I
nte
rna
t
io
na
l J
o
urna
l o
f
Adv
a
nces in Applie
d Science
s
(
I
J
AAS)
Vo
l.
10
,
No
.
1
,
Ma
r
ch
2
0
2
1
,
p
p
.
79
~
87
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
8
1
4
,
DOI
: 1
0
.
1
1
5
9
1
/ijaas.v
1
0
.
i
1
.
p
p
79
-
87
79
J
o
ur
na
l ho
m
ep
a
g
e
:
h
ttp
:
//ij
a
a
s
.
ia
esco
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e.
co
m
Seco
nd
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rder
nois
e sha
ping
f
o
r dat
a
-
weig
hted
av
erag
ing
techniqu
e t
o
i
mpr
o
v
e sig
ma
-
delta D
AC per
forma
nce
Ali K
er
em
Na
ha
r
1
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Ans
a
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ub
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ticle
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y:
R
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ed
Oct
3
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2
0
2
0
R
ev
is
ed
Dec
1
1
,
2
0
2
0
Acc
ep
ted
Feb
5
,
2
0
2
1
In
g
e
n
e
ra
l,
t
h
e
n
o
ise
sh
a
p
in
g
re
sp
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se
s,
a
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li
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m
e
th
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o
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h
ted
a
v
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ra
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n
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(DWA)
in
wh
ich
th
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t
p
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i
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l
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rter
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C)
is
re
stricte
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e
o
f
tw
o
sta
tes
.
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wo
rk
s
e
fficie
n
tl
y
fo
r
ra
th
e
r
lo
w
lev
e
ls
o
f
q
u
a
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it
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ti
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o
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ra
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le
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c
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lt
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e
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wh
e
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ter
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o
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z
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g
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re
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e
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rt
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T
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d
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ter
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l
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n
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Th
is
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o
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d
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o
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d
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m
ism
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tch
o
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T
h
e
m
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lt
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it
DA
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m
a
d
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p
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e
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Th
is
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se
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ism
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ts o
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is
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o
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th
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latio
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d
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F
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rt
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rm
o
re
,
t
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e
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m
e
th
o
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a
s
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s
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c
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m
ism
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tch
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g
o
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DA
C
u
n
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le
m
e
n
ts.
Th
e
n
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ise
o
f
t
h
e
m
ism
a
tch
in
g
e
lem
e
n
ts
is
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n
h
a
n
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e
d
b
y
1
1
d
B
a
t
0
.
0
1
wit
h
t
h
e
p
ro
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o
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d
DWA,
th
e
re
b
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n
h
a
n
c
i
n
g
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e
e
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n
c
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f
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DA
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i
n
c
o
m
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n
to
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e
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c
y
o
f
th
e
DA
C
wit
h
n
o
u
se
o
f
th
e
c
ircu
i
t
o
f
DWA.
K
ey
w
o
r
d
s
:
D
ata
weig
h
ted
av
er
ag
i
n
g
Delta
s
ig
m
a
D
ig
ital
-
to
-
an
alo
g
c
o
n
v
er
t
o
r
No
is
e
s
h
ap
in
g
T
h
is i
s
a
n
o
p
e
n
a
c
c
e
ss
a
rticle
u
n
d
e
r th
e
CC B
Y
-
SA
li
c
e
n
se
.
C
o
r
r
e
s
p
o
nd
ing
A
uth
o
r
:
Ali K
er
em
Nah
ar
Dep
ar
tm
en
t o
f
E
lectr
ical
E
n
g
i
n
ee
r
in
g
Un
iv
er
s
ity
o
f
T
ec
h
n
o
lo
g
y
6
2
Un
iv
er
s
ity
Str
e
et,
Hay
Al
-
Kar
ad
a,
B
ah
g
d
a
d
,
I
r
a
q
E
m
ail: a
lik
ar
ee
m
n
ah
ar
7
9
@
g
m
ail.
co
m
1.
I
NT
RO
D
UCT
I
O
N
Delta
s
ig
m
a
(
∆
-
∑)
d
ig
ital
-
to
-
an
alo
g
c
o
n
v
e
r
ter
s
(
DAC’s)
a
n
d
a
n
alo
g
-
to
-
d
ig
ital
c
o
n
v
e
r
ter
s
(
ADCs
)
,
to
g
eth
er
k
n
o
w
n
as
∆
-
∑
c
o
n
v
er
ter
s
o
f
d
ata,
ar
e
co
m
m
o
n
i
n
th
e
ap
p
licatio
n
s
th
at
ar
e
h
ig
h
ly
ac
cu
r
ate
with
a
lo
w
b
an
d
wid
th
,
lik
e
d
i
g
ital
au
d
io
p
r
o
ce
s
s
in
g
.
Usi
n
g
o
v
er
-
s
am
p
lin
g
,
th
e
wid
th
o
f
th
e
d
ata
p
ath
m
ay
b
e
r
ed
u
ce
d
f
r
o
m
,
s
u
ch
as (
1
6
to
1
)
b
its
.
T
h
e
r
esu
ltin
g
q
u
an
tizin
g
n
o
is
e
b
ec
au
s
e
o
f
th
e
q
u
an
tizat
io
n
f
r
o
m
1
6
b
its
to
1
is
f
o
r
m
ed
in
a
way
t
h
at
n
o
is
e
is
is
o
lated
o
u
ts
id
e
th
e
b
an
d
o
f
th
e
s
ig
n
al.
Usi
n
g
s
m
aller
d
ata
p
ath
s
im
p
lifie
s
d
esig
n
in
g
th
e
an
alo
g
cir
c
u
it,
d
u
e
to
th
e
f
ac
t
th
at
a
d
ata
p
ath
o
f
,
o
n
e
b
it,
f
o
r
ex
am
p
le
,
is
th
e
s
im
p
l
i
est
f
o
r
an
alo
g
d
esig
n
[
1
]
,
[
2
]
.
Fo
r
im
p
r
o
v
in
g
th
e
ef
f
icie
n
cy
o
f
a
∆
-
∑
d
ata
c
o
n
v
er
te
r
,
n
o
is
e
s
h
ap
in
g
h
as
b
ee
n
u
tili
ze
d
.
Via
th
e
in
cr
ea
s
e
in
th
e
n
o
is
e
s
h
ap
in
g
o
r
d
er
,
th
is
in
-
b
an
d
n
o
is
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
is
p
o
s
s
ib
le
to
b
e
en
h
an
ce
d
.
I
n
o
r
d
er
to
s
o
lv
e
th
e
is
s
u
e
u
s
in
g
elem
en
t
m
atc
h
in
g
,
d
if
f
e
r
en
t
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
es
h
av
e
b
ee
n
u
ti
lized
f
o
r
e
x
am
p
le,
d
y
n
am
ic
el
em
en
t
m
atch
in
g
in
m
u
ltit
ier
n
o
is
e
-
s
h
ap
in
g
DACs
.
I
n
t
h
o
s
e
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
es,
th
e
m
is
m
atch
es
ar
e
ac
ce
p
ted
as
u
n
a
v
o
id
ab
le,
with
av
o
id
in
g
th
eir
n
eg
ativ
e
v
ia
s
ig
n
al
p
r
o
c
ess
in
g
,
in
o
th
er
wo
r
d
s
,
an
i
n
tellig
en
t
s
elec
tin
g
o
f
DACs
wh
ich
ar
e
u
tili
ze
d
i
n
co
n
v
er
tin
g
[
3
]
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
: 2
2
5
2
-
8
8
1
4
I
n
t J Ad
v
Ap
p
l Sci
,
Vo
l.
10
,
No
.
1
,
Ma
r
c
h
2
0
2
1
:
79
–
87
80
T
h
e
m
ain
r
ea
s
o
n
b
e
h
in
d
u
s
in
g
a
m
u
ltis
ite
m
o
d
u
lato
r
is
b
e
ca
u
s
e
it
lo
wer
s
o
u
t
b
an
d
n
o
is
e,
th
er
e
b
y
r
eq
u
ir
in
g
less
an
alo
g
cir
c
u
itry
f
o
r
f
ilter
in
g
.
So
m
e
o
f
th
e
o
th
er
ad
v
a
n
tag
es
ar
e
th
at
th
e
m
o
d
u
lato
r
h
as
h
i
g
h
e
r
s
tab
ilit
y
,
an
d
r
eq
u
ir
es
s
m
aller
o
r
d
er
an
d
a
h
ig
h
er
f
ac
to
r
o
f
g
a
in
,
in
s
ec
o
n
d
ad
v
an
tag
e
lies
in
th
e
f
ac
t
th
at
its
in
-
b
an
d
n
o
is
e
is
less
,
in
ad
d
itio
n
to
h
av
in
g
s
m
aller
s
en
s
itiv
ity
o
f
o
u
t
p
u
t
jitt
er
d
u
e
to
th
e
f
ac
t
th
at
th
e
s
tep
s
ar
e
s
m
aller
in
th
e
o
u
tp
u
t
.
L
i
n
ea
r
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
co
u
ld
o
n
l
y
b
e
ac
co
m
p
lis
h
ed
in
th
e
ca
s
e
wh
er
e
th
e
s
tep
s
b
etwe
en
n
eig
h
b
o
r
in
g
lev
els
o
f
t
h
e
o
u
t
p
u
t
o
f
ev
er
y
DAC
h
av
e
h
ig
h
l
y
s
im
ilar
m
ag
n
itu
d
es.
W
h
ich
,
th
u
s
,
n
ee
d
s
a
m
atch
in
g
ac
cu
r
ac
y
,
wh
ich
is
o
n
th
e
o
r
d
e
r
o
f
th
e
wan
ted
ac
cu
r
ac
y
o
f
th
e
g
e
n
er
al
co
n
v
er
tin
g
o
f
th
e
d
ata
,
wh
ich
is
ty
p
ically
b
ey
o
n
d
th
e
p
r
ac
tical
b
o
u
n
d
s
o
f
ex
is
tin
g
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
o
f
m
an
u
f
ac
tu
r
in
g
[
3
]
,
[
4]
.
