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T
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I
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8814
I
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t J
A
d
v
A
p
p
l Sci
,
Vo
l.
10
,
No
.
4
,
Dec
em
b
er
202
1
:
283
–
2
8
7
284
m
o
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3.
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Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
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8814
I
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t J
A
d
v
A
p
p
l Sci
,
Vo
l.
10
,
No
.
4
,
Dec
em
b
er
202
1
:
283
–
2
8
7
286
4.
CO
NCLU
SI
O
N
T
h
e
r
esear
ch
p
ap
er
r
ev
ea
ls
th
e
UW
B
f
r
eq
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c
y
f
o
r
w
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s
s
n
e
t
w
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i
n
g
s
y
s
te
m
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m
p
le
m
en
tatio
n
s
w
a
s
u
s
ed
as
a
te
s
t
o
f
t
h
e
m
icr
o
s
tr
ip
p
atch
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te
n
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a
.
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n
ce
r
ev
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w
i
n
g
th
e
liter
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r
e,
it
h
a
s
b
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eq
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a
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f
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d
i
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g
tech
n
iq
u
e
s
.
RE
F
E
R
E
NC
E
S
[1
]
T
.
A
h
o
n
e
n
,
R
.
V
irran
k
o
sk
i
a
n
d
M
.
El
m
u
sra
ti
,
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re
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se
M
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Emb
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4
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.
[2
]
G
e
r
a
rd
Ru
d
o
l
p
h
M
e
n
d
e
z
,
"
A
W
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Ba
se
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S
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Ag
ricu
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En
v
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En
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sis,
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e
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y
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P
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lm
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sto
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No
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2
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.
[3
]
L
.
Ru
iz
-
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rc
ia,
L
.
L
u
n
a
d
e
i,
P
.
Ba
rre
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,
a
n
d
J
.
I
.
Ro
b
la,
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Re
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k
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W
.
S
u
,
Y.
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a
n
k
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m
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s
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v
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[5
]
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L
.
K
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ri
m
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10.
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9
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0
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4
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6
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4
.
[6
]
T
.
F
u
k
a
tsu
a
n
d
M
.
Hira
f
u
ji
,
"
F
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d
M
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Us
in
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No
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o
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rn
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Ro
b
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ti
c
s
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d
M
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c
h
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tro
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l
.
17
,
no.
2
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p
p
.
1
6
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7
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0
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6
5
/j
rm
.
2
0
0
5
.
p
0
1
6
4
.
[7
]
C
.
G
o
m
e
z
,
J
.
Oller
a
n
d
J
.
P
a
ra
d
e
ll
s,
"
O
v
e
rv
ie
w
a
n
d
Ev
a
lu
a
ti
o
n
o
f
Blu
e
to
o
th
L
o
w
En
e
rg
y
:
A
n
Eme
rg
in
g
L
o
w
-
P
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w
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r
W
irele
ss
Tec
h
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o
lo
g
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,
"
S
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rs
,
v
o
l.
12
,
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o
.
9
,
p
p
.
1
1
7
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4
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1
0
.
3
3
9
0
/s1
2
0
9
1
1
7
3
4
.
[8
]
L
.
Ru
iz
-
Ga
rc
ia
a
n
d
L
.
L
u
n
a
d
e
i,
"
T
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ro
le
o
f
RF
ID
in
a
g
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lt
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re
:
A
p
p
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c
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s,
li
m
it
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s
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g
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s
,
"
Co
mp
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ter
s
a
n
d
El
e
c
tro
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in
Ag
ric
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lt
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re
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l.
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,
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o
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1
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p
.
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–
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[9
]
I
.
A
.
A
z
iz,
M
.
H
.
Ha
sa
n
,
M
.
J
.
Is
m
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il
,
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.
M
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t,
a
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N
.
S
.
Ha
ro
n
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M
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c
c
o
n
f
e
re
n
c
e
.
o
rg
/l
i
b
ra
ry
/i
m
a
g
e
s/o
f
c
/P
DF/
2
0
0
7
/W
e
g
l
e
it
n
e
r.
p
d
f
.
[2
8
]
S
.
D.
El
b
y
,
"
S
e
rv
ic
e
s
f
ro
m
a
c
a
r
rier'
s
p
e
rsp
e
c
ti
v
e
,
"
p
re
se
n
ted
a
t
t
h
e
Co
n
f
.
Op
t.
F
ib
re
Co
m
m
u
n
.
(OFC/
NFOEC),
A
n
a
h
e
i
m
,
C
A
,
2
0
0
7
,
p
a
p
e
r
OT
h
Q1
.
[2
9
]
J.
