I
nte
rna
t
io
na
l J
o
urna
l o
f
Adv
a
nces in Applie
d Science
s
(
I
J
AAS)
Vo
l.
3
,
No
.
2
,
J
u
n
e
201
4
,
p
p
.
9
5
~
1
0
3
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8814
95
J
o
ur
na
l ho
m
ep
a
g
e
:
h
ttp
:
//ia
e
s
jo
u
r
n
a
l.c
o
m/o
n
lin
e/in
d
ex
.
p
h
p
/I
J
AAS
A V
iew
P
la
n Shee
t
Pile
:
Desig
n Ch
a
rt
for Can
tilever
Ret
a
ining
Wa
ll Cons
truc
tio
n f
o
r A
ctive an
d
Pas
siv
e Ea
rth
Pr
e
ss
ure in
Ba
g
hda
d Soil
Abba
s
J
a
w
a
d Al
-
T
a
ie
*
,
Ali
Ah
m
ed
M
o
ha
m
m
e
d
**
*
D
e
p
a
rt
m
e
n
t
o
f
Civ
il
En
g
in
e
e
rin
g
,
Co
ll
e
g
e
o
f
En
g
in
e
e
rin
g
Un
iv
e
rsity
o
f
Ba
g
h
d
a
d
,
Ira
q
**
De
p
a
rt
m
e
n
t
o
f
Civ
il
a
n
d
S
tru
c
t
u
ra
l
En
g
in
e
e
ri
n
g
,
F
a
c
u
lt
y
o
f
En
g
in
e
e
rin
g
,
T
h
e
Na
ti
o
n
a
l
Un
iv
e
rsity
o
f
M
a
la
y
sia
(UK
M
)
,
M
a
lay
sia
Art
icle
I
nfo
AB
ST
RAC
T
A
r
ticle
his
to
r
y:
R
ec
eiv
ed
Ma
r
ch
1
1
,
2
0
1
4
R
ev
i
s
ed
Ma
y
15
,
2
0
1
4
A
cc
ep
ted
Ma
y
2
4
,
2
0
1
4
A
s
so
c
iety
b
e
g
in
s
to
d
e
m
a
n
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g
re
a
ter
a
n
d
m
o
re
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f
icie
n
t
u
se
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n
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e
rg
ro
u
n
d
sp
a
c
e
,
d
e
e
p
e
x
c
a
v
a
ti
o
n
s
a
re
b
e
in
g
c
a
rried
o
u
t
to
m
e
e
t
th
e
su
rg
in
g
n
e
e
d
f
o
r
in
f
ra
stru
c
tu
re
in
b
ig
c
it
ies
.
Du
rin
g
e
x
c
a
v
a
ti
o
n
,
a
n
in
situ
w
a
ll
sy
ste
m
is
o
f
ten
c
o
n
stru
c
ted
to
p
ro
v
id
e
sta
b
il
it
y
a
n
d
to
m
in
im
ize
m
o
v
e
m
e
n
ts
o
f
th
e
a
d
jac
e
n
t
g
ro
u
n
d
.
T
h
e
c
h
o
ice
o
f
a
n
a
p
p
ro
p
riate
re
tain
in
g
sy
ste
m
d
e
p
e
n
d
s
o
n
c
e
rtain
f
a
c
to
rs
su
c
h
a
s
su
b
so
il
c
h
a
ra
c
teristics
,
g
ro
u
n
d
w
a
ter
c
o
n
d
it
io
n
,
a
n
d
b
u
il
d
in
g
p
ro
tec
ti
o
n
c
o
n
sid
e
ra
ti
o
n
s.
F
o
r
so
m
e
c
ircu
m
sta
n
c
e
s,
ste
e
l
sh
e
e
t
p
il
in
g
ty
p
ica
ll
y
p
ro
v
id
e
s
th
e
m
o
st
u
su
a
l
so
lu
ti
o
n
f
o
r
th
e
c
o
n
d
it
io
n
s
e
n
c
o
u
n
tere
d
in
th
e
f
ield
.
In
o
rd
e
r
to
e
n
su
re
su
c
c
e
ss
f
u
l
e
x
c
a
v
a
ti
o
n
w
o
rk
,
th
e
b
e
h
a
v
io
rs
o
f
th
e
w
a
ll
m
u
st
b
e
c
o
n
s
id
e
re
d
d
u
rin
g
th
e
d
e
sig
n
p
h
a
se
.
In
th
is
p
a
p
e
r,
th
e
d
e
sig
n
o
f
c
a
n
ti
lev
e
r
sh
e
e
t
p
il
e
w
a
ll
s
in
v
o
lv
e
s
th
e
e
v
a
lu
a
ti
o
n
o
f
lo
a
d
s
im
p
o
se
d
b
y
so
il
,
w
a
ter,
a
n
d
su
rc
h
a
rg
in
g
w
a
s
c
o
n
d
u
c
ted
u
sin
g
sp
e
c
ialize
d
c
o
m
p
u
ter
p
ro
g
ra
m
.
T
h
e
e
f
f
e
c
t
o
f
v
a
riatio
n
in
h
e
ig
h
t,
lo
a
d
in
g
,
a
n
d
so
il
p
ro
p
e
rti
e
s
o
n
th
e
d
e
sig
n
w
a
s
in
v
e
stig
a
ted
.
T
h
is
p
a
p
e
r
is
in
ten
d
e
d
to
e
n
a
b
le
th
e
p
il
e
se
lec
ti
o
n
a
n
d
p
e
n
e
tratio
n
to
b
e
q
u
ick
ly
d
e
term
in
e
d
f
o
r
th
e
c
e
rtain
c
o
n
stru
c
ti
o
n
c
a
se
s
o
f
c
a
n
ti
lev
e
r
sh
e
e
t
p
il
e
in
Ba
g
h
d
a
d
so
il
.
F
in
a
ll
y
,
so
m
e
sim
p
le
g
u
id
e
li
n
e
s
to
in
sta
ll
a
ti
o
n
m
e
th
o
d
a
n
d
to
p
re
v
e
n
t
f
a
il
u
re
s
re
late
d
to
g
e
o
tec
h
n
ica
l
w
o
rk
s
o
f
sh
e
e
t
p
il
e
a
re
p
re
se
n
ted
.
K
ey
w
o
r
d
:
A
cti
v
e
ea
r
t
h
p
r
ess
u
r
e
B
ag
h
d
ad
s
o
il
C
an
t
ile
v
er
r
etai
n
in
g
w
all
co
n
s
tr
u
ct
io
n
P
ass
iv
e
ea
r
th
p
r
es
s
u
r
e
Sh
ee
t
p
ile
Co
p
y
rig
h
t
©
201
4
In
s
t
it
u
te
o
f
A
d
v
a
n
c
e
d
E
n
g
i
n
e
e
rin
g
a
n
d
S
c
ien
c
e
.
Al
l
rig
h
ts
re
se
rv
e
d
.
C
o
r
r
e
s
p
o
nd
ing
A
uth
o
r
:
A
b
b
as J
a
w
ad
A
l
-
T
aie
,
Dep
ar
te
m
en
t
o
f
C
i
v
il
E
n
g
i
n
e
er
in
g
,
C
o
lleg
e
o
f
E
n
g
in
ee
r
i
n
g
Un
i
v
e
r
s
it
y
o
f
B
a
g
h
d
ad
,
B
ag
h
d
ad
,
I
r
aq
.
E
m
ail:
ab
b
asj
altaie@
y
ah
o
o
.
co
m
1.
I
NT
RO
D
UCT
I
O
N
Du
e
to
th
e
r
ap
id
g
r
o
w
th
o
f
B
ag
h
d
ad
city
,
th
e
p
o
p
u
latio
n
h
as
in
cr
ea
s
ed
b
y
m
an
y
f
o
ld
s
.
T
h
u
s
,
a
g
r
ea
ter
an
d
m
o
r
e
ef
f
icien
t
u
s
e
o
f
u
n
d
er
g
r
o
u
n
d
s
p
ac
e,
d
ee
p
ex
ca
v
atio
n
s
ar
e
b
ein
g
ca
r
r
ied
o
u
t
to
m
ee
t
th
e
s
u
r
g
in
g
n
ee
d
f
o
r
in
f
r
astru
ctu
r
e
in
th
is
city
.
E
x
ca
v
atio
n
s
o
f
s
o
il
ar
e
o
n
e
o
f
th
e
m
o
s
t
im
p
o
r
tan
t
elem
en
ts
in
lay
in
g
th
e
s
u
b
s
u
r
f
ac
e
s
tr
u
ctu
r
es.
T
h
ese
ex
ca
v
atio
n
s
u
s
u
ally
r
eq
u
ir
e
ex
ca
v
atio
n
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
s
y
s
tem
s
th
at
h
av
e
f
u
n
d
am
en
tal
in
f
lu
en
ce
o
n
th
e
s
af
ety
,
p
r
o
f
itab
ilit
y
,
s
p
ee
d
an
d
q
u
ality
o
f
co
n
s
tr
u
ctio
n
p
r
o
j
ec
ts
[
1
]
.
T
h
e
ch
o
ic
e
o
f
an
ap
p
r
o
p
r
iate
r
etain
in
g
s
y
s
tem
d
ep
en
d
s
o
n
ce
r
tain
f
ac
to
r
s
s
u
ch
as
s
u
b
s
o
il
ch
ar
ac
ter
is
tics
,
g
r
o
u
n
d
w
ater
co
n
d
itio
n
,
an
d
b
u
ild
in
g
p
r
o
tectio
n
co
n
s
id
er
atio
n
s
.
Fo
r
s
o
m
e
cir
cu
m
s
tan
ce
s
,
s
teel
s
h
ee
t
p
ilin
g
ty
p
ically
p
r
o
v
id
es
th
e
m
o
s
t
u
s
u
al
s
o
lu
tio
n
f
o
r
th
e
co
n
d
itio
n
s
en
co
u
n
ter
ed
in
th
e
f
ield
.
I
n
o
r
d
er
to
en
s
u
r
e
s
u
cc
ess
f
u
l
ex
ca
v
atio
n
w
o
r
k
,
th
e
b
eh
av
io
r
s
o
f
th
e
w
all
m
u
s
t
b
e
co
n
s
id
er
ed
d
u
r
in
g
th
e
d
esig
n
p
h
ase
[
2
]
.
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
aim
s
at
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
in
g
th
e
d
esig
n
o
f
ca
n
tilev
er
s
h
ee
t
p
ile
w
alls
co
n
s
tr
u
cted
in
m
u
ltil
ay
e
r
ed
g
r
o
u
n
d
co
n
d
itio
n
s
o
f
B
ag
h
d
ad
s
o
il.