Fo
r
th
e
s
ak
e
o
f
s
o
lv
in
g
th
e
is
s
u
e
with
elem
en
t
m
atch
in
g
,
a
wi
d
e
r
an
g
e
o
f
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
es
h
as
b
ee
n
u
s
ed
,
lik
e
th
e
d
y
n
am
ic
el
em
en
t
m
atch
in
g
in
m
u
ltis
ite
n
o
is
e
-
s
h
ap
in
g
DACs
.
I
n
th
o
s
e
m
eth
o
d
s
,
th
e
m
is
m
atch
es
ar
e
tak
en
as
u
n
av
o
i
d
ab
le
,
with
th
e
n
eg
ativ
e
im
p
ac
ts
th
ey
h
a
v
e
o
n
b
ei
n
g
a
v
o
id
ed
v
ia
s
ig
n
al
p
r
o
ce
s
s
in
g
,
f
o
r
e
x
am
p
le,
a
n
in
tellig
en
t
s
elec
tio
n
o
f
th
e
DACs
,
wh
ich
ar
e
u
tili
ze
d
in
co
n
v
er
tin
g
[
5
]
.
Hig
h
-
r
eso
lu
tio
n
d
ig
ital
-
to
-
an
alo
g
co
n
v
e
r
ter
s
(
DACs
)
ar
e
ex
ten
s
iv
ely
u
tili
ze
d
f
o
r
d
ir
ec
t
d
ig
ital
s
y
n
th
esis
,
r
an
d
o
m
wav
e
-
f
o
r
m
g
en
er
atio
n
,
an
d
v
id
eo
s
ig
n
al
p
r
o
ce
s
s
in
g
.
T
h
e
f
u
n
d
am
en
tal
co
n
d
itio
n
o
f
DACs
f
o
r
th
o
s
e
ap
p
licatio
n
s
is
h
av
i
n
g
g
o
o
d
lin
ea
r
ity
,
im
p
ly
in
g
s
m
all
o
u
tp
u
t
er
r
o
r
a
n
d
h
ig
h
s
p
ec
tr
al
p
u
r
ity
.
Fo
r
m
ain
tain
in
g
ef
f
icien
t
lin
ea
r
ity
,
tr
im
m
in
g
an
d
ca
lib
r
atio
n
h
as
b
ee
n
u
tili
ze
d
f
o
r
d
ir
ec
tly
d
ec
r
e
asin
g
m
is
m
atch
in
g
o
f
elem
en
ts
wh
ich
p
r
o
d
u
ce
h
ig
h
s
p
u
r
io
u
s
-
f
r
ee
d
y
n
a
m
ic
r
an
g
e
(
SF
DR
)
an
d
s
m
all
m
ax
im
al
o
u
tp
u
t
er
r
o
r
.
An
o
th
er
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
wh
ich
is
r
ef
er
r
ed
t
o
as
d
y
n
am
ic
elem
en
t
m
atch
in
g
(
DE
M)
h
as
b
ee
n
ef
f
icien
tly
ap
p
lied
f
o
r
th
e
r
ed
u
ctio
n
o
f
th
e
c
o
r
r
elatio
n
o
f
DAC
n
o
is
e
to
th
e
in
p
u
t
s
ig
n
al
to
ac
h
iev
e
h
ig
h
SF
DR
s
.
R
an
d
o
m
izatio
n
,
wh
ich
is
a
DE
M
tech
n
iq
u
e
,
wh
ich
is
ty
p
ically
u
tili
ze
d
f
o
r
Ny
q
u
is
t
-
r
ate
DACs
f
o
r
s
p
r
ea
d
in
g
th
e
h
ar
m
o
n
ics
in
a
f
o
r
m
o
f
wh
ite
n
o
is
e
o
v
er
t
h
e
o
u
t
p
u
t
s
p
ec
tr
u
m
.
Ho
we
v
er
,
th
e
p
o
s
s
ib
le
m
ax
im
al
o
u
tp
u
t
er
r
o
r
s
o
f
r
an
d
o
m
izin
g
r
em
ain
lar
g
e
d
u
e
to
th
e
f
ac
t
t
h
at
th
e
elem
en
ts
ar
e
a
r
b
itra
r
ily
ch
o
s
en
[
6
]
.
T
h
e
d
ig
ital
en
c
o
d
er
p
er
f
o
r
m
s
DE
M
o
n
an
in
p
u
t
d
ata
v
alu
e.
T
h
e
s
tr
ea
m
o
f
s
elec
tio
n
is
ac
co
m
p
lis
h
ed
in
a
way
th
at
th
e
DAC
elem
en
t
m
is
m
atch
n
o
is
e
r
esp
o
n
s
e
is
s
h
ap
ed
.
T
h
e
o
u
tp
u
ts
ar
e
s
u
m
m
ed
at
a
s
u
m
m
in
g
ju
n
cti
o
n
an
d
af
ter
t
h
at
f
ilter
ed
b
y
a
lo
w
p
ass
f
ilter
[
3
]
.
T
h
e
DE
M
s
ch
e
m
es
ar
e
im
p
le
m
en
ted
b
y
u
n
itar
y
elem
en
ts
s
t
ee
r
in
g
DACs
.
T
h
e
way
t
h
e
el
em
en
ts
ar
e
s
elec
ted
g
iv
es
th
e
n
am
e
o
f
th
e
alg
o
r
ith
m
,
an
d
th
is
r
esu
lt
in
a
g
iv
en
ch
ar
ac
ter
is
tic
o
f
d
y
n
am
ic
m
atch
in
g
.
So
m
e
o
f
th
e
m
o
s
t
im
p
o
r
ta
n
t
ar
e
r
an
d
o
m
av
er
ag
i
n
g
(
R
A)
,
clo
ck
ed
a
v
er
ag
in
g
(
C
L
A)
,
in
d
iv
id
u
al
le
v
el
av
er
ag
in
g
(
I
L
A)
,
an
d
DW
A
[
7
]
.
On
e
o
f
t
h
e
s
im
p
lest
DE
M
s
ch
em
es
is
th
e
DW
A,
wh
ich
s
elec
ts
th
e
u
n
itar
y
elem
en
ts
cy
clica
lly
.
T
h
e
m
ain
ch
ar
ac
ter
is
tic
o
f
th
e
DW
A
is
th
e
ca
p
ab
ilit
y
to
s
h
a
p
e
th
e
s
p
ec
tr
u
m
o
f
th
e
m
is
m
a
tch
er
r
o
r
as
a
f
ir
s
t
o
r
d
er
h
ig
h
-
p
ass
f
ilter
[
8
]
.
Utilizin
g
a
s
eg
m
en
ted
f
ee
d
b
ac
k
p
at
h
with
f
in
e
an
d
co
ar
s
e
s
ig
n
als
f
o
r
th
e
r
ed
u
ctio
n
o
f
th
e
co
m
p
lex
ity
o
f
DW
A
f
o
r
m
o
d
u
lato
r
s
th
at
i
n
clu
d
e
lar
g
e
in
t
er
n
al
q
u
a
n
tizes.
On
th
e
o
th
er
h
an
d
,
it a
r
is
es o
th
er
is
s
u
es.
Ma
th
em
atica
l
an
al
y
zin
g
o
f
th
e
is
s
u
es
th
at
ar
e
co
n
ce
r
n
ed
with
th
e
s
eg
m
en
tatio
n
o
f
th
e
d
ig
ital
wo
r
d
in
th
e
f
ee
d
b
ac
k
p
ath
o
f
th
e
Σ
-
Δ
ADC
will
b
e
p
r
esen
ted
,
in
ad
d
iti
o
n
to
a
p
o
s
s
ib
le
s
o
lu
tio
n
wh
ich
u
tili
ze
s
f
r
eq
u
en
cy
-
s
h
ap
es
th
is
m
is
m
atch
er
r
o
r
.
A
p
o
s
s
ib
le
cir
cu
it
d
esig
n
f
o
r
th
e
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
o
f
f
r
eq
u
en
cy
s
h
ap
in
g
will
b
e
e
x
ten
s
iv
ely
p
r
esen
ted
.
T
h
e
r
esu
lts
o
f
t
h
e
m
at
h
em
atica
l
an
aly
s
is
an
d
b
e
h
av
io
r
al
s
im
u
latio
n
will
also
b
e
p
r
esen
t
ed
[
8
]
.
An
in
n
o
v
ativ
e
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
f
o
r
n
o
is
e
s
h
ap
in
g
an
d
a
m
eth
o
d
f
o
r
d
u
al
p
o
lar
ity
ca
lib
r
atio
n
th
at
is
u
s
ef
u
l
f
o
r
s
u
cc
ess
iv
e
ap
p
r
o
x
im
atio
n
r
e
g
is
ter
ty
p
e
ADC.
No
is
e
w
ith
th
e
ad
d
itio
n
o
f
a
s
witch
ed
ca
p
ac
ito
r
is
m
o
v
ed
to
h
ig
h
er
f
r
eq
u
e
n
cies
with
th
e
n
o
is
e
s
h
ap
in
g
.
Du
al
-
p
o
lar
ity
,
d
i
g
ital
ca
lib
r
atio
n
with
m
in
im
al
cir
cu
it o
v
er
h
ea
d
o
v
er
ca
m
e
th
e
m
is
m
atch
in
g
o
f
th
e
SAR
ca
p
ac
ito
r
c
o
llectio
n
.
I
n
a
0
.
5
μ
m
s
tan
d
ar
d
C
MO
S
s
y
s
tem
,
a
p
r
o
o
f
-
o
f
-
c
o
n
ce
p
t
p
r
o
to
ty
p
e
SAR
-
ADC
with
th
e
u
s
e
o
f
th
e
p
r
esen
ted
a
p
p
r
o
ac
h
es
h
as
b
ee
n
d
e
v
elo
p
ed
[
9
]
.