S
tan
k
e
y
,
"
In
f
r
a
stru
c
tu
re
a
n
d
re
g
io
n
a
l
in
it
iativ
e
s,"
p
re
se
n
ted
a
t
th
e
AT
&
T
An
a
lys
t
Co
n
f
.
,
2
0
0
7
.
[
O
n
li
n
e
].
Av
a
il
a
b
le:
h
tt
p
s://
w
ww
.
a
tt
.
c
o
m
/C
o
m
m
o
n
/me
rg
e
r/
f
il
e
s/p
d
f
/S
tan
k
e
y
_
b
w
.
p
d
f
.
[3
0
]
P
.
M
a
g
il
l,
"
1
0
0
G
ig
a
b
it
Et
h
e
rn
e
t
f
ro
m
a
Ca
rrier'
s
P
e
rsp
e
c
ti
v
e
,
"
L
EOS
2
0
0
7
-
IEE
E
L
a
se
rs
a
n
d
El
e
c
tro
-
Op
ti
c
s
S
o
c
iety
An
n
u
a
l
M
e
e
ti
n
g
Co
n
fer
e
n
c
e
Pro
c
e
e
d
in
g
s
,
2
0
0
7
,
p
p
.
3
6
0
-
3
6
1
,
d
o
i:
1
0
.
1
1
0
9
/L
EOS
.
2
0
0
7
.
4
3
8
2
4
2
7
.
[3
1
]
C.
L
a
b
o
v
it
z
,
S
.
Ie
k
e
l
-
Jo
h
n
so
n
,
D.
M
c
P
h
e
rso
n
,
J.
Ob
e
r
h
e
id
e
,
F
.
Ja
h
a
n
ian
,
a
n
d
M
.
Ka
rir,
"
ATLA
S
in
tern
e
t
o
b
se
rv
a
to
ry
2
0
0
9
a
n
n
u
a
l
re
p
o
rt,
"
p
re
se
n
ted
a
t
th
e
NANOG4
7
,
De
a
rb
o
r
n
,
M
I,
No
rt
h
Am
e
r.
Ne
t
w
.
Op
e
ra
to
rs'
G
ro
u
p
,
2
0
0
9
,
[
On
li
n
e
]
.
Av
a
il
a
b
le:
h
tt
p
s:/
/arc
h
iv
e
.
n
a
n
o
g
.
o
rg
/m
e
e
ti
n
g
s/n
a
n
o
g
4
7
/p
re
se
n
tati
o
n
s/
M
o
n
d
a
y
/
L
a
b
o
v
it
z
_
Ob
se
rv
e
Re
p
o
rt_
N4
7
_
M
o
n
.
p
d
f
.
[3
2
]
A
.
Od
l
y
z
k
o
,
"
T
ra
ff
ic
g
ro
w
th
ra
tes
f
ro
m
p
u
b
li
c
ly
-
o
b
se
rv
e
d
sites
,
"
M
in
n
e
so
ta
In
ter
n
e
t
T
ra
ff
ic
S
tu
d
ies
(M
INT
S
)
,
2
0
1
0
.
[
O
n
li
n
e
].
A
v
a
il
a
b
le:
h
tt
p
:/
/
ww
w
.
d
tc.u
m
n
.
e
d
u
/m
in
ts/
.
[3
3
]
A
.
Io
n
e
sc
u
-
G
ra
ff
,
T
h
e
U.S
.
e
x
fl
o
o
d
In
ter
n
e
t
v
id
e
o
-
i
n
c
lu
d
in
g
so
me
c
o
mp
a
riso
n
s
to
W
e
ste
rn
Eu
ro
p
e
,
In
ter
n
a
l
d
o
c
u
m
e
n
t,
A
lca
tel
-
L
u
c
e
n
t,
2
0
0
8
.
[3
4
]
H.
Ka
fk
a
,
"
Bu
sin
e
ss
d
riv
e
rs
f
o
r
se
lec
ti
n
g
LT
E
tec
h
n
o
lo
g
y
,
"
p
re
s
e
n
ted
a
t
th
e
L
T
E:
T
o
w
a
rd
s
M
o
b
il
e
Bro
a
d
b
a
n
d
,
Da
ll
a
s,
T
X
,
A
T
IS
-
3
G
P
P
,
2
0
0
9
.
[On
li
n
e
]
.
A
v
a
ial
a
b
le:
h
tt
p
s:/
/www
.
a
d
li
tt
le.co
m
/sit
e
s/d
e
fa
u
lt
/f
il
e
s/v
ie
w
p
o
in
ts/A
DL
_
UK
_
B
u
sin
e
ss
_
Be
n
e
f
it
s_
0
1
.
p
d
f
.
