I
nte
rna
t
io
na
l J
o
urna
l o
f
Adv
a
nces in Applie
d Science
s
(
I
J
AAS)
Vo
l.
3
,
No
.
4
,
Dec
em
b
er
201
4
,
p
p
.
16
5
~
1
71
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8814
165
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201
4
In
s
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it
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Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
-
8814
IJ
AA
S
Vo
l.
3
,
No
.
4
,
Dec
em
b
er
201
4
:
16
5
–
1
71
166
(
W
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h
ir
e,
1
9
3
3
,
1
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3
8
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.
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m
te
m
p
er
atu
r
es a
r
e
b
et
w
ee
n
1
6
an
d
2
4
º
C
w
h
er
e
s
p
o
r
u
latio
n
ti
m
e
r
a
n
g
e
s
f
r
o
m
1
2
to
1
4
h
.
Mo
is
tu
r
e
i
n
t
h
e
p
r
esen
ce
o
f
r
ai
n
,
d
e
w
o
r
h
i
g
h
h
u
m
id
it
y
ar
e
e
s
s
en
tia
l f
o
r
i
n
f
ec
tio
n
an
d
a
m
i
n
i
m
u
m
o
f
9
-
1
8
h
ar
e
r
eq
u
ir
ed
f
o
r
m
aj
o
r
ity
o
f
th
e
s
p
ec
ies
(
Hu
m
p
er
s
o
n
-
J
o
n
es
an
d
P
h
elp
s
,
1
9
8
9
)
.
C
o
n
ti
n
u
o
u
s
m
o
is
t
u
r
e
o
f
2
4
h
o
r
lo
n
g
er
p
r
ac
tically
g
u
ar
a
n
t
ee
s
in
f
ec
tio
n
(
R
a
n
g
el,
1
9
4
5
;
C
h
u
p
p
an
d
Sh
er
f
,
1
9
6
0
)
.
R
elativ
e
h
u
m
id
it
y
o
f
9
1
.
5
%
(
at
2
0
º
C
)
o
r
h
ig
h
er
w
il
l
r
esu
lt
i
n
th
e
p
r
o
d
u
ctio
n
o
f
lar
g
e
n
u
m
b
er
s
o
f
m
at
u
r
e
s
p
o
r
es in
2
4
h
(
Hu
m
p
h
er
s
o
n
-
J
o
n
es a
n
d
P
h
elp
s
,
1
9
8
9
)
.
2.
E
P
I
D
E
M
I
O
L
O
G
Y
T
h
e
m
aj
o
r
s
o
u
r
ce
s
o
f
tr
an
s
p
o
r
t o
f
t
h
ese
p
at
h
o
g
e
n
s
ar
e
t
h
e
i
n
f
ec
ted
s
ee
d
s
w
i
th
s
p
o
r
es o
n
t
h
e
s
ee
d
co
at
o
r
th
e
p
r
ese
n
ce
o
f
m
y
ce
l
iu
m
u
n
d
er
t
h
e
s
ee
d
co
at.
T
h
e
d
is
s
e
m
i
n
atio
n
o
f
s
p
o
r
es
o
c
cu
r
s
b
y
w
i
n
d
,
w
ater
,
to
o
l
s
an
d
an
i
m
als.
T
h
e
f
u
n
g
u
s
ca
n
s
u
r
v
iv
e
i
n
s
u
s
ce
p
tib
le
w
ee
d
s
o
r
p
er
en
n
ial
cr
o
p
s
(
R
an
g
el,
1
9
4
5
;
C
h
u
p
p
an
d
Sh
er
f
,
1
9
6
0
;
Ma
u
d
e
an
d
Hu
m
p
h
er
s
o
n
-
J
o
n
e
s
,
1
9
8
0
a,
b
)
.
Pre
s
en
ce
o
f
i
n
f
ec
ted
cr
o
p
s
lef
t
o
n
t
h
e
g
r
o
u
n
d
af
ter
h
ar
v
e
s
t
also
s
er
v
es
as
a
s
o
u
r
ce
o
f
in
f
ec
tio
n
f
o
r
m
aj
o
r
ity
o
f
th
e
A
lter
n
a
r
ia
s
p
ec
ies.
I
n
o
n
e
s
tu
d
y
,
i
n
f
ec
ted
leav
es
o
f
o
ils
ee
d
r
ap
e
a
n
d
ca
b
b
ag
e
p
lace
d
o
u
td
o
o
r
s
o
n
s
o
il
p
r
o
d
u
ce
d
v
iab
le
s
p
o
r
es
f
o
r
as
lo
n
g
as
leaf
ti
s
s
u
es
r
e
m
ain
ed
in
tac
t.
Fo
r
o
ils
ee
d
r
ap
e,
th
is
w
as
u
p
to
8
w
ee
k
s
an
d
f
o
r
ca
b
b
ag
e
u
p
to
1
2
w
e
ek
s
(
Hu
m
p
h
er
s
o
n
-
J
o
n
es,
1
9
8
9
)
.