T
h
u
s
,
o
f
th
e
ex
ten
s
iv
e
s
tu
d
y
o
n
t
h
e
m
o
d
el
o
f
th
e
SAR
an
d
b
ec
au
s
e
o
f
th
e
d
o
m
in
an
ce
o
f
th
e
p
r
o
ce
d
u
r
e
o
f
th
e
C
MO
S,
th
e
SAR
-
AD
C
is
ag
g
r
ess
iv
ely
ex
ten
d
in
g
to
ea
ch
o
f
th
e
h
ig
h
f
r
e
q
u
en
c
y
d
o
m
a
in
o
f
a
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
1
0
o
f
MH
z
a
n
d
h
ig
h
r
eso
lu
tio
n
in
th
e
o
r
d
er
o
f
1
2
-
1
6
b
its
[
1
0
]
,
[
1
1
]
.
T
h
o
u
g
h
,
th
o
s
e
ef
f
icien
cy
en
h
an
ce
m
en
ts
ty
p
ically
co
in
c
id
e
with
th
e
co
s
t
o
f
in
cr
ea
s
ed
co
m
p
lex
ity
o
f
th
e
d
esig
n
o
r
th
e
p
o
we
r
/ar
ea
u
tili
za
tio
n
.
Nu
m
er
o
u
s
d
esig
n
er
s
o
f
ap
p
licatio
n
s
o
f
lo
w
p
o
wer
,
a
d
o
p
tin
g
th
e
m
o
d
el
o
f
SAR
-
AD
C
,
k
ee
p
tr
y
i
n
g
to
c
o
m
e
u
p
with
s
o
lu
tio
n
s
th
at
m
ig
h
t
m
ax
im
ize
t
h
e
r
eso
lu
tio
n
o
f
ADC
with
n
o
n
ee
d
to
s
ac
r
if
ice
its
s
im
p
licit
y
an
d
th
e
p
o
wer
/ar
ea
co
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
.
I
n
th
is
s
tu
d
y
,
a
n
ew
n
o
is
e
s
h
ap
in
g
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
is
p
r
esen
ted
,
wh
ic
h
m
a
y
b
e
ea
s
ily
a
d
d
ed
to
an
ex
is
tin
g
m
o
d
el
o
f
SAR
-
ADC,
in
ad
d
itio
n
to
a
d
u
al
-
p
o
lar
ity
,
d
i
g
ital
ca
lib
r
atio
n
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
,
c
o
m
p
e
n
s
atin
g
th
e
ca
p
ac
ito
r
m
is
m
atch
in
g
wit
h
m
in
im
u
m
cir
c
u
it
b
u
r
d
e
n
s
[
1
2
]
.
2.
DE
S
I
G
N
AND
B
E
H
AV
I
O
R
AL
M
O
D
E
L
I
NG
A
b
lo
ck
d
iag
r
am
o
f
a
DAC
u
s
in
g
th
e
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
es
o
f
n
o
is
e
s
h
ap
in
g
o
f
th
e
e
x
is
tin
g
d
is
clo
s
u
r
e
o
f
f
ee
d
f
o
r
war
d
p
ath
s
in
f
r
o
n
t
o
f
th
e
q
u
an
tize
in
Fig
u
r
e
1
,
an
a
d
d
er
cir
cu
it
is
im
p
o
r
tan
t
to
r
ea
lize
a
ll
f
ee
d
f
o
r
war
d
s
ig
n
als
ad
d
ed
to
g
et
h
er
,
cr
ea
tin
g
c
o
m
p
licatio
n
s
f
o
r
th
e
f
u
ll
f
ee
d
f
o
r
war
d
Δ
-
Σ
m
o
d
u
lato
r
s
.
T
h
e
DAC
Δ
-
Σ
m
o
d
u
lato
r
an
d
th
e
DE
M
cir
cu
it
ar
e
an
d
a
n
a
n
alo
g
lo
w
-
p
ass
f
ilter
d
ig
ital
c
ir
cu
its
.
E
ac
h
b
lo
ck
o
f
th
e
Δ
-
Σ
DAC
is
ca
r
ef
u
lly
d
esig
n
ed
an
d
m
o
d
el
ed
with
r
e
g
ar
d
to
s
ig
n
al
-
to
-
n
o
is
e
r
atio
(
S
NR
)
,
p
o
wer
co
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
,
a
n
d
ar
ea
[
1
3
]
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J Ad
v
Ap
p
l Sci
I
SS
N:
2
2
5
2
-
8
8
1
4
S
ec
o
n
d
o
r
d
er n
o
is
e
s
h
a
p
in
g
fo
r
d
a
ta
-
w
eig
h
ted
a
ve
r
a
g
in
g
tec
h
n
iq
u
e
t
o
imp
r
o
ve
.
.
.
(
A
li K
a
r
em
N
a
h
a
r
)
81
T
h
e
q
u
a
n
tizin
g
n
o
is
e
elem
en
t
s
an
d
th
e
DAC
n
o
is
e
o
u
ts
id
e
o
f
th
e
b
an
d
r
esp
o
n
s
e
o
f
th
e
s
i
g
n
al
f
o
r
th
e
Δ
-
Σ
s
ig
n
al
m
o
d
u
lato
r
o
u
tp
u
t
i
n
Fig
u
r
e
2
(
a)
will
b
e
elim
in
at
ed
b
y
th
e
f
ilter
b
u
t
a
g
r
ea
t
d
ea
l
o
f
th
e
DAC
n
o
is
e
will
b
e
in
b
a
n
d
.
Utilizin
g
th
e
a
p
p
r
o
ac
h
es
o
f
n
o
is
e
-
s
h
ap
in
g
D
E
M
p
r
o
d
u
ce
s
DAC
n
o
is
e
p
u
s
h
in
g
th
e
DAC
n
o
is
e
o
u
ts
id
e
th
e
b
an
d
o
f
th
e
s
ig
n
al
as
d
ep
icted
in
Fig
u
r
e
2
(
b
)
;
an
d
th
e
r
esp
o
n
s
e
o
f
a
n
o
is
e
-
s
h
ap
e
m
u
lti
-
b
it
DAC
s
h
o
wn
in
F
ig
u
r
e
2
(
c)
.
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
T
h
e
d
ig
ital
-
to
-
an
alo
g
co
n
v
er
ter
b
l
o
ck
d
ia
g
r
am
,
wh
ich
is
u
tili
ze
d
a
m
u
lti
-
b
it DA
C
with
n
o
is
e
s
h
ap
in
g
(
a)
(
b
)
(
c)
Fig
u
r
e
2
.
Usu
al
p
o
wer
s
p
ec
tr
a
l d
en
s
ities
at
th
e
DAC o
u
tp
u
t
,
(a
)
o
u
tp
u
t
o
f
th
e
∆
-
∑ si
g
n
al
m
o
d
u
lato
r
,
(
b
)
w
ith
o
u
t D
E
M
,
an
d
(
c)
with
DE
M
alg
o
r
ith
m
2
.
1
.
Desig
n
a
nd
mo
del f
o
r
t
he
s
ec
o
nd
-
o
rder
im
pro
v
ing
DAC
Δ
-
Σ
mo
du
la
t
o
rs
I
n
th
e
s
ec
o
n
d
o
r
d
er
s
y
s
tem
,
th
er
e
will b
e
s
ec
o
n
d
o
r
d
er
f
ilter
s
f
u
n
ctio
n
as M
is
m
atch
-
s
h
ap
in
g
tr
an
s
f
er
f
u
n
ctio
n
(
Mtf
)
f
o
r
n
o
is
e
th
at
d
eter
m
in
atio
n
as
(
1
)
.
=
(
1
−
−
1
)
2
=
(
1
−
2
−
1
+
−
2
)
(
1
)
T
h
is
is
th
e
r
ep
r
esen
tatio
n
o
f
th
e
f
r
eq
u
e
n
cy
d
o
m
ain
w
h
ile,
in
t
h
e
tim
e
d
o
m
ai
n
th
e
n
o
is
e
ca
u
s
ed
b
y
t
h
e
DAC is
d
en
o
ted
f
o
r
t
h
e
n
’
th
co
n
v
er
s
io
n
in
(
2
)
.
(
)
=
2
(
)
−
2
1
(
)
+
0
(
)
(
2
)
W
h
en
,
1
(
)
=
2
(
−
1
)
1
(
)
=
0
(
−
1
)
.
Fig
u
r
e
3
illu
s
tr
ates
th
e
s
u
g
g
ested
m
o
d
el
o
f
s
ec
o
n
d
-
o
r
d
er
DAC
Δ
-
Σ
m
o
d
u
lato
r
s
.
I
t’
s
a
3
-
b
it
s
ec
o
n
d
o
r
d
er
m
o
d
el
with
a
to
p
o
lo
g
y
o
f
s
in
g
le
-
lo
o
p
s
in
g
le
-
DAC
-
f
ee
d
b
ac
k
.
Fo
r
g
ettin
g
h
i
g
h
er
SNDR
with
lo
w
-
p
o
wer
d
is
s
ip
atio
n
s
h
o
w,
t
h
er
e
ar
e
s
im
ilar
s
tr
u
ctu
r
es
with
2
in
teg
r
ato
r
s
,
DAC
an
d
ADC,
b
u
t
with
d
if
f
er
i
n
g
s
ig
n
al
p
at
h
s
.
T
h
e
in
p
u
t
an
d
o
u
tp
u
t
o
f
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
s
ec
o
n
d
-
o
r
d
er
DAC
Δ
-
Σ
m
o
d
u
lato
r
th
at
is
d
ep
icted
in
Fig
u
r
e
3
m
ay
b
e
r
ep
r
esen
te
d
in
(
3
)
.
(
)
=
(
)
+
(
(
1
−
−
1
)
2
(
)
)
(
3
)
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
: 2
2
5
2
-
8
8
1
4
I
n
t J Ad
v
Ap
p
l Sci
,
Vo
l.
10
,
No
.
