I
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l o
f
Adv
a
nces in Applie
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J
AAS)
Vo
l.
9
,
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.
4
,
Dec
em
b
e
r
2
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2
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An e
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ro
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g
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s
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p
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m
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rk
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th
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h
a
n
d
,
t
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e
fficie
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d
b
u
t
it
h
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s
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ifu
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ss
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K
ey
w
o
r
d
s
:
Dr
illi
n
g
f
lu
id
Fil
tr
atio
n
co
n
tr
o
l
Flu
id
lo
s
s
R
h
eo
lo
g
ical
p
r
o
p
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ties
W
h
ea
t f
lo
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r
T
h
is i
s
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p
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c
c
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ss
a
rticle
u
n
d
e
r th
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CC B
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SA
li
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se
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C
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r
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s
p
o
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ing
A
uth
o
r
:
R
ah
ee
l I
q
b
al,
I
n
s
titu
te
o
f
Petr
o
leu
m
&
Natu
r
al
Gas E
n
g
in
ee
r
in
g
,
Me
h
r
an
Un
iv
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r
s
ity
o
f
E
n
g
in
ee
r
in
g
&
T
ec
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
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I
n
d
u
s
Hwy
,
J
am
s
h
o
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o
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d
h
7
6
0
6
2
,
Pak
is
tan
.
E
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ail: 1
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6
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@
g
m
ail.
co
m
1.
I
NT
RO
D
UCT
I
O
N
T
h
e
Dr
illi
n
g
f
lu
id
h
as
th
e
o
b
l
ig
ato
r
y
p
r
o
p
er
ties
lik
e
ca
r
r
y
i
n
g
o
u
t
r
o
c
k
cu
ttin
g
to
war
d
s
th
e
s
u
r
f
ac
e,
clea
n
in
g
&
c
o
o
lin
g
th
e
b
it,
d
e
cr
ea
s
in
g
r
esis
tiv
e
f
o
r
ce
s
,
s
tab
i
lizin
g
wellb
o
r
e
&
to
p
r
ev
en
t f
lu
id
s
th
at
f
lo
w
f
r
o
m
p
o
r
es
in
to
t
h
e
b
o
r
eh
o
le.
T
h
e
v
ar
io
u
s
m
eth
o
d
s
f
o
r
d
esig
n
in
g
s
u
itab
le
d
r
illi
n
g
m
u
d
s
ar
e
d
ev
elo
p
ed
f
o
r
a
v
o
id
in
g
co
m
p
lex
ity
o
f
p
r
o
b
lem
s
en
co
u
n
ter
ed
d
u
r
i
n
g
d
r
illi
n
g
o
p
er
atio
n
.
Sin
ce
th
e
in
itial
o
p
er
atio
n
s
th
at
wer
e
ex
ec
u
ted
in
USA
(
wh
ich
co
n
s
is
t
o
f
cl
ay
s
an
d
wate
r
f
o
r
u
s
e)
to
c
o
m
p
licated
b
len
d
s
o
f
d
is
t
in
ct
p
ar
ticu
lar
n
atu
r
al
&
ar
tific
ial
m
ater
ials
wh
ich
ar
e
cu
r
r
en
tly
u
s
ed
.
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h
e
d
r
illi
n
g
m
u
d
s
h
o
u
ld
b
e
u
s
er
f
r
ien
d
ly
,
co
s
t
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
an
d
ec
o
n
o
m
ically
v
iab
le.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e,
d
r
illi
n
g
m
u
d
s
ar
e
b
asically
f
o
r
m
u
lated
to
d
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r
ea
s
e
th
e
ef
f
ec
t
o
f
d
am
ag
e
an
d
to
en
s
u
r
e
th
e
p
o
s
s
ib
ilit
y
an
d
e
co
n
o
m
ically
v
ia
b
ilit
y
o
f
r
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tar
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d
r
illi
n
g
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h
y
d
r
o
ca
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b
o
n
c
o
n
tain
in
g
f
o
r
m
atio
n
s
.
T
h
e
f
ilter
ca
k
es
wh
ich
ar
e
f
o
r
m
ed
a
f
ter
th
e
in
tr
u
s
io
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o
f
d
r
illi
n
g
m
u
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th
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p
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r
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s
p
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p
ay
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ab
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m
ax
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u
m
v
o
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s
p
ac
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o
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ca
k
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s
u
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f
ac
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[
1
]
.
I
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latio
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[
2
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D
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v
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s
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m
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s
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Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
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N
:
2
2
5
2
-
8
8
1
4
I
n
t J Ad
v
Ap
p
l Sci
,
Vo
l.
9
,
No
.
4
,
Dec
em
b
e
r
2
0
2
0
:
2
5
5
–
26
0
256
is
th
e
p
h
y
s
ical
an
d
ch
em
ical
c
o
m
p
atib
ilit
y
o
f
th
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m
u
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Af
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ca
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e
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d
b
y
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m
a
x
im
izin
g
t
h
e
f
lo
w
i
n
th
e
wellb
o
r
e
[
3
].
Flu
id
lo
s
s
an
d
v
is
co
s
ity
o
f
m
u
d
ar
e
th
e
im
p
o
r
tan
t
f
ac
t
o
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s
wh
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m
u
s
t
b
e
in
v
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ated
t
h
r
o
u
g
h
o
u
t
th
e
d
r
illi
n
g
o
f
a
well.
Fo
r
th
at
m
u
d
is
tr
ea
te
d
with
s
ev
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al
ty
p
es
o
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ad
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itiv
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i.e
.
d
if
f
er
en
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o
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ch
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icals,
to
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h
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m
u
d
b
y
f
o
r
m
in
g
m
u
d
ca
k
e
r
esp
ec
ti
v
ely
[
4
].
