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2.
R
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EA
R
C
H
M
ETH
O
D
2
.
1
.
So
und
S
p
eed
T
h
e s
p
eed
o
f
s
o
u
n
d
i
n
s
ea
w
at
er
i
s
a f
u
n
d
am
en
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al
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ce
an
o
g
r
ap
h
i
c v
a
r
i
ab
l
e t
h
at
d
et
er
m
i
n
es
t
h
e
be
ha
vi
o
r
o
f
s
o
un
d
p
r
o
pa
ga
t
i
o
n
i
n
t
he
oc
e
a
n
.
M
a
ny
e
m
pi
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c
a
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f
o
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ul
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ng
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d us
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by
M
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dwi
n
[
6
]
:
=
1449
.
2
+
4
.
6
−
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(
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(
1)
w
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n
d
d
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s
t
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de
pt
h
(
i
n
m
e
t
e
r
s
)
.
2
.
2
.
T
ot
al
pa
t
h
l
o
s
s
A
n a
c
o
us
t
i
c
s
i
gna
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u
nde
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t
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pe
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o
n d
u
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t
o s
p
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a
di
n
g
a
nd
a
bs
o
r
pt
i
on.
P
a
th
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o
s
s
is
t
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m
e
a
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ur
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f
t
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l
os
t
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g
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l
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nt
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t
y
f
r
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m
t
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pr
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t
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o t
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hy
dr
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ph
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ne
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o t
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pr
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om
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ur
c
e
[
7
]
.
(
)
=
∗
10
lo
g
(
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(
2)
w
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r
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R
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.
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n t
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5
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2
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.
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w
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[
7
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:
(
,
)
=
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(
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∗
(
3)
w
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[
1
]
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IJ
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225
2
-
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14
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I
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SN
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2
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88
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IJ
A
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N
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225
2
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88
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St
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Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
S
SN
:
2
252
-
88
14
IJ
A
A
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V
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.
7
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1
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o
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a
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om
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d
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m
u
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i
cat
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v
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g
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d
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an
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o
cean
i
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v
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r
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n
m
en
t
.
R
EF
ER
E
N
C
ES
[1]
G
.
Burrow
e
s
a
nd J
.
Y
.
K
ha
n,
S
hort
-
ra
nge
und
e
r
w
a
t
e
r a
c
ous
t
i
c
c
om
m
uni
c
a
t
i
on n
e
t
w
ork
s
:
I
NT
E
C
H Op
e
n
A
cces
s
P
ubl
i
s
he
r,
2011
.
[2]
T
.
M
e
l
o
d
i
a
,
H
. K
u
l
h
an
d
j
i
an
, L
.
-
C.
K
uo,
a
nd
E
.
D
e
m
i
rors
,
"
A
dva
nc
e
s
i
n und
e
rw
a
t
e
r
a
c
ous
t
i
c
ne
t
w
orki
ng,
"
Mobi
l
e
A
d H
oc
N
e
t
wor
k
i
ng: Cut
t
i
ng
E
dg
e
D
i
r
e
c
t
i
ons
,
pp.
804
-
852,
2013.
[3]
B.
Borow
s
ki
,
"
Cha
ra
c
t
e
ri
z
a
t
i
on
of a
ve
r
y
s
ha
l
l
ow
w
a
t
e
r
a
c
ou
s
t
i
c co
m
m
u
n
i
cat
i
o
n
ch
an
n
el
,"
i
n
P
r
oc
e
e
d
i
ngs
of
MT
S/
IE
E
E
O
CE
A
NS
,
2009
.
[4]
P.
S.
N
a
i
d
u
,
S
e
n
s
or a
rra
y
s
i
gna
l
proc
e
s
s
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t
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S
c
T
he
s
i
s
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T
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ra
dua
t
e
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c
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ol
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t
ura
l
a
n
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A
ppl
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c
i
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s
of M
i
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e
E
a
s
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T
e
c
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l
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ni
v
e
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t
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y
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F
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al
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t
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A
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ul
t
i
pa
t
h f
a
di
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ha
nne
l
m
ode
l
for unde
rw
a
t
e
r
s
ha
l
l
ow
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c
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t
i
c
c
om
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uni
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t
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F
re
que
nc
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A
t
t
e
nua
t
i
on Coe
ff
i
c
i
e
nt
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"
T
he
J
our
na
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c
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a
w
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t
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r,
"
T
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0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
0
200
400
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800
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1200
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req
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