1
,
Ma
r
c
h
2
0
2
1
:
79
–
87
82
W
h
er
e,
X
(
z
)
d
en
o
tes
th
e
in
p
u
t
s
ig
n
al,
(
)
d
en
o
tes
th
e
o
u
tp
u
t
s
i
g
n
al,
N
(
z
)
d
en
o
tes
q
u
an
tizatio
n
n
o
is
e
o
f
th
e
m
o
d
u
lato
r
an
d
=
(
0
−
1
0
)
≅
1
.
Fig
u
r
e
3
.
Pro
p
o
s
ed
s
ec
o
n
d
-
o
r
d
er
DAC Δ
-
Σ
m
o
d
u
lato
r
2
.
2
.
M
o
del f
o
r
DE
M
Mu
lti
-
b
its
q
u
an
tize
in
th
e
m
o
d
u
lato
r
b
o
o
s
ts
s
ig
n
al
-
to
-
n
o
is
e
-
r
atio
an
d
elim
in
ate
th
e
p
r
ess
u
r
e
o
f
th
e
an
alo
g
lo
w
-
p
ass
f
ilter
;
h
o
wev
e
r
,
th
e
m
is
m
atch
in
g
in
th
e
u
n
it
elem
en
t
in
th
e
m
u
lti
-
b
its
DAC
s
h
ar
p
ly
d
im
in
is
h
es
th
e
SNDR
.
T
h
e
ef
f
ec
t
o
f
u
n
it
elem
en
t
m
is
m
atch
ca
n
b
e
r
e
d
u
ce
d
u
s
in
g
DW
A
alg
o
r
ith
m
.
T
h
o
u
g
h
,
t
h
e
d
at
a
weig
h
ted
av
er
ag
e
m
is
m
atch
s
h
ap
in
g
is
o
n
ly
tailo
r
ed
to
ac
h
iev
e
f
ir
s
t
-
o
r
d
er
er
r
o
r
f
ilter
in
g
,
b
ec
au
s
e
it
i
s
b
ased
o
n
th
e
av
er
a
g
in
g
o
f
e
r
r
o
r
s
[
4
]
.
A
g
en
er
al
s
tr
ateg
y
,
th
at
is
v
e
cto
r
-
b
ased
m
is
m
atch
s
h
ap
in
g
(V
B
MS)
,
ac
h
iev
es
s
ec
o
n
d
-
o
r
d
er
s
p
ec
tr
al
s
h
ap
i
n
g
[
1
3
]
.
Du
e
to
th
e
er
r
o
r
o
f
DAC
u
n
it c
ap
ac
ito
r
,
n
o
n
-
id
ea
l o
f
s
ig
m
a
d
elta
m
o
d
u
lato
r
in
cr
ea
s
e
n
o
is
e
f
lo
o
r
.
T
h
e
DE
M
m
eth
o
d
elim
in
ates th
is
n
o
is
e
f
lo
o
r
an
d
r
ea
r
r
a
n
g
es th
e
u
n
it c
ap
ac
ito
r
.
I
f
th
e
th
er
m
o
m
eter
co
d
e
s
elec
ts
th
e
s
am
e
u
n
it c
ap
ac
ito
r
,
th
e
SNR
o
f
th
e
s
ig
m
a
d
el
ta
m
o
d
u
lato
r
i
s
d
ec
r
ea
s
ed
.
So
,
p
r
e
v
en
tin
g
th
e
s
elec
tio
n
th
e
s
am
e
ca
p
ac
itan
ce
an
d
d
ec
r
ea
s
in
g
th
e
av
er
ag
e
e
r
r
o
r
,
th
e
s
ig
m
a
d
elt
a
m
o
d
u
lato
r
with
DW
A
alg
o
r
i
th
m
s
r
an
d
o
m
ize
th
e
u
n
it
ca
p
ac
ito
r
.
Ho
wev
e
r
,
if
th
e
clo
ck
f
r
eq
u
e
n
cy
o
f
s
ig
m
a
d
elt
a
m
o
d
u
lato
r
in
c
r
ea
s
es,
t
h
e
f
ee
d
b
ac
k
d
elay
tim
e
o
f
th
er
m
o
m
eter
co
d
e
m
u
s
t q
u
ick
en
.
I
f
th
e
s
ig
m
a
d
elta
m
o
d
u
lato
r
o
p
er
ates c
lo
ck
f
r
eq
u
en
cy
o
f
6
3
.
4
MH
z
with
2
.
1
MH
z
s
ig
n
al
b
an
d
ab
o
u
t
2
7
tim
es.
Fig
u
r
e
4
is
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
DW
A
wi
th
n
ew
b
lo
ck
d
iag
r
am
a
n
d
tim
in
g
d
iag
r
am
s
.
Giv
en
th
at
th
e
o
r
d
e
r
o
f
m
is
m
atch
s
h
ap
in
g
d
ete
r
m
in
es
th
e
s
lo
p
e
o
f
th
e
n
o
is
e
f
lo
o
r
,
4
0
d
B
/d
ec
ad
e
f
o
r
s
ec
o
n
d
o
r
d
er
VB
MS
an
d
2
0
d
B
/d
ec
ad
e
f
o
r
1
st
-
o
r
d
er
s
h
ap
in
g
,
th
e
s
ec
o
n
d
o
r
d
er
VB
MS
is
ad
o
p
ted
to
e
n
s
u
r
e
th
e
in
s
en
s
itiv
ity
o
f
th
e
DAC Σ
-
Δ
t
o
th
e
u
n
it e
lem
en
t m
is
m
atch
[
1
4
]
.
Fi
g
u
r
e
4
.
B
lo
ck
d
iag
r
am
o
f
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
DW
A
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e
2
.
3
.
M
o
del f
o
r
a
na
lo
g
lo
w
-
pa
s
s
f
i
lt
er
T
h
e
DAC
Δ
-
Σ
m
o
d
u
lato
r
s
ar
e
f
o
llo
wed
b
y
a
n
an
alo
g
l
o
w
-
p
a
s
s
f
ilter
to
s
h
ad
e
th
e
q
u
an
tized
n
o
is
e
o
u
t
o
f
th
e
b
an
d
a
n
d
t
o
s
m
o
o
th
th
e
o
u
tp
u
t
wav
e.
T
h
e
o
r
d
er
o
f
th
e
an
alo
g
lo
w
-
p
as
s
f
ilter
m
u
s
t
b
e
n
o
less
th
an
th
e
o
r
d
er
o
f
th
e
m
o
d
u
lato
r
in
g
en
e
r
al
[
1
5
]
,
[
1
6
]
;
h
o
wev
er
,
a
h
ig
h
o
r
d
er
o
f
th
e
an
alo
g
lo
w
-
p
ass
f
i
lter
s
in
d
icate
s
m
o
r
e
OT
As an
d
m
u
c
h
p
o
wer
.
Owin
g
to
th
e
1
s
to
r
d
e
r
f
ilter
o
f
th
e
D
AC
Δ
-
Σ
,
th
e
o
r
d
er
o
f
t
h
e
an
alo
g
lo
w
-
p
ass
f
ilter
is
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J Ad
v
Ap
p
l Sci
I
SS
N:
2
2
5
2
-
8
8
1
4
S
ec
o
n
d
o
r
d
er n
o
is
e
s
h
a
p
in
g
fo
r
d
a
ta
-
w
eig
h
ted
a
ve
r
a
g
in
g
tec
h
n
iq
u
e
t
o
imp
r
o
ve
.
.
.
(
A
li K
a
r
em
N
a
h
a
r
)
83
s
h
if
ted
f
r
o
m
th
r
ee
to
two
to
co
n
s
er
v
e
p
o
wer
.
I
n
ad
d
itio
n
,
t
h
e
2
nd
-
o
r
d
e
r
C
h
eb
y
s
h
ev
Sallen
-
Key
R
C
lo
w
-
p
ass
f
ilter
[
1
7
]
to
f
ilter
o
u
t
h
ig
h
f
r
e
q
u
en
cy
n
o
is
e
is
s
elec
ted
f
o
r
it
s
h
ig
h
atten
u
atio
n
ch
ar
ac
ter
is
t
ics
in
th
e
tr
an
s
itio
n
zo
n
e.
Fil
ter
d
esig
n
an
d
an
aly
s
is
is
a
h
elp
f
u
l
MA
T
L
AB
to
o
l
u
s
ed
to
d
esig
n
an
d
m
o
d
el
th
e
an
alo
g
lo
w
-
p
ass
f
ilter
[
1
8
]
.
Fu
r
th
er
m
o
r
e,
th
e
O
T
A
r
eq
u
ir
em
en
t
f
o
r
GB
W
an
d
th
e
v
alu
e
o
f
th
e
r
esis
to
r
an
d
ca
p
ac
itan
ce
ca
n
b
e
o
b
tain
ed
u
s
in
g
th
e
f
ilter
-
p
r
o
d
e
s
k
to
p
to
o
l
[
1
9
]
f
r
o
m
T
ex
as
I
n
s
t
r
u
m
en
ts
.
Pro
p
o
s
ed
r
a
p
id
m
ac
h
i
n
e
lear
n
in
g
,
wh
ich
is
a
q
u
asi
-
alg
o
r
ith
m
f
o
r
all
m
u
lti
-
g
am
e
m
ac
h
in
es
th
at
w
o
r
k
s
o
n
n
eg
lig
ib
le
f
ac
ts
ab
o
u
t
th
e
o
n
lin
e
lea
r
n
in
g
b
ac
k
en
d
n
etwo
r
k
clar
if
icatio
n
.
Su
g
g
ested
m
o
d
el
f
o
r
alg
o
r
ith
m
s
o
th
er
t
h
an
u
s
ed
f
r
o
m
th
e
p
er
s
p
ec
tiv
e
o
f
o
r
th
o
g
o
n
al
b
ea
m
,
lo
c
atio
n
r
ec
o
r
d
in
g
,
an
d
co
-
s
ite
co
n
d
itio
n
[2
0
]
.
