
a
l
i
t
y
s
er
v
i
ce;
o
v
e
r
s
ee
t
h
e
act
i
v
i
t
i
es
o
f
t
h
e
i
n
d
u
s
t
r
y
f
o
r
e
f
f
i
c
i
e
n
c
y
;
i
n
s
t
i
t
u
t
i
o
n
a
l
a
n
d
e
n
f
o
r
c
e
m
e
n
t
o
f
t
h
e
r
e
g
u
l
a
t
i
n
g
r
e
g
i
m
e
;
l
i
c
e
n
s
i
n
g
o
f
G
e
n
e
r
a
t
i
o
n
,
D
i
s
t
r
i
b
u
t
i
o
n
,
T
r
a
n
s
m
i
s
s
i
o
n
a
n
d
T
r
a
d
i
n
g
c
o
m
p
a
n
i
e
s
t
h
a
t
r
e
s
u
l
t
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
u
n
b
u
n
d
l
i
n
g
o
f
N
E
P
A
;
l
e
g
i
s
l
a
t
i
v
e
a
u
t
h
o
r
i
t
y
t
o
i
n
c
l
u
d
e
s
p
e
c
i
a
l
c
o
n
d
i
t
i
o
n
s
i
n
l
i
c
e
n
s
e
s
;
p
r
o
v
i
s
i
o
n
r
e
l
a
t
i
n
g
t
o
p
u
b
l
i
c
p
o
l
i
c
y
i
n
t
e
r
e
s
t
i
n
r
e
l
a
t
i
o
n
t
o
f
ue
l
s
up
pl
y
,
e
nvi
r
o
nm
e
nt
a
l
l
a
ws
,
e
ne
r
gy
c
on
s
e
r
va
t
i
on
,
m
a
na
ge
m
e
nt
of
s
c
a
r
c
e
r
e
s
o
ur
c
e
s
,
p
r
om
ot
ion
o
f
e
f
f
i
c
i
e
nt
e
ne
r
g
y
,
pr
om
ot
i
on o
f
r
e
ne
wa
bl
e
e
n
e
r
gy
a
n
d p
u
b
l
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
o
f
r
e
p
o
r
t
s
a
n
d
s
t
a
t
i
s
t
i
c
s
;
p
r
o
v
i
d
i
n
g
a
l
e
g
a
l
ba
s
i
s
wi
t
h
ne
c
e
s
s
a
r
y
e
na
bl
i
n
g
pr
o
vi
s
i
o
ns
f
o
r
e
s
t
a
bl
i
s
hi
n
g,
c
ha
n
gi
n
g,
e
nf
o
r
c
i
n
g a
nd
r
e
g
ul
a
t
i
ng t
e
c
hni
c
a
l
r
ul
e
s
,
m
ar
k
et
r
u
l
es
a
n
d
s
t
an
d
ar
d
s
.
I
n
N
o
v
e
m
b
e
r
,
2
0
0
5
N
i
g
e
r
i
a
E
l
e
c
t
r
i
c
i
t
y
R
e
g
u
l
a
t
o
r
y
Co
m
m
i
s
s
i
o
n
w
a
s
i
na
u
gu
r
a
t
e
d
a
nd t
oo
k f
ul
l
r
e
s
p
o
ns
i
bi
l
i
t
y
.
O
t
he
r
a
s
pe
c
t
s
of
t
he
r
e
f
o
r
m
pr
o
vi
de
d f
o
r
t
h
e
m
a
na
ge
m
e
nt of
t
he
R
ur
a
l
E
l
e
c
t
r
i
f
i
c
a
t
i
on A
ge
nc
y
(
RE
A
)
,
t
h
e
N
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
E
l
e
c
t
r
i
c
L
i
a
b
i
l
i
t
y
M
a
n
a
g
e
m
e
n
t
Co
m
p
a
n
y
(
N
E
L
M
C
O
)
w
h
i
c
h
i
s
a
s
p
e
c
i
a
l
p
u
r
p
o
s
e
e
n
t
i
t
y
cr
eat
ed
t
o
m
an
ag
e
t
h
e
r
e
s
i
d
e
n
t
i
a
l
a
s
s
e
t
s
a
n
d
l
i
a
b
i
l
i
t
y
o
f
t
h
e
d
e
f
u
n
c
t
N
E
P
A
a
f
t
e
r
p
r
i
v
a
t
i
z
a
t
i
o
n
o
f
t
h
e
u
n
b
u
n
d
l
e
d
co
m
p
an
i
es
.
T
h
e A
ct
al
s
o
p
r
o
v
i
d
e
d
f
o
r
t
h
e
e
s
t
ab
l
i
s
h
m
en
t
o
f
a P
o
w
er
C
o
n
s
u
m
er
A
s
s
i
s
t
an
ce F
u
n
d
(
P
O
L
A
F
)
t
o
s
ub
s
i
di
z
e
un
de
r
-
p
r
i
v
i
l
eg
ed
el
ect
r
i
ci
t
y
co
n
s
u
m
er
s
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
S
SN
:
2
252
-
88
14
IJ
A
A
S
V
o
l
.
7
,
N
o
.
2
,
J
un
e
201
8
:
117
–
1
26
1
20
2.
2.
E
m
pi
r
i
c
a
l
St
udi
e
s
o
n
E
l
e
c
t
r
i
c
i
t
y
Sup
p
l
y
a
nd
D
e
m
a
n
d
i
n
M
a
nuf
a
c
t
ur
i
ng
Se
c
t
o
r
i
n
N
i
g
e
r
i
a
F
or
a
ny
m
e
a
ni
ng
f
ul
im
pr
ove
m
e
nt
i
n t
he
pr
od
uc
t
i
vi
t
y
of
m
a
nuf
a
c
t
ur
i
ng
s
e
c
t
or
t
o t
a
ke
pl
a
c
e
i
n a
ny
e
c
on
om
y
,
t
he
s
up
pl
y
a
n
d de
m
a
nd o
f
e
l
e
c
t
r
i
c
i
t
y
m
us
t
r
e
m
a
i
n unc
om
pr
o
m
i
s
i
ng e
l
e
m
e
nt
s
of
t
he
p
r
oc
e
s
s
.
T
hi
s
su
b
m
i
ss
i
on
w
a
s
c
or
r
ob
or
a
t
e
d
by
I
wa
y
e
m
i
[9
]
a
n
d
O
d
e
l
l
[1
0
]
a
s
c
i
t
e
d
i
n
O
l
a
y
e
m
i
[1
1
].
W
h
i
l
e
I
w
a
y
e
m
i
[9
]
a
r
g
u
e
d
t
h
a
t
,
f
o
r
Co
l
u
m
b
i
a
a
s
a
n
a
t
i
o
n
t
o
i
n
d
u
s
t
r
i
a
l
i
z
e
,
e
l
e
c
t
r
i
c
i
t
y
s
u
p
p
l
y
a
n
d
d
e
m
a
n
d
a
r
e
c
r
u
c
i
a
l
f
a
c
t
o
r
s
i
n
t
h
e
p
r
o
ces
s
,
O
d
el
l
[
10
]
al
s
o
a
v
e
r
r
e
d
t
h
e i
m
p
o
r
t
an
ce o
f
e
n
er
g
y
s
ect
o
r
i
n
t
h
e s
o
ci
o
-
ec
o
n
o
m
i
c d
ev
el
o
p
m
en
t
o
f
N
i
ge
r
i
a
.
He
f
ur
t
he
r
s
ubm
i
t
te
d t
ha
t
s
t
r
o
ng
de
m
a
nd a
nd
i
nc
r
e
a
s
e
d s
u
ppl
y
o
f
e
l
e
c
t
r
i
c
i
t
y w
oul
d s
t
im
ul
a
t
e
i
n
cr
eas
e
d
i
n
co
m
e
an
d
h
i
g
h
e
r
l
i
v
i
n
g
s
t
a
n
d
a
r
d
s
i
n
N
i
g
e
r
i
a
.
N
de
b
bi
o
[1
2
]
a
gr
e
e
d
w
i
t
h t
hi
s
c
ont
e
nt
i
o
n,
n
ot
i
n
g t
ha
t
e
l
e
c
t
r
i
c
i
ty
s
uppl
y
dr
i
ve
s
t
h
e
gr
o
w
t
h
of
m
a
nuf
a
c
t
ur
i
ng
s
e
c
t
or
.
H
e
a
r
gue
d t
ha
t
one
im
por
t
a
nt
i
ndi
c
a
t
or
t
o s
h
ow
w
he
t
he
r
a
c
ou
nt
r
y
’
s
m
a
nuf
a
c
t
ur
i
n
g
s
e
c
t
o
r
i
s
g
r
o
w
i
n
g
o
r
n
o
t
i
s
t
h
e
m
e
g
a
w
a
t
t
o
f
e
l
e
c
t
r
i
c
i
t
y
s
u
p
p
l
i
e
d
a
n
d
c
o
ns
u
m
e
d.
Ac
c
or
di
n
g t
o
hi
m
,
a
c
ou
nt
r
y
’
s
e
l
e
c
t
r
i
c
i
t
y
c
ons
um
pt
i
on pe
r
c
a
pi
t
a
i
n
ki
l
ow
a
t
t
s
pe
r
ho
u
r
(
K
w
/
H
)
i
s
p
r
op
or
t
i
ona
l
t
o t
he
s
t
a
t
e
of
t
he
gr
o
w
t
h
o
f
t
h
e
i
n
d
u
s
t
r
i
a
l
s
e
c
t
or
of
t
he
c
o
unt
r
y
.
I
n a
no
th
e
r
s
t
ud
y,
A
d
e
n
ik
i
nj
u
[1
3
]
a
l
s
o s
u
p
po
r
t
e
d
t
he
va
r
i
ous
a
r
g
um
e
nt
s
f
r
om
I
w
a
y
e
m
i
[9
],
O
d
e
l
l
[
10
]
,
as
w
el
l
as
N
d
eb
b
i
o
[1
2
]
,
by
pr
ovi
di
n
g a
s
t
r
o
n
g
a
r
g
um
e
nt
t
o f
u
r
t
he
r
s
up
p
or
t
t
he
o
ve
r
w
he
l
m
i
ng
im
por
t
a
nc
e
of
e
ne
r
gy
s
u
p
pl
y
t
o t
he
N
i
ge
r
i
a
n e
c
o
nom
y
.
T
he
p
o
or
na
t
u
r
e
o
f
e
l
e
c
t
r
i
c
i
t
y
s
up
pl
y
i
n N
i
g
er
i
a,
a
c
c
or
di
n
g
t
o
hi
m
,
ha
s
im
pos
e
d
s
i
g
ni
f
i
c
a
nt
c
os
t
o
n
t
he
m
a
nuf
a
c
t
ur
i
n
g
s
e
c
t
or
of
t
he
e
c
o
n
o
m
y
.
T
hi
s
a
r
g
u
m
e
nt
i
s
a
l
s
o i
n l
i
ne
w
i
t
h t
he
s
ur
ve
y
of
t
he
M
a
n
u
f
a
c
t
ur
e
r
s
A
s
s
oc
i
a
t
i
on of
N
i
ge
r
i
a
(
M
A
N
)
i
n
20
0
5,
w
he
r
e
i
t
wa
s
r
e
ve
a
l
e
d t
ha
t
t
he
c
o
s
t
of
ge
ne
r
a
t
i
n
g
po
w
e
r
c
o
ns
t
i
t
ut
e
a
b
out
36
pe
r
c
e
nt
of
pr
o
duc
t
i
o
n
c
os
t
i
n t
he
s
e
c
t
or
.
A
c
c
or
d
ing
ly,
E
kp
o
[1
4
]
,
i
n
hi
s
o
w
n
opi
ni
o
n,
e
l
a
bo
r
a
t
e
d
o
n t
he
c
os
t
o
f
r
un
ni
n
g a
ge
ne
r
a
t
or
e
c
o
nom
y
a
nd
i
t
s
a
dve
r
s
e
e
f
f
e
c
t
s
on i
nv
e
s
t
m
e
nt.
He
s
t
r
o
ngl
y
opi
ne
d t
ha
t
f
or
N
i
ge
r
i
a
a
s
a
na
t
i
on t
o a
c
c
e
l
er
at
e t
h
e p
ace o
f
t
h
e
gr
owt
h
of
m
a
nuf
a
c
t
ur
i
n
g
s
e
c
t
or
,
t
he
c
o
u
nt
r
y
s
ho
ul
d
c
ons
i
de
r
f
i
xi
n
g
po
we
r
s
up
pl
y
pr
obl
e
m
.
F
ur
t
he
r
m
or
e
,
Ade
ni
ki
nj
u
[1
3
]
ex
am
i
n
ed
t
h
e
co
s
t
o
f
el
ect
r
i
ci
t
y
s
h
o
r
t
ag
es
o
n
t
h
e
N
i
g
e
r
i
an
m
a
nuf
a
c
t
ur
i
ng
s
e
c
t
or
us
i
n
g t
he
da
t
a
o
bt
a
i
n
e
d f
r
om
a
na
t
i
on
w
i
de
s
ur
ve
y
.