2.
RE
S
E
ARCH
M
E
T
H
O
D
2
.
1
.
Drilling
f
lui
d
prepa
ra
t
io
n a
n
d pro
pert
ies
Few
o
f
th
e
ad
d
itiv
es a
lo
n
g
wit
h
B
ar
ite
B
a
SO
4
an
d
C
alcite
C
aCO
3
ar
e
m
o
s
t
co
m
m
o
n
ly
u
s
e
d
in
wate
r
-
b
ased
d
r
illi
n
g
m
u
d
.
Ma
in
ly
th
r
ee
m
ain
f
ac
to
r
s
wh
ich
in
f
l
u
en
ce
d
th
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
o
f
d
r
illi
n
g
f
lu
id
ar
e
i.e
.
,
d
en
s
ity
,
v
is
co
s
ity
an
d
f
iltra
tio
n
o
f
d
r
il
lin
g
f
lu
id
.
T
h
er
e
f
o
r
e,
m
o
r
e
co
n
s
id
er
atio
n
f
o
r
t
h
ese
f
ac
to
r
s
d
u
r
in
g
ex
p
er
im
en
tal
wo
r
k
f
o
r
th
e
p
r
e
p
ar
atio
n
o
f
wate
r
-
b
ased
f
lu
id
s
am
p
les s
h
o
u
ld
b
e
p
aid
[
4
].
T
h
e
f
lu
id
s
am
p
les
p
r
ep
ar
atio
n
at
lab
o
r
ato
r
y
s
ca
le
is
o
b
tain
ed
b
y
th
e
ap
p
ly
in
g
th
is
m
eth
o
d
o
lo
g
y
th
at
an
y
m
ater
ial
o
f
1
g
ad
d
ed
to
a
3
5
0
m
l
la
b
o
r
ato
r
y
b
ar
r
el
at
th
e
s
tan
d
ar
d
lev
el,
th
at
is
r
elev
a
n
t
to
a
d
d
itio
n
o
f
1
p
o
u
n
d
o
f
m
ater
ial
to
a
f
l
u
id
o
f
1
b
ar
r
el.
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
is
i
n
v
o
lv
e
d
th
e
p
r
ep
ar
atio
n
o
f
f
o
u
r
wate
r
-
b
ase
d
d
r
illi
n
g
f
l
u
id
s
am
p
les
wh
ic
h
co
n
tain
B
en
to
n
i
te
as
a
f
il
tr
atio
n
co
n
tr
o
ller
an
d
v
is
co
s
if
ier
,
f
o
r
p
H
co
n
tr
o
l
ca
u
s
tic
s
o
d
a
is
u
s
ed
,
a
n
d
b
ar
ite
is
u
s
ed
as
a
weig
h
tin
g
ag
en
t.
Alo
n
g
with
th
em
s
o
d
a
ash
an
d
Xan
th
a
n
g
u
m
ar
e
also
u
s
ed
as
a
h
ar
d
n
ess
an
d
r
h
eo
l
o
g
y
co
n
tr
o
l
m
ate
r
ials
r
esp
ec
tiv
ely
.
T
h
e
c
o
m
p
o
s
itio
n
o
f
all
th
ese
ad
d
itiv
es
is
co
n
s
tan
t
f
o
r
all
p
r
ep
a
r
ed
s
am
p
les
ex
ce
p
t star
ch
.
T
h
en
th
e
m
o
s
t
im
p
o
r
tan
t
is
th
e
co
n
ce
n
tr
atio
n
o
f
s
tar
ch
as
a
f
iltra
tio
n
co
n
tr
o
l
ag
e
n
t
is
u
s
ed
to
p
r
e
p
ar
e
s
am
p
les
o
f
d
en
s
ities
o
f
1
0
.
5
PP
G.
On
e
o
f
th
e
s
am
p
les
lab
eled
as
s
am
p
le
n
o
.
1
i
s
b
ased
o
n
p
u
r
e
s
tar
ch
an
d
th
e
r
est
o
f
th
e
th
r
ee
s
am
p
le
s
ar
e
b
ased
o
n
s
tar
ch
ex
tr
ac
ted
f
r
o
m
wh
ea
t
-
f
lo
u
r
with
v
ar
y
in
g
am
o
u
n
t
as
th
e
co
m
p
o
s
itio
n
s
o
f
p
r
e
p
ar
ed
s
am
p
les s
h
o
wn
in
T
ab
le
1
.
T
ab
le
1
.
Dr
illi
n
g
m
u
d
s
am
p
les
co
m
p
o
s
itio
n
P
r
o
d
u
c
t
P
e
r
l
a
b
b
a
r
r
e
l
(
3
5
0
m
l
)
S
a
mp
l
e
n
u
mb
e
r
1
2
3
4
W
a
t
e
r
(
m
l
)
3
2
5
.
5
3
2
5
.
5
3
2
5
.
5
3
2
5
.
5
B
e
n
t
o
n
i
t
e
(
g
)
2
4
.
5
2
4
.
5
2
4
.
5
2
4
.
5
B
a
r
i
t
e
(
g
)
1
0
1
1
0
1
1
0
1
1
0
1
CaCO
3
-
-
-
-
S
t
a
r
c
h
(
p
u
r
e
)
(
g
)
0
.
4
0
-
-
-
S
t
a
r
c
h
(
W
h
e
a
t
-
F
l
o
u
r
)
(
g
)
-
0
.
4
0
0
.
3
5
0
.
4
5
C
a
u
st
i
c
S
o
d
a
(
g
)
0
.
2
0
0
.
2
0
0
.
2
0
0
.