T
h
e
o
v
er
all
s
y
s
tem
ca
n
b
e
p
r
o
tecte
d
f
r
o
m
v
o
ltag
e
in
s
tab
ilit
y
,
r
ea
ctiv
e
lo
ad
s
ca
n
b
e
r
ed
u
ce
d
,
o
r
ad
d
iti
o
n
al
r
ea
ctiv
e
en
er
g
y
m
ay
b
e
ad
d
ed
to
r
ea
ch
th
e
v
o
ltag
e
b
r
ea
k
d
o
wn
p
o
in
t
[
21
]
,
[
2
2
]
.
Flex
ib
le
AC
tr
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
d
ev
ices
(
FAC
T
S)
m
ak
e
th
is
s
y
s
tem
f
lex
ib
le
an
d
it is
p
o
s
s
ib
le
to
p
r
ev
en
t v
o
ltag
e
in
s
tab
ilit
y
with
a
f
lex
ib
le
an
d
f
ast co
n
tr
o
l
m
eth
o
d
.
3.
P
RO
P
O
SE
D
DWA
W
I
T
H
I
M
P
RO
VING
DA
C
Δ
-
Σ
M
O
DULA
T
O
R
B
Y
AP
P
L
I
E
D
T
H
E
CO
NVER
SI
O
N
A
L
G
O
RIT
H
M
T
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
DW
A
with
im
p
r
o
v
in
g
DAC
Δ
-
Σ
is
d
esire
d
f
o
r
its
h
ig
h
-
p
r
ec
is
io
n
tim
e
co
n
s
tan
t,
lo
w
p
o
wer
co
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
,
an
d
ef
f
icien
t
lin
ea
r
ity
d
u
e
to
th
e
well
-
m
atch
ed
m
etal
in
s
u
latio
n
m
etal
ca
p
ac
itan
ce
.
I
t’
s
a
m
u
lti
-
b
it
s
ec
o
n
d
o
r
d
er
m
o
d
el
r
ep
r
esen
ted
b
y
a
s
in
g
le
-
DAC
-
f
ee
d
b
ac
k
,
s
in
g
le
-
lo
o
p
to
p
o
lo
g
y
.
Su
g
g
ested
m
o
d
u
lato
r
is
ab
o
u
t th
e
f
o
llo
win
g
p
r
o
p
er
ties
,
f
ir
s
tly
,
a
s
in
g
le
am
p
lifie
r
s
av
in
g
.
I
n
ad
d
itio
n
,
a
f
ilter
th
at
h
as
lo
wer
-
o
r
d
er
lo
o
p
an
d
m
u
lti
-
b
it
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e
th
at
s
ec
o
n
d
o
r
d
er
lo
o
p
f
ilter
is
r
esp
o
n
s
ib
le
f
o
r
th
e
r
ed
u
ctio
n
o
f
th
e
co
m
p
lex
ity
o
f
th
e
p
o
wer
d
is
s
ip
atio
n
an
d
th
e
an
alo
g
cir
cu
it.
I
n
ad
d
itio
n
to
th
at,
with
a
to
p
o
lo
g
y
o
f
o
n
e
DAC
-
f
ee
d
b
ac
k
an
d
s
in
g
le
-
lo
o
p
,
th
e
an
alo
g
cir
cu
it
co
m
p
lex
ity
an
d
DAC
lin
ea
r
izin
g
in
th
e
m
o
d
u
lato
r
o
f
th
e
Δ
-
Σ
is
d
im
in
is
h
ed
,
an
d
m
o
d
u
lato
r
i
s
o
f
a
co
n
s
id
er
ab
ly
less
s
en
s
itiv
ity
to
th
e
f
in
ite
g
ain
s
o
f
Dc
o
f
th
e
am
p
lifie
r
s
.
T
h
ey
'
r
e
m
o
r
e
ap
p
r
o
p
r
iate
f
o
r
lo
w
p
o
wer
d
is
s
ip
atio
n
.
As
s
h
o
wn
in
F
ig
u
r
e
5
,
DAC
in
p
u
t
co
d
es
o
f
th
e
co
n
v
er
tin
g
o
f
v
alu
e
“1
”
is
,
b
y
k
n
o
win
g
th
at
th
e
p
r
ec
ed
in
g
p
o
in
ter
k
1
eq
u
als
“
2
”
an
d
is
eq
u
al
to
“1
.
”
Via
th
e
in
s
er
tio
n
o
f
th
e
p
ar
am
eter
s
o
f
th
e
n
o
is
e
in
r
elatio
n
with
th
e
p
o
in
ter
s
,
th
e
n
o
is
e
eq
u
atio
n
d
r
iv
e
is
r
ep
r
esen
ted
by
(
1
)
.
=
2
−
2
1
+
0
(
4
)
W
h
er
e,
C
T
R
L
is
r
ep
r
esen
ted
as
a
s
ca
lar
v
alu
e
o
f
th
e
s
u
m
m
atio
n
o
f
th
e
eig
h
t
co
m
p
o
n
e
n
ts
C
TRL(
i)
th
e
f
in
al
DAC
co
m
p
o
n
en
t
co
n
tr
o
l
v
alu
es
an
d
is
eq
u
al
to
th
e
r
esu
lt
o
f
th
e
m
o
d
u
lato
r
,
wh
ich
is
eq
u
al
to
2
,
af
ter
th
at,
a
m
in
im
u
m
o
f
two
c
o
m
p
o
n
en
ts
h
as
to
b
e
c
h
o
s
en
o
r
tu
r
n
ed
o
n
o
r
th
e
e
n
tire
s
u
m
m
atio
n
o
f
th
e
co
m
p
o
n
en
ts
h
a
v
e
to
b
e
eq
u
al
to
2
as
an
ex
am
p
le
.
I
t’
s
o
f
im
p
o
r
tan
ce
co
n
s
id
er
in
g
th
at
th
e
p
r
ev
io
u
s
ly
p
o
in
te
d
o
u
t
d
is
cu
s
s
io
n
is
in
ac
co
r
d
an
ce
with
a
s
y
s
tem
o
f
s
ec
o
n
d
o
r
d
e
r
.
W
h
ich
m
ig
h
t
ea
s
ily
b
e
a
p
p
lied
t
o
a
s
h
a
p
in
g
s
y
s
tem
o
f
a
1
st
o
r
d
er
n
o
is
e,
C
T
R
L
=
1
−
0
.
T
h
e
f
l
o
wch
ar
t
f
o
r
im
p
lem
e
n
tin
g
th
e
a
p
p
r
o
ac
h
o
f
co
m
p
o
n
e
n
t
m
atch
in
g
is
s
h
o
wn
i
n
F
ig
u
r
e
6
.
T
h
e
p
r
o
g
r
a
m
h
as
b
ee
n
s
tar
ted
at
a
1
st
b
lo
c
k
a
n
d
af
ter
th
at
c
o
n
tin
u
es
to
a
b
lo
c
k
o
f
t
h
e
f
u
n
ctio
n
.
T
h
en
,
1
(
)
p
o
in
te
r
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
p
r
ec
ed
in
g
co
n
v
er
tin
g
is
ch
o
s
en
as
0
(
)
o
f
th
e
ex
is
tin
g
c
o
n
v
er
s
io
n
.
Af
ter
th
at,
th
e
p
r
o
g
r
am
co
n
tin
u
es
to
a
b
lo
ck
o
f
th
e
f
u
n
ctio
n
i
n
wh
ich
th
e
p
o
in
ter
o
f
th
e
2
(
)
is
ch
o
s
en
f
r
o
m
th
e
p
r
ec
e
d
in
g
co
n
v
er
tin
g
an
d
r
ep
lace
d
as
th
e
p
o
i
n
ter
o
f
th
e
1
(
)
f
o
r
th
e
o
n
g
o
in
g
cy
cle
o
f
co
n
v
er
tin
g
.
A
f
ter
th
at,
th
e
p
r
o
g
r
am
p
r
o
ce
e
d
s
to
a
f
u
n
ctio
n
b
lo
ck
in
wh
ic
h
th
e
2
is
s
et.
I
n
th
is
alg
o
r
ith
m
,
a
m
id
wa
y
2
(
)
by
{
2
(
)
}
is
d
eter
m
in
ed
.
W
h
ich
is
id
en
t
if
ied
with
th
e
r
eq
u
ir
em
e
n
t
th
at
th
e
s
ig
n
al
o
f
th
e
(
)
is
“0
,
0
,
0
,
0
,
0
,
0
,
0
,
0”
.
As
a
r
esu
lt,
th
e
f
o
ll
o
win
g
c
o
r
r
elatio
n
wo
u
ld
ex
is
t
f
o
r
t
h
e
m
id
way
p
o
i
n
ter
s
:
{
2
(
)
}
=
0
+
2
1
(
)
−
0
(
)
(
5
)
s
o
,
th
e
v
alu
e
o
f
{
2
(
)
}
is
s
im
p
ly
ch
ar
ac
ter
ized
b
ased
o
n
1
(
)
an
d
0
(
)
.
Af
ter
th
is
m
id
way
2
(
)
T
h
e
v
alu
e
will
b
e
d
eter
m
in
ed
,
th
e
d
eter
m
in
atio
n
o
f
th
e
p
r
o
g
r
am
f
lo
ws
to
a
f
u
n
ctio
n
b
lo
ck
,
wh
er
e
in
,
th
e
s
tep
o
f
th
e
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
o
f
“
1
”
co
m
p
o
n
e
n
t
v
alu
es
f
o
r
th
e
d
esire
d
C
T
R
L
v
alu
e
will
b
e
ac
co
m
p
lis
h
ed
in
a
way
th
at
d
is
tr
ib
u
ted
to
th
e
s
m
allest
{
2
(
)
}
v
alu
e
p
o
s
itio
n
s
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
: 2
2
5
2
-
8
8
1
4
I
n
t J Ad
v
Ap
p
l Sci
,
Vo
l.
10
,
No
.