T
he
s
t
u
dy
c
onf
i
r
m
s
t
ha
t
t
he
c
os
t
of
e
l
e
c
t
r
i
c
i
t
y
f
a
i
l
u
r
e
s
t
o
t
h
e
N
i
g
e
r
i
a
n
m
a
n
u
f
a
c
t
u
r
i
n
g
s
e
c
t
o
r
i
s
q
u
i
t
e
h
i
g
h
a
n
d
v
e
r
y
a
l
a
r
m
i
n
g
.
N
i
g
e
r
i
a
n
f
i
r
m
s
w
e
r
e
f
o
u
nd t
o i
nc
ur
c
os
t
s
on t
he
pr
o
vi
s
i
on a
nd
m
a
i
nt
e
na
nc
e
o
f
e
xpe
ns
i
ve
ba
c
k
-
u
p s
uc
h a
s
ge
ne
r
a
t
o
r
s
a
nd o
th
e
r
d
i
es
el
-
p
o
w
e
r
e
d
m
a
c
hi
ne
s
t
o
m
i
nim
i
z
e
t
he
e
xpe
c
t
e
d
o
ut
a
ge
c
os
t
s
.
T
hi
s
c
on
s
t
i
t
ut
e
s
hi
g
h c
os
t
di
e
s
e
l
a
nd
ga
s
w
i
t
h t
he
a
ve
r
a
ge
c
os
t
s
a
s
h
u
ge
a
s
t
hr
e
e
t
i
m
e
s
t
he
c
os
t
of
go
ve
r
nm
e
nt
-
s
u
p
p
l
i
ed
el
ect
r
i
ci
t
y
.
T
h
e
m
ar
g
i
n
al
co
s
t
e
s
t
i
m
a
t
e
s
a
l
s
o
i
n
d
i
c
a
t
e
s
t
h
a
t
t
h
e
c
os
t
of
K
w
h
of
u
ns
e
r
ve
d
e
l
e
c
t
r
i
c
i
t
y
i
s
ve
r
y
hi
g
h.
T
he
s
e
t
e
e
t
hi
ng
c
ha
l
l
e
n
g
e
s
i
n
t
he
s
e
c
t
o
r
ha
ve
l
e
d t
o l
ot
o
f
m
ult
i
na
t
i
ona
l
c
or
p
or
a
t
i
o
ns
c
l
o
s
i
ng t
he
i
r
f
i
r
m
s
a
n
d r
e
l
oc
a
t
i
n
g t
o
ne
a
r
by
c
o
unt
r
i
e
s
t
h
a
t
e
n
j
o
y
u
n
i
n
t
e
r
r
u
p
t
e
d
e
l
e
c
t
r
i
c
i
t
y
s
u
p
p
l
y
.
O
kon
kwo
[
15
]
,
s
ubm
i
t
t
e
d t
ha
t
r
e
g
ul
a
r
s
u
p
pl
y
of
a
l
l
f
or
m
s
of
e
ne
r
gy
i
n a
n e
c
on
om
y
i
s
r
e
ga
r
de
d
a
s
e
s
s
e
n
t
i
a
l
o
i
l
f
o
r
l
u
b
r
i
c
a
t
i
n
g
o
r
p
r
o
p
e
l
l
i
n
g
t
h
e
w
h
e
e
l
s
o
f
e
c
o
n
o
m
i
c
a
c
t
i
v
i
t
i
e
s
,
a
i
m
e
d
a
t
i
n
c
r
e
a
s
i
n
g
g
r
o
w
t
h
o
f
a
gg
r
e
ga
t
e
o
ut
p
ut
.
E
ne
r
gy
,
a
pa
r
t
f
r
om
s
e
r
vi
ng
a
s
a
pi
l
l
a
r
of
w
e
a
l
t
h
c
r
eat
i
o
n
i
n
d
e
v
el
o
p
i
n
g
eco
n
o
m
i
es
,
s
er
v
es
a
s
a
n e
n
gi
ne
o
f
gr
owt
h f
o
r
a
l
l
s
e
c
t
or
s
of
t
he
e
c
on
om
y
;
e
l
e
c
t
r
i
c
i
t
y
de
ve
l
o
pm
e
nt
a
nd ut
i
l
i
z
a
t
i
on t
he
r
e
f
o
r
e
ha
s
pe
r
va
s
i
ve
i
m
pa
c
t
on
i
n
du
s
t
r
i
a
l
de
ve
l
o
pm
e
nt
of
e
ve
r
y
na
t
i
o
n
.
F
i
n
a
l
l
y
,
i
n
a
n
a
t
t
e
m
p
t
t
o
e
x
p
l
o
r
e
t
h
e
a
r
e
a
o
f
t
h
e
i
m
p
a
c
t
o
f
e
l
e
c
t
r
i
c
i
t
y
,
n
u
m
e
r
o
u
s
l
i
t
e
r
a
t
u
r
e
s
o
n
l
y
r
e
ve
a
l
e
d t
he
r
e
l
a
t
i
ons
hi
p be
t
w
e
e
n e
c
on
om
ic
gr
o
w
t
h a
nd e
l
e
c
t
r
i
c
i
t
y s
uppl
y
,
w
i
t
h s
om
e
onl
y
on m
a
nuf
a
c
t
ur
i
n
g
o
u
t
p
u
t
,
w
i
t
h
l
i
t
t
l
e
e
m
p
i
r
i
c
a
l
a
t
t
e
n
t
i
o
n
o
n
t
h
e
e
f
f
e
c
t
o
f
e
l
e
c
t
r
i
c
i
t
y
o
n
t
h
e
v
a
r
i
o
u
s
s
e
c
t
o
r
s
o
f
t
h
e
e
c
o
nom
y
.
T
hi
s
c
oul
d l
e
a
d t
o
f
a
l
l
a
c
y
of
c
om
pos
i
t
i
o
n be
c
a
u
s
e
e
c
on
om
i
c
gr
o
wt
h i
s
o
nl
y
a
f
u
nc
t
i
o
n o
f
t
he
pe
r
f
or
m
a
nc
e
o
f
di
f
f
e
r
e
nt
s
e
c
t
o
r
s
w
hi
c
h c
e
r
t
a
i
nl
y
di
f
f
e
r
i
n t
he
i
r
ne
e
d f
o
r
e
l
e
c
t
r
i
c
i
t
y
.
I
n r
e
s
p
o
ns
e
t
o t
hi
s
pe
r
c
e
i
ve
d
ga
p,
t
hi
s
s
t
udy
e
x
pl
or
e
s
t
he
e
f
f
e
c
t
of
P
o
w
e
r
S
e
c
t
o
r
R
e
f
or
m
on
m
a
nuf
a
c
t
ur
i
n
g
o
ut
p
ut
a
nd
s
e
r
vi
c
e
s
s
e
c
t
or
i
n
N
i
ge
r
i
a
.
3.
ST
U
D
Y
M
E
T
H
O
D
O
L
O
G
Y
T
h
e
a
n
a
l
y
s
i
s
b
e
g
a
n
w
i
t
h
t
h
e
u
n
i
t
r
o
o
t
t
e
s
t
t
o
d
e
t
e
r
m
i
n
e
w
h
e
t
h
e
r
t
h
e
t
i
m
e
s
e
r
i
e
s
d
a
t
a
w
e
r
e
s
t
a
t
i
o
n
a
r
y
a
t
l
e
v
e
l
s
o
r
f
i
r
s
t
d
i
f
f
e
r
e
n
c
e
.
T
h
e
u
n
i
t
r
o
o
t
t
e
s
t
w
a
s
co
n
d
u
ct
ed
o
n
each
v
ar
i
ab
l
e i
n
t
h
e
m
o
d
el
,
n
am
el
y
,
M
A
N
,
S
er
v
an
d
E
-
c
o
n
s
u
m
p
.
T
h
e
A
u
g
m
e
n
t
e
d
D
i
c
k
e
y
F
u
l
l
e
r
(
A
D
F
)
u
n
i
t
r
o
o
t
t
e
s
t
w
e
r
e
u
s
e
d
t
o
t
e
s
t
f
o
r
t
h
e
s
t
a
t
i
o
n
a
r
i
t
y
o
f
t
h
e v
a
r
i
ab
l
e
s
.
A
s
t
at
i
o
n
ar
y
t
i
m
e s
er
i
es
r
e
f
er
s
t
o
t
h
e s
er
i
es
w
i
t
h
a co
n
s
t
an
t
m
ean
,
co
n
s
t
an
t
v
ar
i
an
ce
,
an
d
c
on
s
t
a
nt
a
ut
oc
ova
r
i
a
nc
e
s
f
or
e
a
c
h gi
ve
n
l
a
g
.
A
f
t
e
r
de
t
e
r
m
ini
n
g t
he
o
r
de
r
of
i
nt
e
gr
a
t
i
o
n
of
e
a
c
h o
f
t
he
t
im
e
s
er
i
es
,
a
n
d
i
f
t
h
e v
a
r
i
ab
l
es
w
er
e i
n
t
eg
r
at
ed
o
f
t
h
e
s
am
e
o
r
d
er
,
t
h
e
A
R
D
L
B
o
u
n
d
s
T
es
t
i
n
g
a
p
p
r
o
ach
t
o
c
o
i
n
t
e
g
r
a
t
i
o
n
t
e
s
t
w
a
s
u
s
e
d
i
n
t
h
i
s
s
t
u
dy
t
o de
t
e
r
m
i
ne
w
he
t
he
r
t
he
r
e
i
s
a
ny
l
o
ng
-
r
un o
r
e
q
ui
l
i
br
i
um
r
e
l
a
t
i
o
n
s
h
i
p
b
e
t
w
e
e
n
E
-
c
o
ns
u
m
p a
nd t
he
ot
he
r
i
n
de
pe
n
de
nt
v
a
r
i
a
bl
e
s
i
n
t
he
m
ode
l
.
I
f
t
he
va
r
i
a
bl
e
s
we
r
e
f
o
u
nd t
o b
e
c
o
i
nt
e
gr
a
t
e
d,
t
he
n a
n e
r
r
o
r
c
o
r
r
e
c
t
i
on m
e
c
ha
ni
s
m
(
E
C
M
)
thr
o
ug
h A
R
DL
a
pp
r
o
a
c
h w
o
ul
d be
e
s
t
im
a
t
e
d
t
o
m
ode
l
t
he
s
h
or
t
-
r
un
dy
na
m
i
c
s
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IJ
A
A
S
I
S
S
N
:
225
2
-
88
14
A
n
E
x
a
m
i
n
at
i
o
n
of
t
he
I
m
p
ac
t
of
P
ow
e
r
Se
c
t
or
R
e
f
or
m
on
M
a
nuf
ac
t
ur
i
n
g
…
(
O
J
IY
A
,
E
mm
a
n
u
e
l
A
m
e
h
)
1
21
3.
1.
M
o
d
e
l
S
p
e
c
i
f
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
3
.
1
.
1
.
A
ug
m
e
nt
e
d
D
i
c
ke
y
-
F
u
l
l
e
r
U
n
i
t
R
o
o
t
T
e
s
t
Mo
d
e
l
T
o
s
t
u
d
y
t
h
e
s
t
a
t
i
o
n
a
r
i
t
y
p
r
o
p
e
r
t
i
e
s
o
f
t
i
m
e
s
e
r
i
e
s
,
t
h
e
A
u
g
m
e
n
t
e
d
D
i
ck
ey
-
F
u
l
l
e
r
t
e
s
t
(A
D
F
)
[
16
]
i
s
e
m
pl
oy
e
d i
n t
hi
s
s
t
u
dy
.
T
he
t
e
s
t
i
nv
ol
ve
s
e
s
t
im
a
ti
ng t
h
e
r
e
g
r
e
s
s
i
on
.
T
he
m
ode
l
f
o
r
t
he
AD
F
un
i
t
r
oot
fra
m
e
wo
r
k
i
s
a
s
f
o
l
l
o
ws
:
ΔX
t
=
α
1 +
+
βX
t
-
1
+
∑
−
=
1
1
k
i
γ
i
ΔX
t
-
1
+
ε
t
(
1)
I
n
t
he
a
b
o
ve
e
qua
t
i
o
n,
α
i
s
t
h
e
c
o
n
s
t
a
n
t
a
n
d
ρ
i
s
t
h
e
c
o
e
f
f
i
c
i
e
n
t
o
f
t
i
m
e
t
r
e
n
d
.
X
i
s
t
h
e
v
ar
i
ab
l
e
u
n
d
er
c
on
s
i
de
r
a
t
i
o
n
.
I
n t
hi
s
s
t
udy
,
t
he
va
r
i
a
bl
e
s
i
n
c
l
ude
l
o
g(
F
D
I
)
,
l
og
(
G
D
P
-
p
c
),
l
o
g
(
I
NV
T
),
a
n
d
l
o
g
(M
A
N)
.