2
0
S
o
d
a
A
s
h
(
g
)
0
.
2
5
0
.
2
5
0
.
2
5
0
.
2
5
X
a
n
t
h
a
n
G
u
m (
g
)
1
.
0
0
1
.
0
0
1
.
0
0
1
.
0
0
2
.
2
.
Densi
t
y
o
f
m
ud
Den
s
ity
o
f
t
h
e
m
u
d
is
th
e
m
ain
p
a
r
am
eter
t
o
co
n
s
id
er
d
u
r
in
g
s
tu
d
y
an
d
b
e
f
o
r
e
th
e
d
r
illi
n
g
p
r
o
ce
s
s
as
it d
ir
ec
tly
af
f
ec
ts
th
e
p
r
o
p
er
tie
s
o
f
f
ilter
ca
k
e
i.e
.
d
am
ag
e
to
t
h
e
f
o
r
m
atio
n
an
d
f
iltra
te
lo
s
s
.
An
ap
p
ar
atu
s
n
am
ed
as m
u
d
b
alan
ce
is
u
s
ed
to
ch
o
o
s
e
s
u
ch
weig
h
t o
f
m
u
d
in
p
p
g
th
at
ca
u
s
e
ce
r
am
ic
d
is
k
to
less
d
am
ag
e.
T
h
e
m
o
s
t
co
m
m
o
n
ad
d
itiv
e
to
in
cr
ea
s
e
th
e
weig
h
t
o
f
m
u
d
in
p
r
o
d
u
cti
o
n
zo
n
es
is
m
o
s
tly
ca
lci
te
(
C
aCO
3
)
an
d
b
ar
ite
(
B
aSO
4
)
to
a
less
ex
ten
t u
s
ed
in
d
r
illi
n
g
f
lu
id
s
in
h
y
d
r
o
ca
r
b
o
n
i
n
d
u
s
tr
ies [
5
].
Fo
u
r
d
r
illi
n
g
m
u
d
s
am
p
les
b
y
f
o
r
m
u
latin
g
b
o
th
s
tar
ch
es
ar
e
p
r
e
p
ar
ed
i
n
th
is
s
tu
d
y
to
ac
h
iev
e
th
e
d
en
s
ity
r
an
g
e
o
f
1
0
.
5
p
p
g
.
T
h
e
am
o
u
n
t
u
s
e
f
o
r
th
e
f
o
r
m
u
l
atio
n
o
f
p
u
r
e
s
tar
ch
-
b
ased
s
am
p
le
is
0
.
4
0
g
,
an
d
th
e
am
o
u
n
t f
o
r
th
e
f
o
r
m
u
latio
n
o
f
wh
ea
t
-
f
lo
u
r
b
ased
s
am
p
le
s
r
an
g
es f
r
o
m
0
.
3
5
–
0
.
4
5
g
.
2
.
3
.
Drilling
f
lui
d r
heo
lo
g
ica
l pro
pert
ies
T
h
e
f
lo
w
o
f
m
atter
o
r
th
e
f
l
u
id
s
d
ef
o
r
m
atio
n
is
in
v
o
lv
ed
i
n
th
e
s
tu
d
y
o
f
r
h
eo
lo
g
y
.
T
h
e
i
m
p
o
r
tan
ce
o
f
r
h
eo
lo
g
y
is
ac
k
n
o
wled
g
ed
d
u
r
in
g
th
e
f
lu
i
d
f
lo
w
(
v
elo
city
p
r
o
f
iles
)
an
aly
s
is
,
v
is
co
s
ities
o
f
f
lu
id
s
(
ap
p
ar
en
t,
p
last
ic,
an
d
m
ar
s
h
f
u
n
n
el
v
i
s
co
s
ities
)
,
clea
n
in
g
th
e
an
n
u
l
ar
b
o
r
e
h
o
le
an
d
th
e
lo
s
s
es
o
f
f
r
ictio
n
p
r
ess
u
r
e.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J Ad
v
Ap
p
l Sci
I
SS
N:
2
2
5
2
-
8
8
1
4
A
n
ex
p
erimen
ta
l stu
d
y
o
n
p
erf
o
r
ma
ce
o
f sta
r
ch
ex
tr
a
cted
fr
o
m
w
h
ea
t flo
u
r
a
s
filt
r
a
tio
n
…
(
R
a
h
ee
l I
q
b
a
l
)
257
T
h
e
b
asis
f
o
r
all
th
e
in
v
esti
g
atio
n
s
in
clu
d
i
n
g
h
y
d
r
au
lics
o
f
wellb
o
r
e
a
n
d
t
o
ev
al
u
ate
th
e
m
u
d
s
y
s
te
m
f
u
n
ctio
n
ality
is
th
e
r
h
eo
lo
g
ic
al
p
r
o
p
er
ties
.
Gel
s
tr
en
g
th
an
d
y
ield
p
o
in
ts
o
f
th
e
f
lu
id
s
a
r
e
also
in
clu
d
ed
in
r
h
eo
lo
g
ical
p
r
o
p
e
r
ties
.
Mu
d
r
h
eo
lo
g
ical
p
r
o
p
er
ties
i.e
.
Gel,
v
is
co
s
ities
,
y
ield
p
o
in
t,
an
d
d
e
n
s
ity
ar
e
co
n
tin
u
o
u
s
ly
test
ed
th
r
o
u
g
h
o
u
t
th
e
o
p
er
atio
n
o
f
d
r
illi
n
g
a
we
ll.
