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[
1
].
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s
t
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m
m
us
t
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2]
.
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ont
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h
a
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pr
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[3
-
4]
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f
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a
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c
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put
a
t
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].
R
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a
t
e
d a
s
ci
r
cu
i
t
-
b
as
ed
a
l
l
o
c
a
t
i
o
n
m
e
t
h
o
d
s,
a
l
l
t
he
c
om
put
a
t
i
on i
n t
he
s
e
m
e
t
hods
a
r
e
ba
s
e
d o
n
a
d
m
i
t
t
a
n
c
e
m
a
t
r
i
x
t
o
s
ol
ve
d po
w
e
r
f
low
[8
],
[
9]
.
T
he
c
os
t
a
l
l
oc
a
t
i
on t
o
w
a
r
ds
l
i
ne
l
os
s
e
s
ba
s
e
d o
n c
om
pl
e
x
po
w
e
r
i
n
j
e
ct
i
o
n
h
as
b
ee
n
ad
d
r
es
s
ed
i
n
[1
0
]
.
T
h
e
v
i
rt
u
a
l
fl
o
w m
e
t
h
o
d
o
l
o
g
y
fo
r a
s
s
e
s
s
m
e
n
t
o
f fl
o
w
o
f re
a
c
t
i
ve
po
we
r
i
n t
r
a
ns
m
i
s
s
i
on ne
t
w
o
r
k d
u
e
t
o
di
f
f
e
r
e
nt
s
o
u
r
c
e
s
a
n
d
pa
r
t
i
c
ul
a
r
l
oa
d
i
n
v
ol
ve
m
e
nt
wi
t
h
c
ons
i
de
r
a
t
i
o
n
of
c
ou
nt
e
r
a
n
d
l
o
op
f
l
o
ws
w
i
t
ho
ut
a
ny
d
i
f
f
i
c
u
l
t
y
h
as
b
een
ad
d
r
es
s
e
d
i
n
[
1
1
]
.
F
l
o
w
o
f
el
ect
r
i
cal
p
o
w
e
r
b
as
ed
o
n
t
r
aci
n
g
a
p
p
r
o
ach
s
h
o
w
s
t
h
ei
r
i
m
p
or
t
a
nc
e
d
u
e
t
o
i
t
s
e
xpl
a
na
t
or
y
a
n
d
c
om
pr
e
he
n
s
i
bi
l
i
t
y
i
n
t
r
a
ns
m
i
s
s
i
on
n
e
t
wo
r
k
pr
oc
e
s
s
.
A
m
e
t
hod
ba
s
e
d
o
n
t
r
aci
n
g
o
f
el
ect
r
i
cal
p
o
w
er
h
a
s
b
een
r
ep
o
r
t
ed
i
n
[1
2
],
[1
3
]
wh
i
c
h
,
ha
vi
ng
a
s
s
um
pt
i
on t
ha
t
out
f
l
o
w a
nd i
nf
l
ow
on
n
ode
s
a
r
e
p
r
o
p
or
t
i
o
na
l
l
y
s
ha
r
e
d.
T
hi
s
p
e
r
m
it
s
one
t
o
o
ut
l
i
ne
p
owe
r
f
l
ow i
n m
e
s
he
d s
t
r
uc
t
u
r
e
.
A
t
r
a
c
i
n
g
ba
s
e
d r
e
a
c
t
i
ve
po
w
e
r
f
l
o
w i
s
r
e
p
or
t
e
d by
B
i
a
l
e
k wi
t
h u
p
w
a
r
d a
nd
do
w
n
w
a
r
d l
o
oki
ng
pr
i
nc
i
pl
e
.
T
he
up
w
a
r
d
l
oo
ki
n
g p
r
i
nc
i
pl
e
l
oo
k a
t
t
h
e
ba
l
a
nc
i
n
g o
f
i
nc
om
i
ng f
l
o
ws
t
o
w
a
r
ds
t
h
e
no
de
s
a
nd t
he
d
o
w
n
w
a
r
d l
oo
ki
n
g
pr
i
nc
i
pl
e
l
oo
k
a
t
t
he
ba
l
a
nc
i
n
g of
out
goi
ng
f
l
o
w
s
f
r
om
t
he
no
de
s
,
t
he
n c
om
put
e
t
he
po
w
e
r
s
p
r
e
a
d a
m
ong
di
f
f
e
r
e
nt
l
oa
ds
[
1
5]
.