Δ
i
s
t
h
e
f
i
r
s
t
-
d
i
f
f
e
r
en
ce o
p
er
at
o
r
;
t
i
s
a
t
i
m
e
tr
e
nd
; a
nd
ε
t
i
s
a
s
t
a
t
i
o
n
a
r
y
r
a
n
d
o
m
e
r
r
o
r
.
T
h
e
t
e
s
t
f
o
r
a
u
n
i
t
r
o
o
t
i
s
c
on
d
uc
t
e
d o
n
t
he
c
oe
f
f
i
c
i
e
nt
of
Xt
-
1 i
n
t
he
a
bo
ve
r
e
gr
e
s
s
i
on
.
I
f
t
he
c
oe
f
f
i
c
i
e
nt
,
β
,
i
s
f
o
u
n
d
t
o
b
e
s
i
g
n
i
f
i
c
a
n
t
l
y
d
i
ffe
re
n
t
fr
o
m
z
e
ro
(
β
≠
0
)
,
t
h
e
n
u
l
l
h
y
p
o
t
h
e
s
i
s
t
h
a
t
t
h
e
v
a
r
i
a
b
l
e
X
co
n
t
ai
n
s
a u
n
i
t
r
o
o
t
p
r
o
b
l
e
m
i
s
r
e
j
e
c
t
e
d
,
im
pl
y
i
ng t
ha
t
the
va
r
i
a
bl
e
d
o
e
s
not
ha
ve
a
uni
t
r
oot
.
T
he
opt
i
m
a
l l
a
g l
e
ngt
h i
s
a
l
s
o de
t
e
r
m
i
ne
d i
n t
h
e
AD
F
r
e
g
r
e
s
s
i
o
n
a
n
d
i
s
s
e
l
e
c
t
e
d
u
s
i
n
g
A
k
a
i
k
e
i
n
f
o
r
m
a
t
i
o
n
c
r
i
t
e
r
i
o
n
(
A
I
C)
.
3
.
1
.
2
.
Es
t
i
m
a
t
i
o
n
Te
c
h
n
i
q
u
e
s
:
A
R
D
L
M
o
d
e
l
l
i
n
g
A
p
p
r
o
ac
h
T
he
e
s
t
im
a
t
i
o
n t
e
c
hni
que
a
do
pt
e
d f
o
r
t
hi
s
w
or
k i
s
ba
s
e
d o
n A
ut
o
-
r
e
gr
e
s
s
i
ve
D
i
s
t
r
i
but
e
d L
a
g
(
AR
DL
)
a
p
pr
o
a
c
h a
nd
E
r
r
o
r
C
or
r
e
c
t
i
on
M
e
c
ha
ni
s
m
(
E
C
M
)
.
T
he
AR
D
L
m
ode
l
i
ng a
p
pr
oa
c
h p
o
p
ul
a
r
i
z
e
d b
y
P
es
ar
a
n
[
17]
,
P
es
ar
an
[
18
]
,
an
d
P
e
s
ar
a
n
[
19
]
ha
s
n
um
e
r
ous
a
dva
nt
a
ge
s
.
T
h
e
m
a
i
n a
dva
nt
a
ge
o
f
t
hi
s
a
p
p
r
oa
c
h
l
i
e
s
i
n t
he
f
a
c
t
t
ha
t
i
t
c
a
n be
a
ppl
i
e
d
i
r
r
e
s
pe
c
t
i
ve
of
w
he
t
he
r
t
he
va
r
i
a
bl
e
s
a
r
e
I
(
0
)
or
I
(
1
)
a
nd
t
ha
t
n
o
ne
of
t
he
v
a
r
i
a
b
l
e
s
i
s
s
t
a
t
i
o
n
a
r
y
a
t
1
(
2
)
a
n
d
b
e
y
o
n
d
[
17]
.
A
n
ot
he
r
a
dva
nt
a
ge
o
f
t
h
i
s
a
pp
r
oa
c
h i
s
t
ha
t
t
he
m
od
el
t
ak
es
s
u
f
f
i
ci
en
t
n
u
m
b
er
s
o
f
l
ag
s
t
o
cap
t
u
r
e t
h
e d
at
a g
e
n
er
at
i
n
g
p
r
o
ces
s
i
n
a g
en
er
al
-
t
o
-
s
p
e
c
i
f
i
c
m
o
d
e
l
l
i
n
g
f
r
a
m
e
wor
k.
M
or
e
o
ve
r
,
a
dy
na
m
i
c
e
r
r
or
c
or
r
e
c
t
i
on
m
od
e
l
(
E
C
M
)
c
a
n
be
de
r
i
ve
d
f
r
om
A
R
D
L
t
hr
ou
g
h
a
s
im
pl
e
l
i
ne
a
r
tr
a
ns
f
or
m
a
t
i
on.
T
h
e
E
CM
i
n
t
e
g
r
a
t
e
s
t
h
e
sh
o
r
t
-
r
un
dy
na
m
i
c
s
wi
t
h t
he
l
on
g
-
r
un e
qui
l
i
br
i
um
w
i
t
h
o
u
t
l
o
s
i
n
g
l
o
n
g
-
r
u
n i
n
f
o
r
m
a
ti
on.
I
t
i
s
a
l
s
o a
r
gue
d t
h
a
t
us
i
n
g t
he
A
R
D
L
a
p
pr
oa
c
h a
v
oi
d
s
p
r
o
bl
e
m
s
r
e
s
ul
t
i
n
g f
r
om
no
n
-
s
t
a
t
i
o
n
a
r
y
t
i
m
e
s
e
r
i
e
s
d
a
t
a
.
T
h
i
s
s
t
u
d
y
i
l
l
u
s
t
r
a
t
e
s
t
h
e
A
R
D
L
m
o
d
e
l
l
i
n
g
a
p
p
r
o
a
c
h
b
y
co
n
s
i
de
r
i
ng
t
he
f
ol
l
ow
i
ng
e
q
u
a
t
i
on:
L
n
(E
-
c
on
s
ump)
=
δ
o
+
δ
1
L
n
(
M
A
N
)
+
δ
2
L
n
(
S
er
v)
+
µ
t
(
2)
w
h
er
e
E
-
c
o
ns
um
p
=
E
le
c
tr
ic
ity
c
o
ns
u
m
p
tio
n
(
pr
oxy
f
or
P
ow
e
r
S
e
c
to
r
R
e
f
or
m
)
(
1
999
-
20
16
)
MA
N
=
Ma
n
uf
a
c
tur
ing
s
e
c
to
r
ou
tpu
t
(
1
999
–
2
016
)
S
e
rv
=
S
er
v
i
ces
s
ect
o
r
(
v
al
u
e
a
dd
e
d,
%
of
G
D
P
)
µt
=
S
t
o
c
h
a
s
t
i
c
e
r
r
o
r
t
e
r
m
/
t
i
m
e
t
r
e
n
d
M
or
e
ove
r
,
0
,
1
,
2
a
re
t
h
e
re
s
p
e
c
t
i
v
e
p
a
ra
m
e
t
e
rs
.
T
h
e
e
q
u
a
t
i
o
n
o
f
A
R
D
L
i
s
a
s
f
o
l
l
o
w
s
:
Δ
L
n
(E
-
c
o
ns
um
p)
t
=
α
o
+α
1
L
n
(
M
A
N
)t
-
1+
α
2
L
n(
Se
r
v
)
t
-
1
+
∑β
1
M
AN
t
-
i
+
∑
Ɵ
2
S
er
vt
-
i
+ε
t
(
3)
w
h
e
re
:
T
h
e
n
u
l
l
an
d
al
t
er
n
at
i
v
e
h
y
p
o
t
h
es
es
a
r
e
as
f
o
l
l
o
w
s
:
H
0
:
ƛ
0
=
ƛ
1
=
ƛ
2
=
ƛ
3
=
ƛ
4
(
N
o
l
on
g
r
u
n
r
e
l
a
t
i
ons
hi
p
e
xi
s
t
)
A
ga
i
ns
t
t
he
a
l
t
e
r
na
t
i
ve
hy
pot
he
s
i
s
:
H
0
:
ƛ
0
≠
ƛ
1
≠
ƛ
2
≠
ƛ
3
≠
ƛ
4
(
L
o
n
g
r
u
n
r
e
l
a
t
i
o
n
s
h
i
p
e
x
i
s
t
)
T
he
AR
DL
a
p
pr
oa
c
h t
o c
oi
n
t
e
gr
a
t
i
o
n
i
n
vol
ve
s
t
h
r
e
e
s
t
a
g
e
s
.
I
n t
he
f
i
r
s
t
s
t
a
ge
,
t
he
hy
pot
he
s
i
s
t
ha
t
c
o
i
n
t
e
g
r
a
t
i
o
n
i
s
a
b
s
e
n
t
i
s
t
e
s
t
e
d
.
M
o
r
e
s
p
e
c
i
f
i
c
a
l
l
y
,
t
h
e
n
u
l
l
h
y
p
o
t
h
e
s
i
s
i
s
t
h
a
t
t
h
e
c
o
e
f
f
i
c
i
e
n
t
s
o
f
l
a
g
g
e
d
r
e
g
r
e
s
s
or
s
(
i
n
l
e
ve
l
s
)
i
n t
he
un
de
r
l
y
i
ng
A
R
D
L
e
r
r
or
c
o
r
r
e
c
t
i
on m
ode
l
a
r
e
j
oi
nt
l
y
e
q
u
al
t
o
zer
o
.
T
h
e n
u
l
l
hy
p
ot
he
s
i
s
i
s
d
e
f
i
ne
d by
:
H0:
ƛ
0
=
ƛ
1
=
ƛ
2
=
ƛ
3
=
ƛ
4
(
N
o
l
o
n
g
r
u
n
r
e
l
a
t
i
o
n
s
h
i
p
e
x
i
s
t
)
a
n
d
i
t
i
s
t
e
s
t
e
d
a
g
a
i
n
s
t
t
h
e
a
l
t
e
rn
a
t
i
v
e
h
y
p
o
t
h
e
s
i
s
t
h
a
t
β
0
≠
β
1
≠
ƛ
2
≠
ƛ
3
≠
ƛ
4
(L
o
n
g
r
u
n
re
l
a
t
i
o
n
s
h
i
p
e
x
i
s
t
).
T
h
e A
R
D
L
ap
p
r
o
ach
u
s
e
s
t
h
e
F
-
t
es
t
t
o
d
et
er
m
i
n
e t
h
e p
r
es
e
n
ce (
o
r
n
o
t
)
o
f
a co
i
n
t
eg
r
at
i
n
g
r
e
l
a
t
i
ons
hi
p
be
t
we
e
n
va
r
i
a
bl
e
s
,
a
l
t
ho
u
gh
t
he
a
s
ym
pt
ot
i
c
di
s
t
r
i
but
i
o
n
of
t
he
F
-
s
t
a
t
i
s
t
i
c
i
n
t
h
i
s
c
o
n
t
e
x
t
i
s
n
o
t
s
t
a
nda
r
di
z
e
d
w
i
t
ho
ut
t
a
ki
n
g
a
c
c
o
u
nt
o
f
w
he
t
he
r
t
he
v
a
r
i
a
bl
e
s
a
r
e
I
(
0)
or
I
(
1
)
.
T
h
e
c
r
i
t
i
c
a
l
v
a
l
u
e
s
o
f
t
h
i
s
di
s
t
r
i
b
ut
i
on a
r
e
gi
ve
n i
n P
e
s
a
r
a
n
[
17
]
,
an
d
P
es
ar
a
n
[1
9
]
.
T
w
o s
e
t
s
o
f
v
a
l
ue
s
a
r
e
pr
e
s
e
nt
e
d i
n t
he
f
or
m
of
a
t
ab
l
e.
T
h
e f
i
r
s
t
s
et
as
s
u
m
es
t
h
at
al
l
t
h
e v
ar
i
a
b
l
es
ar
e I
(
1
)
,
w
h
i
l
e t
h
e s
eco
n
d
s
et
as
s
u
m
es
t
h
at
al
l
t
h
e v
al
u
es
ar
e
I
(0
)
.
T
hi
s
m
a
ke
s
i
t
pos
s
i
bl
e
f
or
t
he
va
r
i
a
bl
e
s
t
o be
s
t
a
t
i
on
a
r
y
a
nd
f
i
r
s
t
-
o
rd
e
r i
n
t
e
g
ra
t
e
d
.
If t
h
e
v
a
l
u
e
o
f t
h
e
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
S
SN
:
2
252
-
88
14
IJ
A
A
S
V
o
l
.
7
,
N
o
.
2
,
J
un
e
201
8
:
117
–
1
26
1
22
cal
cu
l
at
ed
F
-
s
t
a
t
i
s
t
i
c
i
s
h
i
g
h
e
r
t
h
a
n
t
h
e
h
i
g
h
e
s
t
v
a
l
u
e
o
f
t
h
i
s
r
e
g
i
o
n
,
t
h
e
n
u
l
l
h
y
p
o
t
h
e
s
i
s
i
s
r
e
j
e
c
t
e
d
,
t
h
u
s
i
n
d
i
cat
i
n
g
t
h
e p
r
es
e
n
ce o
f
co
i
n
t
eg
r
at
i
on
be
t
w
e
e
n
va
r
i
a
bl
e
s
wi
t
ho
ut
t
a
ki
ng
a
c
c
ou
nt
of
w
h
e
t
he
r
t
he
y
a
r
e
I
(
1
)
o
r
I(
0
)
.