Mu
d
r
h
e
o
lo
g
ical
p
r
o
p
e
r
ties
ar
e
v
er
y
cr
itical
to
m
ain
tain
an
d
co
n
tr
o
l
d
u
r
in
g
t
h
e
f
ailu
r
e
d
u
e
to
r
esu
lt
in
tim
e,
f
in
an
cial
l
o
s
s
,
an
d
i
n
ex
ce
s
s
iv
e
ca
s
es,
th
e
r
esu
lt
is
in
th
e
ab
an
d
o
n
m
e
n
t
o
f
th
e
well.
Fil
tr
atio
n
,
p
H,
ch
em
ica
l
an
aly
s
is
(
alk
alin
ity
an
d
lim
e
co
n
ten
t,
c
h
lo
r
id
e,
ca
lciu
m
,
etc.
)
,
a
n
d
r
esis
tiv
ity
ap
ar
t f
r
o
m
r
h
e
o
lo
g
y
ar
e
also
test
ed
th
r
o
u
g
h
o
u
t th
e
d
r
illi
n
g
o
f
a
well
[
6
].
I
n
d
r
illi
n
g
f
lu
i
d
lab
o
r
at
o
r
ies
as
well
a
s
o
n
r
ig
s
ite,
r
o
tatio
n
al
v
is
co
m
eter
is
f
r
eq
u
en
t
ly
u
s
ed
to
m
ea
s
u
r
e
th
e
r
h
e
o
lo
g
ical
p
r
o
p
e
r
ties
o
f
m
u
d
.
T
h
e
r
ea
d
i
n
g
s
ar
e
tak
en
o
n
6
0
0
,
3
0
0
,
2
0
0
,
1
0
0
,
6
0
,
3
0
an
d
6
r
p
m
(
r
o
tatio
n
p
er
m
i
n
u
te)
.
L
ater
th
ese
r
ea
d
in
g
s
ar
e
p
lo
tted
o
n
a
ch
ar
t
o
f
s
h
ea
r
s
tr
ess
an
d
s
h
ea
r
r
ate
wh
ich
ar
e
u
s
ed
to
d
eter
m
in
e
v
is
co
s
ity
an
d
ap
p
r
o
p
r
iate
v
is
co
s
ity
m
o
d
el.
R
o
tatio
n
al
v
is
co
m
eter
also
p
r
o
v
id
es
th
e
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
a
b
o
u
t
o
th
e
r
r
h
eo
lo
g
ical
p
r
o
p
er
ti
es,
wh
ich
in
clu
d
e
ap
p
ar
e
n
t,
p
last
ic,
an
d
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
v
is
co
s
ities
(
µa
,
µp
,
a
n
d
µe
)
,
g
el
s
tr
en
g
th
(
Gel)
an
d
y
ield
p
o
in
t
(
YP
)
as
s
h
o
wn
in
T
ab
le
2
.
T
ab
le
2
.
R
h
eo
lo
g
ical
p
r
o
p
er
tie
s
o
f
m
u
d
s
am
p
le
S
a
mp
l
e
N
u
m
b
e
r
1
2
3
4
P
l
a
st
i
c
V
i
sc
o
s
i
t
y
(
c
p
)
18
25
27
2
4
.
5
A
p
p
a
r
e
n
t
V
i
sc
o
si
t
y
(
c
p
)
3
2
.
7
5
40
3
7
.
5
42
Y
i
e
l
d
P
o
i
n
t
(
I
b
/
1
0
0
f
t
2
)
2
9
.
5
30
21
35
G
e
l
S
t
r
e
n
g
t
h
@
1
0
m
i
n
(
I
b
/
1
0
0
f
t
2
)
15
1
7
.
3
1
5
.
5
0
1
9
.
2
5
Ø
600
6
5
.
5
80
75
84
Ø
300
4
7
.
5
55
48
5
9
.
5
Ø
200
40
46
4
0
.
5
0
5
0
.
2
5
Ø
100
31
3
5
.
5
32
39
Ø
60
27
30
2
7
.
5
0
34
Ø
30
23
25
2
3
.
5
0
27
Ø
6
17
19
17
20
Giv
en
eq
u
atio
n
s
ar
e
u
tili
ze
d
f
o
r
th
ese
p
u
r
p
o
s
es:
Ap
p
ar
en
t V
is
co
s
ity
(
µ
a
)
,
(
c
p
)
=
∅
6
0
0
2
(
1
)
Plas
tic
Vi
s
co
s
ity
(
µ
p
)
,
(
cp
)
=ø
6
00
–
ø
300
(
2
)
E
f
f
ec
tiv
e
Vis
co
s
ity
(
µ
e
)
,
(
cp
)
=
300
∅
(
3
)
Yield
Po
in
t (
Yp
)
,
(
l
b
/1
0
0
f
t
2
)
=
∅
3
0
0
−
µ
(
4
)
Sh
ea
r
Stre
s
s
(
τ
)
,
(
lb
/1
0
0
f
t
2
)
=
1
.
0
6
5
*
Ø
(
5
)
Sh
ea
r
R
ate
(
ɣ
)
,
s
ec
-
1
=
1
.
7
0
2
3
*
ω
(
6
)
W
h
er
e,
Ø
in
d
icate
s
th
e
r
ea
d
in
g
o
f
d
ial,
lb
/1
0
0
f
t2
a
n
d
ω
in
d
i
ca
tes r
o
tatio
n
o
f
r
o
to
r
s
p
ee
d
,
r
p
m
.
2
.
4
.
B
ing
ha
m
pla
s
t
ic
f
lui
d
T
o
id
en
tif
y
th
e
p
r
o
p
er
ties
r
el
ated
to
f
l
o
w
f
o
r
th
e
d
if
f
e
r
en
t
m
u
d
ty
p
es
B
in
g
h
a
m
p
last
ic
m
o
d
el
is
a
b
asic
two
-
p
ar
am
eter
m
o
d
el
u
s
ed
in
d
r
illi
n
g
in
d
u
s
tr
y
wid
el
y
.