T
o
m
ee
t
th
is
g
o
al,
an
ev
alu
atio
n
o
f
lo
ad
s
im
p
o
s
ed
b
y
s
o
il,
g
r
o
u
n
d
w
ater
,
an
d
s
u
r
ch
ar
g
in
g
w
as
co
n
d
u
cted
u
s
in
g
s
p
ec
ialized
co
m
p
u
ter
p
r
o
g
r
am
.
T
h
e
ef
f
ec
t
o
f
v
ar
iatio
n
in
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
-
8814
IJ
AA
S
Vo
l.
3
,
No
.
2
,
J
u
n
e
2
0
1
4
:
9
5
–
10
3
96
h
eig
h
t,
lo
ad
in
g
,
an
d
s
o
il
p
r
o
p
er
ties
o
n
th
e
d
esig
n
w
as
in
v
esti
g
ated
.
C
o
m
p
ar
is
o
n
s
o
f
later
al
ea
r
th
p
r
ess
u
r
e
an
d
m
ax
im
u
m
b
en
d
in
g
m
o
m
en
t
b
y
v
ar
io
u
s
ex
is
tin
g
m
eth
o
d
s
ar
e
p
r
esen
ted
.
Fin
ally
,
s
o
m
e
s
im
p
le
g
u
id
elin
es
to
in
s
tallatio
n
m
eth
o
d
an
d
to
p
r
ev
en
t f
ailu
r
es
r
elate
d
to
g
eo
tech
n
ical
w
o
r
k
s
o
f
s
h
ee
t
p
ile
ar
e
p
r
es
en
ted
.
2.
G
E
NE
R
AL
D
E
SCR
I
P
T
I
O
N
A
s
h
ee
t
p
ile
w
all
is
a
r
o
w
o
f
in
ter
lo
ck
in
g
,
v
er
tical
p
ile
s
eg
m
en
ts
in
s
talled
to
f
o
r
m
an
ess
en
tially
s
tr
aig
h
t
w
all
w
ith
a
p
lan
d
im
en
s
io
n
s
u
f
f
icien
tly
lar
g
e
en
o
u
g
h
f
o
r
its
b
eh
av
io
r
to
allo
w
f
o
r
th
e
an
aly
s
is
o
f
a
0
.
3
0
4
8
m
w
id
e
v
er
tical
s
eg
m
en
t
o
f
th
e
w
all
cr
o
s
s
s
ec
tio
n
.
Sin
ce
th
e
ea
r
ly
tw
en
tieth
ce
n
tu
r
y
,
s
h
ee
t
p
ilin
g
h
as
b
ee
n
in
co
m
m
o
n
u
s
e,
p
ar
ticu
lar
ly
f
o
r
w
ater
f
r
o
n
t
s
tr
u
ctu
r
es
an
d
tem
p
o
r
ar
y
w
o
r
k
s
[
3
]
.
Sh
ee
t
p
ilin
g
u
s
ed
to
r
etain
f
ill
ar
o
u
n
d
o
p
en
lan
d
s
id
e
ex
ca
v
atio
n
s
v
ia
r
ec
tan
g
u
lar
tr
en
ch
es
o
r
cir
cu
lar
co
f
f
er
d
am
s
.
Sh
ee
t
p
ile
ca
n
also
b
e
u
s
ed
as
ea
r
th
-
r
etain
in
g
s
tr
u
ctu
r
es
alo
n
g
s
h
o
r
elin
es
to
allo
w
f
o
r
h
ig
h
er
ex
p
o
s
ed
g
r
ad
es
to
o
cc
u
r
ad
j
ac
en
t
to
lo
w
er
r
iv
er
b
o
tto
m
s
,
d
r
ed
g
e,
o
r
m
u
d
lin
es.
T
h
er
e
ar
e
tw
o
p
r
im
ar
y
ty
p
es
o
f
s
h
ee
t
p
ile
w
alls
.
A
ca
n
tilev
er
ed
s
h
ee
t
p
ile
is
a
w
all
th
at
d
er
iv
es
its
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
en
tire
ly
th
r
o
u
g
h
th
e
in
ter
a
ctio
n
w
ith
th
e
s
u
r
r
o
u
n
d
in
g
s
o
il
[
4
]
,
m
en
tio
n
ed
th
at
w
h
en
th
e
w
all
is
u
n
d
er
(
3
m
)
in
h
eig
h
t
it
is
o
f
ten
ca
n
tilev
er
.
A
n
an
ch
o
r
ed
s
h
ee
t
p
ile
is
a
w
all
th
at
d
er
iv
es
its
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
th
r
o
u
g
h
a
co
m
b
in
atio
n
o
f
in
ter
ac
tio
n
b
etw
ee
n
th
e
s
u
r
r
o
u
n
d
in
g
s
o
il
an
d
o
n
e
o
r
m
o
r
e
m
ec
h
an
ical
an
ch
o
r
s
,
o
r
in
ter
n
al
b
r
ac
es,
in
th
e
ca
s
e
o
f
o
p
en
ex
ca
v
atio
n
s
w
h
ich
r
estrict
th
e
later
al
d
ef
lectio
n
o
f
th
e
w
all.
Stab
ilit
y
o
f
s
h
ee
t
-
p
ilin
g
w
all
d
ep
en
d
s
o
n
p
r
ess
u
r
es
ex
cr
eted
o
n
its
f
ac
es.
T
h
ey
in
clu
d
e
th
e
o
v
er
tu
r
n
in
g
,
th
at
r
esu
lts
f
r
o
m
ac
tiv
e
ea
r
th
p
r
ess
u
r
e;
u
n
b
alan
ce
d
w
ater
,
ac
tin
g
u
p
o
n
th
e
in
n
er
f
ac
e
o
f
th
e
w
all
an
d
th
e
p
ass
iv
e
p
r
ess
u
r
e,
ac
tin
g
o
n
th
e
w
all‟
s
f
r
o
n
t
em
b
ed
m
en
t
d
ep
th
b
elo
w
th
e
d
r
ed
g
e
lin
e,
s
o
th
at
th
e
d
ep
th
o
f
p
en
etr
atio
n
is
th
e
k
ey
o
f
an
y
s
h
ee
t
-
p
ilin
g
w
all‟
s
s
tab
ilit
y
,
[
5
]
.
Su
p
p
o
r
t
f
r
o
m
th
e
s
u
r
r
o
u
n
d
in
g
s
o
il
f
o
r
b
o
th
ty
p
es
o
f
w
alls
r
ef
er
s
p
r
im
ar
ily
to
th
e
p
ass
iv
e
s
o
il
p
r
ess
u
r
e
ex
er
ted
o
n
th
e
em
b
ed
d
ed
p
o
r
tio
n
o
f
th
e
w
all
b
elo
w
th
e
d
r
ed
g
e
lin
e
o
r
b
o
tto
m
o
f
ex
ca
v
atio
n
,
[
6
]
-
[
9
]
.
Sh
ee
t
p
iles
ar
e
co
m
m
o
n
ly
u
s
ed
f
o
r
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
ex
ca
v
atio
n
to
d
ep
t
h
u
p
to
tw
o
s
to
r
ies
o
f
b
asem
en
t
[
1
0
]
.
T
h
ey
ar
e
s
u
itab
le
f
o
r
o
n
ly
m
o
d
er
ate
h
eig
h
t
u
p
to
(
5
m
)
[
1
1
]
,
o
r
ab
o
u
t
(
6
m
)
o
r
less
[
8
]
.
T
h
e
u
s
e
o
f
ca
n
tilev
er
ed
s
h
ee
t
p
ile
is
s
u
itab
le
f
o
r
d
ep
th
o
f
d
r
iv
in
g
g
r
ea
ter
th
an
(
3
m
)
,
[
9
]
.
T
h
is
d
ep
th
,
s
o
m
e
tim
e,
is
lim
ited
to
r
etain
ed
h
eig
h
ts
o
f
b
etw
ee
n
(
3
.
0
4
8
m
)
an
d
(
4
.
5
7
2
m
)
[
1
2
]
-
[
1
4
]
.
I
n
g
en
er
al,
s
teel
is
th
e
m
o
s
t
co
m
m
o
n
m
ater
ial
u
s
ed
f
o
r
s
h
ee
t
p
ilin
g
b
ec
au
s
e
o
f
its
in
h
er
en
t
s
tr
en
g
th
,
r
elativ
e
lig
h
t
w
eig
h
t,
an
d
p
o
ten
tial
f
o
r
lo
n
g
s
er
v
ice
lif
e.
Steel
s
h
ee
t
p
ilin
g
ca
n
b
e
s
u
p
p
lied
in
len
g
th
s
u
p
to
3
1
m
(
HZ
p
iles
ar
e
av
ailab
le
u
p
to
3
3
m
lo
n
g
)
.
L
ig
h
t
-
g
au
g
e
s
teel
p
ilin
g
is
u
s
ed
o
n
ly
f
o
r
s
m
all
tem
p
o
r
ar
y
an
d
o
th
er
m
in
o
r
in
s
tallatio
n
s
.
Ho
t
-
r
o
lled
s
teel
is
p
r
ed
o
m
in
ately
u
s
ed
in
Z
-
ty
p
e
s
ec
tio
n
s
f
o
r
r
etain
in
g
an
d
f
lo
o
d
w
all
d
esig
n
ap
p
licatio
n
s
w
h
er
e
f
lex
u
r
al
b
en
d
in
g
g
o
v
er
n
s
th
e
d
esig
n
.
I
n
g
en
er
al,
u
n
co
ated
an
d
ex
p
o
s
ed
s
h
ee
t
p
iles
co
r
r
o
d
e
at
a
r
ate
o
f
0
.
0
5
0
8
m
m
to
0
.
2
5
4
m
m
p
er
y
ea
r
.
Sh
ee
t
p
il
e
d
r
iv
en
in
n
atu
r
al
u
n
d
is
tu
r
b
ed
s
o
il
w
ill
ex
p
er
ien
ce
n
eg
lig
ib
le
co
r
r
o
s
io
n
b
ec
au
s
e
o
f
th
e
lack
o
f
o
x
y
g
en
b
elo
w
g
r
ad
e
[
1
5
]
.
3.
SH
E
E
T
P
I
L
I
N
G
I
NS
T
AL
L
AT
I
O
N
Steel
s
h
ee
t
p
ilin
g
is
ty
p
ically
in
s
talled
b
y
d
r
iv
in
g
,
j
ettin
g
,
o
r
tr
en
ch
in
g
.
I
n
s
tallatio
n
b
y
d
r
iv
in
g
is
m
o
s
t
co
m
m
o
n
ly
co
n
d
u
cted
w
ith
I
m
p
ac
t
d
r
iv
in
g
,
Vib
r
o
d
r
iv
in
g
,
P
r
ess
in
g
,
o
r
Mix
ed
d
r
iv
in
g
m
eth
o
d
s
.