If t
h
e
v
a
l
u
e
o
f t
h
e
F
-
s
t
a
t
i
s
t
i
c
f
a
l
l
s
b
e
l
o
w
t
h
i
s
r
e
g
i
o
n
,
t
h
e
n
u
l
l
h
y
p
o
t
h
e
s
i
s
o
f
n
o
c
o
i
n
t
e
g
r
a
t
i
o
n
c
a
n
n
o
t
b
e
r
ej
ect
e
d
,
w
h
er
e
as
an
F
-
v
a
l
u
e
l
y
i
n
g
w
i
t
h
i
n
t
h
e
r
e
g
i
o
n
i
m
p
l
i
e
s
t
h
a
t
t
h
e
r
e
s
u
l
t
o
f
t
h
e
t
e
s
t
i
s
i
n
d
e
t
e
r
m
i
n
a
t
e
.
I
f
t
h
e
e
x
i
s
t
e
n
c
e
o
f
a
l
o
n
g
-
r
u
n
r
e
l
a
t
i
ons
hi
p
b
e
t
w
e
e
n
t
he
va
r
i
a
bl
e
s
i
s
bo
r
ne
out
,
t
he
s
e
c
o
n
d
s
t
a
ge
i
n
t
he
a
n
a
l
y
s
i
s
c
o
n
s
i
s
t
s
i
n
e
s
t
i
m
a
t
i
n
g
t
h
e
s
h
o
r
t
-
r
un a
nd
l
o
ng
-
r
u
n
p
ar
am
et
er
s
,
u
s
i
n
g
t
h
e
A
R
D
L
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
.
O
n
ce t
h
e
lo
ng
-
ru
n
re
l
a
t
i
ons
hi
p be
t
we
e
n t
he
va
r
i
a
bl
e
s
i
s
de
t
e
r
m
i
ne
d,
t
he
n t
he
e
s
t
im
a
t
e
s
of
t
he
l
on
g
-
ru
n
AR
D
L
c
a
n
b
e
obt
a
i
ne
d.
I
f
a
l
on
g
-
r
u
n r
e
l
a
t
i
ons
hi
p be
t
w
e
e
n t
he
va
r
i
a
bl
e
s
e
xi
s
t
s
,
t
he
n t
he
r
e
a
l
s
o e
xi
s
t
s
a
n e
r
r
or
-
c
o
rre
c
t
i
o
n
r
e
p
r
e
s
e
nt
a
t
i
on.
C
ons
e
q
ue
nt
l
y
,
t
he
e
r
r
o
r
c
o
r
r
e
c
t
i
on
m
o
d
e
l
i
s
e
s
t
i
m
a
t
e
d
i
n
t
h
e
t
h
i
r
d
s
t
e
p
;
i
t
i
n
d
i
c
a
t
e
s
t
h
e
s
p
e
e
d
o
f
a
d
j
u
s
t
m
e
n
t
t
o
l
o
n
g
-
r
u
n
e
q
u
i
l
i
br
i
um
f
ol
l
ow
i
ng
a
s
ho
r
t
-
r
un
s
h
oc
k.
A
g
en
e
r
al
er
r
o
r
-
c
o
r
r
e
c
t
i
o
n
r
e
p
r
e
s
e
nt
a
t
i
o
n
of
e
qua
t
i
o
n
i
s
f
or
m
ul
a
t
e
d
a
s
f
ol
l
ows
:
(
4
)
w
h
er
e
,
φ
=
S
p
eed
o
r
r
at
e
o
f
a
d
j
u
s
t
m
en
t
;
δ
1
,
Π
2
,
α
3
,
represents
t
h
e
co
ef
f
i
ci
en
t
s
o
f
t
h
e v
ar
i
a
b
l
es
r
es
p
ect
i
v
el
y
;
Δ
i
s
t
h
e
d
i
ffe
re
n
c
e
o
p
e
ra
t
o
r
,
m
i
s
t
h
e
l
a
g
l
e
n
g
t
h
o
f
t
h
e
v
a
r
i
a
b
l
e
s
;
ect
t
-
1
de
not
e
s
t
he
r
e
s
i
dua
l
f
r
o
m
t
he
c
oi
nt
e
gr
a
t
i
on
e
qua
t
i
o
n
(
t
he
e
r
r
or
c
o
r
r
e
c
t
i
o
n
t
e
r
m
)
,
a
nd
ε
t
i
s
t
he
unc
o
r
r
e
l
a
t
e
d
whi
t
e
noi
s
e
r
e
s
i
d
ua
l
s
.
3
.
2
.
E
co
n
o
mi
c
A
p
ri
o
ri
T
hi
s
s
pe
c
i
f
i
c
a
l
l
y
ha
s
t
o
do
w
i
t
h s
i
g
n e
xp
e
c
t
a
t
i
on s
e
t
by
e
c
o
nom
i
c
t
he
or
y
a
nd i
t
i
s
e
xpe
c
t
e
d t
ha
t
p
ar
am
et
er
s
i
n
t
h
i
s
m
o
d
el
h
a
v
e t
h
e c
o
r
r
ect
s
i
g
n
s
an
d
s
i
zes
t
h
at
co
n
f
o
r
m
t
o
eco
n
o
m
i
c t
h
eo
r
y
.
I
f
t
h
ey
ca
r
r
y
t
h
e
e
xpe
c
t
e
d s
i
g
ns
,
t
he
n t
he
hy
p
ot
he
s
i
s
i
s
a
c
c
e
pt
e
d
ot
he
r
w
i
s
e
t
he
y
a
r
e
r
e
je
c
t
e
d.
E
xpl
i
c
i
t
l
y
put
,
i
t
i
s
e
x
pe
c
t
e
d a
p
r
i
o
r
i
t
h
a
t
a
n
i
n
c
r
e
a
s
e
i
n
e
l
e
c
t
r
i
c
i
t
y
c
o
n
s
u
m
p
t
i
o
n
w
i
l
l
r
e
s
u
l
t
t
o
a
r
i
s
e
i
n
m
a
n
u
f
a
c
t
u
r
i
n
g
o
u
t
p
u
t
a
n
d
m
o
r
e
r
e
s
u
l
t
-
or
i
e
nt
e
d
s
e
r
vi
c
e
s
s
ect
o
r
,
cet
e
r
i
s
p
ar
i
b
u
s
.
3.
3.
D
i
ag
n
os
t
i
c
/
S
t
a
b
i
l
i
t
y
Te
s
t
A
t
t
h
e
e
n
d
o
f
t
h
e
s
t
u
d
y
,
t
h
e
V
E
CM
w
o
u
l
d
b
e
s
u
b
j
e
c
t
e
d
t
o
t
h
e
s
t
a
t
i
s
t
i
c
a
l
d
i
a
g
n
o
s
t
i
c
t
e
s
t
s
,
n
a
m
e
l
y
,
n
o
r
m
a
l
i
t
y
,
s
e
r
i
a
l
c
o
r
r
e
l
a
t
i
o
n
,
h
e
t
e
r
o
s
k
e
d
a
s
t
i
c
i
t
y
a
n
d
t
h
e
i
n
v
e
r
s
e
r
o
o
t
o
f
A
u
t
o
-
R
e
g
r
es
s
i
v
e ch
a
r
ac
t
er
i
s
t
i
c
P
o
l
y
n
o
m
i
a
l
t
e
s
t
s
t
o
a
s
c
e
r
t
a
i
n
i
t
s
s
t
a
t
i
s
t
i
c
a
l
a
d
e
q
u
a
c
y
.
4.
D
AT
A
A
N
AL
YS
I
S
A
N
D
I
N
T
E
RP
R
E
T
A
T
I
O
N
4
.
1
.
A
ug
m
e
nt
e
d
D
i
c
ke
y
-
F
u
l
l
e
r
U
n
i
t
R
o
o
t
Te
s
t
I
n
t
h
e
f
i
r
s
t
s
t
e
p
o
f
t
h
e
a
n
a
l
y
s
i
s
,
w
e
w
i
l
l
u
s
e
b
o
t
h
t
h
e
A
D
F
u
n
i
t
r
o
o
t
t
e
s
t
t
o
i
d
e
n
t
i
f
y
w
h
i
c
h
v
a
r
i
a
b
l
e
s
i
n
t
he
m
ode
l
s
ha
ve
a
uni
t
r
oot
.
I
n
ot
he
r
w
o
r
ds
,
w
e
w
oul
d l
i
k
e
t
o de
t
e
r
m
i
ne
whe
t
he
r
va
r
i
a
b
l
e
s
i
n t
he
m
ode
l
s
a
r
e
s
ta
tio
n
a
r
y
or
n
on
-
s
t
a
t
i
o
n
a
r
y
.
P
r
i
o
r
t
o
c
a
r
r
y
i
n
g
o
u
t
A
R
D
L
b
o
u
n
d
s
t
e
s
t
,
i
t
i
s
e
x
p
e
c
t
e
d
t
o
f
i
r
s
t
t
e
s
t
f
o
r
t
h
e
s
t
a
t
i
o
n
a
r
i
t
y
o
f
a
l
l
t
h
e
v
a
r
i
a
b
l
e
s
i
n
t
h
e
m
o
d
e
l
t
o
d
e
t
e
r
m
i
n
e
t
h
e
o
r
d
e
r
o
f
i
n
t
e
g
r
a
t
i
o
n
f
o
r
e
a
c
h
v
a
r
i
a
b
l
e
.
T
h
i
s
i
s
a
n
eces
s
a
r
y
s
t
ep
t
o
en
s
u
r
e t
h
a
t
v
ar
i
ab
l
es
ar
e
n
o
t
s
ec
o
n
d
-
o
r
d
e
r
s
t
a
t
i
o
n
a
r
y
(
i
.
e
.
,
I
(
2)
)
a
n
d
t
o a
voi
d f
a
l
l
a
c
i
ous
r
e
s
u
l
t
s
.
A
c
c
o
r
d
i
n
g
t
o
O
u
a
t
t
a
r
a
,
t
h
e cal
cu
l
a
t
ed
F
-
s
t
a
t
i
s
t
i
c
s
w
h
i
c
h
P
e
s
a
r
a
n
[1
9
]
p
r
o
vi
de
a
r
e
not
va
l
i
d i
n
t
h
e
pr
e
s
e
nc
e
of
I
(
2
)
va
r
i
a
bl
e
s
,
s
i
n
c
e
t
he
bo
u
nd
s
t
e
s
t
s
a
r
e
ba
s
e
d
on t
he
a
s
s
um
pt
i
on t
ha
t
va
r
i
a
bl
e
s
a
r
e
e
i
t
he
r
I
(
0)
or
I
(1
)
.
Be
l
o
w
i
s
t
h
e
T
ab
l
e
1
s
ho
wi
n
g
t
he
o
r
de
r
of
s
t
a
t
i
ona
r
i
t
y
of
t
he
s
e
r
i
e
s
e
x
a
m
i
ne
d.
T
ab
l
e
1
.
Re
s
u
l
t
s
o
f
A
u
g
m
e
n
t
e
d
D
i
c
k
e
y
F
u
l
l
e
r
a
n
d
P
h
i
l
i
p
-
P
e
r
r
o
n
U
n
i
t
Ro
o
t
T
e
s
t
Var
iab
le
At L
ev
el
1
st
Dif
f
er
en
ce
T
-
s
tatis
tic
v
alu
e
5
%
cr
itical
v
alu
e
Decis
io
n
T
-
s
tatis
tic
v
alu
e
5
%
cr
itical
v
alu
e
Decis
io
n
Lo
g
(E
-
c
ons
u
m
p
)
2.
4505
53
-
3.
06558
5
No
n
-
s
tatio
n
ar
y
-
5.
24640
9
-
3.
06558
5
Statio
n
ar
y
Lo
g
(MA
N
)
-
0.
61387
3
-
3.
05216
9
No
n
-
s
tatio
n
ar
y
-
3.
65866
5
-
3.
06558
5
Statio
n
ar
y
Lo
g
(S
e
rv
)
-
0.
21228
0
-
3.
05216
9
No
n
-
s
tatio
n
ar
y
-
4.
66735
1
-
3.
06558
5
Statio
n
ar
y
T
he
r
e
s
ul
t
s
of
t
he
A
ugm
e
nt
e
d
D
i
c
ke
y
-
F
ul
l
e
r
(
A
D
F
)
u
ni
t
r
oo
t
t
e
s
t
a
s
pr
e
s
e
n
t
e
d
a
bo
ve
r
e
ve
a
l
e
d
t
ha
t
no
va
r
i
a
bl
e
a
t
t
a
i
n
e
d
s
t
a
t
i
o
n
a
r
i
t
y
a
t
i
t
s
l
e
v
e
l
f
o
r
m
u
n
t
i
l
i
t
w
a
s
d
i
f
f
e
r
e
n
c
e
d
.