I
t
is
k
n
o
wn
to
as
m
o
s
t
co
m
m
o
n
m
o
d
el
f
o
r
f
l
u
id
to
esti
m
ate
th
e
n
o
n
-
New
to
n
ia
n
f
lu
id
s
r
h
e
o
lo
g
y
.
Sh
ea
r
s
tr
ess
is
a
s
tr
aig
h
t
-
lin
e
f
u
n
ctio
n
o
f
s
h
ea
r
r
ate
wh
ich
is
th
e
b
asic
s
u
p
p
o
s
itio
n
o
f
th
is
m
o
d
el
.
Yield
p
o
in
t o
r
also
n
am
e
d
as
th
r
esh
o
ld
s
tr
ess
is
th
e
p
o
i
n
t
wh
er
e
s
h
ea
r
r
ate
is
ze
r
o
.
B
y
th
e
r
ed
u
ctio
n
in
co
llo
id
al
s
o
lid
s
p
last
ic
v
is
co
s
ity
(
PV)
is
ac
h
iev
ed
b
est
an
d
as
l
o
w
as
p
o
s
s
ib
le
f
o
r
d
r
illi
n
g
f
ast.
W
h
ile,
to
ca
r
r
y
cu
ttin
g
s
o
u
t
o
f
th
e
h
o
le,
y
ield
p
o
in
t
(
YP)
s
h
o
u
ld
b
e
h
ig
h
en
o
u
g
h
,
b
u
t
n
o
t
as
m
u
ch
th
at
p
r
ess
u
r
e
o
f
p
u
m
p
wo
u
ld
b
e
u
n
wan
ted
w
h
en
f
lo
w
o
f
m
u
d
in
itiated
.
On
th
e
b
eh
alf
o
f
tr
ea
tm
en
t
f
o
r
m
u
d
ad
ju
s
tm
en
ts
in
YP
is
d
o
n
e.
Fo
r
th
e
b
o
th
lo
w
a
n
d
h
ig
h
s
h
ea
r
r
ates
r
an
g
e
B
in
g
h
am
p
last
ic
m
o
d
el
h
av
e
its
o
w
n
lim
itatio
n
s
.
T
h
e
p
h
y
s
ical/so
lid
r
ea
s
o
n
b
e
h
in
d
th
is
b
e
h
av
io
u
r
is
th
at
th
e
liq
u
id
g
en
e
r
ally
co
n
tain
s
p
ar
ticles
(
clay
)
o
r
lar
g
e
m
o
lecu
les
(
p
o
l
y
m
er
s
)
wh
ich
g
e
n
er
ally
h
a
v
e
s
o
m
e
k
in
d
o
f
i
n
ter
ac
tio
n
,
wh
i
le
cr
ea
tin
g
a
wea
k
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
-
8
8
1
4
I
n
t J Ad
v
Ap
p
l Sci
,
Vo
l.
9
,
No
.
4
,
Dec
em
b
e
r
2
0
2
0
:
2
5
5
–
26
0
258
s
o
lid
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e,
f
o
r
m
er
ly
k
n
o
wn
as
a
f
al
s
e
b
o
d
y
,
an
d
at
th
at
p
o
in
t
a
ce
r
tain
am
o
u
n
t
o
f
s
tr
ess
is
r
eq
u
ir
ed
to
b
r
ea
k
th
is
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e
.
Un
d
e
r
v
is
co
u
s
f
o
r
ce
s
th
e
p
a
r
ticles
ten
d
to
m
o
v
e
as
th
e
o
n
ce
t
h
at
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e
h
as
b
ee
n
b
r
o
k
e
n
.
Ag
ain
,
th
e
p
a
r
ticles ar
e
lin
k
ed
,
b
y
r
em
o
v
in
g
th
at
s
tr
e
s
s
[
7
].
T
h
o
s
e
r
esu
lts
wh
ich
ar
e
ac
ce
p
tab
le
f
o
r
a
d
r
illi
n
g
m
u
d
d
ia
g
n
o
s
is
ar
e
p
r
o
d
u
ce
d
b
y
B
in
g
h
am
p
last
ic
m
o
d
el.
B
u
t,
f
o
r
h
y
d
r
a
u
lic
ca
lc
u
latio
n
s
its
ac
cu
r
ac
y
is
n
o
t
th
at
m
u
ch
.
A
B
in
g
h
a
m
b
o
d
y
d
o
esn
’
t
b
eg
in
to
f
lo
w
u
n
til
a
s
h
ea
r
in
g
s
tr
ess
,
co
r
r
esp
o
n
d
in
g
to
th
e
y
ield
v
al
u
e,
is
e
x
ce
ed
ed
.
T
h
e
r
esu
lts
f
o
r
B
in
g
h
am
Plas
tic
Mo
d
el
ar
e
o
b
tain
e
d
b
y
p
lo
ttin
g
g
r
ap
h
b
etwe
en
s
h
ea
r
s
tr
ess
an
d
s
h
ea
r
r
ate
as
s
h
o
w
n
in
Fig
u
r
e
1
,
wh
ich
ar
e
ca
lcu
lated
b
y
u
s
in
g
t
h
e
s
h
ea
r
s
tr
ess
an
d
s
h
ea
r
r
ate
(
5
)
an
d
(
6
)
.
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
B
in
g
h
a
m
p
last
ic
m
o
d
el
o
f
s
am
p
les
2
.
5
.