1
,
Ma
r
c
h
2
0
2
1
:
79
–
87
84
Fig
u
r
e
5
. A
d
iag
r
am
t
h
at
illu
s
tr
ates selec
tin
g
th
e
DACs
f
o
r
a
s
ec
o
n
d
o
r
d
er
s
y
s
tem
Fig
u
r
e
6
.
Flo
w
ch
a
r
t o
f
im
p
le
m
en
tin
g
th
e
c
o
n
v
e
r
s
io
n
alg
o
r
ith
m
4.
RE
SU
L
T
S AN
D
AN
AL
Y
SI
S
T
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
s
ec
o
n
d
o
r
d
er
D
W
A
C
ir
cu
it
is
u
s
ed
in
Mu
lti
-
b
it
DAC
c
ir
cu
it,
th
e
DAC
i
s
co
m
p
o
s
ed
o
f
(
1
to
1
0
)
u
n
it
elem
e
n
ts
.
T
h
e
b
eh
av
io
r
al
s
im
u
latio
n
r
esu
lts
ar
e
s
h
o
wn
in
T
ab
le
1
lis
ted
th
e
f
ac
to
r
s
b
ased
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
s
ec
o
n
d
o
r
d
e
r
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
o
f
t
h
e
DAC
m
o
d
u
lato
r
.
T
h
e
o
u
t
p
u
t
p
o
wer
s
p
ec
tr
al
d
e
n
s
ity
is
p
r
esen
ted
in
Fig
u
r
e
7
.
Fig
u
r
e
8
(
a
)
p
r
esen
t
th
e
r
esu
lt
o
f
a
s
im
u
latio
n
f
o
r
m
u
lti
-
b
it
DAC
with
0
.
0
2
-
u
n
it
elem
en
t
m
is
m
atch
with
o
u
t
u
s
in
g
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
DW
A.
Fig
u
r
e
8
(
b
)
,
at
f
ir
s
t,
th
e
f
r
e
q
u
en
cy
r
esp
o
n
s
e
is
s
ec
o
n
d
o
r
d
er
n
o
is
e
s
h
a
p
ed
a
n
d
af
ter
th
at,
f
latten
s
o
u
t
o
v
er
a
f
r
eq
u
en
cy
o
f
ab
o
u
t 5
0
0
MH
z
an
d
,
f
o
r
th
is
r
ea
s
o
n
,
th
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
o
f
th
e
i
n
-
b
a
n
d
n
o
is
e
is
m
o
r
e
ef
f
icien
t th
a
n
th
e
ca
s
e
o
f
co
n
v
en
tio
n
al
a
p
p
r
o
a
ch
es.
T
ab
le
1
.
Facto
r
s
o
f
th
e
DAC
Σ
-
Δ
m
o
d
u
lato
r
Th
e
f
a
c
t
o
r
V
a
l
u
e
V
o
l
t
a
g
e
s
u
p
p
l
y
1
.
9
V
B
a
n
d
w
i
d
t
h
2
2
0
k
H
z
P
o
w
e
r
c
o
n
su
mp
t
i
o
n
3
0
mW
S
w
i
t
c
h
n
o
i
se
6
3
μV
F
i
n
i
t
e
d
c
g
a
i
n
1
2
0
d
B
F
i
n
i
t
e
sl
e
w
r
a
t
e
5
0
V
/
μs
C
a
p
a
c
i
t
o
r
r
a
t
i
o
e
r
r
o
r
5%
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J Ad
v
Ap
p
l Sci
I
SS
N:
2
2
5
2
-
8
8
1
4
S
ec
o
n
d
o
r
d
er n
o
is
e
s
h
a
p
in
g
fo
r
d
a
ta
-
w
eig
h
ted
a
ve
r
a
g
in
g
tec
h
n
iq
u
e
t
o
imp
r
o
ve
.
.
.
(
A
li K
a
r
em
N
a
h
a
r
)
85
Fig
u
r
e
7
.
Simu
lated
t
h
e
o
u
t
p
u
t
PS
D
o
f
th
e
DACs
f
o
r
a
s
ec
o
n
d
o
r
d
e
r
s
y
s
tem
(
a)
(
b
)
Fig
u
r
e
8
.
Simu
lated
f
o
r
t
h
e
co
n
s
tr
ain
ed
s
ec
o
n
d
o
r
d
e
r
DW
A
m
eth
o
d
:
(
a
)
T
h
e
r
esu
lt o
f
a
s
i
m
u
latio
n
f
o
r
m
u
lti
-
b
it DA
C
with
0
.
0
2
-
u
n
it
; a
n
d
(
b
)
T
h
e
f
r
eq
u
en
cy
r
esp
o
n
s
e
is
s
ec
o
n
d
o
r
d
er
n
o
is
e
s
h
ap
ed
Fig
u
r
e
9
illu
s
tr
ates
th
e
o
u
tp
u
t
s
p
ec
tr
u
m
o
f
an
im
p
r
o
v
ed
D
AC
Δ
-
Σ
m
o
d
u
lato
r
in
Fig
u
r
e
7
,
wh
ich
in
clu
d
es
a
n
o
n
-
lin
ea
r
am
p
lifie
r
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e
with
h
ar
m
o
n
ic
d
is
t
o
r
tio
n
s
.
I
t’
s
o
b
v
io
u
s
th
at
th
e
g
ain
n
o
n
lin
ea
r
ities
o
f
am
p
lifie
r
s
r
esu
lt
in
co
n
s
id
er
ab
le
h
ar
m
o
n
ic
d
is
to
r
tio
n
s
an
d
it
is
ap
p
ar
en
t
in
th
e
o
u
tco
m
e
o
f
th
e
im
p
r
o
v
e
d
DAC
Δ
-
Σ
m
o
d
u
lato
r
.
C
o
m
p
ar
e
with
Fig
u
r
e
8
,
id
e
n
tical
n
o
n
-
lin
ea
r
g
ain
co
e
f
f
icien
ts
h
av
e
b
ee
n
u
ti
lized
,
h
o
wev
e
r
,
it’s
ap
p
ar
en
t
t
h
at
in
th
is
p
r
o
p
o
s
al
o
f
th
e
im
p
r
o
v
ed
DAC
Δ
-
Σ
m
o
d
u
lato
r
,
th
e
h
ar
m
o
n
ic
d
is
to
r
t
io
n
is
co
n
s
id
er
a
b
ly
r
ep
r
ess
ed
.
T
h
e
b
e
h
av
io
r
al
s
im
u
latio
n
r
esu
lts
ar
e
d
e
p
icted
in
T
ab
le
2
.
Fo
r
a
lev
el
o
f
-
3
d
B
o
f
th
e
f
u
ll
r
an
g
e,
a
n
d
a
f
r
eq
u
e
n
cy
o
f
3
MH
z
with
a
f
r
eq
u
en
cy
o
f
s
am
p
lin
g
o
f
8
0
M
Hz
in
p
u
t
s
in
e
wav
e
s
ig
n
al,
th
e
s
u
g
g
ested
im
p
r
o
v
e
DAC
Δ
-
Σ
b
o
o
s
ts
th
e
S
FDR
b
y
9
2
d
B
an
d
SNDR
b
y
8
5
d
B
.
Giv
en
th
at
n
ea
r
ly
all
DAC
Δ
-
Σ
ar
e
f
o
r
au
d
io
ap
p
licatio
n
,
f
ew
s
im
ilar
DAC
Δ
-
Σ
h
av
e
b
ee
n
r
ep
o
r
ted
.
C
o
m
p
ar
is
o
n
s
o
f
th
e
DAC
Δ
-
Σ
b
et
wee
n
th
is
wo
r
k
an
d
o
th
er
s
im
ilar
liter
atu
r
e
[
1
0
]
,
[
1
6
]
ar
e
lis
ted
in
T
ab
le
2
.
P
o
wer
d
is
cu
s
s
ed
in
[
1
0
]
ex
clu
d
es
th
e
d
ig
ital
Δ
-
Σ
m
o
d
u
lato
r
wh
ich
is
im
p
lem
en
t
ed
o
f
f
c
h
ip
in
t
h
e
FP
GA.
FOM
[
1
8
]
is
d
ef
in
e
d
as sh
o
wn
i
n
(
6
)
f
o
r
e
v
alu
atin
g
its
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
an
d
th
e
s
m
aller
th
e
v
alu
e
o
f
FOM,
th
e
b
etter
th
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
.
C
o
m
p
ar
e
d
with
o
th
er
p
u
b
lis
h
ed
DAC Δ
-
Σ,
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
im
p
r
o
v
e
DAC Δ
-
Σ
p
ar
ad
es g
o
o
d
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
in
ter
m
s
o
f
.
(
/
)
=
(
)
2
2
(
−
1
.
76
)
/
6
.
02
(
6
)
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
: 2
2
5
2
-
8
8
1
4
I
n
t J Ad
v
Ap
p
l Sci
,
Vo
l.
10
,
No
.
1
,
Ma
r
c
h
2
0
2
1
:
79
–
87
86
Fig
u
r
e
9
.
A
d
ep
ictio
n
o
f
th
e
s
i
m
u
lated
o
u
t
p
u
t p
o
wer
s
p
ec
tr
u
m
o
f
a
s
u
g
g
ested
s
ec
o
n
d
o
r
d
e
r
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
DAC
Δ
-
Σ
m
o
d
u
lato
r
T
ab
le
2
.
T
h
e
C
o
m
p
ar
is
o
n
s
o
f
DAC Σ
-
Δ
m
o
d
u
lato
r
F
a
c
t
o
r
s
R
e
f
.
[
1
1
]
R
e
f
.
[2
3
]
Th
i
s
w
o
r
k
P
r
o
c
e
ss
0
.
1
8
μm
0
.
1
8
μm
0
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1
8
μm
S
u
p
p
l
y
1
.
2
V
1
.
8
V
1
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9
V
P
o
w
e
r
2
2
mW
2
7
mW
3
0
mW
BW
3
1
2
.