T
h
e
r
e
f
o
r
e
,
t
h
e
n
u
l
l
h
y
p
o
t
h
e
s
i
s
o
f
n
o
n
-
s
t
at
i
o
n
ar
i
t
y
can
n
o
t
b
e r
e
j
ect
ed
at
l
ev
el
s
.
H
o
w
e
v
er
,
at
f
i
r
s
t
d
i
f
f
er
e
n
ce,
al
l
v
ar
i
ab
l
es
w
er
e s
t
at
i
o
n
ar
y
.
T
h
at
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IJ
A
A
S
I
S
S
N
:
225
2
-
88
14
A
n
E
x
a
m
i
n
at
i
o
n
of
t
he
I
m
p
ac
t
of
P
ow
e
r
Se
c
t
or
R
e
f
or
m
on
M
a
nuf
ac
t
ur
i
n
g
…
(
O
J
IY
A
,
E
mm
a
n
u
e
l
A
m
e
h
)
1
23
m
ean
s
at
f
i
r
s
t
d
i
f
f
e
r
e
n
ce t
h
e
v
ar
i
a
b
l
es
w
e
r
e
i
n
t
eg
r
at
e
d
o
f
o
r
d
er
I
(
1
)
,
h
en
ce i
t
i
s
co
n
cl
u
d
ed
t
h
at
E
-
c
ons
u
m
p
,
M
AN
a
n
d S
e
r
v a
r
e
f
i
r
s
t
di
f
f
e
r
e
nc
e
s
t
a
t
i
ona
r
i
t
y
.
H
a
vi
ng m
e
t
t
he
pr
e
r
e
qui
s
i
t
e
f
or
e
s
t
i
m
a
t
i
n
g
c
o
i
n
t
e
g
r
a
t
i
o
n
t
e
s
t
,
t
h
e s
t
u
d
y
p
r
o
c
eed
s
t
o
es
t
i
m
at
e t
h
e A
R
D
L
B
o
u
n
d
s
T
es
t
i
n
g
as
p
o
p
u
l
a
r
i
zed
b
y
P
es
ar
an
[1
7
]
,
P
es
ar
a
n
[1
8
]
,
a
nd
P
es
ar
a
n
[
19
].
4
.
2
.
A
ug
m
e
nt
e
d
D
i
c
ke
y
-
F
u
l
l
e
r
U
n
i
t
R
o
o
t
Te
s
t
T
o
de
t
e
r
m
i
ne
t
he
e
xi
s
t
e
nc
e
(
or
n
ot
)
o
f
a
l
on
g
-
t
e
r
m
r
e
l
a
t
i
o
n
s
h
i
p
be
t
we
e
n t
he
va
r
i
a
bl
e
s
us
i
ng
t
he
A
R
DL
t
e
c
hni
q
ue
i
s
t
o t
e
s
t
f
o
r
t
he
p
r
e
s
e
nc
e
or
ot
he
r
w
i
s
e
o
f
a
l
on
gr
u
n r
e
l
a
t
i
ons
hi
p by
a
ppl
y
i
n
g B
o
un
d
s
t
e
s
t
de
ve
l
ope
d
by
P
e
s
a
r
a
n
[
19
]
T
h
e
c
o
i
n
t
e
g
r
a
t
i
o
n
t
e
s
t
r
e
s
u
l
t
s
a
r
e
r
e
p
o
r
t
e
d
b
e
l
o
w
.
T
ab
l
e
2
.
C
o
i
n
t
e
g
r
a
t
i
o
n
T
e
s
t
u
s
i
n
g
A
R
D
L
B
o
un
ds
T
e
s
t
i
n
g
A
pp
r
oa
c
h
T
es
t Statis
tic
Valu
e
K
F
-
Statis
tic
6.
4306
94
2
C
r
itical V
alu
e B
o
u
n
d
s
Sig
n
if
ican
ce
I
(
0)
L
ow
e
r
B
ounds
I
(
1)
U
ppe
r
B
ounds
5%
3.
1**
3.
87**
1%
4.
13
5
.0
N
o
t
es
:
T
h
e
c
r
i
t
i
cal
v
al
u
es
a
r
e
t
ak
en
f
r
o
m
P
es
ar
an
[
17]
w
i
t
h
fi
v
e
re
g
re
s
s
o
r
s
.
*
* de
not
e
r
e
je
c
t
i
ng t
he
n
ul
l
a
t
5%
l
e
ve
l
of
s
i
gni
f
i
c
a
nc
e
.
T
he
r
a
nge
of
t
he
c
r
i
t
i
c
al
v
al
u
e at
5
% an
d
1
% ar
e
3
.
1
-
3
.
87
;
4.
13
-
5
.
0
r
es
p
ect
i
v
el
y
.
T
he
A
R
DL
B
o
un
ds
t
e
s
t
i
ng a
pp
r
oa
c
h t
o c
oi
nt
e
g
r
a
t
i
on r
e
s
u
l
t
a
bove
i
m
pl
ie
s
t
he
r
e
je
c
t
i
o
n of
t
he
nul
l
hy
p
ot
he
s
i
s
t
ha
t
no
long
-
r
u
n
r
e
l
a
t
i
ons
hi
p
e
xi
s
t
s
be
t
w
e
e
n
t
he
va
r
i
a
bl
e
s
,
t
h
us
c
onc
l
udi
ng
t
ha
t
e
vi
de
nc
e
of
a
l
on
g
-
r
u
n
r
e
l
a
t
i
ons
hi
p e
xi
s
t
s
be
t
we
e
n e
l
e
c
t
r
i
c
i
t
y
c
ons
um
pt
i
on i
n
N
i
ge
r
i
a
,
m
a
nuf
a
c
t
ur
i
n
g s
e
c
t
or
o
ut
p
ut
a
n
d
s
e
r
vi
c
e
s
s
ec
t
or
out
put
r
e
s
pe
c
t
i
ve
l
y
be
t
we
e
n
19
99
to
2
016
.
P
r
e
c
i
s
e
l
y
,
c
o
i
n
t
e
g
r
a
t
i
o
n
i
s
a
c
h
i
e
v
e
d
i
f
a
n
d
o
n
l
y
i
f
i
t
i
s
r
e
p
o
r
t
e
d
t
h
a
t
t
h
e
c
a
l
c
u
l
a
t
e
d
F
-
s
t
a
t
i
s
t
i
c
s
o
f
t
h
e
j
o
i
n
t
n
u
l
l
h
y
p
o
t
h
e
s
i
s
t
h
a
t
t
h
e
r
e
i
s
n
o
l
o
n
g
-
r
un
r
e
l
a
t
i
ons
hi
p
be
t
we
e
n t
he
v
a
r
i
a
bl
e
s
i
s
gr
e
a
t
e
r
t
ha
n t
he
l
owe
r
a
n
d hi
g
h
e
r
bo
u
nd
of
t
h
e
95 pe
r
c
e
nt
c
r
i
t
i
c
a
l
v
a
l
u
e
i
n
t
e
r
v
a
l
.
F
r
o
m
t
h
e ab
o
v
e t
ab
l
e,
t
h
e F
-
s
t
a
t
i
s
t
i
c
va
l
ue
of
6
.
4
3
06
9
4 i
s
gr
e
a
t
e
r
t
ha
n t
he
l
owe
r
a
n
d hi
g
he
r
bo
u
nd
of
95
p
er
ce
n
t
cr
i
t
i
cal
v
al
u
e (
3
.
1
–
3
.
8
7)
,
t
hus
l
e
a
di
n
g t
o t
he
r
e
je
c
t
i
on
of
t
he
f
or
m
ul
a
t
e
d n
ul
l
hy
pot
he
s
i
s
of
n
o
c
o
i
n
t
e
g
r
a
t
i
o
n
.
4
.
3
.
A
RD
L
U
n
res
t
ri
ct
e
d
E
r
ro
r
C
o
rrec
t
i
o
n
M
o
d
el
E
s
t
i
ma
t
e
T
he
e
s
t
i
m
a
t
e
of
t
he
ge
ne
r
a
l
i
z
e
d
un
r
e
s
t
r
i
c
t
e
d e
r
r
or
c
or
r
e
c
t
i
on m
ode
l
i
s
a
s
s
h
ow
n i
n
T
ab
l
e
3
.
Th
e
c
hoi
c
e
of
AR
DL
m
ode
l
(
4,
1
,
1
)
s
e
l
e
c
t
e
d i
s
ba
s
e
d o
n
A
ka
i
ke
I
nf
o
r
m
a
ti
on
C
r
i
t
e
r
i
on
(
A
I
C
)
.
F
r
om
t
he
m
ode
l
,
bot
h t
he
R
-
Sq
u
a
r
e
d a
n
d a
dj
u
s
t
e
d R
-
S
qua
r
e
d a
r
e
90%
.
T
hi
s
m
e
a
ns
t
ha
t
t
he
r
e
g
r
e
s
s
or
s
c
a
n e
x
pl
a
i
n a
bo
u
t
90
%
of
t
he
va
r
i
a
t
i
o
n i
n t
h
e
m
ode
l
wi
t
hi
n t
he
m
ode
l
.
T
he
D
u
r
bi
n
W
a
t
s
o
n t
e
s
t
s
t
a
t
i
s
t
i
c
of
2.
5
i
ndi
c
a
t
e
s
t
he
a
bs
e
nc
e
o
f
fi
rs
t
-
o
r
de
r
a
ut
oc
or
r
e
l
a
t
i
on
o
f
r
e
s
i
d
ua
l
s
i
n t
he
m
ode
l
.
T
h
e F
-
t
e
s
t
f
o
r
t
h
e
m
o
d
e
l
i
s
e
q
u
a
l
l
y
s
i
g
n
i
f
i
c
a
n
t
a
t
c
o
n
v
e
n
t
i
o
n
a
l
s
i
g
n
i
f
i
c
a
n
c
e
l
e
v
e
l
s
.
T
h
e
m
o
d
e
l
m
e
e
t
s
a
l
l
s
p
e
c
i
f
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
s
o
f
t
h
e
d
i
a
g
n
o
s
t
i
c
t
e
s
t
s
i
n
T
ab
l
e
3
.
T
ab
l
e
3
.
A
RD
L
(
4
,
1
,
1
)
M
o
d
e
l
D
i
a
g
n
o
s
t
i
c
T
e
s
t
s
T
y
p
e o
f
T
es
ts
P
-
Valu
e
B
r
eu
s
ch
-
Go
d
f
r
ey
Ser
ial
C
o
r
r
elatio
n
L
M
T
es
ts
0.
1308
Heter
o
s
k
ed
as
ticity
T
es
t B
r
eu
s
ch
-
Pag
an
-
Go
d
f
r
ey
0.
5382
R
es
id
u
al No
r
m
alit
y
T
es
ts
0.
6320
13
T
y
p
e o
f
T
es
ts
0.
1308
T
h
e
T
ab
l
e
3 a
nd gr
a
p
hs
i
n
F
ig
ur
e
1
a
n
d
2
r
e
v
eal
s
t
h
a
t
t
h
er
e i
s
ab
s
en
ce o
f
f
i
r
s
t
o
r
d
er
s
e
r
i
al
au
t
o
c
o
r
r
el
at
i
o
n
i
n
t
h
e m
o
d
el
o
r
t
h
e
r
es
i
d
u
al
s
ar
e
n
o
t
s
er
i
al
l
y
co
r
r
el
at
ed
;
t
h
er
e
i
s
t
h
e ab
s
e
n
ce o
f
h
et
er
o
s
ced
a
s
t
i
ci
t
y
,
t
h
er
ef
o
r
e
,
t
h
e er
r
o
r
s
ar
e
h
o
m
o
s
ced
as
t
i
c.
F
u
r
t
h
er
m
o
r
e,
t
h
e
n
o
r
m
al
i
t
y
t
es
t
ad
op
te
d
i
s
the
J
a
r
qu
e
-
Be
r
a
(
J
B)
s
t
a
t
i
s
t
i
c
s
,
t
h
e
s
t
u
d
y
o
b
s
e
r
v
e
s
t
h
a
t
t
h
e
r
e
s
i
d
u
a
l
a
r
e
n
o
r
m
a
l
l
y
d
i
s
t
r
i
b
u
t
e
d
.
T
h
e
r
e
s
u
l
t
o
f
CU
S
U
M
/
CU
S
U
M
Q
s
t
a
b
i
l
i
t
y
t
e
s
t
i
n
d
i
c
a
t
e
s
t
h
a
t
t
h
e
m
o
d
e
l
i
s
s
t
a
b
l
e
.
T
h
i
s
i
s
b
e
c
a
u
s
e
t
h
e
CU
S
U
M
/
CU
S
U
M
Q
l
i
n
e
s
f
a
l
l
i
n
-
b
et
w
een
t
h
e
t
w
o
5
%
l
i
n
es
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
S
SN
:
2
252
-
88
14
IJ
A
A
S
V
o
l
.