Drilling
f
lui
d
ph
det
er
m
ina
t
io
n
T
h
e
im
p
o
r
ta
n
ce
o
f
p
H
is
clea
r
ed
b
y
k
n
o
win
g
th
is
th
at
it
af
f
e
cts
th
e
s
o
lu
b
ilit
y
o
f
th
e
o
r
g
a
n
i
c
th
in
n
er
s
,
co
n
tam
in
an
t
r
em
o
v
al,
co
r
r
o
s
io
n
m
itig
atio
n
an
d
th
e
d
is
p
er
s
io
n
o
f
clay
s
p
r
esen
ts
in
th
e
m
u
d
.
Fo
r
h
y
d
r
o
g
e
n
io
n
co
n
ce
n
tr
atio
n
r
ep
r
esen
tatio
n
o
f
a
m
u
d
th
e
v
ital
r
o
le
is
p
lay
e
d
b
y
p
H.
p
H
is
m
o
s
tly
u
s
ed
to
ex
p
r
ess
th
e
d
r
illi
n
g
f
lu
id
esp
ec
ially
wate
r
-
b
ased
m
u
d
ac
id
ity
o
r
alk
alin
ity
.
Gen
er
ally
,
a
n
u
m
e
r
ical
v
alu
e
r
a
n
g
es
f
r
o
m
0
–
1
4
a
r
e
u
s
ed
f
o
r
th
e
r
e
p
r
esen
tatio
n
o
f
p
H
o
f
a
n
y
f
l
u
id
wh
ich
in
d
icat
es
th
at
th
e
h
y
d
r
o
g
en
co
n
ce
n
tr
atio
n
in
th
e
f
lu
id
is
an
in
v
er
s
e
m
ea
s
u
r
e
m
en
t [
4
].
p
H
is
ex
p
r
ess
ed
b
y
th
e
eq
u
atio
n
g
iv
en
f
o
llo
w
:
p
H
=
-
lo
g
1
0
[
H]
(
7
)
W
h
er
e,
H
is
th
e
h
y
d
r
o
g
en
io
n
co
n
ce
n
tr
atio
n
in
m
o
l.
T
h
e
p
H
v
alu
e
d
ec
r
ea
s
es
ac
co
r
d
in
g
t
o
th
e
f
o
r
m
u
lae
as
th
e
ac
id
ity
o
f
th
e
f
lu
id
in
cr
ea
s
es
b
y
th
e
ad
d
itio
n
o
f
m
o
r
e
h
y
d
r
o
g
e
n
ato
m
s
.
Gen
er
ally
,
p
H
o
f
th
e
f
lu
id
is
co
n
s
id
er
ed
at
7
.
A
b
o
v
e
th
e
r
ea
d
in
g
7
in
d
icate
s
th
e
alk
alin
e
p
H
o
f
an
y
o
f
th
e
f
lu
id
.
An
d
th
e
p
H
b
e
lo
w
7
r
ef
er
r
ed
to
ac
id
ic
p
H.
I
n
d
r
i
llin
g
m
u
d
th
e
r
e
ar
e
m
ain
th
r
ee
ch
em
ical
co
m
p
o
n
en
ts
in
v
o
lv
ed
w
h
ich
ar
e
(
OH
-
)
h
y
d
r
o
x
y
l
io
n
s
,
ca
r
b
o
n
at
e
io
n
s
(
C
O
3
-
2
)
an
d
alk
alin
ity
o
f
d
r
illi
n
g
m
u
d
in
cl
u
d
in
g
(
HC
O
-
)
b
icar
b
o
n
ates io
n
s
[
8
]
.
T
h
e
ac
id
ity
r
ed
u
ce
d
b
y
io
n
s
ar
e
r
ep
r
esen
ted
a
n
d
k
n
o
w
n
as
th
e
alk
alin
ity
.
So
f
o
r
th
e
b
etter
m
ea
s
u
r
em
en
t
o
f
p
H,
it
is
o
b
s
er
v
ed
th
at
p
H
m
eter
is
m
o
s
tly
u
s
ed
r
ath
er
th
an
th
e
u
s
e
o
f
a
p
H
p
ap
er
b
ec
au
s
e
o
f
th
at
p
H
m
eter
m
ea
s
u
r
ed
th
e
ac
cu
r
ate
f
ig
u
r
es
v
alu
es.
Ho
we
v
er
,
it
is
en
s
u
r
ed
th
at
th
e
p
H
m
eter
is
ca
lib
r
ated
ac
cu
r
ately
.
3.
RE
SU
L
T
S AN
D
D
I
SCU
SS
I
O
NS
3
.
1
.
Cha
ra
ct
er
is
t
ics o
f
drilli
ng
f
lui
ds
Ach
iev
ed
d
r
illi
n
g
f
l
u
id
s
am
p
l
es
d
en
s
ities
o
f
f
o
u
r
s
am
p
les
o
f
b
o
th
s
tar
ch
’
s
b
ased
ar
e
1
0
.
5
PP
G
a
s
s
h
o
wn
in
Fig
u
r
e
2
.
Pre
p
ar
e
d
f
o
u
r
s
am
p
les
o
f
m
u
d
with
r
h
e
o
lo
g
ical
p
r
o
p
er
ties
wh
ic
h
ar
e
o
b
tain
ed
in
th
is
s
tu
d
y
b
ased
o
n
d
if
f
er
e
n
t f
iltra
tio
n
c
o
n
tr
o
ller
s
ar
e
s
h
o
wn
i
n
T
ab
le
2
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J Ad
v
Ap
p
l Sci
I
SS
N:
2
2
5
2
-
8
8
1
4
A
n
ex
p
erimen
ta
l stu
d
y
o
n
p
erf
o
r
ma
ce
o
f sta
r
ch
ex
tr
a
cted
fr
o
m
w
h
ea
t flo
u
r
a
s
filt
r
a
tio
n
…
(
R
a
h
ee
l I
q
b
a
l
)
259
Fig
u
r
e
2
.