P
ow
e
r
f
l
ow t
r
a
c
i
n
g m
e
t
ho
ds
d
om
i
na
t
e
m
a
r
gi
na
l
pa
r
t
i
c
i
pa
t
i
on m
e
tho
d a
s
t
he
r
e
i
s
f
ul
l
r
e
c
ov
e
r
y
of
c
os
t b
y tr
a
c
ing
f
lo
w
[1
6
]
.
I
t
a
l
s
o
de
pe
n
ds
on
t
he
Ki
r
c
h
h
of
f
c
ur
r
e
nt
l
a
ws
a
n
d e
a
s
y
t
o
i
m
ple
m
e
nt
s
on l
a
r
ge
r
po
w
e
r
s
y
s
t
e
m
s
.
M
or
e
ove
r
i
t
ha
s
ve
r
y
l
e
s
s
vol
a
t
i
l
i
ty
a
s
c
o
m
pa
r
e
d
t
o
m
a
r
gi
na
l
pa
r
t
i
c
i
pa
t
i
on m
e
tho
ds
.
I
t
a
l
s
o
p
r
o
vi
de
s
u
ni
f
or
m
i
t
y
a
nd
f
a
i
r
ne
s
s
i
n
c
ha
r
ge
a
l
l
oc
a
t
i
on
d
ue
t
o
de
pe
nd
s
on
a
c
t
ua
l
us
a
ge
of
s
y
s
t
e
m
[
17]
.
T
he
l
oc
a
t
i
o
na
l
m
a
r
gi
na
l
pr
i
c
i
ng
f
o
r
c
on
ge
s
t
i
on c
os
t
wi
t
h
F
AC
T
c
ont
r
ol
l
e
r
by
r
e
a
l
p
o
we
r
r
e
s
c
he
d
ul
i
ng
f
or
po
ol
ba
s
e
d t
r
a
ns
a
c
t
i
o
n ha
s
b
e
e
n di
s
c
us
s
e
d
i
n [
1
8]
.
De
t
e
r
m
i
na
t
i
on of
ge
ne
r
a
t
or
c
ont
r
i
b
ut
i
on c
a
n be
u
s
e
d f
or
c
on
ge
s
t
i
o
n
m
a
na
ge
m
e
nt
a
s
pr
op
os
e
d
i
n
[
1
9]
.
I
n
t
hi
s
pa
pe
r
a
r
eact
i
v
e
p
o
w
er
f
l
o
w
al
l
o
cat
i
o
n
m
et
h
o
d
ha
s
b
e
e
n
p
r
op
os
e
d
.
A
f
t
er
al
l
o
cat
i
o
n
o
f
r
eact
i
v
e
po
w
e
r
,
t
he
t
ot
a
l
c
os
t
t
o
be
r
e
c
ove
r
e
d
f
r
om
i
ndi
vi
d
ua
l
pa
r
t
i
c
i
pa
nt
t
o
wa
r
ds
t
r
a
ns
a
c
t
i
o
n
o
f
r
e
a
c
t
i
v
e
p
o
w
e
r
i
s
a
ls
o
al
l
o
cat
ed
t
o
d
i
f
f
e
r
e
n
t
p
a
r
t
i
c
i
p
a
n
t
.
F
o
r
a
l
l
o
c
a
t
i
o
n
p
o
w
e
r
f
l
o
w
t
r
a
c
i
n
g
t
e
c
h
n
i
q
u
e
i
s
u
s
e
d
w
h
i
l
e
f
o
r
c
o
s
t
a
l
l
o
c
a
t
i
o
n
MV
A
r
-
M
i
l
e
m
e
t
h
o
d
i
s
u
se
d
.
R
e
su
l
t
s
a
r
e
sh
o
w
n
f
o
r
6
b
u
s
s
y
st
e
m
a
n
d
I
EE
E
1
4
b
u
s
sy
st
e
m
.
2.
D
EV
ELO
P
E
D
M
ETH
O
D
O
LO
G
Y
2
.
1
.