7
,
N
o
.
2
,
J
un
e
201
8
:
117
–
1
26
1
24
F
ig
ur
e
1
.
C
US
U
M
G
ra
p
h
F
i
gu
r
e
2.
C
US
U
M
Q
G
ra
p
h
4.
4.
L
o
n
g
-
R
u
n
A
R
D
L
R
e
s
u
l
t
s
T
ab
l
e
4
.
E
xt
r
a
c
t
s
of
L
on
g
-
r
u
n
D
yn
a
m
ic
s
Dep
en
d
en
t Var
iab
l
e: E
lect
r
icit
y
co
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
(
E
-
c
ons
um
p
)
Var
iab
le
C
o
ef
f
icien
t
S
t
d
. Er
ro
r
t
-
s
tatis
tic
P
ro
b
C
ons
t
a
nt
2.
7898
72
0.
3823
54
7.
2965
77
0.
0008
Lo
g
(MA
N
)
-
0.
27674
8
0.
0769
76
-
3.
59525
1
0.
0156
Lo
g
(S
e
rv
)
0.
6968
51
0.
1340
41
5.
1987
96
0.
0035
4.
5.
E
s
t
i
m
at
e
of
S
h
or
t
-
ru
n
D
y
n
a
mi
cs
T
ab
l
e
5
.
E
xt
r
a
c
t
s
of
S
ho
r
t
-
r
u
n
Out
put
Dep
en
d
en
t Var
iab
l
e: E
lect
r
icit
y
co
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
(
E
-
c
ons
um
p
)
Var
iab
le
C
o
ef
f
icien
t
S
t
d
. Er
ro
r
t
-
s
tatis
tic
P
ro
b
D
Lo
g
(MA
N
)
-
0.
29339
1
0.
1396
29
-
2.
10121
9
0.
0896
D
Lo
g
(S
e
rv
)
0.
3654
23
0.
2256
04
1.
6197
49
0.
1662
EC
M(
-
1)
-
1.
72916
4
0.
2695
36
-
6.
41532
9
0.
0014
T
h
e r
es
u
l
t
o
f
t
h
e es
t
i
m
at
ed
l
o
n
g
-
r
un a
nd s
ho
r
t
-
r
u
n dy
n
a
m
i
c
e
s
tim
a
t
e
s
i
s
s
ho
w
n i
n
Ta
b
l
e
4
a
nd
5
a
bo
ve
.
A
l
l
i
n
d
e
pe
n
de
nt
v
a
r
i
a
bl
e
s
i
n
t
he
m
ode
l
(
m
a
nuf
a
c
t
u
r
i
n
g
out
put
a
n
d s
e
r
vi
c
e
s
e
c
t
o
r
out
put
)
r
e
ve
a
l
e
d a
lo
ng
-
r
u
n
s
i
g
n
i
f
i
c
a
n
t
r
e
l
a
t
i
o
n
s
h
i
p
w
i
t
h
e
l
e
c
t
r
i
c
i
t
y
c
o
n
s
um
pti
on i
n N
i
ge
r
i
a
.
T
he
r
e
ve
r
s
e
i
s
ho
w
e
ve
r
t
he
c
a
s
e
i
n
t
he
s
h
or
t
-
r
u
n a
s
bot
h
va
r
i
a
bl
e
s
(
M
A
N a
nd S
e
r
v
)
a
r
e
s
t
a
t
i
s
t
ic
a
l
l
y
i
ns
i
gni
f
i
c
a
nt
i
n r
e
l
a
t
i
ons
hi
p t
o t
he
de
pe
nde
n
t
v
a
r
i
a
b
l
e
(
e
l
e
c
t
r
i
c
i
t
y
c
o
n
s
u
m
p
t
i
o
n
)
i
n
t
h
e
s
h
o
r
t
-
r
u
n
.
T
h
e c
o
ef
f
i
ci
en
t
o
f
M
A
N
h
as
a
n
i
n
v
er
s
e
r
e
l
a
t
i
o
n
s
h
i
p
w
i
t
h
t
he
de
pe
nde
nt
va
r
i
a
bl
e
b
ot
h
i
n
t
he
l
on
g
a
nd
s
ho
r
t
-
r
u
n
w
h
i
l
e
t
h
a
t
o
f
(
S
e
r
v
)
a
p
p
e
a
r
e
d
w
i
t
h
a
p
o
s
i
t
i
v
e
s
i
g
n
(
i
.
e
.
i
t
i
s
p
o
s
i
t
i
v
e
l
y
r
e
l
a
t
e
d t
o t
he
de
pe
n
de
nt
va
r
i
a
b
l
e
–
e
l
e
c
t
r
i
c
i
t
y
c
o
n
s
u
m
p
t
i
o
n
)
a
l
s
o
i
n
t
h
e
l
o
n
g
-
r
u
n a
n
d i
n t
he
s
ho
r
t
-
r
u
n
w
i
t
h
i
n
t
h
e
p
e
r
i
o
d
s
t
u
d
i
e
d
.
T
h
e
p
a
r
a
m
e
t
e
r
e
s
t
i
m
a
t
e
o
f
(
M
A
N
)
i
s
s
t
a
t
i
s
t
i
c
a
l
l
y
s
i
g
n
i
f
i
c
a
n
t
a
t
0
.
0
1
s
i
g
n
i
f
i
c
a
n
c
e
l
e
v
e
l
w
i
t
h
a
l
o
n
g
-
r
u
n
e
l
a
s
t
i
c
i
t
y
o
f
-
0
.
2
7
6
7
4
8
,
t
h
at
i
s
,
f
o
r
ev
e
r
y
1
%
d
ecr
eas
e i
n
el
e
ct
r
i
ci
t
y
c
on
s
um
pt
i
on
i
n
Ni
ge
r
i
a
,
m
a
nuf
a
c
t
ur
i
n
g
s
e
c
t
or
o
ut
p
ut
de
c
l
i
ne
s
o
r
f
a
l
l
s
b
y
a
p
p
r
o
x
i
m
a
t
e
l
y
2
8
%
.
T
h
i
s
r
e
s
u
l
t
i
s
i
n
a
gr
e
e
m
e
nt
w
i
t
h t
he
f
i
ndi
ngs
of
O
l
a
y
e
m
i
[1
1
]
w
h
o
o
p
i
n
e
d
t
h
a
t
e
l
e
c
t
r
i
c
i
t
y
g
e
n
e
r
a
t
i
o
n
a
n
d
s
u
p
p
l
y
i
n
N
i
g
e
r
i
a
un
de
r
t
he
r
e
vi
e
we
d
pe
r
i
o
d
i
m
pa
c
t
e
d
ne
ga
t
i
v
e
l
y
on
t
he
m
a
nuf
a
c
t
ur
i
n
g
p
r
o
duc
t
i
vi
t
y
g
r
owt
h,
d
ue
t
o
u
nne
c
e
s
s
a
r
y
go
ve
r
nm
e
nt
’
s
s
pe
ndi
ng
o
n n
on
-
e
c
on
om
i
c
a
nd
u
n
pr
o
duc
t
i
ve
s
e
c
t
or
s
.
O
n t
he
ot
he
r
ha
nd
,
t
he
c
o
e
f
f
i
c
i
e
n
t
o
f
s
e
r
v
i
c
e
s
e
c
t
o
r
o
u
t
p
u
t
(
S
e
r
v
)
i
s
p
o
s
i
t
i
v
e
l
y
r
e
l
a
t
e
d
t
o
t
h
e
d
e
p
e
n
d
e
n
t
v
a
r
i
a
b
l
e
a
n
d
a
s
w
e
l
l
s
t
a
t
i
s
t
i
c
a
l
l
y
s
i
g
n
i
f
i
c
a
n
t
i
n t
he
m
ode
l
.
E
m
pi
r
i
c
a
l
e
vi
de
nc
e
r
e
ve
a
l
s
t
h
a
t
f
o
r
e
ve
r
y
pe
r
c
e
nt
a
ge
r
i
s
e
i
n e
l
e
c
t
r
i
c
i
t
y
c
ons
um
pt
i
on i
n
N
i
ge
r
i
a
th
e
r
e
is
a
ppr
ox
i
m
a
t
e
l
y
70%
r
i
s
e
or
i
nc
r
e
a
s
e
i
n o
ut
p
ut
f
r
om
t
he
di
f
f
e
r
e
nt
s
e
r
vi
c
e
s
s
e
c
t
or
of
t
he
N
i
ge
r
i
a
n
e
c
o
no
m
y
in
the
lo
ng
-
r
un
,
a
l
l
t
hi
ng
s
be
i
n
g
e
q
ua
l
.
S
h
or
t
-
r
u
n
d
y
n
am
i
c
an
al
y
s
i
s
r
e
v
eal
ed
s
i
m
i
l
ar
o
u
t
co
m
es
.
T
h
e es
t
i
m
at
ed
co
ef
f
i
ci
en
t
o
f
t
h
e er
r
o
r
c
o
r
r
ec
t
i
o
n
t
er
m
E
C
M
(
-
1)
h
as
t
h
e ex
p
ect
ed
n
e
g
at
i
v
e s
i
g
n
,
a
n
d
i
t
i
s
a
l
s
o
s
t
a
t
i
s
t
i
c
a
l
l
y
s
i
g
n
i
f
i
c
a
n
t
a
t
0
.
0
1
l
e
v
e
l
.
T
h
e
s
p
e
e
d
o
f
a
d
j
u
s
t
m
e
n
t
i
s
t
o
o
h
i
g
h
,
a
n
d
l
e
a
v
e
s
m
u
c
h
t
o
b
e
de
s
i
r
e
d.
I
t
s
h
o
ws
t
ha
t
o
nl
y
a
bo
ut
1
7
2%
o
f
t
he
di
s
e
q
ui
l
i
br
i
um
wi
t
hi
n t
he
m
ode
l
i
n t
he
pr
e
vi
ous
y
e
a
r
i
s
su
b
se
q
ue
nt
l
y
c
or
r
e
c
t
e
d i
n t
he
c
ur
r
e
nt
y
e
a
r
.
T
he
s
pe
e
d
of
a
dj
us
t
m
e
nt
of
t
he
va
r
i
a
bl
e
s
i
n t
h
e
m
ode
l
i
n r
e
s
po
ns
e
t
o a
de
vi
a
t
i
on
f
r
om
it
s
l
ong
-
r
un e
q
ui
l
i
br
i
um
pa
t
h i
s
1
7
2%
.
T
he
r
e
s
ul
t
o
f
t
he
e
r
r
o
r
c
o
r
r
e
c
t
i
on t
e
r
m
pr
o
vi
de
s
-8
-6
-4
-2
0
2
4
6
8
20
12
20
13
20
14
20
15
20
16
C
U
S
U
M
5
%
S
i
g
n
i
f
i
c
a
n
c
e
-0
.
4
0.
0
0.
4
0.
8
1.
2
1.
6
20
12
20
13
20
14
20
15
20
16
C
U
S
U
M
o
f
S
q
u
a
r
e
s
5
%
S
i
g
n
i
f
i
c
a
n
c
e
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IJ
A
A
S
I
S
S
N
:
225
2
-
88
14
A
n
E
x
a
m
i
n
at
i
o
n
of
t
he
I
m
p
ac
t
of
P
ow
e
r
Se
c
t
or
R
e
f
or
m
on
M
a
nuf
ac
t
ur
i
n
g
…
(
O
J
IY
A
,
E
mm
a
n
u
e
l
A
m
e
h
)
1
25
s
t
r
o
ng e
vi
de
nc
e
t
ha
t
t
he
r
e
i
s
i
nde
e
d a
l
on
g
-
r
un e
qui
l
i
br
i
u
m
r
e
l
a
t
i
ons
hi
p
be
t
w
e
e
n t
he
e
xo
ge
no
us
va
r
i
a
bl
e
s
(
m
a
nuf
a
c
t
u
r
i
n
g s
e
c
t
or
o
ut
p
u
t
,
a
n
d s
e
r
vi
c
e
s
s
e
c
t
or
out
put
)
a
n
d E
-
c
o
n
s
um
p
w
h
ic
h is
a
pr
ox
y
f
or
e
le
c
tr
ic
it
y
c
on
s
um
pt
i
on.
5.
C
O
N
CL
U
D
I
N
G
R
E
MA
R
K
S
T
h
e
m
a
i
n
o
b
j
e
c
t
i
v
e
o
f
t
h
i
s
s
t
u
d
y
i
s
t
o
e
m
p
i
r
i
c
a
l
l
y
e
x
a
m
i
n
e t
h
e i
m
p
act
o
f
P
o
w
e
r
S
ect
o
r
R
ef
o
r
m
o
n
M
an
u
f
act
u
r
i
n
g
an
d
S
er
v
i
ces
S
ect
o
r
i
n
N
i
g
er
i
a.