Am
o
u
n
t
o
f
s
tar
ch
v
s
d
en
s
ities
Af
ter
an
ac
c
u
r
ate
lo
o
k
to
th
e
m
ea
s
u
r
ed
v
alu
es
o
f
p
r
e
p
ar
ed
s
am
p
les,
th
e
o
b
s
er
v
atio
n
s
ar
e
th
at
th
e
p
r
e
p
ar
ed
d
r
illi
n
g
f
lu
i
d
s
a
m
p
les
r
h
eo
l
o
g
ical
p
r
o
p
e
r
ties
b
ased
o
n
d
if
f
er
en
t
f
iltra
tio
n
co
n
tr
o
l
a
g
en
ts
ar
e
s
h
o
win
g
th
e
v
a
r
iatio
n
i
n
o
b
ta
in
ed
r
esu
lts
s
u
ch
as
p
last
ic
v
i
s
co
s
ity
,
ap
p
ar
e
n
t
v
is
co
s
ity
,
y
i
eld
p
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ased
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1.
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ased
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ased
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ased
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3
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ated
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ased
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ased
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.
3
.
Fig
u
r
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1
.
p
H
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m
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am
p
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9
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4.
CO
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SI
O
N
As
th
is
s
tu
d
y
is
r
elate
d
t
h
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in
v
esti
g
atio
n
ab
o
u
t
th
e
e
f
f
ec
t
a
n
d
ef
f
icien
cy
o
f
s
tar
ch
d
er
iv
e
d
f
r
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m
wh
ea
t
f
lo
u
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t
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p
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ep
ar
e
th
e
s
am
p
les
o
f
wate
r
-
b
ased
d
r
illi
n
g
f
lu
i
d
a
n
d
co
m
p
ar
e
th
eir
r
esu
lts
with
th
e
s
am
p
les
wh
ich
ar
e
p
r
ep
ar
e
d
b
y
u
s
in
g
s
am
e
co
m
p
o
s
itio
n
o
f
s
tar
ch
p
r
esen
t
in
m
ar
k
et
an
d
u
s
ed
in
in
d
u
s
tr
y
.
On
th
e
b
asis
o
f
lab
o
r
ato
r
y
m
ea
s
u
r
em
e
n
ts
an
aly
s
is
an
d
in
ter
p
r
etatio
n
,
th
e
m
a
in
co
n
clu
d
ed
an
d
r
ec
o
m
m
en
d
e
d
p
o
in
ts
ar
e
lis
ted
:
−
Mu
d
weig
h
t
o
f
1
0
.
5
lb
/g
al
wh
ich
is
o
p
tim
u
m
f
o
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X
well
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s
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ted
am
o
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g
th
e
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p
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ep
ar
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d
m
u
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d
en
s
ities
,
co
n
s
id
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in
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th
at
it
ca
n
s
u
s
tain
th
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r
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ess
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r
e.
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s
in
g
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r
m
u
d
weig
h
t
th
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f
o
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m
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s
tar
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to
cr
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th
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th
e
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e
ct
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weig
h
t d
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ity
.
−
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f
f
icien
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o
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tain
e
d
f
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wh
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s
h
o
win
g
in
cr
em
en
t
in
r
h
eo
lo
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ical
p
r
o
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ar
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d
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t
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at
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ch
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f
icien
t a
s
co
m
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s
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ch
in
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ar
k
et.
−
On
th
e
o
th
er
h
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d
,
th
e
ef
f
ici
en
cy
o
f
s
t
ar
ch
is
g
o
o
d
b
u
t
it
will
b
e
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im
p
r
o
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d
b
y
th
e
ex
tr
ac
tio
n
o
f
s
tar
ch
f
r
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m
wh
e
at
-
f
lo
u
r
b
y
th
e
ce
n
tr
if
u
g
atio
n
p
r
o
ce
s
s
.
−
I
t
is
also
co
n
clu
d
ed
th
at
less
th
e
a
m
o
u
n
t
o
f
wh
ea
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f
lo
u
r
s
tar
ch
in
d
r
illi
n
g
f
lu
id
th
en
h
ig
h
er
will
b
e
th
e
p
H
v
alu
e.
ACK
NO
WL
E
DG
E
M
E
NT
S
W
e
wo
u
ld
lik
e
t
o
ac
k
n
o
wled
g
e
in
s
titu
te
o
f
Petr
o
leu
m
&
N
atu
r
al
Gas
E
n
g
i
n
ee
r
in
g
o
f
Me
h
r
an
UE
T
J
am
s
h
o
r
o
f
o
r
th
eir
in
c
r
ed
ib
le
s
u
p
p
o
r
t in
o
u
r
r
esear
ch
.
RE
F
E
R
E
NC
E
S
[1
]
Kh
aled
J
.
Hass
ib
a
&
Ma
h
m
o
o
d
Am
a
n
i,
“
T
h
e
e
f
f
ec
t
o
f
s
alin
ity
o
n
t
h
e
r
h
eo
lo
g
ical
p
r
o
p
er
ties
o
f
wate
r
-
b
ased
m
u
d
u
n
d
er
h
ig
h
p
r
ess
u
r
es
an
d
h
ig
h
tem
p
er
atu
r
es
f
o
r
d
r
illi
n
g
o
f
f
s
h
o
r
e
an
d
d
ee
p
wells
,
”
E
a
r
th
S
cien
ce
R
esea
r
ch
,
v
o
l.
2
,
n
o
.