M
o
d
el
f
o
r
R
e
a
ct
i
v
e
P
o
w
er
F
l
o
w
A
l
l
o
c
a
t
i
o
n
T
he
e
l
e
c
t
r
i
c
a
l
po
we
r
s
y
s
t
e
m
ne
t
w
or
k c
ons
i
s
t
s
wi
t
h di
f
f
e
r
e
nt
c
om
pone
nt
s
o t
he
i
r
be
ha
vi
or
s
t
owa
r
d
s
t
r
a
c
i
ng
of
po
we
r
f
l
ow
be
c
om
e
t
opol
o
gi
c
a
l
,
s
o p
owe
r
f
l
ow by
t
r
a
c
i
n
g t
he
o
r
y
i
s
ba
s
e
d o
n t
r
ue
f
l
ow
s
i
n
t
r
a
n
s
m
i
s
s
i
o
n
s
y
s
t
e
m
w
i
t
h
c
o
n
s
i
d
e
r
a
t
i
o
n
o
f
p
r
o
p
o
r
t
i
o
n
a
l
s
ha
r
i
ng
p
r
i
nc
i
pl
e
.
I
t
ha
ndl
e
s
t
he
c
om
m
on i
s
s
ue
r
e
ga
r
di
ng
di
s
t
r
i
but
i
o
n
o
f
V
A
R
(
r
e
a
c
t
i
ve
po
we
r
)
f
l
ow
s
i
n
a
m
e
s
he
d
s
y
s
t
e
m
[
12
-
1
4
]
.
T
o
d
e
t
e
r
m
i
n
e
e
l
e
c
t
r
i
c
i
t
y
a
t
t
he
n
ode
s
,
t
h
e
no
da
l
p
ow
e
r
f
l
o
w ba
s
e
d
on t
r
a
c
i
ng
w
h
i
c
h ge
ne
r
a
l
l
y
us
e
i
m
pl
e
m
e
nt
a
t
i
on of
t
he
K
C
L
(K
i
r
c
h
h
o
ff
’s
c
u
r
re
n
t
l
a
w)
.
T
o
de
t
e
r
m
i
ne
t
he
c
o
r
r
e
l
a
t
i
o
n
i
n c
on
j
unc
t
i
o
n
wi
t
h i
nc
om
ing
a
n
d
o
ut
g
oi
ng
f
l
o
ws
t
he
pr
o
po
r
t
i
ona
l
s
ha
r
i
ng a
nd
n
oda
l
m
e
t
hod i
s
a
do
pt
.
He
nc
e
t
hi
s
pr
i
nc
i
pl
e
i
s
s
im
i
l
a
r
f
or
t
he
va
l
i
da
t
i
o
n o
f
t
r
ue
p
o
w
e
r
a
n
d
r
e
a
c
t
i
ve
po
w
e
r
f
l
ows
.
T
he
m
ode
l
pr
o
p
os
e
d a
nd
i
m
pl
e
m
e
nt
e
d i
n t
hi
s
pa
pe
r
c
o
ns
i
de
r
e
d
ne
t
w
or
k
i
s
a
s
l
o
ssl
e
ss
[
1
5
]
,
[
16]
.
L
e
t
ln
=
1
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
e
s
h
o
w
s
e
n
t
i
r
e
t
r
a
n
s
m
i
s
s
i
o
n
l
i
n
e
i
n
t
h
e
p
o
w
e
r
s
y
s
t
e
m
s
t
r
u
c
t
u
r
e
d
,
G
n
=
1
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
g
i
s
e
nt
i
r
e
qua
nt
i
t
y
of
ge
n
e
r
a
t
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n
g
u
n
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t
s
a
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d
D
=
1
.
.
.
.
.
.
d
i
s
t
he
e
nt
i
r
e
q
ua
nt
i
t
y
of
us
e
r
s
i
n t
he
s
t
r
uc
t
ur
e
.
A
ga
i
n
P
GG
=
d
i
a
g
(
P
G1
,
P
G2
,
…
.
,
P
Gg
)
r
e
p
r
es
e
n
t
s
g
en
er
at
i
o
n
i
n
di
a
g
ona
l
m
a
t
r
i
x.
T
hus
f
r
om
[
1
6
]
U
=
K
m
−
1
P
L
(
1)
U
T
P
GG
=
(
P
G
)
T
or
P
G
=
P
GG
U
(
2)
B
y
c
om
bi
ni
ng
e
qua
t
i
o
n
(
1)
a
n
d
(
2
)
P
G
=
P
GG
K
m
−
1
P
L
(
3)
O
bt
a
i
ne
d
m
a
t
r
i
x
P
GG
K
m
−
1
i
s
cal
l
ed
g
en
er
at
i
o
n
p
r
o
d
u
ct
i
o
n
m
a
t
r
i
x
.