T
h
e s
t
u
d
y
em
p
l
o
y
ed
s
eco
n
d
a
r
y
an
n
u
al
t
i
m
e s
er
i
e
s
d
at
a
s
ou
r
c
e
d f
r
om
W
o
r
l
d B
a
nk
d
a
t
a
ba
s
e
(
20
1
6)
.
T
he
m
e
t
hod
ol
ogy
a
do
pt
e
d
f
o
r
t
he
s
t
u
dy
wa
s
Au
gm
e
nt
e
d D
i
c
ke
y
-
F
u
l
l
e
r (A
D
F
);
a
t
e
s
t f
or
long
-
r
u
n
r
e
l
a
t
i
ons
hi
p (
A
R
D
L
B
o
u
nds
T
e
s
t
i
n
g)
,
a
nd
a
n
AR
DL
a
pp
r
oa
c
h t
o l
o
n
g
-
r
un
a
n
d s
h
or
t
-
r
u
n t
o e
xa
m
i
ne
t
he
e
f
f
e
c
t
o
f
t
he
de
pe
n
de
nt
va
r
i
a
bl
e
(
e
l
e
c
t
r
i
c
i
t
y
c
on
s
um
pt
i
on
)
on
t
he
e
x
pl
a
na
t
o
r
y
va
r
i
a
bl
e
s
(
m
a
nuf
a
c
t
ur
i
n
g s
e
c
t
or
o
ut
p
ut
a
n
d
s
e
r
vi
c
e
s
s
e
c
t
or
out
p
u
t
)
.
E
v
i
d
en
ce r
e
v
eal
ed
t
h
at
s
er
i
es
em
p
l
o
y
e
d
i
n
t
he
m
ode
l
a
r
e
s
t
a
t
i
ona
r
y
a
t
f
i
r
s
t
di
f
f
e
r
e
nc
e
a
n
d
e
xhi
bi
t
l
o
ng
-
r
u
n
r
e
l
a
t
i
o
n
s
h
i
p
w
i
t
h
i
n
t
h
e
p
e
r
i
o
d
s
t
u
d
i
e
d
.
T
h
a
t
i
s
,
b
ot
h
de
pe
n
de
nt
a
n
d i
n
de
pe
n
de
nt
va
r
i
a
bl
e
s
(
E
-
c
on
s
u
m
p,
M
A
N a
n
d S
e
r
v
)
c
a
n
wa
l
k t
oge
t
he
r
wi
t
h
out
de
vi
a
t
i
n
g
f
r
om
a
n
e
s
t
a
bl
i
s
he
d
l
on
g
-
r
un
p
a
th.
O
ne
s
t
r
i
ki
n
g r
e
ve
l
a
t
i
on f
r
om
the
s
t
u
dy
i
s
t
he
i
nve
r
s
e
r
e
l
a
t
i
ons
hi
p t
ha
t
e
xi
s
t
s
be
t
w
e
e
n m
a
nu
f
a
c
t
u
r
i
n
g
out
put
a
nd e
l
e
c
t
r
i
c
i
t
y
c
ons
u
m
pti
on i
n
Ni
g
e
r
i
a
w
i
t
hi
n t
he
pe
r
i
od
r
e
f
e
r
e
n
c
e
d.
T
hi
s
ne
ga
t
i
ve
r
e
l
a
t
i
ons
hi
p i
s
n
ot
unc
o
nne
c
t
e
d wi
t
h w
i
de
s
p
r
e
a
d a
l
l
e
ga
t
i
on
of
m
i
s
a
ppr
o
p
r
i
a
t
i
on of
bu
d
g
e
t
e
d f
u
nd
s
f
o
r
t
he
P
ow
e
r
S
e
c
t
or
by
s
uc
c
e
s
s
i
ve
a
d
m
i
ni
s
t
r
a
t
i
ons
i
n
Ni
ge
r
i
a
s
i
nc
e
1
99
9.
A
t
t
he
a
d
ve
nt
o
f
t
he
p
r
e
s
e
nt
de
m
oc
r
a
t
i
c
di
s
pe
ns
a
t
i
on i
n
19
9
9,
t
he
t
he
n
P
r
e
s
i
de
nt
,
C
hi
e
f
O
l
us
e
g
u
n O
ba
s
a
n
j
o
c
ar
r
i
ed
o
u
t
m
as
s
i
v
e
r
ef
o
r
m
s
i
n
t
h
e
P
o
w
e
r
s
ect
o
r
a
c
c
o
m
p
a
n
i
e
d
b
y
h
u
g
e
b
u
d
g
e
t
a
r
y
a
l
l
o
c
a
t
i
o
n
s
b
u
t
w
i
t
h
l
i
t
t
l
e
o
r
n
o
v
i
s
i
b
l
e
r
e
s
u
l
t
s
n
o
t
i
c
e
d
.
T
h
e
L
a
t
e
U
m
a
r
M
u
s
a
Y
a
r
’
a
d
ua
a
nd
Go
o
dl
uc
k J
o
n
a
t
ha
n c
ont
i
n
ue
d i
n t
he
r
e
f
o
r
m
pr
oc
e
s
s
b
ut
da
r
k
ne
s
s
a
n
d
gr
os
s
da
r
k
ne
s
s
i
n
o
u
r
bus
i
ne
s
s
e
s
/
h
om
e
s
ha
s
r
e
m
a
i
ne
d
ou
r
l
ot
.
I
n f
a
c
t
,
t
he
ke
y
s
e
c
t
or
s
t
h
a
t
dr
i
ve
e
c
on
o
m
i
c
gr
owt
h s
uc
h a
s
i
nd
us
t
r
i
e
s
a
n
d
m
a
nuf
a
c
t
ur
i
ng
ha
s
c
o
nt
i
n
ue
d
t
o
gr
oa
n
a
n
d
ope
r
a
t
e
un
de
r
a
n
un
f
a
vo
ur
a
bl
e
c
l
im
a
t
e
of
e
p
i
l
e
pt
i
c
p
o
w
e
r s
u
p
p
l
y
fo
r a
l
a
rg
e
r
p
o
rt
i
o
n
o
f N
i
g
e
ri
a
’
s
s
ev
e
n
t
een
y
ear
s
o
f
d
em
o
cr
at
i
c ex
p
er
i
m
en
t
at
i
o
n
,
d
es
p
i
t
e
bi
l
l
i
ons
of
US
dol
l
a
r
s
a
p
pr
o
p
r
i
a
t
e
d t
o t
he
M
i
ni
s
t
r
y
of
P
o
w
e
r
.
M
a
ny
m
a
nu
f
a
c
t
u
r
i
n
g
ou
t
f
i
t
s
ha
ve
t
a
ke
n f
l
i
g
ht
an
d
r
el
o
cat
ed
t
o
n
ei
g
h
b
o
u
r
i
n
g
W
es
t
A
f
r
i
can
s
t
at
es
as
t
h
e
y
co
u
l
d
n
o
l
o
n
g
er
co
p
e
w
i
t
h
t
h
e ex
o
r
b
i
t
a
n
t
c
o
s
t
o
f
r
unn
ing
d
ie
s
e
l
-
p
ow
e
r
e
d m
a
c
hi
ne
s
f
o
r
t
he
s
ur
vi
va
l
o
f
t
he
i
r
b
us
i
ne
s
s
e
s
.
T
hi
s
i
s
i
n l
i
ne
w
i
t
h t
he
vi
e
w
o
f
a
s
ur
ve
y
by
t
he
M
a
nu
f
a
c
t
u
r
e
r
s
As
s
oc
i
a
t
i
on
o
f N
i
g
e
ri
a
(M
AN
i
n
2
0
05
)
,
t
ha
t
t
he
c
os
t
of
ge
ne
r
a
t
i
n
g po
w
e
r
c
on
s
t
i
t
ut
e
a
bo
u
t
36 pe
r
c
e
nt
of
pr
o
d
uc
t
i
o
n.
T
hi
s
h
uge
c
os
t
i
s
e
no
u
gh t
o
di
s
c
o
ur
a
ge
i
n
ve
s
t
or
s
i
n t
he
r
e
a
l
s
e
c
t
or
of
t
he
e
c
o
nom
y
.
I
t
m
u
s
t
b
e
s
t
a
t
e
d
i
n
c
l
e
a
r
t
e
r
m
s
t
h
a
t
c
o
n
s
t
a
n
t
a
n
d
c
o
n
s
i
s
t
e
n
t
e
l
e
c
t
r
i
c
i
t
y
g
e
n
e
r
a
t
i
o
n
,
t
r
a
n
s
m
i
s
s
i
o
n
a
n
d
d
i
s
t
r
i
b
u
t
i
o
n
i
s
s
i
n
e
-
qua
-
no
ne
f
o
r
t
he
g
r
o
w
t
h
of
t
he
na
t
i
ona
l
e
c
o
n
o
m
y
.
V
i
r
t
u
a
l
l
y
a
l
l
s
e
c
t
o
r
s
o
f
t
h
e
e
c
o
n
o
m
y
de
pe
n
d o
n t
he
s
u
ppl
y
o
f
e
l
e
c
t
r
i
c
i
t
y
t
o do
bu
s
i
ne
s
s
a
n
d
s
o t
he
l
a
c
k
of
t
hi
s
vi
t
a
l
i
ng
r
e
di
e
nt
o
f
g
r
o
w
t
h
c
o
n
t
r
i
b
u
t
e
s
i
n
n
o
s
m
a
l
l
m
e
a
s
u
r
e
t
o
s
t
a
g
n
a
t
i
n
g
e
c
o
n
o
m
i
c
g
r
o
w
t
h
a
n
d
d
e
v
e
l
o
p
m
e
n
t
.
I
t
i
s
a
l
s
o
i
m
p
e
r
a
t
i
v
e
t
o
n
o
t
e
t
ha
t
N
i
ge
r
i
a
’
s
s
t
or
y
of
i
nc
e
s
s
a
nt
p
o
w
e
r
o
ut
a
ge
s
i
s
not
i
n
a
ny
w
a
y
c
o
nn
e
c
t
e
d t
o l
a
c
k
of
f
un
ds
;
but
t
o t
h
e
e
nde
m
i
c
a
nd
s
y
s
t
e
m
i
c
c
or
r
u
p
t
i
on
t
ha
t
i
s
t
h
r
e
a
t
e
ni
ng
t
he
c
or
po
r
a
t
e
e
xi
s
t
e
nc
e
of
t
he
c
o
u
nt
r
y
F
r
om
y
e
a
r
t
o
y
e
a
r
,
ve
r
y
pr
om
i
s
i
ng a
nd
e
nvi
a
bl
e
pl
a
n
s
,
p
ol
i
ci
es
an
d
p
r
o
g
r
am
m
es
ar
e
d
es
i
g
n
ed
,
ai
m
ed
at
t
a
k
i
n
g
t
h
e
n
at
i
o
n
t
o
t
h
e
P
r
om
i
s
e
L
a
nd
of
24/
7 e
r
a
of
e
l
e
c
t
r
i
c
i
t
y s
uppl
y
,
but
a
l
a
s
,
t
he
c
a
nk
e
r
w
o
r
m
of
c
or
r
u
pt
i
on
,
ne
p
ot
i
s
m
,
l
a
c
k o
f
pa
t
r
i
ot
i
s
m
e
t
c
ke
e
p
pul
l
i
n
g
us
ba
c
k
wa
r
d
f
r
o
m
a
c
hi
e
vi
ng
o
ur
g
oa
l
of
a
s
t
a
bl
e
po
we
r
s
u
pply
.
T
h
e
a
t
t
i
t
u
d
e
o
f
o
u
r
l
ead
er
s
t
o
w
ar
d
s
s
al
v
ag
i
n
g
t
h
i
s
cat
al
y
s
t
o
f
g
r
o
w
t
h
h
as
r
em
ai
n
ed
l
ack
l
u
s
t
er
an
d
u
n
i
n
s
p
i
r
i
n
g
,
t
o
s
ay
t
h
e l
eas
t
.
E
f
f
or
t
s
a
t
r
e
f
o
r
m
i
ng t
he
p
o
w
e
r
s
e
c
t
or
c
a
n o
nl
y
be
f
r
ui
t
f
ul
w
he
n A
L
L
s
t
a
ke
h
ol
de
r
s
i
n t
he
p
o
we
r
s
e
c
t
or
i
nc
l
udi
ng
t
he
p
ol
i
t
i
c
a
l
c
l
a
s
s
put
a
w
a
y
t
he
i
r
pe
r
s
o
na
l
a
ge
n
d
a
s
a
n
d t
a
ke
t
he
bul
l
by
t
he
ho
r
n t
owa
r
d
s
r
e
s
c
ui
n
g
t
he
na
t
i
o
n
f
r
o
m
t
he
l
oom
i
ng
da
n
ge
r
of
s
t
a
g
na
nt
e
c
o
nom
i
c
gr
owt
h.