T
h
is
t
y
p
e
o
f
s
p
r
ea
d
is
lik
el
y
to
o
cc
u
r
in
s
ee
d
li
n
g
b
ed
s
as
w
e
ll,
an
d
s
ee
d
lin
g
s
f
r
o
m
in
f
ec
ted
s
ee
d
b
ed
s
ca
n
ca
r
r
y
t
h
e
i
n
o
cu
l
u
m
t
o
th
e
f
ield
(
R
a
n
g
e
l,
1
9
4
5
)
.
2
.
1
.
S
y
m
pto
m
s
A
lter
n
a
r
ia
g
en
er
all
y
at
tack
s
th
e
ae
r
ial
p
ar
ts
o
f
its
h
o
s
t
p
lan
ts
.
On
lea
v
es,
s
y
m
p
to
m
s
o
f
A
lter
n
a
r
ia
in
f
ec
tio
n
t
y
p
icall
y
s
tar
t a
s
a
s
m
all,
cir
cu
lar
,
d
ar
k
s
p
o
t.
A
s
t
h
e
d
is
ea
s
e
p
r
o
g
r
ess
,
th
e
cir
c
u
lar
s
p
o
ts
m
a
y
g
r
o
w
u
p
to
1
c
m
o
r
m
o
r
e
i
n
d
ia
m
eter
an
d
ar
e
u
s
u
al
l
y
g
r
e
y
,
g
r
e
y
-
ta
n
o
r
n
ea
r
b
lac
k
i
n
co
lo
r
.
T
h
is
p
ath
o
g
e
n
d
o
es
n
o
t
h
av
e
a
u
n
i
f
o
r
m
g
r
o
w
t
h
r
ate,
t
h
u
s
s
p
o
ts
d
ev
elo
p
i
n
a
tar
g
et
p
atter
n
o
f
co
n
ce
n
tr
ic
r
in
g
s
.
A
p
ar
t
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
tar
g
et
p
atter
n
,
th
e
le
s
io
n
is
al
s
o
o
f
te
n
co
v
er
ed
w
it
h
f
in
e,
b
lac
k
,
f
u
zz
y
g
r
o
w
t
h
.
T
h
is
g
r
o
w
t
h
i
s
t
h
e
A
lter
n
a
r
ia
f
u
n
g
u
s
s
p
o
r
u
latin
g
o
n
t
h
e
d
y
i
n
g
h
o
s
t
tis
s
u
e.
Ma
n
y
A
lte
r
n
a
r
ia
s
p
ec
ies
also
p
r
o
d
u
ce
to
x
in
s
t
h
at
d
if
f
u
s
e
i
n
to
th
e
h
o
s
t
tis
s
u
e
ah
ea
d
o
f
th
e
f
u
n
g
u
s
.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e,
it
is
n
o
t
u
n
co
m
m
o
n
to
s
ee
a
y
ello
w
h
alo
th
at
f
ad
es
i
n
to
th
e
h
ea
lt
h
y
h
o
s
t
tis
s
u
es
th
a
t
s
u
r
r
o
u
n
d
t
h
e
tar
g
e
t
s
p
o
t.
O
n
t
h
e
o
t
h
er
h
an
d
,
d
ar
k
an
d
s
u
n
k
en
lesi
o
n
s
ar
e
u
s
u
a
ll
y
t
h
e
e
x
p
r
ess
io
n
o
f
A
lter
n
a
r
ia
in
f
ec
tio
n
s
o
n
r
o
o
ts
,
tu
b
er
s
,
s
te
m
,
a
n
d
f
r
u
it
s
.
T
h
e
f
u
n
g
u
s
m
a
y
s
p
o
r
u
late
in
th
e
s
e
ca
n
k
er
s
,
ca
u
s
in
g
a
f
i
n
e,
b
lack
,
v
el
v
et
y
g
r
o
w
t
h
o
f
f
u
n
g
u
s
an
d
s
p
o
r
es
to
co
v
er
th
e
af
f
ec
ted
ar
ea
.
2
.
2
.
A
lter
na
r
ia
T
o
x
ins
I
n
ad
d
itio
n
to
lo
s
s
es
in
f
o
o
d
an
d
f
ee
d
p
r
o
d
u
ctio
n
,
m
an
y
A
lte
r
n
a
r
ia
s
p
ec
ies
ar
e
m
y
co
to
x
i
n
p
r
o
d
u
ce
r
s
w
it
h
d
i
f
f
er
en
t
to
x
ico
lo
g
ica
l
p
r
o
p
er
ties
.
T
h
e
m
o
s
t
i
m
p
o
r
tan
t
A
lter
n
a
r
i
a
to
x
i
n
s
ar
e
alter
n
ar
io
l
(
A
OH)
,
alter
n
a
r
io
l
m
o
n
o
m
et
h
y
l
et
h
er
(
A
ME
)
,
alte
n
u
e
n
(
AL
T
)
,
ten
u
az
o
ic
ac
id
(
T
E
A
)
an
d
alter
to
x
in
s
(
A
T
X
-
I
,
I
I
,
I
I
I
)
(
L
o
g
r
ieco
et
al.