T
h
e
ge
ne
r
a
t
i
o
n
p
r
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uc
t
i
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n
m
a
t
r
ix
i
s
i
n
d
i
c
a
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d
b
y
G
P
M
=
t
ij
,
i
.
e
.
,
Wh
e
re
,
GP
M
=
P
GG
K
m
−
1
(
4)
R
i
→
j
=
t
ij
R
Lj
(5
)
H
e
re
t
ij
R
Lj
r
ep
r
es
en
t
t
h
e
r
eact
i
v
e
f
l
o
w
c
o
nt
r
i
but
i
o
n
of
ge
ne
r
a
t
or
s
i
t
ua
t
e
d
a
t
bu
s
t
o
t
he
l
oa
d
a
t
bus
j
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
S
SN
:
2
252
-
88
14
IJ
A
A
S
V
o
l
.
7
,
N
o
.
3
,
S
e
pt
e
m
be
r
2
0
18
:
226
–
2
32
2
28
R
eact
i
v
e
p
o
w
e
r
al
l
o
cat
ed
t
o
g
en
er
at
o
r
p
l
ace
d
a
t
bu
s
s
h
a
r
e
t
h
e
l
i
n
e
s
−
b
ca
n
b
e
cal
cu
l
at
e
d
b
y,
RP
i
→
s
−
b
=
t
is
r
f
s
−
b
(
6)
T
o
o
bt
a
i
ni
n
g
t
he
c
ont
r
i
b
ut
i
on
o
f
r
e
a
c
t
i
v
e
po
we
r
by
l
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a
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x
of
l
oa
ds
t
o
ge
ne
r
a
t
o
r
s
[
1
6
].
2
.
2
.
C
os
t
Al
l
o
c
at
i
on
M
od
e
l
f
or
R
e
ac
t
i
ve
F
l
ow
s
F
o
r
a
l
l
o
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a
t
i
o
n
o
f
r
e
a
c
t
i
v
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p
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w
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r
c
o
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t
f
o
l
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w
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g
a
l
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h
m
i
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d
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v
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l
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p
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d
.
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o
r
t
h
i
s
p
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r
p
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M
V
A
r
-
m
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m
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hod
i
s
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e
d.
I
n
t
h
i
s
m
o
d
el
,
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eact
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h
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r
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e i
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s
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o
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l
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.
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f
t
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h
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n
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p
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:
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ion
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ge
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on
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s
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i
FT
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s
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i
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i
→
s
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b
rf
b
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se
s
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×
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−
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(
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T
o
t
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r
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n
s
m
i
s
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Re
a
c
t
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p
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o
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C
f
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al
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o
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ed
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o
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e
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er
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o
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i
s
g
i
v
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n
b
y
:
TR
C
f
G
i
=
∑
FT
RC
ln
G
i
e
ln
=
1
(
8)
S
i
m
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l
a
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y
f
o
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o
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f
u
l
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rf
b
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se
s
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×
TC
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T
o
t
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U
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ad
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f
L
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ln
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e
ln
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2
.
3
.
P
a
r
t
i
a
l
R
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c
ove
r
y
M
od
e
l
P
ar
t
i
al
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eco
v
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r
y
m
o
d
el
p
r
o
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e co
s
t
r
eco
v
er
y
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i
t
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ect
t
o
r
at
ed
r
eact
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v
e p
o
w
er
cap
aci
t
y
o
f
t
r
a
n
s
m
i
s
s
i
o
n
l
i
n
e
.
I
f
t
h
e
c
o
s
t
o
f
t
h
e
l
i
n
e
i
s
d
e
n
o
t
ed
as
TC
s
−
b
(
i
n
R
s
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h
r
)
t
h
en
r
eact
i
v
e p
o
w
e
r
co
s
t
al
l
o
cat
ed
t
o
u
s
er
s
i
s
gi
ve
n
by
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o
r
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n
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r
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i
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p
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r
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ap
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×
TC
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b
(
11
)
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Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IJ
A
A
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225
2
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88
14
Co
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a
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Ne
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2
29
T
h
e
m
a
t
h
e
m
a
t
i
c
a
l
f
o
r
m
u
l
a
t
i
o
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i
n
E
qua
t
i
o
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4 s
h
ows
t
he
c
o
nt
r
i
b
ut
i
o
n
of
a
c
t
i
ve
p
ow
e
r
o
f
ge
ne
r
a
t
or
’
s
t
o l
oa
d i
n
ne
t
w
o
r
k
.