[3
5
]
J.
Bo
rg
e
r
a
n
d
H.
Uz
u
n
a
li
o
g
lu
,
“
M
o
b
il
e
d
a
ta ex
p
lo
sio
n
p
ro
b
lem
,
”
In
tern
a
l
d
o
c
u
m
e
n
t,
A
lca
tel
-
L
u
c
e
n
t,
2
0
0
9
.
[3
6
]
R.
M
a
c
Kin
n
o
n
,
Pee
r
-
to
-
p
e
e
r
tr
a
ff
ic
f
o
re
c
a
st
fo
r
U.
S
.
A.
a
n
d
se
lec
ted
Eu
ro
p
e
a
n
c
o
u
n
tries
,
In
te
rn
a
l
d
o
c
u
m
e
n
t,
A
lc
a
tel
-
L
u
c
e
n
t,
2
0
0
9
.
[3
7
]
S
.
K.
Ko
r
o
tk
y
,
"
Ne
t
w
o
rk
g
lo
b
a
l
e
x
p
e
c
tatio
n
m
o
d
e
l:
a
sta
ti
stica
l
fo
rm
a
li
s
m
f
o
r
q
u
ick
ly
q
u
a
n
ti
fy
in
g
n
e
tw
o
rk
n
e
e
d
s
a
n
d
c
o
sts,"
in
Jo
u
rn
a
l
o
f
Li
g
h
tw
a
v
e
T
e
c
h
n
o
lo
g
y
,
v
o
l.
2
2
,
n
o
.
3
,
p
p
.
7
0
3
-
7
2
2
,
M
a
r
c
h
2
0
0
4
,
d
o
i:
1
0
.
1
1
0
9
/JL
T
.
2
0
0
4
.
8
2
5
7
5
6
.
[3
8
]
O.
T
a
m
m
,
C.
He
r
m
s
m
e
y
e
r,
a
n
d
A
.
M
.
Ru
sh
,
"
Eco
-
su
sta
in
a
b
le
sy
s
tem
a
n
d
n
e
tw
o
rk
a
rc
h
it
e
c
tu
re
s
f
o
r
f
u
tu
re
tran
sp
o
r
t
n
e
tw
o
rk
s,"
Bell
L
a
b
s T
e
c
h
.
J
.
,
v
o
l
.
1
4
,
n
o
.
4
,
p
p
.
3
1
1
–
3
2
8
,
2
0
1
0
,
d
o
i:
1
0
.
1
0
0
2
/b
lt
j.
2
0
4
1
8
.
[3
9
]
M
.
Ho
r
o
w
it
z
,
E.
A
lo
n
,
D.
P
a
ti
l,
S
.
Na
ff
z
ig
e
r,
Ra
jes
h
Ku
m
a
r
a
n
d
K.
Be
rn
ste
in
,
"
S
c
a
li
n
g
,
p
o
w
e
r,
a
n
d
t
h
e
f
u
tu
re
o
f
CM
OS,
"
IEE
E
I
n
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
El
e
c
tro
n
De
v
ice
s
M
e
e
ti
n
g
,
2
0
0
5
.
IE
DM
T
e
c
h
n
ica
l
Dig
e
st.,
2
0
0
5
,
p
p
.
7
p
p
.
-
1
5
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
1
0
9
/I
EDM
.
2
0
0
5
.
1
6
0
9
2
5
3
.
[4
0
]
M
.
Ch
a
n
g
e
t
a
l.
,
"
T
ra
n
sisto
r
-
a
n
d
Circu
it
-
De
sig
n
Op
ti
m
iz
a
ti
o
n
f
o
r
L
o
w
-
P
o
w
e
r
CM
OS,
"
in
IEE
E
T
ra
n
sa
c
ti
o
n
s
o
n
El
e
c
tro
n
De
v
ice
s
,
v
o
l.
5
5
,
n
o
.
1
,
p
p
.
8
4
-
9
5
,
Ja
n
.
2
0
0
8
,
d
o
i:
1
0
.
1
1
0
9
/
T
ED.
2
0
0
7
.
9
1
1
3
4
8
.
[4
1
]
K.
Ito
h
,
"
A
d
a
p
ti
v
e
c
ircu
it
s
f
o
r
th
e
0
.
5
-
V
n
a
n
o
sc
a
le
CM
OS
e
ra
,
"
2
0
0
9
IEE
E
I
n
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
S
o
li
d
-
S
t
a
te
Circ
u
it
s
Co
n
fer
e
n
c
e
-
Dig
e
st
o
f
T
e
c
h
n
ica
l
Pa
p
e
rs
,
2
0
0
9
,
p
p
.