,
2
0
0
9
)
.
T
h
e
o
cc
u
r
r
en
ce
o
f
A
lter
n
a
r
ia
to
x
i
n
s
i
n
s
m
all
g
r
ai
n
s
a
n
d
ce
r
ea
l
-
b
ased
p
r
o
d
u
cts
is
a
g
lo
b
al
is
s
u
e
o
f
h
i
g
h
co
n
ce
r
n
,
d
u
e
to
t
h
eir
p
o
ten
t
ial
h
ea
lt
h
r
is
k
s
f
o
r
h
u
m
an
s
a
n
d
/o
r
liv
e
s
to
ck
.
I
t
h
as
b
ee
n
r
ep
o
r
ted
th
at
s
o
m
e
A
lter
n
a
r
ia
to
x
in
s
m
i
g
h
t
h
av
e
ev
e
n
t
h
e
ca
r
cin
o
g
e
n
ic
e
f
f
ec
t
(
L
iu
et
al.
,
1
9
9
2
)
.
B
ased
o
n
th
e
r
eq
u
ests
f
r
o
m
th
e
E
u
r
o
p
ea
n
C
o
m
m
i
s
s
io
n
(
E
C
)
in
o
r
d
er
to
h
ig
h
lig
h
t
t
h
e
n
ee
d
f
o
r
p
o
s
s
ib
le
f
o
llo
w
u
p
ac
tio
n
s
,
th
e
E
u
r
o
p
ea
n
Fo
o
d
Saf
et
y
Au
t
h
o
r
it
y
(
E
FS
A
)
p
r
o
v
id
ed
a
s
cie
n
ti
f
ic
o
p
in
io
n
o
n
th
e
r
i
s
k
s
f
o
r
an
i
m
al
an
d
h
u
m
a
n
h
ea
lt
h
r
elate
d
to
th
e
p
r
esen
c
e
o
f
A
lter
n
a
r
ia
to
x
in
s
i
n
f
o
o
d
an
d
f
ee
d
(
E
FS
A
,
2
0
1
1
)
.
Mo
r
eo
v
er
,
A
lter
n
a
r
i
a
s
p
o
r
es
ar
e
co
n
s
id
er
ed
to
b
e
o
n
e
o
f
th
e
m
o
s
t
p
r
o
lific
f
u
n
g
al
al
ler
g
e
n
s
,
w
h
ic
h
h
as
b
ee
n
a
s
s
o
ciate
d
w
it
h
r
esp
ir
ato
r
y
aller
g
ies
a
n
d
s
k
i
n
i
n
f
ec
tio
n
s
(
C
o
r
d
en
et
al.
,
2
0
0
3
;
Kilic
et
al.
,
2
0
1
0
;
P
av
o
n
et
al.
,
2
0
1
0
)
.
Sin
ce
th
e
g
r
ea
t
i
m
p
o
r
tan
ce
o
f
t
h
e
g
e
n
u
s
A
lter
n
a
r
i
a
r
elate
d
to
f
o
o
d
s
af
et
y
an
d
q
u
alit
y
o
f
s
m
all
g
r
ain
s
an
d
ce
r
ea
l
-
b
ased
p
r
o
d
u
cts,
th
is
p
ap
er
p
r
esen
ts
t
h
e
ex
te
n
s
iv
e
o
v
er
v
ie
w
o
f
A
lte
r
n
a
r
ia
s
p
ec
ies
o
n
cr
o
p
s
w
it
h
f
o
cu
s
o
n
m
y
co
to
x
i
n
r
is
k
s
i
n
f
o
o
d
ch
ain
.
T
h
e
p
r
o
b
lem
o
f
m
o
u
ld
d
a
m
a
g
e
an
d
th
e
h
az
ar
d
o
f
co
n
s
u
m
in
g
d
a
m
a
g
ed
g
r
ai
n
s
h
av
e
b
ee
n
r
ec
o
g
n
ized
s
in
ce
h
is
to
r
ical
ti
m
e
s
,
b
u
t
m
y
co
to
x
i
n
s
h
a
v
e
attr
ac
ted
co
n
s
id
er
ab
le
atten
tio
n
esp
ec
iall
y
o
v
er
th
e
last
th
r
ee
d
ec
ad
es
(
B
h
aa
t
an
d
Miller
,
1
9
9
1
)
.
My
co
to
x
i
n
s
ar
e
s
ec
o
n
d
ar
y
m
etab
o
lites
,
p
r
o
d
u
ce
d
b
y
a
r
an
g
e
o
f
f
u
n
g
al
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IJ
AA
S
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8814
A
R
ev
iew
:
Ma
n
a
g
eme
n
t o
f
A
lter
n
a
r
ia
a
n
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its
Myco
to
xin
s
in
C
r
o
p
s
(
B
r
ia
n
Ga
g
o
s
h
N
a
yy
a
r
)
167
s
p
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ies.