C
ont
r
i
b
ut
i
on
o
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r
e
a
c
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l
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n l
i
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f
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m
ul
a
t
i
on
gi
ve
n
i
n
E
qu
a
tion
5
.
3.
R
ES
U
LTS
A
N
D
A
NA
L
Y
S
I
S
T
he
p
r
e
s
e
nt
e
d
m
ode
l
i
s
im
pl
e
m
e
nt
e
d
o
n
s
t
a
n
da
r
d
1
4
b
us
e
s
I
E
E
E
ne
t
w
or
k
a
nd
6
b
us
s
a
m
pl
e
ne
t
w
o
r
k
s
h
o
w
n
i
n
F
i
g
.
1
t
o
t
e
s
t
t
h
e
i
r
f
e
a
s
i
b
i
l
i
t
y
a
n
d
e
f
f
ect
i
v
en
es
s
.
T
h
e p
r
o
g
r
am
m
i
n
g
co
de
i
s
de
ve
l
ope
d i
n M
A
T
L
A
B
t
ool
a
nd r
e
s
ul
t
s
a
r
e
obt
a
i
n
e
d
.
U
nd
e
r
M
AT
L
A
B
t
o
ol
f
i
r
s
t
l
y
po
w
e
r
s
y
s
t
e
m
c
o
m
pone
nt
s
s
uc
h a
s
ge
ne
r
a
t
or
,
t
r
a
ns
m
i
s
s
i
on l
i
ne
a
n
d l
oa
ds
a
r
e
m
ode
l
ed
fo
r
t
h
e
t
e
s
t
s
y
s
t
e
m
.
N
e
w
ton
-
R
a
phs
o
n m
e
t
hod
i
s
us
e
d t
o
d
e
t
e
r
m
i
n
e
p
o
w
e
r fl
o
w
.
T
h
e
l
i
n
e
f
l
o
w
l
i
m
i
t
s
w
e
r
e
a
l
s
o c
he
c
ke
d o
ut
d
ur
i
ng t
he
po
w
e
r
f
l
o
w.
A
s
t
he
r
e
s
t
r
uc
t
ur
i
ng
p
r
oc
e
s
s
i
n p
owe
r
s
y
s
t
e
m
goi
n
g
on
f
r
om
a
de
c
a
de
,
t
r
a
di
ng
o
f
r
e
a
l
po
we
r
i
n
po
w
e
r
m
a
r
ke
t
a
r
e
c
a
r
r
i
e
d
o
ut
w
hi
l
e
a
s
a
r
e
s
p
o
n
s
i
b
i
l
i
t
y
o
f
s
y
s
t
e
m
o
p
e
r
a
t
o
r
t
o
w
a
r
d
m
a
i
n
t
a
i
n
i
n
g
s
y
s
t
e
m
s
e
c
u
r
i
t
y
,
s
t
a
b
i
l
i
t
y
a
n
d
r
e
l
i
a
b
l
e
o
p
e
r
a
t
i
o
n
p
l
a
y
a
n
im
por
t
a
nt
r
ol
e
.
T
o a
c
hi
e
ve
s
y
s
t
e
m
ope
r
a
t
or
i
m
por
t
a
nc
e
,
v
o
l
t
ag
e an
d
r
eact
i
v
e p
o
w
er
c
o
m
es
t
o
t
h
e
p
i
ct
u
r
e.
I
n
t
hi
s
pa
pe
r
,
t
he
r
e
a
c
t
i
ve
p
o
w
e
r
c
ont
r
i
b
ut
i
on
s
o
f
de
m
a
nds
ha
ve
be
e
n
de
t
e
r
m
i
ne
d us
i
ng
p
o
we
r fl
o
w
t
ra
c
i
n
g
m
e
t
hod
s
.
I
n
t
h
i
s
p
er
s
p
ect
i
v
e,
t
h
e i
n
f
l
u
en
ce o
f
t
o
t
a
l
r
e
a
c
t
i
v
e
p
o
w
e
r
f
l
o
w
t
h
r
o
u
g
h
t
h
e
l
i
n
e
i
s
t
a
k
en
f
o
r
t
h
e
a
n
a
l
y
s
i
s
.