I
m
p
ac
t
d
r
iv
in
g
is
th
e
b
est
m
eth
o
d
f
o
r
d
r
iv
in
g
p
iles
in
to
d
if
f
icu
lt
g
r
o
u
n
d
o
r
f
in
al
d
r
iv
in
g
o
f
p
iles
to
lev
el
in
p
an
el
f
o
r
m
.
Vib
r
o
d
r
iv
in
g
is
u
s
u
ally
th
e
f
astes
t
an
d
m
o
s
t
ec
o
n
o
m
ical
m
eth
o
d
o
f
p
ile
in
s
tallatio
n
b
u
t
u
s
u
ally
n
ee
d
s
lo
o
s
e
o
r
co
h
esio
n
less
s
o
il
co
n
d
itio
n
s
f
o
r
b
est
r
esu
lts
.
P
r
ess
in
g
is
v
er
y
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
in
clay
s
o
ils
b
u
t
less
s
o
in
d
en
s
e
co
h
esio
n
less
g
r
o
u
n
d
u
n
less
p
r
e
-
au
g
er
in
g
o
r
j
ettin
g
tech
n
iq
u
es
ar
e
u
s
ed
.
T
h
er
e
ar
e
tw
o
p
r
in
cip
al
p
ile
d
r
iv
in
g
m
eth
o
d
s
av
ailab
le
to
in
s
taller
s
,
p
itch
an
d
d
r
iv
e
an
d
p
an
el
d
r
iv
in
g
.
P
itch
an
d
d
r
iv
e
m
eth
o
d
r
eq
u
ir
es
eq
u
ip
m
en
t
to
co
n
tr
o
l
th
e
v
er
ticality
o
f
th
e
p
ile
d
u
r
in
g
in
s
tallatio
n
s
o
th
at
p
iles
ca
n
b
e
p
itch
ed
an
d
d
r
iv
en
o
n
e
b
y
o
n
e
(
Fig
u
r
e
1
(
a
)
)
.
T
h
is
m
eth
o
d
is
th
e
s
im
p
lest
w
ay
o
f
d
r
iv
in
g
p
iles
b
u
t
is
o
n
ly
r
ea
lly
s
u
ited
to
lo
o
s
e
s
o
ils
an
d
s
h
o
r
t
p
iles
.
Fo
r
d
en
s
e
s
an
d
s
an
d
s
tif
f
co
h
esiv
e
s
o
ils
o
r
in
th
e
ca
s
e
o
f
p
o
s
s
ib
le
o
b
s
tr
u
ctio
n
s
,
p
itch
an
d
d
r
iv
e
is
n
o
t r
ec
o
m
m
en
d
ed
.
P
an
el
d
r
iv
in
g
is
th
e
b
est
m
eth
o
d
f
o
r
d
r
iv
in
g
s
h
ee
t
p
iles
in
d
if
f
icu
lt
g
r
o
u
n
d
o
r
f
o
r
p
en
etr
atin
g
r
o
ck
-
w
h
ich
is
u
n
lik
ely
to
b
e
p
o
s
s
ib
le
w
ith
th
e
p
itch
an
d
d
r
iv
e
m
eth
o
d
.
I
n
th
is
m
eth
o
d
,
p
iles
m
ay
b
e
th
r
ea
d
ed
to
g
eth
er
ab
o
v
e
th
e
g
r
o
u
n
d
in
a
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
f
r
am
e
to
f
o
r
m
a
p
an
el
p
r
io
r
to
d
r
iv
in
g
.
T
h
e
p
iles
ar
e
th
en
d
r
iv
en
in
s
tag
es
an
d
in
s
eq
u
en
ce
in
to
th
e
g
r
o
u
n
d
.
Seq
u
en
tial
d
r
iv
in
g
en
ab
les
v
er
tica
lity
to
b
e
m
ain
tain
ed
,
(
s
ee
Fig
u
r
e
1
(
b
))
[
1
5
]
.
T
h
e
in
s
tallatio
n
m
eth
o
d
o
f
s
h
ee
t
p
ile
w
as
co
r
r
elate
d
w
ith
s
tan
d
ar
d
p
en
etr
atio
n
v
alu
e
o
f
s
u
b
s
o
il
[
1
6
]
.
T
h
ey
s
tated
th
at
p
iles
ca
n
co
m
f
o
r
tab
ly
ad
v
an
ce
to
h
ar
d
g
r
o
u
n
d
w
ith
(
SP
T
N≤
3
0
)
b
y
m
ea
n
s
o
f
h
y
d
r
au
lic
v
ib
r
o
h
am
m
er
.
W
h
en
en
co
u
n
ter
ed
v
er
y
h
ar
d
to
s
tif
f
g
r
o
u
n
d
(
SP
T
N>
5
0
)
,
w
h
ich
is
u
n
d
ea
lab
le
w
ith
co
n
v
en
tio
n
al
d
r
iv
in
g
,
eith
er
p
r
e
-
b
o
r
in
g
o
r
u
s
ed
o
f
o
th
er
r
etain
in
g
s
y
s
tem
s
lik
e
b
o
r
ed
p
ile
w
all,
ar
e
g
en
er
ally
s
p
ec
if
ied
.
Nev
er
th
eless
,
an
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
an
d
ec
o
n
o
m
ic
m
eth
o
d
w
as
s
u
g
g
ested
to
b
e
u
s
ed
in
th
e
co
n
s
tr
u
ctio
n
s
h
ee
t
p
ile
w
all
r
etain
in
g
s
y
s
tem
th
at
is
J
et
-
Vib
r
o
p
ile
in
s
tallatio
n
m
eth
o
d
[
1
6
]
.
T
h
is
m
et
h
o
d
ca
n
b
e
u
s
ed
to
p
en
etr
ate
th
e
h
ar
d
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IJ
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last
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5
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to
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0
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m
o
f
p
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.
J
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in
v
o
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co
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tr
o
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an
d
d
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o
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al
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r
u
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f
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ater
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d
s
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Fig
u
r
e
1
.
P
ile
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g
m
eth
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s
(
A
)
p
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d
d
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(
B
)
p
an
el
d
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in
g
J
ettin
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cla
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p
r
o
v
ed
to
b
e
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h
ig
h
l
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e
f
f
ec
t
iv
e
aid
to
p
i
le
in
s
tallatio
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,
co
n
s
id
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ab
l
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s
h
o
r
ten
i
n
g
in
s
ta
llatio
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ti
m
e
w
i
th
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r
is
k
o
f
r
ef
u
s
al,
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u
t
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s
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ig
n
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ican
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d
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s
o
il
i
m
m
ed
iatel
y
ad
j
ac
en
t to
th
e
p
ile,
lead
in
g
to
a
lo
s
s
o
f
f
r
ictio
n
o
f
o
r
d
er
o
f
1
0
% to
4
0
%
[
1
7
]
.
T
r
en
ch
in
g
o
f
s
h
ee
t
p
il
in
g
i
s
t
y
p
ica
ll
y
r
eq
u
ir
ed
w
h
e
n
t
h
e
p
e
n
etr
atio
n
o
f
t
h
e
p
ile
is
r
elativ
e
l
y
s
h
allo
w
an
d
/o
r
th
er
e
ar
e
m
iti
g
ati
n
g
cir
c
u
m
s
ta
n
ce
s
t
h
at
p
r
ec
lu
d
e
d
r
iv
i
n
g
[
7
]
.
Nev
er
th
e
less
,
d
r
i
v
in
g
o
f
s
h
ee
t
p
iles
in
to
d
e
n
s
e
s
o
il
s
m
a
y
n
e
ce
s
s
itate
t
h
e
p
r
o
v
i
s
io
n
o
f
s
ec
t
io
n
lar
g
er
th
an
th
a
t
n
ee
d
ed
to
s
ati
s
f
y
th
e
s
tr
u
ct
u
r
al
r
eq
u
ir
e
m
en
ts
.
Dr
i
v
ab
ilit
y
s
h
o
u
ld
b
e
co
n
s
id
er
ed
at
an
ea
r
l
y
s
ta
g
e
i
n
th
e
d
es
ig
n
p
r
o
ce
s
s
as
th
e
n
ee
d
to
p
r
o
v
id
e
a
m
i
n
i
m
u
m
s
ec
tio
n
f
o
r
d
r
iv
i
n
g
m
a
y
lead
to
a
m
o
r
e
ef
f
icien
t
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
s
y
s
te
m
an
d
m
a
y
a
ls
o
o
f
f
s
et
a
n
y
ad
d
itio
n
a
l
th
ick
n
es
s
n
ee
d
ed
to
ac
h
iev
e
t
h
e
d
esire
d
li
f
e
ex
p
ec
tan
c
y
f
o
r
th
e
s
tr
u
ct
u
r
e
[
1
5
]
.
4
.
SI
M
P
L
E
G
UIDE
L
I
NE
S
T
O
P
RE
VE
NT
F
AIL
URES
O
F
RE
T
AINI
NG
ST
RUCTURE
S
I
t
is
a
leg
al
n
ec
ess
ity
w
h
en
a
n
ew
co
n
s
tr
u
ctio
n
is
lau
n
ch
ed
in
a
d
ev
elo
p
ed
ar
ea
to
p
r
o
v
id
e
p
r
o
tectio
n
to
th
e
ex
ca
v
atio
n
its
elf
an
d
to
ad
j
ac
en
t
s
tr
u
ctu
r
es
an
d
f
ac
ilit
ies
lik
e
b
u
ild
in
g
s
,
r
o
ad
s
,
u
tili
ty
lin
es,
etc.
D
esp
ite
th
e
g
r
ea
t
im
p
o
r
tan
ce
o
f
ex
ca
v
atio
n
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
s
y
s
tem
s
,
m
o
s
t
d
esig
n
er
s
an
d
co
n
tr
ac
to
r
s
k
n
o
w
v
er
y
litt
le
ab
o
u
t
th
eir
d
esig
n
an
d
co
n
s
tr
u
ctio
n
,
an
d
th
ey
r
ely
h
ea
v
ily
o
n
ex
p
er
ien
ce
[
1
]
.
I
t
is
d
if
f
icu
lt
to
p
r
ed
ict
th
e
b
eh
av
io
r
o
f
r
etain
in
g
s
tr
u
ctu
r
es
in
d
etails
b
ef
o
r
e
th
e
ac
tu
al
ex
ec
u
tio
n
o
f
th
e
w
o
r
k
.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e,
th
e
in
v
o
lv
em
en
t
o
f
th
e
d
esig
n
en
g
in
ee
r
s
h
o
u
ld
b
e
n
o
t
s
to
p
af
ter
d
esig
n
in
g
th
e
r
etain
in
g
s
tr
u
ctu
r
es.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e,
th
e
d
esig
n
en
g
in
ee
r
s
h
o
u
ld
clo
s
ely
s
u
p
er
v
is
ed
th
e
co
n
s
tr
u
ctio
n
w
o
r
k
s
at
th
e
s
ite
an
d
r
ev
iew
th
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
o
f
th
e
r
etain
in
g
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e
an
d
co
m
p
ar
e
to
th
e
d
esig
n
r
eq
u
ir
em
en
ts
to
tak
e
n
ec
ess
ar
y
ac
tio
n
.