Gen
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all
y
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ar
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ica
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a
ll
y
s
tab
le
co
m
p
o
u
n
d
s
,
s
u
r
v
iv
i
n
g
s
to
r
a
g
e
a
n
d
t
h
e
m
o
s
t
f
o
o
d
p
r
o
ce
s
s
in
g
co
n
d
itio
n
s
a
n
d
t
h
er
ef
o
r
e,
p
er
s
is
t
to
t
h
e
f
i
n
al
p
r
o
d
u
cts
(
Ma
tić
et
al.
,
2
0
0
8
)
.
My
co
to
x
in
s
in
ce
r
ea
l
-
b
ased
f
o
o
d
s
an
d
f
ee
d
s
ar
e
a
g
lo
b
al
is
s
u
e
o
f
h
ig
h
co
n
ce
r
n
,
d
u
e
to
t
h
eir
p
o
ten
ti
al
h
ea
lt
h
r
is
k
s
f
o
r
h
u
m
a
n
s
a
n
d
/o
r
liv
esto
ck
(
Kö
p
p
en
et
al.
,
2
0
1
0
)
.
T
h
e
A
lter
n
a
r
ia
g
en
u
s
p
r
o
d
u
ce
s
m
o
r
e
th
a
n
7
0
m
y
co
to
x
i
n
s
an
d
p
h
y
to
to
x
i
n
s
b
u
t
o
n
l
y
f
e
w
o
cc
u
r
n
atu
r
al
l
y
in
f
o
o
d
s
t
u
f
f
s
o
r
ar
e
o
f
m
aj
o
r
to
x
ico
lo
g
ical
s
ig
n
i
f
i
ca
n
ce
.
A
.
a
lter
n
a
ta
is
co
n
s
id
er
e
d
as th
e
m
o
s
t i
m
p
o
r
tan
t to
x
i
n
p
r
o
d
u
cin
g
s
p
ec
ies
(
B
attilan
i e
t a
l.,
2
0
0
9
)
.
T
h
e
m
o
s
t
i
m
p
o
r
tan
t
A
lte
r
n
a
r
i
a
to
x
in
s
ar
e
d
i
v
id
ed
i
n
to
t
h
r
e
e
m
ai
n
s
s
tr
u
ct
u
r
al
cla
s
s
e
s
ac
c
o
r
d
in
g
to
Ost
r
y
(
2
0
0
8
)
,
L
o
g
r
iecc
o
et
al.
(
2
0
0
9
)
an
d
B
attilan
i e
t a
l.
(
2
0
0
9
)
:
a)
Dib
en
zo
-
α
-
p
y
r
o
n
e
d
er
iv
ati
v
es:
alter
n
ar
io
l
(
A
OH)
,
alter
n
ar
io
l
m
o
n
o
m
et
h
y
l
eth
er
(
A
ME
)
,
alten
u
e
n
(
AL
T
)
,
alten
u
is
o
l (
A
S);
b)
T
etr
am
ic
ac
id
d
er
iv
ates: te
n
u
a
zo
ic
ac
id
(
T
E
A
)
c)
P
er
y
le
n
e
d
er
iv
ati
v
es: alter
to
x
i
n
s
I
,
I
I
,
I
I
I
(
A
T
X
-
I,
-
II,
-
III)
d)
A
lter
n
a
r
ia
to
x
i
n
s
h
a
v
e
b
ee
n
d
etec
ted
in
w
id
e
r
an
g
e
o
f
c
er
ea
l
g
r
ai
n
s
a
n
d
s
m
al
l
-
g
r
ai
n
s
b
ased
p
r
o
d
u
cts s
u
c
h
as b
r
ea
d
an
d
r
o
l
ls
,
m
u
s
li,
f
i
n
e
b
ak
er
y
w
ar
es,
p
asta e
tc.
(
E
FS
A
,
2
0
1
1
)
.
T
h
er
e
ar
e
r
ep
o
r
ts
o
f
A
O
H,
AM
E
an
d
T
E
A
in
“
b
lac
k
p
o
in
t
w
h
ea
t”
o
n
Ger
m
a
n
m
ar
k
et
(
Si
eg
el
et
a
l.,
2
0
0
9
,
A
s
a
m
,
2
0
1
1
)
,
A
O
H,
AM
E
an
d
AL
T
in
Slo
v
a
k
ia
n
(
M
ašk
o
v
a
et
al.
,
2
0
1
2
)
an
d
C
ze
c
h
g
r
ain
s
(
Ma
lac
h
o
v
a
et
al.
,
2
0
1
1
)
,
A
OH
an
d
A
M
E
in
s
m
all
ce
r
ea
l
g
r
ai
n
s
i
n
P
o
lan
d
(
Gr
ab
ar
k
ie
w
icz
Szcz
es
n
a
et
al.
,
1
9
8
9
)
an
d
A
O
H
w
as
d
etec
ted
in
E
s
to
n
ia
n
g
r
ain
s
(
Kü
tt
et
al.
,
2
0
1
0
)
.