F
i
na
l
l
y
,
t
he
r
e
i
s
t
he
ne
e
d
f
o
r
t
he
Ni
ge
r
i
a
n
g
ove
r
nm
e
nt
t
o c
om
e
up
w
i
t
h
ne
w
,
be
t
t
e
r
a
n
d a
l
t
e
r
na
t
i
ve
w
a
y
s
of
i
m
pr
o
vi
n
g e
ne
r
gy
ge
ne
r
a
t
i
o
n a
n
d s
up
pl
y
,
a
s
we
l
l
a
s
pr
ope
r
m
a
i
n
t
e
na
nc
e
o
f
e
l
e
c
t
r
i
c
i
t
y
i
nf
r
a
s
t
r
u
c
t
ur
e
i
n
t
he
c
o
u
nt
r
y
.
De
l
i
be
r
a
t
e
e
f
f
o
r
t
s
by
t
he
go
ve
r
nm
e
nt
t
o
im
pr
ove
p
ow
e
r
i
n
f
r
a
s
t
r
uc
t
u
r
e
w
i
l
l
r
e
s
ul
t
i
n
t
he
c
o
unt
r
y
b
ei
n
g
a
b
l
e t
o
i
n
cr
eas
e el
ect
r
i
ci
t
y
p
r
o
d
u
c
t
i
o
n
t
h
r
e
e
f
o
l
d
a
n
d
t
h
u
s
o
p
t
i
m
a
l
l
y
u
t
i
l
i
z
e
i
t
s
i
n
s
t
a
l
l
e
d
g
e
n
e
r
a
t
i
n
g
c
a
pa
c
i
t
y
t
o s
om
e
t
hi
ng i
n t
he
r
e
gi
o
n i
f
1
0,
0
00 m
e
ga
-
w
a
t
t
s
.
W
h
e
n
t
h
i
s
f
e
a
t
i
s
e
v
e
n
t
u
a
l
l
y
a
t
t
a
i
n
e
d
,
N
i
g
e
r
i
a
c
a
n
t
he
n
s
t
a
n
d s
ho
ul
de
r
hi
g
h
w
i
t
h
ot
he
r
e
m
e
r
gi
ng
e
c
o
n
om
i
e
s
i
n t
he
w
or
l
d i
n t
e
r
m
s
of
g
r
o
w
t
h
i
n out
put
i
n
ke
y
s
e
c
t
or
s
o
f
t
he
e
c
on
om
y
.
R
EF
ER
E
N
C
ES
[1]
O
gunj
obi
J
.
O
.
(2015)
T
he
E
ff
e
c
t
s
of E
l
e
c
t
r
i
c
i
t
y
Cons
um
pt
i
o
n on Indus
t
ri
a
l
G
row
t
h i
n N
i
ge
ri
a
J
our
nal
o
f
E
c
onom
i
c
s
and Sus
t
ai
nabl
e
D
e
v
e
l
opm
e
nt
www.
i
i
st
e
.
o
r
g
IS
S
N
2222
-
1700 (P
a
pe
r)
IS
S
N
2222
-
2855
(O
nl
i
ne
)
V
o
l
.6
,
N
o.
13
[2]
A
d
eg
b
em
i
, B
.O
.
, A
d
eg
b
em
i
, O
.O
., O
l
al
ek
an
, A
.
J
. &
B
ab
at
u
n
d
e
,
O
.O
. (
2
0
1
3
)
E
ne
rg
y
Cons
um
pt
i
on A
nd
N
i
ge
ri
a
n
E
c
onom
i
c
G
row
t
h:
A
n E
m
pi
ri
c
a
l
A
na
l
y
s
i
s
E
ur
ope
an
Sc
i
e
nt
i
f
i
c
J
our
nal
F
e
brua
r
y
2013 e
di
t
i
on vo
l
.
9,
N
o.
4 IS
S
N
:
1857
–
7881
(P
ri
nt
) e
-
IS
S
N
185
7
-
7431 25
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
S
SN
:
2
252
-
88
14
IJ
A
A
S
V
o
l
.
7
,
N
o
.
2
,
J
un
e
201
8
:
117
–
1
26
1
26
[3]
S
a
l
l
a
huddi
n
,
H
.
&
Is
m
a
i
l
A
.
(20
16) E
l
e
c
t
r
i
c
i
t
y
C
ons
um
pt
i
on a
nd
M
a
nufa
c
t
ur
i
ng S
e
c
t
or
P
roduc
t
i
v
i
t
y
i
n N
i
ge
r
i
a
:
A
n
A
ut
ore
gre
s
s
i
ve
D
i
s
t
ri
but
e
d
L
a
g
-
bounds
T
e
s
t
i
ng
A
pproa
c
h.
Int
e
r
na
t
i
on
a
l
J
ourna
l
of E
ne
r
g
y
E
c
on
om
i
c
s
a
nd P
ol
i
c
y
6(2),
195
-
201
,
I
S
S
N
:
2146
-
4553 a
va
i
l
a
b
l
e
a
t
ht
t
p
:
w
w
w
.eco
n
j
o
u
r
n
al
s
.co
m
[4]
O
c
a
l
,
O
.
,
O
z
t
urk
,
I.
,
A
s
l
a
n,
A
.
(2
013),
Coa
l
c
ons
um
pt
i
on a
nd e
c
o
nom
i
c
grow
t
h i
n T
urke
y
.
Int
e
rna
t
i
ona
l
J
ourna
l
of
E
ne
rg
y
E
c
onom
i
c
s
a
nd P
ol
i
c
y
,
3(
2),
193
-
198
[5]
O
kol
oba
h,
V
&
I
s
m
a
i
l
,
Z
(2013)
“
O
n T
he
Is
s
ue
s
,
Cha
l
l
e
nge
s
a
nd
P
ros
pe
c
t
s
of E
l
e
c
t
r
i
c
a
l
P
ow
e
r S
e
c
t
or
i
n N
i
ge
r
i
a
.
Int
e
r
nat
i
onal
J
o
ur
nal
of
E
c
onom
y
,
Manag
e
m
e
nt
and Soc
i
a
l
S
c
i
e
n
c
e
s
.
[6]
O
koro,
O
.
I,
G
ov
e
nde
r,
P
.
&
Chi
kuni
,
E
(2007)
“
P
ow
e
r S
e
c
t
or R
e
form
s
i
n N
i
ge
ri
a
:
O
pp
ort
uni
t
i
e
s
a
nd Cha
l
l
e
ng
e
s
”
P
roc
e
e
di
ngs
for
10
th
Int
e
rna
t
i
ona
l
Confe
r
e
nc
e
on
t
he
dom
e
s
t
i
c
us
e
of E
n
e
rg
y
,
Ca
p
e
T
ow
n,
S
out
h A
f
ri
c
a
.
[7]
Ba
ba
t
und
e
,
M
.
A
&
S
ha
i
bu,
M
.
I.
(2008) “
T
he
D
e
m
a
nd for Re
s
i
de
nt
i
a
l
E
l
e
c
t
r
i
c
i
t
y
In N
i
ge
ri
a
:
A
Bound T
e
s
t
i
ng
A
pproa
c
h
.
[8]
Inugona
m
,
T
.
(20
09) “
E
l
e
c
t
ri
c
i
t
y
D
e
m
a
nd Cha
l
l
e
n
ge
s
i
n N
i
g
e
ri
a
”
P
H
CN
N
e
w
s
.
J
a
n
-
A
ug,
2009 e
d
.
[9]
Iw
a
y
e
m
i
,
A
.
(
1998) “
E
ne
rg
y s
e
c
t
or D
e
v
e
l
o
pm
e
nt
i
n A
fri
c
a
”
A
ba
c
kgrou
nd pa
pe
r pr
e
pa
re
d for
A
fr
ic
a
n
D
evel
o
p
m
en
t
B
a
n
k.
[10]
O
de
l
l
,
P
.
R
.
(19
95);
T
he
D
e
m
a
nd for e
ne
rg
y
i
n de
ve
l
op
i
ng re
gi
on:
A
c
a
s
e
s
t
ud
y
of t
h
e
U
pp
e
r A
nc
a
va
l
l
e
y
i
n
Col
um
bi
a
.
J
our
nal
of
D
e
v
e
l
opm
e
nt
St
udi
e
s
,
V
ol
.
3,
P
p 234
-
254
.
[11]
O
l
a
y
e
m
i
,
S
.
O
.
(2012).
E
l
e
c
t
ri
c
i
t
y
Cri
s
i
s
a
nd
M
a
nufa
c
t
ur
i
ng
P
roduc
t
i
vi
t
y
i
n
N
i
ge
ri
a
(1980
-
2
008),
D
e
v
e
l
o
pi
ng
Count
r
y
St
ud
i
e
s
,
V
ol
2
,
N
o.
4
Re
t
ri
e
ve
d
from
ht
t
:
/
/
w
w
w
.
i
i
s
t
e
.
org
I
S
S
N
2224
-
607X
(P
a
pe
r)
IS
S
N
2225
-
0565
[12]
N
de
bbi
o,
J
.
E
.
U
.
(2006);
T
h
e
s
t
r
uc
t
ura
l
E
c
onom
i
c
di
m
e
ns
i
ons
of
U
nde
rde
ve
l
opm
e
nt
;
A
s
s
oc
i
a
t
e
d
vi
c
i
s
s
i
t
ude
s
a
nd
i
m
pe
ra
t
i
v
e
s
:
A
g
e
nda
for
pos
i
t
i
ve
c
ha
ng
e
.
33rd In
a
ugura
l
L
e
c
t
ur
e
,
U
ni
ve
rs
i
t
y
of
Ca
l
a
ba
r
,
N
i
g
e
ri
a
.
[13]
A
de
ni
ki
nj
u A
(2005) A
na
l
y
s
i
s
of t
he
c
os
t
of i
nfra
s
t
ruc
t
ur
e
fa
i
l
ur
e
i
n de
ve
l
opi
ng E
c
onom
y
,
t
he
c
a
s
e
of e
l
e
c
t
ri
c
i
t
y
s
e
c
t
or i
n
N
i
g
e
ri
a
.
A
f
r
i
ca
n
E
co
n
o
m
i
c R
es
ea
r
ch
P
a
p
er
148,
F
e
brua
r
y
2005,
N
a
i
robi
.
[14]
E
kpo,
A
.
H
.
(200
9);
T
he
G
l
oba
l
E
c
onom
i
c
Cri
s
i
s
a
nd t
he
c
ri
s
i
s
i
n
t
he
N
i
ge
ri
a
E
c
on
om
y
.
P
re
s
i
d
e
nt
i
a
l
A
ddre
s
s
a
t
t
he
5t
h Confe
r
e
nc
e
of t
he
N
i
ge
r
i
a
n
E
c
onom
i
c
S
oc
i
e
t
y
,
A
buj
a
,
N
i
g
e
ri
a
.
[15]
O
konkw
o W
.
I (
1998) S
ol
a
r e
ne
r
g
y
.
Cl
i
c
k Brood
i
ng w
orks
hop pa
pe
r,
E
CN
-
NYS
C
Rura
l
e
ne
rg
y
re
ne
w
a
bl
e
e
ne
rg
y
.
J
ul
y
21
-
25,
s
okot
o.
[16]
O
konkw
o W
.
I (
1998) S
ol
a
r e
ne
r
g
y
.
Cl
i
c
k Brood
i
ng w
orks
hop pa
pe
r,
E
CN
-
N
Y
S
C
Rura
l
e
ne
rg
y
re
ne
w
a
bl
e
e
ne
rg
y
.
J
ul
y
21
-
25,
s
okot
o.
[17]
P
e
s
a
ra
n,
M
.
H
.
,
P
e
s
a
ra
n,
B
.
(19
97),
W
orki
ng
w
i
t
h M
i
c
rofi
t
4
.
0:
Int
e
ra
c
t
i
v
e
E
c
ono
m
e
t
r
i
c
A
n
a
l
y
s
i
s
;
(
Wi
n
d
o
w
s
ve
rs
i
on).
O
xford
:
O
xford U
ni
v
e
r
s
i
t
y
P
re
s
s
.
[18]
P
e
s
a
ra
n,
M
.
H
.
,
S
hi
n,
Y
.
,
S
m
i
t
h,
R.
P
.
(1999),
P
ool
e
d m
e
a
n group e
s
t
i
m
a
t
i
on of d
y
na
m
i
c
he
t
e
ro
ge
ne
ous
pa
ne
l
s
.
J
our
nal
of
t
he
A
m
e
r
i
c
an St
a
t
i
s
t
i
c
al
A
s
s
oc
i
a
t
i
on,
9
4(446),
621
-
634
.
[19]
P
es
ar
an
,
M
.
H
.
,
S
hi
n,
Y
.
,
S
m
i
t
h,
R.
J
.
(2001),
B
ounds
t
e
s
t
i
ng a
pproa
c
he
s
t
o t
h
e
a
na
l
y
s
i
s
of l
e
ve
l
re
l
a
t
i
ons
hi
ps
.
J
our
nal
of
A
ppl
i
e
d E
c
onom
e
t
r
i
c
s
,
16(3)
,
289
-
326
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.