T
h
e
m
aj
o
r
co
n
s
id
er
atio
n
to
b
e
tak
en
d
u
r
in
g
co
n
s
tr
u
ctio
n
ca
n
b
e
d
iv
id
ed
in
to
th
r
ee
s
ec
tio
n
s
[
1
8
]
.
T
h
ey
ar
e
d
ilap
id
atio
n
s
u
r
v
ey
in
g
o
f
ad
j
ac
en
t
s
tr
u
ctu
r
es,
in
s
tr
u
m
en
tatio
n
an
d
m
o
n
ito
r
in
g
p
r
o
g
r
am
,
an
d
s
u
p
er
v
is
io
n
an
d
co
n
s
tr
u
ctio
n
co
n
tr
o
l.
Du
r
in
g
ea
ch
s
tag
e
o
f
b
u
lk
ex
ca
v
atio
n
in
th
e
f
r
o
n
t
o
f
w
all,
th
e
s
u
p
er
v
is
o
r
en
g
in
ee
r
s
h
o
u
ld
m
ak
e
s
u
r
e
th
at
th
e
co
n
tr
ac
to
r
f
o
llo
w
s
th
e
p
r
ed
eter
m
in
ed
d
esig
n
lev
el.
Ov
er
ex
ca
v
atio
n
in
cr
ea
s
es
ad
d
itio
n
al
s
tr
ess
es
r
esu
ltin
g
in
th
e
in
cr
ea
s
in
g
w
all
m
o
v
em
en
ts
.
E
x
ce
s
s
iv
e
o
v
er
ex
ca
v
atio
n
m
ig
h
t
ev
en
ca
u
s
e
ca
tast
r
o
p
h
ic
f
ailu
r
e
o
f
th
e
w
all.
Ma
n
y
ca
s
e
h
is
to
r
ies
in
d
icate
th
at
ex
ca
v
atio
n
f
ailu
r
es
ar
e
u
s
u
ally
ca
u
s
ed
b
y
in
ad
eq
u
ac
y
o
f
g
eo
tech
n
ical
d
esig
n
co
n
s
id
er
atio
n
s
,
an
d
lack
o
f
c
o
n
s
tr
u
ctio
n
co
n
tr
o
l
an
d
s
ite
s
u
p
er
v
is
io
n
b
y
co
n
s
u
ltan
t
s
u
ch
as
o
v
er
-
ex
ca
v
atio
n
(
e.
g
.
ex
ca
v
ate
d
ee
p
er
th
an
d
esig
n
ed
d
ep
th
)
an
d
u
n
co
n
tr
o
lled
s
u
r
ch
ar
g
in
g
at
r
etain
ed
s
o
il
(
e.
g
.
s
tack
in
g
o
f
ex
ca
v
ated
m
ater
ials
o
r
o
th
er
m
ater
ials
b
eh
in
d
th
e
w
all
at
th
e
r
etain
ed
s
id
e)
.
T
h
ese
f
ailu
r
es
ar
e
u
s
u
ally
m
an
-
m
ad
e
an
d
ca
u
s
ed
b
y
f
ailin
g
to
co
m
p
ly
w
ith
o
n
e
o
r
a
co
m
b
in
atio
n
o
f
f
ac
to
r
s
w
h
ich
in
clu
d
e
p
lan
n
in
g
,
an
aly
s
is
,
d
esig
n
,
co
n
s
tr
u
ctio
n
co
n
tr
o
l
an
d
s
u
p
er
v
is
io
n
.
Ob
s
er
v
atio
n
al
m
eth
o
d
s
h
o
u
ld
b
e
u
s
ed
to
co
m
p
ar
e
d
esig
n
p
r
ed
ictio
n
w
ith
f
ield
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
to
en
s
u
r
e
s
af
ety
[
1
9
]
.
Fro
m
th
e
5
5
ca
s
es
o
f
f
ailu
r
es
in
v
esti
g
ate
d
,
5
0
%
o
f
th
em
ar
e
d
u
e
to
in
ad
eq
u
ac
y
in
d
esig
n
.
I
n
o
r
d
er
to
p
r
ev
en
t
s
im
ilar
f
ailu
r
es,
it
is
im
p
o
r
tan
t
f
o
r
d
esig
n
co
n
s
u
ltan
t,
co
n
s
u
ltan
t‟
s
s
ite
r
ep
r
esen
tativ
es
an
d
co
n
t
r
ac
to
r
to
h
av
e
s
o
m
e
f
u
n
d
am
en
tal
g
eo
tech
n
ical
k
n
o
w
led
g
e
s
o
th
at
an
y
in
co
n
s
is
ten
cies
at
s
ite
ca
n
b
e
s
p
o
tted
an
d
p
r
ec
au
tio
n
ar
y
ac
tio
n
s
tak
en
b
ef
o
r
e
f
ailu
r
e
o
cc
u
r
s
.
P
r
o
p
er
f
u
ll
-
tim
e
s
ite
s
u
p
er
v
is
io
n
b
y
th
e
co
n
s
u
ltan
t‟
s
r
ep
r
esen
tativ
es
w
ith
ad
eq
u
ate
ex
p
er
ien
ce
s
,
k
n
o
w
led
g
e
is
a
m
u
s
t.
I
t
is
also
th
e
o
b
lig
atio
n
o
f
th
e
co
n
s
u
ltan
t
to
p
r
o
p
er
ly
b
r
ief
th
e
s
u
p
er
v
is
in
g
team
o
n
th
e
d
esig
n
an
d
co
n
s
tr
u
ctio
n
r
eq
u
ir
em
en
ts
[
1
9
]
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
-
8814
IJ
AA
S
Vo
l.
3
,
No
.
2
,
J
u
n
e
2
0
1
4
:
9
5
–
10
3
98
A
n
o
th
er
im
p
o
r
tan
t
f
ac
to
r
to
co
n
s
id
er
w
h
en
s
elec
tin
g
an
d
d
esig
n
in
g
r
etain
in
g
w
all
s
y
s
tem
f
o
r
ex
ca
v
ati
o
n
ad
j
ac
en
t
to
p
r
o
p
er
ties
s
en
s
itiv
e
to
g
r
o
u
n
d
s
ettlem
en
t
is
th
e
lo
w
er
in
g
o
f
g
r
o
u
n
d
w
ater
at
th
e
r
etain
ed
s
o
il
d
u
e
to
ex
ca
v
atio
n
.
R
ec
h
ar
g
e
w
ells
s
h
o
u
ld
b
e
co
n
s
id
er
ed
an
d
u
s
ed
if
s
ettlem
en
t
o
f
ad
j
ac
en
t
g
r
o
u
n
d
d
u
e
to
lo
w
er
in
g
o
f
g
r
o
u
n
d
w
ater
lev
el
lik
ely
to
ca
u
s
e
d
is
to
r
tio
n
an
d
d
am
ag
e
to
ad
j
ac
en
t p
r
o
p
er
ties
[
1
9
]
.
4.
E
AR
T
H
P
RE
S
SUR
E
CAL
C
UL
A
T
I
O
NS
Sev
er
al
ea
r
t
h
p
r
ess
u
r
es
t
h
eo
r
ies
ar
e
av
ailab
le
f
o
r
esti
m
at
in
g
t
h
e
m
in
i
m
u
m
(
ac
ti
v
e)
an
d
m
ax
i
m
u
m
(
p
ass
iv
e)
later
al
ea
r
th
p
r
ess
u
r
es
th
at
ca
n
d
ev
e
lo
p
in
a
s
o
il
m
a
s
s
s
u
r
r
o
u
n
d
i
n
g
a
w
all
[
2
0
]
.
A
d
etailed
d
is
cu
s
s
io
n
o
f
v
ar
io
u
s
t
h
eo
r
ies
i
s
p
r
esen
ted
in
lit
er
a
t
u
r
es
[
3
]
-
[
4
]
,
[
8
]
,
[
2
1
]
.
A
b
r
ief
d
escr
ip
tio
n
ab
o
u
t
ea
r
th
p
r
es
s
u
r
e
th
eo
r
ies is
s
h
o
w
n
h
er
ei
n
.
C
las
s
ical
m
eth
o
d
s
o
f
r
etain
i
n
g
w
all
a
n
al
y
s
is
ca
n
b
e
tr
ac
ed
b
a
ck
to
th
e
w
o
r
k
i
n
(
1
7
7
6
)
an
d
(
1
8
5
7
)
[
2
2
]
,
[
2
3
]
.
I
n
(
1
7
7
6
)
u
p
p
er
b
o
u
n
d
ca
lc
u
latio
n
s
w
as
ca
lc
u
la
ted
ass
u
m
in
g
a
p
la
n
ar
w
ed
g
e
f
ai
lu
r
e
m
ec
h
a
n
is
m
f
r
o
m
w
h
ic
h
h
e
d
er
iv
ed
t
h
e
li
m
iti
n
g
(
ac
ti
v
e)
f
o
r
ce
o
n
a
r
e
tain
i
n
g
w
all,
a
s
a
f
u
n
ctio
n
o
f
d
ep
th
b
elo
w
t
h
e
r
etain
ed
s
o
i
l
s
u
r
f
ac
e.
T
h
is
f
o
r
m
o
f
ca
lcu
lat
io
n
d
o
es
n
o
t
in
d
icate
a
u
n
iq
u
e
s
tr
es
s
d
is
tr
ib
u
ti
o
n
.
I
n
(
1
8
5
7
)
l
o
w
er
b
o
u
n
d
ca
lc
u
latio
n
s
w
a
s
ca
r
r
ie
d
o
u
t
b
ased
o
n
t
h
e
a
s
s
u
m
p
tio
n
t
h
at
th
e
s
tr
es
s
f
ield
b
e
h
i
n
d
th
e
w
a
ll
w
a
s
i
n
a
u
n
i
f
o
r
m
s
tate
o
f
p
last
ic
eq
u
ilib
r
iu
m
;
f
r
o
m
t
h
is
h
e
d
er
iv
ed
lim
i
tin
g
ea
r
th
p
r
ess
u
r
es
w
h
ic
h
,
d
u
e
to
h
is
ass
u
m
p
tio
n
s
,
i
n
cr
ea
s
ed
lin
ea
r
l
y
w
it
h
d
ep
th
i
n
u
n
i
f
o
r
m
m
ater
ials
.