L
i
&
Yo
s
h
iza
w
a
(
2
0
0
0
)
an
al
y
z
ed
w
h
ea
t
k
er
n
el
s
i
n
C
h
i
n
a
w
h
ic
h
w
er
e
s
ig
n
i
f
ica
n
t
l
y
i
n
v
ad
ed
b
y
A
l
tern
a
r
ia
s
p
p
.
,
m
o
s
tl
y
A
.
a
lter
n
a
ta
,
w
it
h
an
av
er
ag
e
i
n
f
ec
tio
n
f
r
eq
u
en
c
y
o
f
8
7
.
3
%
.
A
OH
was
d
etec
ted
in
2
0
o
f
2
2
test
ed
s
a
m
p
les
b
et
w
ee
n
1
1
6
-
7
3
1
μ
g
/k
g
a
n
d
A
ME
at
a
m
ea
n
le
v
el
o
f
4
4
3
μ
g
/k
g
(
r
an
g
e=
5
1
-
1
4
2
6
μ
g
/k
g
)
i
n
2
1
s
am
p
les.
T
h
e
p
r
esen
ce
o
f
T
E
A
,
as
m
aj
o
r
A
lter
n
a
r
ia
to
x
in
i
n
ter
m
s
o
f
q
u
an
tit
y
,
w
as
d
etec
ted
w
it
h
a
n
a
v
er
ag
e
lev
e
l o
f
2
4
1
9
μ
g
/
k
g
a
n
d
w
it
h
a
m
a
x
i
m
u
m
q
u
a
n
tit
y
o
f
6
4
3
2
μ
g
/k
g
.
T
h
e
to
x
i
g
e
n
ic
p
o
ten
tial
o
f
A
lter
n
a
r
ia
s
tr
ai
n
s
i
s
o
lated
f
r
o
m
A
r
g
e
n
ti
n
ea
n
w
h
ea
t
,
s
h
o
w
ed
th
at
T
E
A
w
a
s
th
e
to
x
i
n
p
r
o
d
u
ce
d
at
th
e
h
ig
h
e
s
t
co
n
ce
n
tr
atio
n
,
b
u
t
i
n
l
o
w
er
f
r
eq
u
e
n
c
y
(
7
2
%),
co
m
p
a
r
ed
to
A
OH
(
8
7
%)
an
d
A
ME
(
9
1
%)
(
P
atr
iar
ca
et
al.
,
2
0
0
7
)
.
3.
DIS
E
AS
E
M
ANAG
E
M
E
NT
Sin
ce
a
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
A
lte
r
n
a
r
ia
s
p
ec
ies
in
f
ec
t
cr
o
p
s
o
f
ec
o
n
o
m
ic
i
m
p
o
r
tan
ce
,
th
er
e
i
s
a
s
tr
o
n
g
n
ee
d
to
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
l
y
co
n
tr
o
l f
o
r
th
is
p
at
h
o
g
e
n
.
T
h
er
e
ar
e
d
if
f
er
en
t
m
et
h
o
d
s
w
h
ic
h
ar
e
th
er
e
f
o
r
e
n
ee
d
ed
f
o
r
its
co
n
tr
o
l.
B
y
P
la
nn
ing
:
T
h
e
p
lan
tin
g
o
f
s
u
s
ce
p
tib
le
v
ar
ietie
s
in
f
ield
s
h
o
u
ld
b
e
av
o
id
ed
w
i
th
i
n
f
ec
te
d
r
esid
u
e
s
f
r
o
m
a
p
r
ev
io
u
s
cr
o
p
r
etain
ed
o
n
th
e
s
u
r
f
ac
e
(
Ma
m
g
ain
et.
a
l
.
,
2
0
1
3
)
.
B
y
G
r
o
un
d
P
r
ep
a
r
a
tio
n
:
T
h
e
r
esid
u
es
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
p
r
ev
io
u
s
c
r
o
p
s
h
o
u
ld
b
e
i
n
co
r
p
o
r
ated
.
A
p
ar
t
f
r
o
m
th
is
,
b
ala
n
ce
d
cr
o
p
n
u
tr
itio
n
e
s
p
ec
iall
y
o
f
p
o
tas
s
iu
m
s
h
o
u
ld
b
e
p
r
o
v
id
ed
(
Ma
m
g
ai
n
et.
a
l.,
2
0
1
3
)
.
B
y
F
u
ng
icid
es
:
On
e
o
f
t
h
e
m
o
s
t
e
f
f
ec
tiv
e
m
ea
s
u
r
es
to
co
n
tr
o
l
th
e
d
is
ea
s
e
ca
u
s
ed
b
y
A
lter
n
a
r
ia
is
th
e
ef
f
ec
ti
v
e
ap
p
licatio
n
o
f
f
u
n
g
icid
es.
T
h
ir
a
m
(
7
5
%)
p
r
o
v
ed
as
th
e
m
o
s
t
ef
f
ec
t
iv
e
f
u
n
g
icid
e
at
5
0
0
0
p
p
m
w
h
ile
co
m
p
lete
i
n
h
ib
itio
n
o
f
A
lter
n
a
r
ia
w
as
n
o
ticed
at
1
0
,
0
0
0
p
p
m
in
th
e
ca
s
e
o
f
T
h
ir
am
(
T
MT
D
8
0
%)
an
d
A
r
asa
n
5
0
%
(
Sah
n
i
a
n
d
Sin
g
h
,
1
9
6
7
)
.