5
K
H
z
2
0
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K
H
z
2
2
0
k
H
z
S
F
D
R
6
3
d
B
8
3
d
B
9
2
d
B
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R
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1
d
B
7
8
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B
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B
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p
J
/
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p
10
p
J
/
st
e
p
4
p
J/
s
t
e
p
5.
CO
NCLU
SI
O
N
I
n
a
m
u
lti
-
b
it
im
p
lem
en
tatio
n
o
f
th
e
tr
ad
itio
n
al
DAC
Δ
-
Σ
m
o
d
u
lato
r
s
,
th
e
s
witch
ed
-
ca
p
ac
ito
r
ad
d
er
h
as
b
ee
n
u
tili
ze
d
a
n
d
a
weig
h
ted
s
u
m
m
atio
n
am
p
lifie
r
is
n
ee
d
ed
p
r
io
r
to
th
e
q
u
an
tizer
s
,
wh
ich
r
esu
lt
i
n
in
cr
ea
s
in
g
co
m
p
lex
ity
o
f
th
e
c
ir
cu
its
,
lar
g
er
ch
i
p
ar
e
a,
a
n
d
a
d
d
itio
n
al
d
is
s
ip
atio
n
o
f
p
o
wer
.
So
m
e
o
f
th
e
id
ea
s
wer
e
s
u
g
g
ested
f
o
r
s
o
lv
in
g
t
h
is
is
s
u
e.
No
n
eth
eless
,
th
ey
r
eq
u
ir
ed
a
d
is
tr
ib
u
ted
DAC
-
f
ee
d
b
ac
k
o
r
h
ig
h
-
o
r
d
e
r
lo
o
p
f
ilter
;
co
n
s
id
er
a
b
ly
in
cr
e
asin
g
th
e
an
alo
g
cir
cu
it
co
m
p
lex
ity
o
f
im
p
lem
en
tin
g
th
e
m
o
d
u
lato
r
.
W
e
h
av
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
h
e
r
e
im
p
r
o
v
in
g
AD
C
Δ
-
Σ
m
o
d
u
lato
r
a
r
ch
itectu
r
e.
I
t
is
im
p
r
o
v
in
g
DAC
-
f
ee
d
b
ac
k
,
s
ec
o
n
d
o
r
d
er
DAC
Δ
-
Σ
m
o
d
u
lato
r
with
n
o
ex
tr
a
am
p
lifie
r
s
.
T
h
e
co
m
p
lex
ity
o
f
th
e
cir
cu
it
is
d
im
in
is
h
ed
an
d
it’s
b
etter
s
u
ited
f
o
r
lo
w
-
p
o
wer
ap
p
licatio
n
s
.
A
CK
NO
WL
E
DG
E
M
E
NT
S
T
h
an
k
s
,
a
n
d
ap
p
r
ec
iatio
n
to
e
v
er
y
o
n
e
wh
o
c
o
n
tr
ib
u
ted
t
o
th
is
r
esear
ch
,
a
n
d
th
an
k
s
an
d
ap
p
r
ec
iatio
n
to
th
e
Dep
ar
tm
en
t
o
f
E
lectr
ica
l
E
n
g
in
ee
r
in
g
a
n
d
th
e
Un
iv
er
s
ity
o
f
T
ec
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
f
o
r
th
eir
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
f
o
r
s
cien
tific
p
u
b
lis
h
in
g
an
d
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
f
o
r
s
ci
en
tific
r
esear
ch
with
all
ca
p
ab
ilit
ies,
an
d
we
also
d
o
n
o
t
f
o
r
g
et
to
th
an
k
all
th
e
au
th
o
r
s
.
RE
F
E
R
E
NC
E
S
[1
]
Si
-
Na
i
Kim
,
“
A
6
-
b
it
3
.
3
G
S
/s
c
u
rre
n
t
-
ste
e
rin
g
DA
C
with
sta
c
k
e
d
u
n
i
t
c
e
ll
stru
c
tu
re
,”
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
S
e
mic
o
n
d
u
c
to
r
T
e
c
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
a
n
d
S
c
ien
c
e
,
v
o
l.
1
2
,
n
o.
3
,
p
p
.
2
7
0
-
2
7
7
,
S
e
p
2
0
1
2
.
[2
]
Bin
h
e
e
im
Kim
,
“
A
4
0
fJ/c
-
s
1
V
1
0
b
i
t
S
ARA
DC
wit
h
d
u
a
l
sa
m
p
li
n
g
c
a
p
a
c
it
iv
e
DA
C
t
o
p
o
l
o
g
y
,”
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
S
e
mic
o
n
d
u
c
to
r
T
e
c
h
n
o
lo
g
y
a
n
d
S
c
ien
c
e
,
v
o
l.
1
1
,
n
o.
1
,
p
p
.
23
-
3
2
,
M
ar
.
2
0
1
1
.
[3
]
Ali
K.
Na
h
a
r
,
“
Da
ta
w
e
ig
h
ted
a
v
e
ra
g
in
g
(DWA)
tec
h
n
i
q
u
e
wit
h
1
st
o
rd
e
r
n
o
ise
-
sh
a
p
in
g
to
im
p
ro
v
e
6
-
b
it
d
ig
i
tal
-
to
-
a
n
a
lo
g
c
o
n
v
e
rto
r
(DA
C)
p
e
rfo
rm
a
n
c
e
,”
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
B
a
b
y
l
o
n
Un
ive
rs
it
y
/E
n
g
i
n
e
e
rin
g
S
c
ien
c
e
s
,
v
ol
.
2
1
,
n
o
.
5
,
A
p
r
.
2
0
1
3
.
[4
]
Yo
n
g
j
ian
Tan
g
,
e
t
a
l
.
,
“
A
1
4
b
it
2
0
0
M
S
/s
DA
C
Wi
th
S
F
DR
>
7
8
d
Bc
,
IM
3
<
-
8
3
d
Bc
a
n
d
NSD
<
-
1
6
3
d
Bm
/Hz
a
c
ro
ss
th
e
wh
o
le
n
y
q
u
ist
b
a
n
d
e
n
a
b
led
b
y
d
y
n
a
m
ic
-
m
ism
a
tch
m
a
p
p
in
g
,”
IE
EE
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
S
o
li
d
-
S
t
a
t
e
Circ
u
it
s
,
v
o
l
.
4
6
,
n
o.
6
,
p
p
.
1
3
7
1
-
1
3
8
1
,
2
0
1
1
.
[5
]
K.
Ng
u
y
e
n
,
A
.
Ba
n
d
y
o
p
a
d
h
y
a
y
,
B.
Ad
a
m
s,
e
t
a
l,
“
A
1
0
8
d
B
S
NR,
1
.
1
m
W
o
v
e
rsa
m
p
li
n
g
a
u
d
io
D
AC
with
a
th
re
e
-
lev
e
l
DEM
Tec
h
n
iq
u
e
,”
IEE
E
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
S
o
li
d
-
S
t
a
te Ci
rc
u
it
s
,
v
o
l.
4
3
,
n
o.
1
2
,
p
p
.
2
5
9
2
-
2
6
0
0
,
De
c
.
2
0
0
8
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J Ad
v
Ap
p
l Sci
I
SS
N:
2
2
5
2
-
8
8
1
4
S
ec
o
n
d
o
r
d
er n
o
is
e
s
h
a
p
in
g
fo
r
d
a
ta
-
w
eig
h
ted
a
ve
r
a
g
in
g
tec
h
n
iq
u
e
t
o
imp
r
o
ve
.
.
.
(
A
li K
a
r
em
N
a
h
a
r
)
87
[6
]
I.
M
y
d
e
rrizi,
A.
Zek
i.
“
Cu
rre
n
t
-
s
tee
rin
g
d
ig
i
tal
-
to
-
a
n
a
l
o
g
c
o
n
v
e
rters
:
fu
n
c
ti
o
n
a
l
sp
e
c
ifi
c
a
ti
o
n
s,
d
e
si
g
n
b
a
sic
s,
a
n
d
b
e
h
a
v
i
o
ra
l
m
o
d
e
li
n
g
,”
IEE
E
An
te
n
n
a
s
a
n
d
Pr
o
p
a
g
a
ti
o
n
M
a
g
a
zi
n
e
,
v
o
l.
5
2
,
n
o.
4
,
p
p
.
1
9
7
-
2
0
8
,
Au
g
.
2
0
1
0
.
[7
]
E.
N.
Ag
h
d
a
m
,
P
.
Be
n
a
b
e
s,
J.
A
b
b
a
ss
z
a
d
e
h
,
“
Co
m
p
lete
ly
first
o
rd
e
r
a
n
d
t
o
n
e
fre
e
p
a
rti
ti
o
n
e
d
d
a
ta
we
i
g
h
ted
a
v
e
ra
g
in
g
tec
h
n
iq
u
e
u
se
d
i
n
a
m
u
lt
i
b
it
d
e
lt
a
sig
m
a
m
o
d
u
lato
r
,”
IEE
E
1
9
th
E
u
r
o
p
e
a
n
C
o
n
fer
e
n
c
e
o
n
Circ
u
it
T
h
e
o
ry
a
n
d
De
sig
n
(ECCDT
'0
9
)
,
2
0
0
9
.
[8
]
A.
K.
Na
h
a
r,
M
.
M
.
Ezz
a
ld
e
a
n
,
S
.
A.
G
it
a
ffa
,
H.
K.
Kh
lea
f,
“
OFD
M
c
h
a
n
n
e
l
e
stim
a
ti
o
n
b
a
se
d
o
n
n
o
v
e
l
l
o
c
a
l
se
a
rc
h
p
a
rti
c
le
sw
a
rm
o
p
ti
m
iza
ti
o
n
a
l
g
o
r
it
h
m
,
”
Rev
iew
o
f
I
n
fo
rm
a
t
io
n
E
n
g
in
e
e
rin
g
a
n
d
A
p
p
l
ica
ti
o
n
s
,
v
o
l.