1
4
-
2
0
,
d
o
i:
1
0
.
1
1
0
9
/IS
S
CC.2
0
0
9
.
4
9
7
7
2
9
1
.
[4
2
]
M
.
Bo
h
r,
"
T
h
e
n
e
w
e
ra
o
f
sc
a
li
n
g
in
a
n
S
o
C
w
o
rld
,
"
2
0
0
9
IEE
E
In
ter
n
a
t
io
n
a
l
S
o
li
d
-
S
ta
te
Circ
u
i
ts
Co
n
fer
e
n
c
e
-
Dig
e
st o
f
T
e
c
h
n
ica
l
Pa
p
e
rs
,
2
0
0
9
,
p
p
.
2
3
-
2
8
,
d
o
i:
1
0
.
1
1
0
9
/I
S
S
CC.
2
0
0
9
.
4
9
7
7
2
9
3
.
[4
3
]
Eu
ro
p
e
a
n
Co
m
m
issio
n
,
Dire
c
to
ra
te
-
Ge
n
e
ra
l
J
RC
jo
i
n
t
re
se
a
rc
h
c
e
n
tre
,
c
o
d
e
o
f
c
o
n
d
u
c
t
o
n
e
n
e
rg
y
c
o
n
su
mp
ti
o
n
o
f
b
ro
a
d
b
a
n
d
e
q
u
i
p
me
n
t
,
V
e
rsio
n
3
,
2
0
0
8
.
[
On
l
in
e
]
Av
a
il
a
b
le:
h
tt
p
s:/
/www
.
iee
e
8
0
2
.
o
rg
/m
in
u
tes
/n
o
v
2
0
0
8
/o
p
e
n
in
g
_
re
p
o
rts/C
o
d
e
%
2
0
o
f
%
2
0
Co
n
d
u
c
t%
2
0
Br
o
a
d
b
a
n
d
%
2
0
Eq
u
ip
m
e
n
t%
2
0
V
3
%
2
0
2
1
%
2
0
Ju
ly
%
2
0
2
0
0
8
%
2
0
d
ra
f
t.
p
d
f
.
[4
4
]
IT
U
-
T
G
.
9
8
4
,
Gi
g
a
b
it
-
c
a
p
a
b
le
p
a
ss
ive
o
p
ti
c
a
l
n
e
two
r
k
s
(GPON)
,
2
0
0
8
.
[
On
li
n
e
]
.
A
v
a
il
a
lb
le:
h
tt
p
s:/
/d
a
tatra
c
k
e
r.
ietf
.
o
rg
/
d
o
c
u
m
e
n
ts/L
I
A
IS
ON
/f
il
e
1
0
1
9
.
p
d
f
.
[4
5
]
1
0
G
ig
a
b
it
Ca
p
a
b
le
P
a
ss
iv
e
Op
ti
c
a
l
Ne
tw
o
rk
s
(X
G
P
ON
),
IT
U
-
T
G
.
9
8
7
,
d
ra
f
t,
2
0
1
0
.
[
On
li
n
e
]
.
A
v
a
il
a
b
le:
h
tt
p
s:/
/www
.
it
u
.
in
t/
re
c
/T
-
REC
-
G
.
9
8
7
.
3
/e
n
.
[4
6
]
O.
Blu
m
e
,
D.
Zeller
a
n
d
U.
Ba
rth
,
"
A
p
p
ro
a
c
h
e
s
to
e
n
e
rg
y
e
ff
ici
e
n
t
w
irel
e
ss
a
c
c
e
ss
n
e
t
w
o
rk
s,"
2
0
1
0
4
t
h
In
tern
a
ti
o
n
a
l
S
y
m
p
o
siu
m
o
n
Co
m
m
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
s,
Co
n
tro
l
a
n
d
S
ig
n
a
l
P
ro
c
e
ss
in
g
(IS
CCS
P
),
2
0
1
0
,
p
p
.
1
-
5
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
1
0
9
/I
S
CCS
P
.
2
0
1
0
.
5
4
6
3
3
2
8
.
[4
7
]
E.
B.
De
su
rv
ire,
"
Ca
p
a
c
it
y
De
m
a
n
d
a
n
d
T
e
c
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
Ch
a
ll
e
n
g
e
s
f
o
r
L
i
g
h
tw
a
v
e
S
y
ste
m
s in
th
e
Ne
x
t
Tw
o
De
c
a
d
e
s,"
in
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
L
i
g
h
tw
a
v
e
T
e
c
h
n
o
lo
g
y
,
v
o
l.
2
4
,
n
o
.
1
2
,
p
p
.
4
6
9
7
-
4
7
1
0
,
De
c
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