A
p
ar
t
f
r
o
m
th
i
s
,
w
o
r
k
d
o
n
e
b
y
F
u
g
r
o
et
a
l.
r
ev
ea
led
th
at
Dit
h
a
n
e
M
-
45
w
a
s
s
ig
n
i
f
ica
n
tl
y
s
u
p
er
io
r
to
o
th
er
s
ag
ai
n
s
t
A.
cu
cu
merin
a
c
au
s
i
n
g
leaf
b
lig
h
t
o
f
w
ater
m
el
o
n
.
I
t
w
a
s
f
o
llo
w
ed
b
y
B
av
is
ti
n
,
Dit
h
an
e
Z
-
7
8
,
Dif
o
ltan
,
B
lito
x
a
n
d
B
o
r
d
ea
u
x
m
i
x
tu
r
e.
Si
m
i
lar
l
y
f
o
r
co
n
tr
o
l
o
f
A
lter
n
a
r
ia
b
lig
h
t
o
f
ca
u
liflo
w
er
,
C
ap
ta
f
o
l
w
as
f
o
u
n
d
to
b
e
t
h
e
b
es
t
f
o
llo
w
ed
b
y
Dit
h
an
e
M
-
4
5
to
p
r
o
v
id
e
m
ax
i
m
u
m
y
iel
d
(
Sin
h
a
an
d
P
r
asad
,
1
9
8
9
)
w
h
e
r
e
as
f
o
r
A
lter
n
a
r
ia
b
li
g
h
t
o
f
r
ad
is
h
s
ee
d
cr
o
p
,
Dith
a
n
e
M
-
4
5
(
0
.
2
5
%)
p
r
o
v
ed
m
o
s
t
ef
f
ec
ti
v
e,
f
o
llo
w
ed
b
y
0
.
4
%
B
o
r
d
ea
u
x
m
ix
t
u
r
e
(
Hu
s
s
ai
n
i
an
d
Sin
g
h
,
1
9
8
9
)
.
Ma
n
co
ze
b
(
0
.
2
%)
w
a
s
f
o
u
n
d
m
o
s
t
e
f
f
ec
ti
v
e
f
o
r
in
h
ib
iti
n
g
th
e
m
y
ce
l
ial
g
r
o
w
t
h
o
f
A
.
s
o
la
n
i
(
C
h
o
u
l
w
ar
et
a
l.
,
1
9
8
9
)
.
T
h
e
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
n
e
s
s
o
f
Ma
n
co
ze
b
in
co
n
tr
o
llin
g
ea
r
l
y
b
lig
h
t
o
f
to
m
ato
w
as
co
n
f
ir
m
ed
b
y
Sin
g
h
et
a
l.
(
2
0
0
1
)
.
Dif
f
er
en
t
h
o
r
m
o
n
es
s
u
ch
as
I
n
d
o
le
-
3
-
B
u
t
y
r
ic
A
cid
o
r
Nap
h
t
h
alic
ac
id
a
t
2
0
0
μ
g
/lit
co
n
ce
n
tr
atio
n
s
f
o
r
3
0
m
i
n
h
av
e
b
ee
n
f
o
u
n
d
to
d
elay
t
h
e
f
r
u
it
r
o
t
ca
u
s
ed
b
y
A
.
a
lter
n
a
ta
(
Data
r
,
1
9
9
6
)
.
I
n
co
n
tr
o
llin
g
A
lter
n
a
r
ia
b
lig
h
t
o
f
p
o
tato
,
th
e
co
m
b
in
at
io
n
o
f
E
m
is
a
n
-
6
w
it
h
I
n
d
o
f
il
M
-
4
5
w
a
s
f
o
u
n
d
to
b
e
m
o
s
t
ef
f
ec
ti
v
e
f
o
llo
w
ed
b
y
t
h
e
co
m
b
i
n
atio
n
o
f
E
m
i
s
an
-
6
w
ith
I
n
d
o
f
il
Z
-
7
8
(
Sin
g
h
et
a
l.
,
1
9
9
7
)
.
Ma
n
co
ze
b
f
o
llo
w
ed
b
y
T
h
ir
a
m
,
B
av
i
s
ti
n
an
d
I
p
r
o
d
i
o
n
e
also
p
r
o
v
ed
ef
f
ec
ti
v
e
as
s
ee
d
d
r
ess
er
.
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a
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a
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ucts
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tr
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ch
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th
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ticu
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th
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s
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w
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tu
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tr
a
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ica
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lated
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li
f
lo
w
er
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ei
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d
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o
tr
i,
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)
.
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h
e
in
h
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it
o
r
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ef
f
ec
t
o
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g
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lic
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tr
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m
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ten
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o
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r
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o
t
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y
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r
(
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)
.