T
he
pr
o
pos
e
d
m
ode
l
i
s
im
ple
m
e
nt
e
d o
n t
e
s
t
ne
t
w
or
k
w
i
t
h
6 b
us
e
s
a
n
d
1
4 b
us
e
s
t
o
s
ho
w
t
he
i
r
f
e
a
s
i
b
i
l
i
t
y
.
F
i
r
s
t
o
f
a
l
l
r
eact
i
v
e p
o
w
e
r
f
l
o
w
s
ar
e
al
l
o
c
a
t
e
d
t
o l
oa
ds
a
t
n
or
m
a
l
pow
e
r
f
l
o
w c
on
di
t
i
on
by u
s
ing
m
odi
f
i
e
d K
i
r
c
hh
o
f
f
m
a
t
r
i
c
e
s
m
e
t
hod
ol
o
gy
gi
ve
n i
n T
a
bl
e
I
f
o
r
6
b
us
s
y
s
t
e
m
.
F
or
t
hi
s
pu
r
pos
e
e
q
ua
t
i
on
5
i
s
u
s
ed
.
A
l
l
oc
a
t
i
o
n
of
t
he
c
os
t
t
o
be
r
e
c
o
ve
r
e
d
f
r
om
i
ndi
vi
du
a
l
pa
r
t
i
c
i
pa
nt
t
ow
a
r
d r
e
a
c
t
i
ve
p
ow
e
r
f
low
thr
oug
h
t
h
e
t
r
a
n
sm
i
ssi
o
n
n
e
t
w
o
rk
un
de
r
no
r
m
a
l
ope
r
a
t
i
ng
c
on
di
t
i
o
n
i
s
a
l
s
o
d
one
.
3
.
1
.
S
a
mp
l
e
6
B
u
s
S
y
s
t
em
T
h
e s
i
n
g
l
e l
i
n
e d
i
a
g
r
am
o
f
t
h
e s
am
p
l
e
6 bu
s
s
ys
te
m
is
s
h
own
in F
i
g
ur
e
1
.
I
t
c
on
ta
ins
3 g
e
n
e
r
a
tor
bus
e
s
a
n
d
3 l
o
a
d b
us
e
s
.
T
he
da
t
a
i
s
a
t
10
0
M
V
A
b
as
e
.
T
ab
l
e
1 s
h
ow
s
a
bo
ut
l
i
ne
f
l
ow
s
a
n
d c
os
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e
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ove
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ce
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ch
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o
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n
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C
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n
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A
C
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S
d
e
v
i
ces
can
b
e
eas
i
ly
d
on
e
.
R
EF
ER
E
N
C
ES
[1]
A
b
d
o
r
r
eza R
ab
i
ee
, H
ai
dor A
l
i
s
ha
y
a
nfe
r
,
N
i
b
a
m
j
a
d
y
Ie
e
,
P
owe
r
A
nd E
n
gi
ne
r
i
ng Maga
z
i
ne
pp.
18
-
3
2
J
a
nua
r
y
/
F
e
brua
r
y
20
09.
[2]
P
et
er
W
. S
au
e
r
.
W
h
at
i
s
R
ea
ct
i
v
e p
o
w
er
?
P
o
w
er
s
y
s
t
em
s
E
n
g
i
n
e
er
i
n
g
R
es
e
ar
ch
C
en
t
er
, D
ep
ar
t
m
en
t
o
f
E
l
e
ct
r
i
c
a
l
a
nd C
om
put
e
r
E
ngi
n
e
e
r
i
ng
,
uni
v
e
rs
i
t
y
of
I
l
l
i
no
i
s
a
t
U
rba
na
-
Cha
m
pa
i
gn,
S
e
pt
e
m
be
r 16,
2003
.
[3]
H
a
ri
nde
r P
a
l
S
i
ngh,
Y
a
dw
i
nde
r S
i
ngh Bra
r,
D
.
P
.
K
ot
ha
ri
,
“
Com
bi
ne
d A
c
t
i
v
e
a
n
d Re
a
c
t
i
v
e
P
ow
e
r D
i
s
pa
t
c
h U
s
i
ng
P
a
r
tic
l
e
S
w
a
r
m
O
p
tim
iz
a
tio
n
”
,
P
r
oc
e
e
d
i
ngs
of
I
nf
or
m
i
ng Sc
i
e
nc
e
&
I
T
E
duc
at
i
o
n Conf
e
r
e
n
c
e
(In
S
IT
E
) 2014.