Fo
r
th
e
s
i
m
p
le
ca
s
e
o
f
a
f
r
ictio
n
le
s
s
w
a
ll
in
u
n
i
f
o
r
m
s
o
il,
th
e
t
w
o
s
o
l
u
ti
o
n
s
co
in
cid
e
p
r
o
v
id
ed
it
is
ass
u
m
ed
t
h
at
th
e
ac
ti
v
e
f
o
r
ce
ca
lcu
la
ted
u
s
in
g
C
o
u
lo
m
b
‟
s
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
r
esu
lts
f
r
o
m
a
later
al
ea
r
t
h
p
r
ess
u
r
e
th
a
t in
cr
ea
s
es l
in
ea
r
l
y
w
it
h
d
ep
th
.
L
ater
w
o
r
k
er
s
h
av
e
u
s
ed
m
o
r
e
co
m
p
le
x
ca
lcu
latio
n
s
to
d
eter
m
in
e
ea
r
t
h
p
r
ess
u
r
e
co
ef
f
ic
i
en
ts
,
b
ased
o
n
eith
er
u
p
p
er
b
o
u
n
d
(
f
o
llo
w
i
n
g
C
o
u
lo
m
b
)
o
r
lo
w
er
b
o
u
n
d
(
f
o
llo
w
in
g
R
an
k
i
n
e)
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
es,
to
r
ef
i
n
e
t
h
e
r
esu
lt
s
an
d
to
ex
te
n
d
th
e
m
to
i
n
clu
d
e
w
all
f
r
ictio
n
,
s
lo
p
in
g
g
r
o
u
n
d
s
u
r
f
ac
es,
a
n
d
n
o
n
-
v
er
tic
al
w
all
s
.
A
g
en
er
al
s
o
l
u
tio
n
f
o
r
ac
tiv
e
an
d
p
ass
iv
e
ea
r
th
p
r
ess
u
r
e
co
ef
f
icie
n
t
s
o
f
co
h
es
io
n
les
s
s
o
il
w
ed
g
e
f
aili
n
g
a
lo
n
g
a
s
tr
ai
g
h
t
s
lip
p
l
an
e
w
a
s
p
r
o
v
id
ed
in
(
1
9
0
6
)
[
2
4
]
.
I
n
th
e
D
u
tc
h
co
d
e
th
i
s
t
h
eo
r
y
i
s
e
x
te
n
d
ed
f
o
r
co
h
esi
v
e
s
o
il.
A
ch
ar
t
f
o
r
esti
m
ati
n
g
th
e
v
al
u
e
o
f
t
h
e
p
ass
i
v
e
co
ef
f
icie
n
t
w
it
h
cu
r
v
ed
f
ail
u
r
e
s
u
r
f
ac
e
i
n
g
r
an
u
lar
s
o
il
w
as
d
ev
e
lo
p
ed
in
(
1
9
4
8
)
[
2
5
]
.
I
n
d
esig
n
o
f
th
is
c
h
ar
t
,
a
p
o
r
tio
n
o
f
th
e
f
ailu
r
e
s
u
r
f
ac
e
w
a
s
ass
u
m
ed
to
b
e
an
ar
c
o
f
a
lo
g
ar
ith
m
ic
s
p
ir
al.
I
n
s
o
m
e
ar
th
p
r
ess
u
r
e
th
eo
r
ies,
th
e
f
ail
u
r
e
m
e
ch
an
i
s
m
in
t
h
e
s
o
il
d
ep
en
d
s
o
n
th
e
s
h
ap
e
o
f
d
ef
o
r
m
ed
w
all.
T
h
is
m
ea
n
t
h
at
f
o
r
th
e
s
a
m
e
p
r
o
b
lem
o
t
h
er
ea
r
th
p
r
ess
u
r
e
co
ef
f
icie
n
t
s
ar
e
f
o
u
n
d
w
h
e
n
th
e
p
ass
i
v
e
ea
r
th
w
ed
g
e
f
ail
s
th
a
n
in
th
e
ca
s
e
o
f
e.
g
.
,
an
ch
o
r
f
ailu
r
e.
C
o
n
s
eq
u
en
tl
y
,
ar
ch
i
n
g
i
n
th
e
s
o
il
i
s
i
m
p
licitl
y
tak
e
n
i
n
t
o
ac
co
u
n
t.
T
h
i
s
t
h
eo
r
y
w
a
s
d
ev
elo
p
ed
f
o
r
r
ig
id
w
alls
w
it
h
a
f
r
ictio
n
les
s
h
i
n
g
e
an
d
is
s
ti
l
l
u
s
ed
f
o
r
p
last
ic
d
esig
n
[
2
6
]
.
A
lo
w
er
b
o
u
n
d
m
et
h
o
d
w
as
u
s
ed
i
n
(
1
9
6
0
)
[
2
7
]
.
A
f
in
ite
d
ef
er
en
c
e
s
o
lu
tio
n
u
s
in
g
a
h
ig
h
l
y
m
ath
e
m
atica
l
m
et
h
o
d
w
a
s
ad
o
p
ted
.
I
n
(
1
9
7
2
)
a
clo
s
ed
f
o
r
m
ea
r
t
h
p
r
ess
u
r
e
s
o
lu
tio
n
u
s
i
n
g
p
last
icit
y
t
h
eo
r
y
t
h
at
c
an
b
e
u
s
ed
f
o
r
b
o
th
ac
ti
v
e
a
n
d
p
ass
i
v
e
ea
r
th
p
r
es
s
u
r
es
c
o
m
p
u
tatio
n
s
W
AS
d
ev
elo
p
ed
[
2
8
]
.
T
h
e
p
r
o
b
lem
o
f
p
ass
iv
e
p
r
ess
u
r
e
f
o
r
v
er
tica
l
w
all
w
it
h
a
h
o
r
izo
n
tal
g
r
a
n
u
l
ar
s
o
il b
ac
k
f
il
l
w
a
s
an
al
y
ze
d
i
n
(
1
9
7
3
)
[
2
9
]
.
T
h
is
an
al
y
s
is
w
as
d
o
n
e
b
y
co
n
s
id
e
r
in
g
th
e
s
tab
ilit
y
o
f
s
o
il
w
ed
g
e
u
s
i
n
g
t
h
e
m
et
h
o
d
o
f
s
lices.
T
ab
u
lated
ac
tiv
e
an
d
p
ass
iv
e
ea
r
th
p
r
ess
u
r
e
co
ef
f
ic
ien
ts
f
o
r
w
ei
g
h
tles
s
s
o
il
w
it
h
o
u
t
s
u
r
ch
ar
g
e
b
ased
o
n
th
e
v
alu
e
s
o
f
e
f
f
ec
ti
v
e
co
h
esio
n
,
in
ter
n
al
f
r
ictio
n
a
n
d
w
all
f
r
ictio
n
w
as
p
r
o
v
id
ed
in
(
1
9
9
0
)
[
3
0
]
.
T
h
e
p
ass
iv
e
ea
r
t
h
p
r
ess
u
r
e
co
ef
f
i
cien
t
w
er
e
d
eter
m
in
ed
i
n
(
2
0
0
0
)
b
y
u
s
i
n
g
t
h
e
tr
ian
g
u
lar
s
lices
w
i
th
in
t
h
e
f
r
a
m
e
w
o
r
k
o
f
t
h
e
li
m
it e
q
u
ilib
r
iu
m
m
et
h
o
d
f
o
r
v
er
tical
r
etai
n
in
g
w
all
w
ith
a
g
r
an
u
lar
s
o
il
b
ac
k
f
il
l
[
3
1
]
.
T
h
e
d
eg
r
ee
o
f
r
e
f
i
n
e
m
en
t
is
n
o
w
s
u
c
h
th
a
t
t
h
e
p
r
ac
tical
d
if
f
er
en
ce
b
et
w
ee
n
t
h
e
b
o
u
n
d
s
i
s
s
m
all,
at
least
i
n
ca
s
es
w
h
er
e
it
ca
n
b
e
ass
u
m
ed
th
at
ea
r
th
p
r
ess
u
r
es
i
n
cr
ea
s
e
l
in
ea
r
l
y
w
i
th
d
ep
th
.
Ho
w
e
v
er
,
t
h
er
e
h
a
s
b
ee
n
a
co
n
s
id
er
ab
le
d
eb
ate
ab
o
u
t
h
o
w
th
e
ea
r
th
p
r
es
s
u
r
e
s
g
i
v
i
n
g
r
is
e
to
th
e
s
e
f
o
r
ce
s
m
a
y
b
e
d
is
tr
ib
u
ted
,
lin
ea
r
l
y
o
r
o
th
er
w
i
s
e,
b
o
th
at
co
llap
s
e
an
d
u
n
d
er
w
o
r
k
i
n
g
c
o
n
d
itio
n
s
,
[
3
]
.
Ho
w
e
v
er
,
t
h
e
e
f
f
ec
t
o
f
later
al
ea
r
th
p
r
ess
u
r
e
ca
lc
u
lated
u
s
i
n
g
s
o
m
e
o
f
p
r
ese
n
ted
th
eo
r
ies
o
n
d
es
ig
n
o
f
ca
n
ti
lev
er
s
h
ee
t
p
ile
walls
w
a
s
co
n
d
u
cted
u
s
i
n
g
s
p
ec
ialized
co
m
p
u
ter
p
r
o
g
r
a
m
.
5.
SUB
SURF
AC
E
CO
NDI
T
I
O
NS IN B
AG
H
D
AD
CI
T
Y
Su
b
s
u
r
f
ac
e
co
n
d
itio
n
s
en
co
u
n
ter
ed
at
B
ag
h
d
ad
city
g
en
er
ally
co
n
s
is
ted
o
f
f
ill,
th
e
u
p
p
er
s
u
b
s
o
il
n
atu
r
al
s
tr
ata,
an
d
th
e
lo
w
er
n
atu
r
al
s
o
il
s
tr
ata.
T
h
e
f
ill
o
r
m
ad
e
g
r
o
u
n
d
lay
er
en
co
u
n
ter
ed
in
n
u
m
er
o
u
s
d
is
tr
ict
o
f
B
ag
h
d
ad
city
an
d
co
n
s
is
t
o
f
b
r
o
w
n
s
ilty
clay
o
r
clay
ey
s
ilt
s
o
m
e
tim
e
w
ith
tr
ac
e
o
f
s
an
d
,
b
r
ick
,
g
r
av
el
an
d
o
r
g
an
ic
m
atter
s
.
T
h
e
th
ick
n
ess
o
f
th
is
lay
er
r
an
g
ed
f
r
o
m
(
0
.
5
to
1
8
)
m
.