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h
e
s
tr
o
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g
in
h
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ito
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y
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eth
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et
h
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tr
ac
t
o
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t
co
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atio
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icico
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leaf
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o
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ca
b
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ag
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as
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o
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ted
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r
o
m
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h
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h
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lea
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tr
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s
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o
w
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i
g
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icac
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h
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it
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ial
g
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o
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o
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e
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ar
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.
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ce
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e
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e
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m
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er
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al
ex
tr
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ts
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d
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er
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al
p
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d
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cts
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ich
ar
e
f
o
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n
d
e
f
f
ec
t
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i
n
co
n
tr
o
llin
g
d
is
ea
s
e
s
ca
u
s
ed
b
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A
lter
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a
r
ia
w
it
h
n
o
h
ea
lt
h
h
az
ar
d
s
o
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p
o
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.
B
y
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the
r
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p
ar
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f
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m
t
h
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et
h
o
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s
m
en
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ed
ab
o
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e,
s
e
v
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al
o
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er
m
e
th
o
d
s
ca
n
also
b
e
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p
lo
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ed
w
h
ich
w
o
u
l
d
h
elp
in
co
m
b
ati
n
g
d
ev
asta
ti
n
g
e
f
f
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ts
ca
u
s
ed
b
y
A
lter
n
a
r
ia
s
p
ec
ies.
Go
m
ez
-
R
o
d
r
ig
u
ez
et
a
l.
(
2
0
0
3
)
f
o
u
n
d
th
at
in
ter
cr
o
p
p
in
g
o
f
to
m
at
o
w
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m
ar
ig
o
ld
(
Ta
g
et
es
erecta
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.
)
in
d
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ce
d
a
s
ig
n
i
f
ica
n
t
r
ed
u
ctio
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i
n
ea
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l
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lig
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t
ca
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s
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s
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la
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i
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h
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w
as
ac
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ie
v
ed
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ea
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s
o
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r
ee
d
if
f
er
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t
m
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h
a
n
i
s
m
s
li
k
e:
(
i)
th
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p
ath
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ef
f
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t
o
f
m
ar
ig
o
ld
o
n
A
.
s
o
la
n
i
co
n
id
ial
g
er
m
in
a
tio
n
,
(
ii)
b
y
alter
i
n
g
t
h
e
m
icr
o
cli
m
atic
co
n
d
itio
n
s
ar
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n
d
th
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n
o
p
y
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p
ar
ticu
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l
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b
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ed
u
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/d
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s
h
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n
g
co
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id
ial
d
ev
elo
p
m
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t
a
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d
(
iii)
b
y
p
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v
id
in
g
a
p
h
y
s
i
ca
l
b
ar
r
ier
ag
ain
s
t
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IJ
AA
S
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8814
A
R
ev
iew
:
Ma
n
a
g
eme
n
t o
f
A
lter
n
a
r
ia
a
n
d
its
Myco
to
xin
s
in
C
r
o
p
s
(
B
r
ia
n
Ga
g
o
s
h
N
a
yy
a
r
)
169
s
p
r
ea
d
in
g
t
h
e
co
n
id
ia.
I
n
ad
d
it
io
n
to
t
h
is
,
in
co
r
p
o
r
atio
n
o
f
r
e
s
id
u
es
as
s
o
o
n
as
p
o
s
s
ib
le
a
f
te
r
h
ar
v
e
s
t i
s
an
o
t
h
er
m
ea
s
u
r
e
to
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ed
u
ce
th
e
h
ar
m
f
u
l
ef
f
ec
t
s
o
f
A
lte
r
n
a
r
ia
.
C
o
n
tr
o
l o
f
alter
n
ati
v
e
w
ee
d
h
o
s
t
s
also
h
elp
in
t
h
e
s
a
m
e.
4.
CO
NCLU
SI
O
NS
Fro
m
th
e
ab
o
v
e
s
tu
d
ie
s
,
it
is
co
n
clu
d
ed
th
at
A
lte
r
n
a
r
ia
is
a
v
er
y
d
estru
c
tiv
e
p
at
h
o
g
e
n
ca
u
s
i
n
g
a
w
id
esp
r
ea
d
d
estru
ctio
n
in
v
e
g
etab
les
an
d
o
th
er
ec
o
n
o
m
ic
all
y
i
m
p
o
r
ta
n
t
cr
o
p
s
.
B
u
t
w
it
h
th
e
u
tili
za
t
io
n
o
f
ad
v
an
ce
d
tech
n
iq
u
e
s
,
it
b
ec
o
m
es
ea
s
ier
to
co
n
tr
o
l
th
i
s
co
s
m
o
p
o
lita
n
f
u
n
g
u
s
.
S
u
b
s
ta
n
tial
p
r
o
g
r
ess
h
as
b
ee
n
m
ad
e
i
n
s
tu
d
y
i
n
g
th
e
m
o
lecu
l
ar
b
asis
f
o
r
t
h
e
b
io
s
y
n
t
h
e
s
is
o
f
p
h
y
to
to
x
ic
s
ec
o
n
d
ar
y
m
etab
o
lites
a
n
d
t
h
eir
r
o
le
in
p
lan
t
d
is
ea
s
e
d
ev
elo
p
m
e
n
t.