1
,
2
0
1
3
.
[2
]
Kh
a
led
El
sh
re
e
f
&
Are
f
Las
h
in
,
“
In
v
e
stig
a
ti
o
n
o
f
m
u
d
d
e
n
sit
y
a
n
d
we
ig
h
ti
n
g
m
a
teria
ls
e
ffe
c
t
o
n
d
r
il
li
n
g
flu
id
f
il
ter
c
a
k
e
p
ro
p
e
rti
e
s a
n
d
f
o
rm
a
ti
o
n
d
a
m
a
g
e
,
”
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
Af
ric
a
n
Ea
rt
h
S
c
ien
c
e
s
,
F
e
b
2
0
1
6
.
[3
]
Pra
s
en
jit
T
alu
k
d
ar
an
d
Su
b
r
ata
B
o
r
g
o
h
ain
Go
g
o
i,
“
Use
o
f
C
alciu
m
C
ar
b
o
n
ate
as
b
r
id
g
in
g
an
d
weig
h
tin
g
ag
e
n
t
in
th
e
n
o
n
-
d
am
ag
in
g
d
r
illi
n
g
f
lu
id
f
o
r
s
o
m
e
o
ilfie
ld
s
o
f
Up
p
er
Ass
am
B
a
s
in
,”
I
n
tern
a
tio
n
a
l
J
o
u
r
n
a
l
o
f Cu
r
r
en
t
R
esear
ch
,
v
o
l.
7
,
n
o
.
0
8
,
p
p
.
1
8
9
6
4
-
1
8
9
8
1
,
A
u
g
2
0
1
5
.
[4
]
Hu
d
s
o
n
,
T
.
&
C
o
f
f
ey
,
M.
“Flu
id
lo
s
s
co
n
tr
o
l
th
r
o
u
g
h
th
e
u
s
e
o
f
a
liq
u
id
th
ick
en
ed
co
m
p
letio
n
an
d
wo
r
k
o
v
er
b
r
in
e
,”
J
o
u
r
n
a
l
o
f
P
etro
leu
m
Tech
n
o
lo
g
y
,
v
o
l.
3
5
,
n
o
.
1
0
,
p
p
.
1
7
7
6
-
1
7
8
2
,
1
9
8
3
.
[5
]
Ma
jid
Sajjad
ian
,
E
h
s
an
E
s
m
a
eil
p
o
u
r
Mo
tlag
h
,
Ali
Ak
b
ar
Day
a,
“
L
ab
o
r
ato
r
y
in
v
esti
g
atio
n
to
u
s
e
lo
s
t
cir
cu
latio
n
m
ater
ial
i
n
wate
r
b
ase
d
r
illi
n
g
f
lu
i
d
as
lo
s
t
cir
c
u
latio
n
p
ills
,
“
I
n
tern
a
tio
n
a
l
J
o
u
r
n
a
l
o
f
Min
in
g
S
cien
ce
(
I
JMS
)
,
v
o
l
2
,
n
o
.
1
,
p
p
.
3
3
-
3
8
,
2
0
1
6
.
[6
]
Ned
iljk
a
Gau
r
in
a
-
Me
d
im
u
r
ec
,
“
L
ab
o
r
ato
r
y
E
v
alu
atio
n
o
f
C
alciu
m
C
ar
b
o
n
ate
p
ar
ticle
s
ize
s
elec
tio
n
f
o
r
d
r
ill
-
in
f
lu
i
d
s
,
”
R
u
d
a
r
s
ko
-
g
c
o
l
o
fko
-
n
a
ftn
iz
b
o
mik
,
v
o
l.
1
4
,
n
o
.
1
4
,
2
0
0
2
.
[7
]
Ay
d
in
Od
ab
asi,
“An
ex
p
e
r
im
en
tal
s
tu
d
y
o
f
p
ar
ticle
s
ize
an
d
co
n
ce
n
tr
atio
n
ef
f
ec
ts
o
f
C
alciu
m
C
ar
b
o
n
ate
o
n
R
h
eo
l
o
g
ical
a
n
d
Fil
tr
atio
n
p
r
o
p
er
ties
o
f
d
r
ill
-
in
f
lu
id
s
,”
In
p
a
r
tia
l
fu
lf
illmen
t
o
f
th
e
r
eq
u
ir
eme
n
ts
fo
r
th
e
d
eg
r
ee
o
f
Ma
s
ter
o
f
S
cien
ce
i
n
P
etro
leu
m
a
n
d
N
a
tu
r
a
l
Ga
s
E
n
g
in
ee
r
in
g
Dep
a
r
tmen
t Mid
d
le
E
a
s
t Tec
h
n
ica
l U
n
ivers
ity
,
Ma
y
2
0
1
5
.
[8
]
Sam
av
ati
R
.
,
Ab
d
u
llah
N.
,
T
ah
m
asb
i
No
wtar
k
i
K.
,
Hu
s
s
ain
S.
A.
,
an
d
Awa
n
g
B
iak
D.
R
.
,
“Rh
eo
lo
g
ical
an
d
f
lu
id
lo
s
s
p
r
o
p
e
r
ties
o
f
wa
ter
-
b
ased
d
r
illi
n
g
m
u
d
co
n
tain
in
g
h
cl
-
m
o
d
if
ied
f
u
f
u
as
a
f
lu
i
d
lo
s
s
co
n
tr
o
l
ag
en
t,”
I
n
tern
a
tio
n
a
l J
o
u
r
n
a
l
o
f Ch
emic
a
lEn
g
in
ee
r
in
g
a
n
d
A
p
p
lica
tio
n
s
,
v
o
l.
5
,
n
o
.
6
,
De
c
2
0
1
4
.
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