5
,
n
o
.
2
,
p
p
.
1
1
-
2
1
,
A
p
r.
2
0
1
7
.
[9
]
H.
K.
Kh
lea
f,
A.
K.
Na
h
a
r,
A.
S
.
Ja
b
b
a
r,
“I
n
telli
g
e
n
t
c
o
n
tr
o
l
o
f
D
C
-
DC
c
o
n
v
e
rter
b
a
se
d
o
n
P
ID
-
n
e
u
ra
l
n
e
two
rk
,”
In
ter
n
a
t
io
n
a
l
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
P
o
we
r E
lec
tro
n
ics
a
n
d
Dr
ive
S
y
ste
ms
,
v
o
l
.
10
,
n
o
.
4
,
p
p
.
2
2
5
4
-
2
2
6
2
,
2
0
1
9
.
[1
0
]
L
iao
Lu
,
S
un
Yi
n
g
,
H
an
Ya
n
,
e
t
a
l
.
,
“
A
6
5
-
n
m
lo
w
-
p
o
we
r
h
i
g
h
-
li
n
e
a
rit
y
Σ
Δ
AD
C
fo
r
a
u
d
i
o
a
p
p
li
c
a
ti
o
n
s
,”
S
c
ien
c
e
Ch
in
a
(In
fo
rm
a
t
io
n
S
c
ie
n
c
e
s)
,
v
o
l
.
5
7
,
p
p
.
2
0
1
-
2
0
7
,
2
0
1
4
.
[1
1
]
X.
Y.
Din
g
,
e
t
a
l
.
,
“
A
C
M
OS
o
v
e
r
sa
m
p
led
c
lo
se
d
-
l
o
o
p
DA
C
wit
h
e
m
b
e
d
d
e
d
fil
teri
n
g
,”
Pro
c
e
e
d
i
n
g
s
Of
th
e
2
0
1
3
Ie
e
e
Asia
n
S
o
li
d
-
S
ta
te Ci
rc
u
it
s C
o
n
fer
e
n
c
e
,
2
0
1
3
.
[1
2
]
P
.
M
a
lco
v
a
ti
,
e
t
a
l
.
,
“
Be
h
a
v
io
ra
l
m
o
d
e
li
n
g
o
f
sw
it
c
h
e
d
–
c
a
p
a
c
it
o
r
sig
m
a
–
d
e
lt
a
m
o
d
u
lat
o
rs
,”
IEE
E
T
ra
n
sa
c
ti
o
n
s
o
n
Circ
u
it
s a
n
d
S
y
ste
ms
I:
Fu
n
d
a
me
n
ta
l
T
h
e
o
ry
a
n
d
A
p
p
l
ica
ti
o
n
s
,
v
o
l
.
5
0
,
n
o
.
3
,
p
p
.
3
5
2
–
3
6
4
,
M
a
r.
2
0
0
3
.
[1
3
]
M
.
N.
M
o
h
a
m
m
e
d
,
e
t
a
l
.
,
“
P
e
a
k
-
to
-
a
v
e
ra
g
e
p
o
we
r
ra
ti
o
re
d
u
c
ti
o
n
b
a
se
d
o
n
o
p
t
imiz
e
d
p
h
a
se
sh
ift
tec
h
n
iq
u
e
,
”
2
0
1
7
1
7
t
h
In
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
S
y
mp
o
si
u
m o
n
Co
mm
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
s a
n
d
In
f
o
rm
a
ti
o
n
T
e
c
h
n
o
lo
g
ies
(IS
CIT
)
,
Ca
ir
n
s,
Q
L
D
,
2
0
1
7
.
[1
4
]
S
.
I.
Na
,
e
t
a
l
.
,
“
Esti
m
a
ti
n
g
n
o
n
-
id
e
a
l
e
ffe
c
ts
with
in
a
t
o
p
-
d
o
w
n
m
e
t
h
o
d
o
l
o
g
y
f
o
r
th
e
d
e
sig
n
o
f
c
o
n
ti
n
u
o
u
s
-
t
ime
d
e
lt
a
-
sig
m
a
m
o
d
u
lat
o
rs
,”
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
S
e
mic
o
n
d
u
c
to
r T
e
c
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
a
n
d
S
c
ien
c
e
,
v
o
l.
1
6
,
n
o
.
3
,
p
p
.
3
1
9
-
3
2
9
,
2
0
1
6
.
[1
5
]
S
.
Ja
y
k
a
r,
P
.
P
a
lso
d
k
a
r,
P
.
Da
k
h
o
le,
“
M
o
d
e
li
n
g
o
f
si
g
m
a
-
d
e
lt
a
m
o
d
u
lato
r
n
o
n
-
i
d
e
a
li
ti
e
s
i
n
M
AT
LAB/
S
IM
ULINK
,”
Co
mm
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
S
y
ste
ms
a
n
d
Ne
two
rk
T
e
c
h
n
o
lo
g
ies
(CS
NT
)
,
p
p
.
5
2
5
-
5
3
0
,
Ju
n
.
2
0
1
1
.
[1
6
]
E.
Alo
t
h
a
li
,
H.
Ala
sh
wa
l,
S
.
Ha
ro
u
s,
“
Da
ta
stre
a
m
m
in
in
g
tec
h
n
i
q
u
e
s:
a
re
v
iew
,”
T
EL
KOM
NIKA
T
e
l
e
c
o
mm
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
Co
mp
u
t
in
g
El
e
c
tro
n
ics
a
n
d
C
o
n
tr
o
l
,
v
o
l
.
1
7
,
n
o
.
2
,
p
p
.
7
2
8
-
7
3
7
,
Ap
r
.
2
0
1
9
.
[1
7
]
M
.
S
.
A
b
d
u
l
Az
iz
,
e
t
a
l
.
,
“
Th
e
d
e
sig
n
a
n
d
e
v
a
lu
a
ti
o
n
o
f
DA
CAD
E
v
isu
a
l
to
o
l:
th
e
o
re
ti
c
a
l
imp
li
c
a
ti
o
n
s
,
”
B
u
ll
e
t
in
o
f
El
e
c
trica
l
En
g
in
e
e
rin
g
a
n
d
In
f
o
r
ma
ti
c
s
,
v
o
l.
7
,
n
o
.
1
,
p
p
.
9
0
-
9
5
,
M
a
r
.
2
0
1
8
.
[1
8
]
To
n
y
Ch
a
n
Ca
ru
so
n
e
,
e
t
a
l
.
,
“
An
a
lo
g
in
teg
ra
te
d
c
ircu
it
d
e
sig
n
,”
J
o
h
n
W
il
e
y
&
S
o
n
s,
In
c
,
2
0
1
1
.
[1
9
]
P
.
M
.
Ch
o
p
p
,
“
An
a
ly
sis
o
f
c
l
o
c
k
–
ji
tt
e
r
e
ffe
c
ts
in
c
o
n
ti
n
u
o
u
s
–
t
ime
Δ
Σ
m
o
d
u
lato
rs
u
sin
g
d
isc
re
te
–
ti
m
e
m
o
d
e
ls
,”
IEE
E
T
ra
n
s.
C
irc
u
it
s S
y
st.
I
,
v
o
l
.
5
6
,
n
o
.
6
,
p
p
.
1
1
3
4
-
1
1
4
5
,
2
0
0
9
.
[2
0
]
W.
S
h
a
fik
,
e
t
a
l
.
,
“
A
3
-
d
ime
n
si
o
n
a
l
fa
st
m
a
c
h
i
n
e
lea
rn
in
g
a
l
g
o
r
it
h
m
fo
r
m
o
b
il
e
u
n
m
a
n
n
e
d
a
e
rial
v
e
h
icle
b
a
se
sta
ti
o
n
s
,”
I
n
ter
n
a
t
io
n
a
l
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
Ad
v
a
n
c
e
s in
A
p
p
li
e
d
S
c
ien
c
e
s (IJAAS
)
,
v
o
l.
10
,
n
o
.
1
,
2
0
2
0
.
[2
1
]
R.
Je
n
a
,
e
t
a
l.
,
“
Vo
lt
a
g
e
sta
b
il
i
ty
a
ss
e
ss
m
e
n
t
u
sin
g
TC
S
C
a
n
d
S
VC
b
a
se
d
F
ACTS
c
o
n
tr
o
ll
e
rs
,”
In
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
A
d
v
a
n
c
e
s in
Ap
p
li
e
d
S
c
ien
c
e
s (
IJ
AA
S
)
,
v
o
l
.
10
,
n
o
.
1
,
2
0
2
0
.
[2
2
]
M
u
h
a
m
m
a
d
Ay
a
z
,
“
Co
m
p
a
ra
ti
v
e
stu
d
y
o
f
in
d
o
o
r
n
a
v
i
g
a
ti
o
n
s
y
ste
m
s
fo
r
a
u
t
o
n
o
m
o
u
s
fli
g
h
t
,
”
T
EL
KOM
NIK
A
T
e
lec
o
mm
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
Co
mp
u
ti
n
g
E
lec
tro
n
ics
a
n
d
C
o
n
tr
o
l
,
v
o
l
.
1
6
,
n
o
.
1
,
p
p
.
1
1
8
-
1
2
8
,
F
e
b
.
2
0
1
8
.
[2
3
]
Y.
Ch
e
n
,
e
t
a
l
.
,
“
M
o
d
e
li
n
g
o
f
a
2
0
0
KH
z
b
a
n
d
wid
t
h
lo
w
-
p
a
ss
sw
it
c
h
-
c
a
p
a
c
it
o
r
sig
m
a
-
d
e
lt
a
DA
C
with
a
ra
ise
d
sp
u
r
-
fre
e
m
o
d
u
lato
r
,”
J
o
u
r
n
a
l
Of
S
e
mi
c
o
n
d
u
c
to
r T
e
c
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
An
d
S
c
ien
c
e
,
v
o
l.
1
7
,
n
o
.
5
,
2
0
1
7
.
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