T
h
e
d
ee
p
er
f
ill
lay
e
r
(
>5
m
)
en
co
u
n
ter
ed
in
tim
ew
o
r
n
d
is
tr
ict
o
f
B
ag
h
d
ad
s
u
ch
as
Saik
Om
er
,
A
L
-
T
ash
r
ia,
A
l
-
A
d
am
iy
a,
A
l
-
Kar
am
a,
A
l
-
Kh
ad
h
im
iy
a,
A
l
-
Kin
d
i,
an
d
A
l
-
Sad
o
n
d
is
tr
icts
.
W
h
ile
th
e
s
h
allo
w
f
ill
lay
er
(
<5
m
)
d
is
tr
ib
u
ted
in
A
l
-
W
az
ir
iy
a,
Al
-
Mo
tan
ab
b
i,
A
l
-
R
ash
id
Stre
et,
A
l
-
R
eid
,
A
l
-
W
ah
d
ah
,
A
l
-
A
n
d
alo
s
,
A
l
-
T
h
aw
r
a,
A
l
-
E
lam
,
A
l
-
Ned
al,
A
l
-
Kin
d
i,
an
d
A
l
-
Mu
s
tan
s
er
iy
a
d
is
tr
icts
.
T
h
e
u
p
p
er
n
atu
r
al
s
u
b
s
o
il
s
tr
ata
ar
e
m
ed
iu
m
s
tif
f
to
h
ar
d
b
r
o
w
n
s
ilty
clay
to
clay
ey
s
ilts
o
m
e
tim
e
w
ith
s
an
d
an
d
tr
ac
e
o
f
g
r
av
el.
T
h
e
N
v
alu
e
f
r
o
m
SP
T
test
f
o
r
th
is
lay
er
r
an
g
ed
f
r
o
m
7
to
4
0
b
lo
w
s
.
T
h
e
lo
w
er
n
atu
r
al
s
o
il
s
tr
ata
w
h
ich
f
o
u
n
d
b
elo
w
th
e
u
p
p
er
lay
er
an
d
co
n
s
is
t
o
f
m
ed
iu
m
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IJ
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an
g
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f
r
o
m
1
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1
2
2
b
lo
w
s
[
3
2
]
.
T
h
e
ass
ess
m
en
t
o
f
s
o
il
s
tr
atif
icatio
n
an
d
ass
ig
n
m
en
t
o
f
ap
p
r
o
p
r
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en
g
in
ee
r
in
g
p
ar
am
eter
s
is
a
f
u
n
d
am
en
tal
p
ar
t
o
f
th
e
d
esig
n
p
r
o
ce
s
s
f
o
r
an
em
b
ed
d
ed
r
etain
in
g
w
all
s
u
ch
as
s
h
ee
t
p
ile.
T
h
e
s
o
il
n
o
t
o
n
ly
cr
ea
tes
th
e
f
o
r
ce
s
attem
p
tin
g
to
d
estab
ilize
th
e
w
all
b
u
t
also
p
r
o
v
id
es
th
e
m
ea
n
s
b
y
w
h
ich
s
tab
ilit
y
is
ac
h
iev
ed
s
o
an
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
in
g
o
f
th
e
im
p
o
r
tan
ce
o
f
s
o
il in
th
e
d
esig
n
o
f
s
h
ee
t
p
ile
w
alls
is
p
ar
am
o
u
n
t,
[
1
4
]
.
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
aim
s
at
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
in
g
th
e
d
esig
n
o
f
ca
n
tilev
er
s
h
ee
t
p
ile
w
alls
co
n
s
tr
u
cted
in
m
u
ltil
ay
er
ed
g
r
o
u
n
d
co
n
d
itio
n
s
o
f
B
ag
h
d
ad
s
o
il
w
ith
s
h
allo
w
d
ep
th
o
f
f
ill.
T
y
p
ical
p
r
o
f
ile
o
f
A
l
-
W
az
ir
iy
a
d
is
tr
ict
(
Fig
u
r
e
2
)
w
as
ad
o
p
ted
.
T
h
e
s
u
b
s
o
il
u
n
d
er
ly
in
g
th
e
s
ite
u
n
d
er
co
n
s
id
er
atio
n
d
iv
id
ed
in
to
s
ev
en
s
u
b
lay
er
s
w
ith
2
9
m
d
ep
th
.
T
h
e
m
ain
s
o
il p
r
o
p
er
ties
o
f
th
e
lay
er
s
ar
e
also
s
h
o
w
n
in
Fig
u
r
e
2.
Fig
u
r
e
2
.
T
y
p
ical
p
r
o
f
ile
an
d
m
ai
n
s
o
il p
r
o
p
er
ties
o
f
A
l
-
W
a
zir
i
y
a
Dis
tr
ic
t
-
B
ag
h
d
ad
(
Mo
d
if
ied
af
ter
[
3
2
]
)
6.
T
H
I
S S
T
UD
Y
I
n
th
is
s
tu
d
y
th
e
h
o
r
izo
n
tal
co
m
p
o
n
en
ts
o
f
ea
r
th
p
r
ess
u
r
e
ac
tin
g
o
n
th
e
ac
tiv
e
an
d
p
ass
iv
e
s
id
es
o
f
th
e
ca
n
tilev
er
s
h
ee
t
p
ile
w
alls
co
n
s
tr
u
cted
in
m
u
ltil
ay
er
ed
g
r
o
u
n
d
co
n
d
itio
n
s
o
f
B
ag
h
d
ad
s
o
il
w
er
e
o
b
tain
ed
b
y
tw
o
class
ical
ea
r
th
p
r
ess
u
r
e
th
eo
r
ies
in
co
m
m
o
n
u
s
e
(
i.e
.
R
an
k
in
e
an
d
C
o
u
lo
m
b
)
an
d
co
m
p
ar
ed
th
e
r
esu
lts
w
ith
later
al
ea
r
th
p
r
ess
u
r
e
o
b
tain
ed
f
r
o
m
th
e
th
eo
r
y
o
f
Ker
is
el
an
d
A
b
s
i
[
3
0
]
.
I
n
ad
d
itio
n
to
ea
r
th
p
r
ess
u
r
e,
o
th
er
co
m
m
o
n
s
u
p
er
im
p
o
s
ed
later
al
p
r
ess
u
r
es
r
esu
lt
f
r
o
m
s
u
r
ch
ar
g
e,
an
d
g
r
o
u
n
d
w
ater
w
er
e
s
tu
d
ied
.
T
h
e
s
h
ee
t
p
ile
w
all
w
as
d
esig
n
ed
u
s
in
g
co
m
p
u
ter
p
r
o
g
r
am
"
R
eW
aR
D
2
.
5
"
d
ev
elo
p
ed
b
y
Geo
ce
n
tr
ix
an
d
co
m
m
is
s
io
n
ed
b
y
B
r
itis
h
s
teel
L
td
.
T
h
is
p
r
o
g
r
am
is
an
ad
v
an
ce
d
p
r
o
g
r
am
f
o
r
d
esig
n
in
g
em
b
ed
d
ed
r
etain
in
g
w
alls
u
n
d
er
a
v
ar
iety
o
f
g
r
o
u
n
d
an
d
lo
ad
in
g
co
n
d
itio
n
s
.
B
y
th
e
aid
o
f
"
R
eW
aRD
2
.
5
"
,
th
e
later
al
ea
r
th
p
r
ess
u
r
e,
b
en
d
i
n
g
m
o
m
en
t,
an
d
s
h
ea
r
f
o
r
ce
alo
n
g
th
e
f
u
ll
d
ep
th
o
f
th
e
s
h
ee
t
p
ile
w
er
e
ca
lcu
lated
f
o
r
th
e
ab
o
v
e
d
ef
in
ed
co
n
d
itio
n
s
.
R
eW
aRD
d
eter
m
in
es
th
e
r
eq
u
ir
ed
em
b
ed
d
ed
len
g
th
o
f
ca
n
tilev
er
s
h
ee
t
p
ile
u
n
d
er
f
ix
ed
ea
r
th
co
n
d
itio
n
.
7.
G
E
O
M
E
T
RY
A
ND
P
ARA
M
E
T
RIC ST
UDY
I
n
t
h
is
s
tu
d
y
th
e
h
o
r
izo
n
tal
co
m
p
o
n
en
ts
o
f
ea
r
th
p
r
ess
u
r
e
w
er
e
o
b
tain
ed
b
y
th
e
m
en
tio
n
ed
ea
r
th
p
r
ess
u
r
e
th
eo
r
ies.
B
ased
o
n
th
e
liter
atu
r
es,
th
e
m
ax
im
u
m
r
etain
ed
h
eig
h
t
ad
o
p
ted
in
th
is
p
ap
er
at
w
h
ich
ca
n
tilev
er
w
all
co
n
s
id
er
s
to
b
e
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
is
n
o
t
ex
ce
ed
s
5
m
.
I
t
is
ass
u
m
ed
th
at
th
er
e
is
n
o
s
ee
p
ag
e
o
cc
u
r
r
in
g
b
elo
w
th
e
tip
o
f
th
e
w
all.
A
ls
o
,
it
w
ill
b
e
ass
u
m
ed
th
at
th
e
p
r
ee
x
is
tin
g
w
ater
tab
le
w
as
h
ig
h
,
s
o
th
at,
th
e
p
h
r
ea
tic
s
u
r
f
ac
e
in
th
e
lo
n
g
ter
m
w
ill
b
e
tak
en
at
th
e
lev
el
o
f
th
e
g
r
o
u
n
d
s
u
r
f
ac
e
ea
ch
s
id
e
o
f
w
al
l.
A
s
u
r
ch
ar
g
e
o
f
at
1
0
,
2
0
,
an
d
3
0
k
P
a
is
p
lace
d
o
n
th
e
r
etain
ed
s
o
il.
Fin
ally
th
e
lo
ad
an
d
p
ar
tial
s
tr
en
g
th
f
ac
to
r
s
r
ec
o
m
m
en
d
ed
in
B
S
8
0
0
2
h
av
e
b
ee
n
u
s
ed
in
th
e
o
b
tain
in
g
n
u
m
er
ical
r
esu
lts
.
T
h
e
g
eo
m
etr
y
o
f
th
e
ca
n
tilev
er
s
h
ee
t
p
ile
w
all
an
d
th
e
d
ef
er
en
t
v
ar
iab
les ar
e
d
ef
in
ed
in
Fig
u
r
e
3
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
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N
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2
2
5
2
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8814
IJ
AA
S
Vo
l.
3
,
No
.
2
,
J
u
n
e
2
0
1
4
:
9
5
–
10
3
100
Fig
u
r
e
3
.
Def
i
n
itio
n
d
ia
g
r
a
m
8.