[4]
W
ood,
A
.
J
.
,
a
nd
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ol
l
e
nbe
rg,
B
.
F
.
,
“
P
ow
e
r ge
ne
ra
t
i
on,
ope
ra
t
i
o
n,
a
nd c
on
t
rol
”
,
(W
i
l
e
y
,
N
e
w
Y
ork,
1996,
2nd
E
dn.
).
[5]
F
e
rdi
na
nd
G
ubi
na
,
D
a
vi
d
G
rgi
c
,
Ivo Ba
ni
,
“
M
e
t
hod for D
e
t
e
rm
i
ni
ng t
he
G
e
n
e
r
a
t
ors
S
ha
re
i
n a
C
ons
u
m
e
r L
oa
d ”
,
IE
E
E
T
r
ans
ac
t
i
o
ns
on P
owe
r
Sy
s
t
e
m
s
,
vol
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n
o
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Y
. D
ai
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.D
. L
i
u
, Y
.X
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i
, F
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W
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.X
. H
an
,
C
.M
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h
en
, F
el
i
x
F
. W
u
, “
A
c
os
t
a
l
l
oc
a
t
i
on m
e
t
hod for re
a
c
t
i
ve
pow
e
r s
e
rvi
c
e
b
a
s
e
d on pow
e
r
fl
o
w
t
ra
c
i
ng
”
,
E
l
e
ct
r
i
c
P
o
w
er
S
ys
t
em
s
R
es
ea
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D
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T
huka
ra
m
C.
V
y
j
a
y
a
nt
h
i
,
“
Re
l
a
t
i
v
e
e
l
e
c
t
ri
c
a
l
di
s
t
a
nc
e
c
onc
e
p
t
for e
va
l
ua
t
i
on of ne
t
w
ork re
a
c
t
i
v
e
pow
e
r a
nd l
os
s
c
ont
ri
but
i
ons
i
n
a
de
r
e
gul
a
t
e
d
s
y
s
t
e
m
:
,
I
E
T
Ge
n
e
r.
T
ra
n
sm.
Di
st
ri
b
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vol
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S
e
y
e
d
M
oha
m
m
a
d H
os
s
e
i
n N
a
b
a
vi
,
S
om
a
y
e
h
H
a
j
foroos
h,
S
a
j
a
d
H
a
j
foros
h,
N
a
z
a
n
i
n A
l
s
a
da
t
H
os
s
e
i
ni
poor,
“
U
s
i
ng
T
ra
c
i
ng M
e
t
hod
for Ca
l
c
ul
a
t
i
on
a
nd A
l
l
o
c
a
t
i
on
of Re
a
c
t
i
ve
P
o
w
e
r Cos
t
”
,
Int
e
r
nat
i
onal
J
our
nal
of
Com
put
e
r
A
ppl
i
c
a
t
i
ons
, v
o
l
. 1
3
,
n
o.
2
,
pp.
1
4
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1
7,
2011
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
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SN
:
2
252
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88
14
IJ
A
A
S
V
o
l
.
7
,
N
o
.
3
,
S
e
pt
e
m
be
r
2
0
18
:
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–
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32
2
32
[9]
H
us
s
a
i
n S
ha
re
e
f,
M
ohd.
W
a
z
i
r
M
us
t
a
fa
,
S
a
i
ful
n
i
z
a
m
A
bd K
ha
l
i
d,
A
z
ha
r K
ha
i
ru
ddi
n,
A
kht
a
r K
a
l
a
m
,
A
m
a
nul
l
a
h
M
a
ung T
ha
n O
o
,
“
Re
a
l
a
nd Re
a
c
t
i
ve
P
ow
e
r
T
ra
n
s
fe
r A
l
l
oc
a
t
i
on
U
t
i
l
i
z
i
ng M
odi
fi
e
d N
oda
l
E
qua
t
i
ons
”
Int
e
r
nat
i
on
al
J
our
nal
of
E
m
e
r
gi
ng E
l
e
c
t
r
i
c
P
o
we
r S
y
st
e
ms
,
vol
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o.