RE
SU
L
T
S AN
D
D
I
SCU
SS
I
O
N
T
h
e
ch
o
ice
o
f
th
e
p
ar
am
etr
ic
s
tu
d
y
in
th
is
p
ap
er
w
as
b
ased
w
ith
p
r
im
ar
y
aim
o
f
s
tu
d
y
in
g
th
e
ef
f
ec
t
o
f
lo
ad
s
im
p
o
s
ed
b
y
s
o
il,
w
ater
,
an
d
s
u
r
ch
ar
g
in
g
o
n
th
e
ca
lcu
lated
em
b
ed
d
ed
len
g
th
,
m
ax
im
u
m
ac
tiv
e
ea
r
th
p
r
ess
u
r
e,
m
ax
im
u
m
p
ass
iv
e
ea
r
th
p
r
ess
u
r
e,
m
ax
im
u
m
s
h
ea
r
f
o
r
ce
,
an
d
m
ax
im
u
m
b
en
d
in
g
m
o
m
en
t.
Fig
u
r
e
4
to
8
s
h
o
w
th
e
r
esu
lts
o
f
p
ar
am
etr
ic
s
tu
d
y
.
T
h
e
r
esu
lts
ar
e
s
h
o
w
n
in
f
o
r
m
o
f
ex
ca
v
atio
n
d
ep
th
v
er
s
u
s
em
b
ed
d
ed
len
g
th
,
m
ax
im
u
m
ac
tiv
e
ea
r
th
p
r
ess
u
r
e,
m
ax
im
u
m
p
ass
iv
e
ea
r
th
p
r
ess
u
r
e,
m
ax
im
u
m
s
h
ea
r
f
o
r
ce
,
an
d
m
a
x
im
u
m
b
en
d
in
g
m
o
m
en
t
cu
r
v
es.
A
s
ca
n
b
e
an
ticip
ated
,
as
ex
ca
v
atio
n
d
ep
th
in
cr
ea
s
es,
th
e
em
b
ed
d
ed
len
g
th
,
m
ax
im
u
m
ac
tiv
e
ea
r
th
p
r
ess
u
r
e,
m
ax
im
u
m
p
ass
iv
e
ea
r
th
p
r
ess
u
r
e,
m
ax
im
u
m
s
h
ea
r
f
o
r
ce
,
an
d
m
ax
im
u
m
b
en
d
in
g
m
o
m
en
t
in
cr
ea
s
e.
Fo
r
th
e
r
esu
lts
o
b
tain
ed
f
r
o
m
C
o
u
lo
m
b
,
an
d
Ker
is
el
an
d
A
b
s
i
th
eo
r
ies,
th
e
in
ce
n
s
em
en
t
ap
p
ea
r
s
a
lin
ea
r
tr
en
d
.
W
h
ile
th
e
r
esu
lts
o
f
R
an
k
in
e
th
eo
r
y
,
s
h
o
w
lin
ea
r
b
eh
av
io
r
u
p
to
ex
ca
v
atio
n
d
ep
th
3
m
,
th
en
tr
en
d
ch
an
g
es
in
n
o
n
lin
ea
r
b
eh
av
io
r
.
Fu
r
th
er
m
o
r
e,
f
o
r
ea
ch
ea
r
th
p
r
ess
u
r
e
th
eo
r
y
,
as
th
e
s
u
r
ch
ar
g
e
in
cr
ea
s
es,
th
e
em
b
ed
d
ed
len
g
th
,
m
ax
im
u
m
ac
tiv
e
ea
r
th
p
r
ess
u
r
e,
m
ax
im
u
m
p
ass
iv
e
ea
r
th
p
r
ess
u
r
e,
m
ax
im
u
m
s
h
ea
r
f
o
r
ce
,
an
d
m
ax
im
u
m
b
en
d
in
g
m
o
m
en
t
in
cr
ea
s
e.
T
h
e
ef
f
ec
t
o
f
Su
r
ch
ar
g
e,
h
o
w
ev
er
,
is
m
o
r
e
p
r
o
n
o
u
n
ce
d
f
o
r
th
e
ex
ca
v
atio
n
d
ep
th
m
o
r
e
th
an
3
m
.
C
o
m
p
ar
is
o
n
b
etw
ee
n
th
e
r
esu
lts
o
f
ea
r
th
p
r
ess
u
r
e
th
eo
r
ies
r
ev
ea
ls
th
at
in
v
ir
tu
ally
all
ca
s
es
R
an
k
in
e
ea
r
th
p
r
ess
u
r
e
th
eo
r
y
r
esu
lts
in
s
u
b
s
tan
tially
lar
g
er
esti
m
ated
em
b
ed
d
ed
len
g
th
,
m
ax
im
u
m
ac
tiv
e
ea
r
th
p
r
ess
u
r
e,
m
ax
im
u
m
p
ass
iv
e
ea
r
th
p
r
ess
u
r
e,
m
ax
im
u
m
s
h
ea
r
f
o
r
ce
,
an
d
m
ax
im
u
m
b
en
d
in
g
m
o
m
en
t.
Fo
r
all
ca
s
es
s
tu
d
ied
R
an
k
in
e
ea
r
th
p
r
ess
u
r
e
th
eo
r
y
r
esu
lts
in
1
.
4
8
,
1
.
5
2
,
1
.
5
1
,
1
.
7
7
,
an
d
2
.
0
6
tim
es
th
e
em
b
ed
d
ed
len
g
th
,
m
ax
im
u
m
ac
tiv
e
ea
r
th
p
r
ess
u
r
e,
m
ax
im
u
m
p
ass
iv
e
ea
r
th
p
r
ess
u
r
e,
m
ax
im
u
m
s
h
ea
r
f
o
r
ce
,
an
d
m
ax
im
u
m
b
en
d
in
g
m
o
m
en
t,
r
esp
ec
tiv
ely
as
co
m
p
ar
ed
to
o
th
er
u
s
ed
m
eth
o
d
s
.
Fig
u
r
e
4
.
E
x
ca
v
atio
n
d
ep
th
v
s
.
e
m
b
ed
d
ed
len
g
th
Fig
u
r
e
5
.
E
x
ca
v
atio
n
d
ep
th
v
s
.
m
ax
i
m
u
m
ac
ti
v
e
ea
r
th
p
r
ess
u
r
e
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IJ
AA
S
I
SS
N:
2252
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8814
A
V
iew
P
la
n
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h
ee
t P
ile:
Desig
n
C
h
a
r
t fo
r
C
a
n
tilever R
eta
in
in
g
W
a
ll C
o
n
s
tr
u
ctio
n
…
(
A
b
b
a
s
Ja
w
a
d
A
l
-
Ta
ie
)
101
Fig
u
r
e
6
.
E
x
ca
v
atio
n
d
ep
th
v
s
.
m
ax
i
m
u
m
p
ass
i
v
e
ea
r
th
p
r
ess
u
r
e
Fig
u
r
e
7
.
E
x
ca
v
atio
n
d
ep
th
v
s
.
m
ax
i
m
u
m
s
h
ea
r
f
o
r
ce
Fig
u
r
e
8
.
E
x
ca
v
atio
n
d
ep
th
v
s
.
m
ax
i
m
u
m
b
en
d
in
g
m
o
m
e
n
t
Fig
u
r
e
9
.
Ne
w
d
esi
g
n
ch
ar
t
9.
NE
W
D
E
S
I
G
N
CH
ART
T
o
en
ab
le
p
ile
s
elec
tio
n
an
d
p
en
etr
atio
n
to
b
e
q
u
ick
ly
d
eter
m
in
ed
f
o
r
th
e
ce
r
tain
co
n
s
tr
u
ctio
n
ca
s
es
o
f
ca
n
tilev
er
s
h
ee
t
p
ile
in
B
ag
h
d
ad
s
o
il,
d
esig
n
ch
ar
t
w
as
d
ev
elo
p
ed
,
(
Fig
u
r
e
9
)
.
T
h
is
ch
ar
t
in
d
icate
s
th
e
s
tr
u
ctu
r
al
r
eq
u
ir
em
en
ts
f
o
r
a
ca
n
tilev
er
s
teel
s
h
ee
t
p
ile
o
p
er
atin
g
in
th
e
co
n
d
itio
n
s
s
p
ec
if
ied
.
W
h
ile
it
is
n
o
t
in
ten
d
ed
th
at
th
i
s
ch
ar
t
s
h
o
u
ld
b
e
u
s
ed
as
a
s
u
b
s
titu
te
f
o
r
ac
tu
al
d
esig
n
f
o
r
a
s
et
o
f
cir
cu
m
s
tan
ce
s
it
m
ay
b
e
u
s
ef
u
l
w
h
en
ass
ess
in
g
th
e
lik
ely
r
eq
u
ir
em
en
ts
f
o
r
a
p
r
o
j
ec
t a
t p
r
o
j
ec
t a
p
p
r
aisal st
ag
e.
T
h
e
s
o
il
p
ar
am
eter
s
u
s
ed
in
th
is
ch
ar
t
(
Fig
u
r
e
2
)
ar
e
ass
u
m
ed
to
b
e
th
e
r
e
p
r
esen
tativ
e
v
alu
es
f
o
r
th
e
m
u
ltil
ay
er
s
o
il
w
h
ich
ar
e
th
en
f
ac
to
r
ed
b
ef
o
r
e
ca
r
r
y
in
g
o
u
t
th
e
d
esig
n
ca
lcu
latio
n
s
.
T
h
is
w
ill
en
s
u
r
e
th
at
th
e
w
all
d
is
p
lace
m
en
ts
in
s
er
v
ice
w
ill
b
e
lim
ited
to
0
.
5
% o
f
th
e
w
all
h
eig
h
t
[
1
1
]
.
T
h
e
u
s
er
s
h
o
u
ld
s
elec
t
th
e
co
n
d
itio
n
s
w
h
ich
r
ep
r
esen
t
th
e
ca
s
e
in
q
u
esti
o
n
an
d
th
en
r
ea
d
o
f
f
th
e
m
in
im
u
m
s
ec
tio
n
m
o
d
u
lu
s
b
y
s
teel
g
r
ad
e,
an
d
m
in
im
u
m
p
ile
len
g
th
f
r
o
m
th
e
ch
ar
t.
T
h
e
v
alu
es,
th
u
s
o
b
tain
ed
s
h
o
u
ld
b
e
r
eg
ar
d
ed
as
u
ltim
ate
lo
ad
s
.
N
o
te
th
at
th
e
d
ep
th
(
D)
f
r
o
m
Fig
u
r
e
1
1
.
1
6
co
r
r
esp
o
n
d
s
to
a
f
ac
to
r
o
f
s
af
ety
o
f
1
.
2
.