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,
ar
t
i
cl
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H
e
rm
a
ga
s
a
nt
os
Z
e
i
n
,
E
rw
i
n
D
e
r
m
a
w
a
n “
Cos
t
A
l
l
oc
a
t
i
on o
f T
r
a
ns
m
i
s
s
i
on L
os
s
e
s
i
n E
l
e
c
t
r
i
c
M
a
rke
t
M
e
c
ha
ni
s
m
”
T
E
L
KO
MNIKA
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n
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H
oga
n,
W
,
“
M
ar
k
et
s
i
n
R
eal
E
l
ec
t
r
i
c N
e
t
w
orks
Re
qui
re
Re
a
ct
i
v
e P
r
i
ces
”
,
T
he
E
ne
r
gy
J
ou
r
nal
,
vol
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,
no.
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-
200
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[12]
J
. W
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am
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n
t
a
n
d
J
. F
u
, “
Cos
t
a
na
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y
s
i
s
of
re
a
c
t
i
ve
pow
e
r s
upport
”
,
I
E
E
E
T
r
ans
ac
t
i
ons
on P
o
we
r
Sy
s
t
e
m
s
,
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ol
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a
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d
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i
q
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"R
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a
l
T
i
m
e
P
ri
c
i
ng of R
e
a
c
t
i
ve
P
ow
e
r
:
T
he
or
y
a
nd
Ca
s
e
S
t
ud
y
Re
s
ul
t
s
"
,
IE
E
E
T
r
ans
.
on
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Bohn
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S
pot
P
ri
c
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ng
of E
l
e
c
t
ri
c
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t
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K
l
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a
de
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P
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e
k J
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W
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t
t
um
a
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“
P
roport
i
ona
l
s
ha
ri
ng a
s
s
um
pt
i
on i
n t
ra
c
i
ng
m
e
t
hodol
og
y
”
,
I
E
E
P
r
o
ce
ed
i
n
g
s
G
e
ne
r
at
i
on t
r
ans
m
i
s
s
i
on
D
i
s
t
r
i
but
i
on
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Ka
i
gui
X
i
e
,
J
i
a
q
i
Z
hou,
W
e
n
y
ua
n L
i
“
A
na
l
y
t
i
c
a
l
m
ode
l
a
nd a
l
gori
t
hm
for t
ra
c
i
ng a
c
t
i
ve
pow
e
r fl
ow
ba
s
e
d on
ex
t
en
d
ed
i
n
ci
d
en
ce m
at
r
i
x
”,
E
l
ec
t
r
i
c
P
o
w
er
S
ys
t
e
m
s
R
es
ea
r
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E
ns
ha
e
e
A
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E
ns
ha
e
e
P
.
,
“
N
e
w
re
a
c
t
i
ve
pow
e
r f
l
ow
t
ra
c
i
ng
a
nd l
os
s
a
l
l
oc
a
t
i
on a
l
gori
t
hm
for gri
ds
us
i
ng m
a
t
ri
x
cal
cu
l
a
t
i
o
n
”
E
l
e
ct
r
i
c
P
o
w
er
and E
ne
r
gy
S
y
s
t
e
m
,
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.
87,
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[18]
S
.
K
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G
upt
a
,
R
.
B
a
ns
a
l
,
P
a
rt
i
bha
S
ha
rm
a
,
M
uke
s
h
S
a
i
ni
“
P
ow
e
r T
r
a
di
ng
a
nd Cong
e
s
t
i
on M
a
n
a
ge
m
e
nt
t
hrough
R
e
al
P
ow
e
r Re
s
c
he
d
ul
i
ng U
s
i
ng U
ni
fi
e
d P
ow
e
r F
l
ow
Cont
rol
l
e
r
”
,
I
ndone
s
i
an J
our
nal
of
E
l
e
c
t
r
i
c
al
E
ngi
ne
e
r
i
ng and
Inf
or
m
at
i
c
s
,
v
ol
.
2
, n
o.
4,
pp.
151
-
160
,
D
e
c
e
m
be
r 2014.
[19]
S
a
w
a
n S
e
n,
P
ri
y
a
nk
a
Ro
y
,
A
bhi
j
i
t
Ch
a
kra
b
a
rt
i
,
S
a
m
a
rj
i
t
S
e
ng
upt
a
“
G
e
ne
r
a
t
o
r Cont
ri
but
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32,
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622
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