T
h
is
ch
ar
t
is
b
ased
o
n
th
e
ass
u
m
p
tio
n
s
an
d
r
eq
u
ir
em
en
ts
o
f
B
S
8
0
0
2
at
w
h
ich
s
af
ety
an
d
s
er
v
icea
b
ilit
y
ar
e
d
eliv
er
ed
b
y
th
e
s
elec
tio
n
o
f
th
e
v
alu
e
o
f
d
esig
n
s
o
il
s
tr
en
g
th
,
f
r
o
m
w
h
ich
ea
r
th
p
r
ess
u
r
e
h
av
e
b
ee
n
d
ed
u
ce
d
b
ased
o
n
th
e
th
eo
r
y
o
f
Ker
is
el
an
d
A
b
s
i
.
A
t
th
e
s
am
e
tim
e,
w
ater
tab
le
ar
e
to
b
e
s
et
as
h
ig
h
as
w
o
u
ld
b
e
r
ea
s
o
n
ab
le,
a
s
u
r
ch
ar
g
e
o
f
at
least
1
0
k
P
a
is
p
lace
d
o
n
th
e
r
etain
ed
s
o
il.
T
h
e
w
all
m
u
s
t
s
im
p
ly
b
e
s
h
o
w
n
to
h
av
e
eq
u
ilib
r
iu
m
f
r
ee
b
o
d
y
d
iag
r
am
.
T
h
e
r
esu
lts
s
h
o
w
n
in
Fig
u
r
e
9
in
d
icate
th
at
th
e
cr
itical
d
ep
th
o
f
ex
ca
v
atio
n
u
s
in
g
1
2
m
d
ee
p
s
h
ee
t
p
ile
in
th
e
ab
o
v
e
s
ite
is
2
.
7
5
m
.
T
h
e
r
esu
lts
co
n
f
ir
m
th
at
th
e
1
2
m
p
en
etr
atio
n
d
ep
th
o
f
th
e
s
h
ee
t
p
ile
is
n
o
t
ad
eq
u
ate
to
s
u
p
p
o
r
t a
n
ex
ca
v
atio
n
d
ep
th
ex
ce
ed
in
g
3
m
.
Fin
ally
,
an
ex
am
in
atio
n
to
Fig
u
r
e
9
r
ev
ea
ls
th
at
in
m
o
s
t
ca
s
es
h
o
t
-
r
o
lled
s
teel
s
h
ee
t
p
ilin
g
p
r
o
v
id
ed
th
e
m
o
s
t
ec
o
n
o
m
ical,
s
tr
u
ctu
r
ally
f
ea
s
ib
le
s
o
lu
tio
n
to
th
e
d
esig
n
co
n
s
tr
ain
ts
o
f
th
e
th
is
p
ap
er
.
On
th
e
o
th
er
h
an
d
,
f
o
r
th
e
d
esig
n
p
u
r
p
o
s
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n
o
co
m
m
er
cially
av
ailab
l
e
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tio
n
m
o
d
u
lu
s
co
u
ld
b
e
f
o
u
n
d
f
o
r
r
etain
ed
h
eig
h
t
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
-
8814
IJ
AA
S
Vo
l.
3
,
No
.
2
,
J
u
n
e
2
0
1
4
:
9
5
–
10
3
102
g
r
ea
ter
th
an
(
4
m
)
T
h
u
s
,
f
o
r
p
r
ac
tice,
th
e
u
s
e
o
f
ca
n
tilev
er
ed
s
h
ee
t
p
ile
in
B
ag
h
d
ad
s
o
il
is
s
u
itab
le
f
o
r
a
m
ax
im
u
m
r
etain
ed
h
eig
h
t
o
f
(
4
m
)
o
r
less
.
10.
CO
NCLU
SI
O
N
T
h
e
d
esig
n
o
f
ca
n
tilev
er
s
h
ee
t
p
ile
w
alls
in
v
o
lv
es
th
e
ev
alu
atio
n
o
f
lo
ad
s
im
p
o
s
ed
b
y
s
o
il,
w
ater
,
an
d
s
u
r
ch
ar
g
in
g
w
as
co
n
d
u
cted
u
s
in
g
s
p
ec
ialized
co
m
p
u
ter
p
r
o
g
r
am
.
A
n
ev
alu
atio
n
o
f
lo
ad
s
im
p
o
s
ed
b
y
s
o
il,
g
r
o
u
n
d
w
ater
,
an
d
s
u
r
ch
ar
g
in
g
w
as
co
n
d
u
cted
u
s
in
g
s
p
ec
ialized
co
m
p
u
ter
p
r
o
g
r
am
.
C
o
m
p
ar
is
o
n
s
o
f
later
al
ea
r
th
p
r
ess
u
r
e
an
d
m
ax
im
u
m
b
en
d
in
g
m
o
m
en
t
b
y
v
ar
io
u
s
ex
is
tin
g
m
eth
o
d
s
ar
e
p
r
esen
ted
.
Fin
ally
,
s
o
m
e
s
im
p
le
g
u
id
elin
es
to
in
s
tallatio
n
m
eth
o
d
an
d
to
p
r
ev
en
t
f
ailu
r
es
r
elate
d
to
g
eo
tech
n
ical
w
o
r
k
s
o
f
s
h
ee
t
p
ile
ar
e
p
r
esen
ted
.
1)
R
an
k
in
e
ea
r
th
p
r
ess
u
r
e
th
eo
r
y
r
esu
lts
in
s
u
b
s
tan
tially
lar
g
er
esti
m
ated
em
b
ed
d
ed
len
g
th
,
m
ax
im
u
m
ac
tiv
e
ea
r
th
p
r
ess
u
r
e,
m
ax
im
u
m
p
ass
iv
e
ea
r
th
p
r
ess
u
r
e,
m
ax
im
u
m
s
h
ea
r
f
o
r
ce
,
an
d
m
ax
im
u
m
b
en
d
in
g
m
o
m
en
t.
2)
Desig
n
ch
ar
t
w
as
d
ev
elo
p
ed
to
en
ab
le
p
ile
s
elec
tio
n
an
d
p
en
etr
atio
n
to
b
e
q
u
i
ck
ly
d
eter
m
in
ed
f
o
r
th
e
ce
r
tain
co
n
s
tr
u
ctio
n
ca
s
es
o
f
ca
n
tilev
er
s
h
ee
t
p
ile
in
B
ag
h
d
ad
s
o
il.
3)
T
h
e
1
2
m
p
en
etr
atio
n
d
ep
th
o
f
th
e
s
h
ee
t
p
ile
is
n
o
t a
d
eq
u
ate
to
s
u
p
p
o
r
t a
n
ex
ca
v
atio
n
d
ep
th
ex
ce
ed
in
g
3
m
.
4)
Ho
t
-
r
o
lled
s
teel
s
h
ee
t
p
ilin
g
p
r
o
v
id
ed
th
e
m
o
s
t
ec
o
n
o
m
ical
,
s
tr
u
ctu
r
ally
f
ea
s
ib
le
s
o
lu
tio
n
to
th
e
d
esig
n
co
n
s
tr
ain
ts
o
f
th
e
p
r
esen
t p
ap
er
.
5)
Fo
r
p
r
ac
tice,
th
e
u
s
e
o
f
ca
n
tilev
er
ed
s
h
ee
t
p
ile
in
B
ag
h
d
ad
s
o
il
is
s
u
itab
le
f
o
r
a
m
ax
im
u
m
r
etain
ed
h
eig
h
t
o
f
(
4
m
)
o
r
less
.
Fo
r
lar
g
e
ex
ca
v
atio
n
d
ep
th
s
an
d
to
r
estrict
th
e
d
ef
o
r
m
atio
n
s
o
f
th
e
w
all,
it
is
n
ec
ess
ar
y
to
an
ch
o
r
th
e
w
all.
6)
Fo
r
s
u
b
s
u
r
f
ac
e
co
n
d
itio
n
s
en
co
u
n
ter
ed
at
B
ag
h
d
ad
city
,
g
en
er
ally
,
Vib
r
o
-
d
r
iv
in
g
an
d
I
m
p
ac
t
d
r
iv
in
g
ar
e
th
e
m
o
s
t
s
u
itab
le
m
eth
o
d
s
f
o
r
in
s
tallatio
n
o
f
p
iles
.
Ho
w
ev
er
,
it
is
also
n
ec
ess
ar
y
to
co
n
s
id
er
in
s
tallatio
n
o
f
th
e
p
iles
w
h
en
d
eter
m
in
in
g
th
e
s
ec
tio
n
to
b
e
ad
o
p
ted
as
h
ar
d
d
r
iv
in
g
co
n
d
itio
n
s
m
ay
r
eq
u
ir
e
a
h
ea
v
ier
s
ec
tio
n
to
p
r
ev
en
t
b
u
ck
lin
g
d
u
r
in
g
in
s
tallatio
n
.
Fin
ally
,
s
o
m
e
s
im
p
le
g
u
id
elin
es
to
p
r
ev
en
t
f
ailu
r
es
r
elate
d
to
g
eo
tech
n
ical
w
o
r
k
s
o
f
s
h
e
et
p
ile
ar
e
p
r
esen
ted
h
er
ein
.
RE
F
E
R
E
NC
E
S
[1
]
Ja
rd
a
n
e
h
I.
,
"
A
ss
e
ss
m
e
n
t
o
f
L
o
c
a
l
Ex
c
a
v
a
ti
o
n
S
u
p
p
o
rt
S
y
ste
m
s:
A
Ca
s
e
S
tu
d
y
o
f
Na
b
lu
s
Cit
y
,
P
a
les
ti
n
e
,
"
A
n
-
Na
ja
h
Un
ive
rs
it
y
.
J
.
Res
,
2
0
0
6
,
Vo
l.
2
0
.
[2
]
Jia
n
q
in
M
a
,
e
t
a
l.
,
"
Be
h
a
v
io
r
o
f
a
n
c
h
o
re
d
w
a
ll
s
in
s
o
il
s
o
v
e
rly
i
n
g
ro
c
k
in
S
t
o
c
k
h
o
lm
,
"
In
ter
n
a
t
io
n
a
l
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
Ge
o
e
n
g
in
e
e
rin
g
C
a
se
Histo
rie
s
,
V
o
l
.
2
,
No
.
1
,
p
p.
1
.
[3
]
S
im
p
so
n
B.
,
e
t
a
l
.
,
"
Emb
e
d
d
e
d
re
ta
in
i
n
g
wa
ll
s:
t
h
e
o
ry
,
p
ra
c
ti
c
e
a
n
d
u
n
d
e
rs
ta
n
d
in
g
,
"
1
5
th
In
tern
a
ti
o
n
a
l
Co
n
f
e
re
n
c
e
o
n
S
o
il
M
e
c
h
.
G
e
o
tec
h
n
ica
l
E
n
g
in
e
e
rin
g
,
Ista
n
b
u
l
,
2
0
0
1
.
[4
]
Bo
w
les
J.
E.,
"
Fo
u
n
d
a
ti
o
n
A
n
a
lys
is
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