Utilizatio
n
o
f
v
ar
io
u
s
tec
h
n
iq
u
es
li
k
e
g
en
e
d
is
r
u
p
tio
n
w
il
l
allo
w
f
o
r
an
elab
o
r
ate
u
n
d
er
s
ta
n
d
in
g
o
f
its
v
ar
io
u
s
v
ir
u
le
n
ce
f
ac
to
r
s
an
d
i
ts
p
h
y
s
io
lo
g
y
.
As
f
ar
as
t
h
e
co
n
tr
o
l
o
f
A
lte
r
n
a
r
ia
is
co
n
ce
r
n
ed
,
ap
p
licatio
n
o
f
f
u
n
g
icid
es
i
s
a
co
m
m
o
n
m
et
h
o
d
f
o
r
th
e
s
a
m
e.
B
u
t
k
ee
p
in
g
i
n
v
ie
w
,
t
h
e
v
ar
io
u
s
h
ea
lt
h
h
az
ar
d
s
th
ese
ca
u
s
e
to
th
e
h
u
m
a
n
b
ein
g
s
,
e
m
p
h
asi
s
is
b
ein
g
laid
o
n
th
e
o
th
er
m
et
h
o
d
o
f
d
is
ea
s
e
co
n
tr
o
l
lik
e
g
r
o
w
i
n
g
d
is
ea
s
e
r
esis
ta
n
t
v
ar
ieties,
u
s
e
o
f
p
lan
t a
n
d
n
a
tu
r
al
p
r
o
d
u
cts,
b
io
-
co
n
tr
o
l a
g
en
t
s
an
d
alter
atio
n
s
i
n
ag
r
o
n
o
m
ic
p
r
ac
tices e
tc.
b
ec
a
u
s
e
t
h
e
y
ar
e
m
o
r
e
ec
o
n
o
m
ical,
ec
o
-
f
r
ie
n
d
l
y
a
n
d
s
af
e.
RE
F
E
R
E
NC
E
S
[1
]
A
b
d
-
el
-
Ka
re
e
m
F.
,
“
Po
tas
siu
m
o
r
so
d
i
u
m
b
ica
rb
o
n
a
te i
n
c
o
m
b
in
a
ti
o
n
w
it
h
Ne
ro
l
f
o
r
c
o
n
tro
l
li
n
g
e
a
rl
y
b
li
g
h
t
d
ise
a
se
o
f
p
o
tato
p
lan
ts
u
n
d
e
r
la
b
o
ra
t
o
ry
,
g
re
e
n
h
o
u
se
a
n
d
f
ield
c
o
n
d
i
ti
o
n
s
,
”
Eg
y
p
ti
a
n
J
.
P
h
y
to
p
a
t
h
,
2
0
0
7
,
V
o
l
.
35
,
No
.
1
,
pp.
73
-
8
6
.
[2
]
A
s
a
m
A
.
,
e
t
a
l
.
,
“
P
re
c
ise
d
e
term
i
n
a
ti
o
n
o
f
th
e
Al
ter
n
a
ria
m
y
c
o
to
x
in
s
a
lt
e
rn
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rio
l
a
n
d
a
lt
e
rn
a
ri
o
l
m
o
n
o
m
e
th
y
l
e
th
e
r
in
c
e
re
a
l,
f
ru
it
a
n
d
v
e
g
e
tab
le
p
ro
d
u
c
ts
u
si
n
g
sta
b
le
iso
to
p
e
d
il
u
ti
o
n
a
ss
a
y
s,”
M
y
c
o
to
x
.
Res
.,
2
0
1
1
,
V
o
l
.
27
,
p
p
.
23
-
28.
[3
]
Ba
b
u
S.,
e
t
a
l
.
,
“
Ef
f
ica
c
y
o
f
f
u
n
g
a
l
a
n
tag
o
n
ists
a
g
a
in
st
lea
f
b
li
g
h
t
o
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to
m
a
to
c
a
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se
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ter
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ro
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.
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tt
il
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to
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S
A
,
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0
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,
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l.
1
0
,
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p
.
8
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4
.
[5
]
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rk
e
le
y
M
.
J.
,
“
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u
n
g
i,
”
T
h
e
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li
sh
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o
ra
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3
6
,
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o
l.
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,
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p
.
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.
[6
]
Bh
a
a
t
R.
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.
e
t
a
l
.
,
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o
to
x
in
s
in
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o
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su
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ly
,”
In
:
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L
.
A
lb
e
rt,
F
o
o
d
,
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tr
it
io
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a
n
d
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g
ricu
lt
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re
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o
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n
d
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ric
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lt
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re
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g
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(
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O)
,
1
9
9
1
.
[7
]
Ch
in
g
H.
W
.
,
e
t
a
l
.
,
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ter
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sta
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e
s f
ro
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a
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.,
2
0
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o
l
.
91
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o
.
12
,
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.
[8
]
Ch
o
u
lw
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r
A
.
B.
,
e
t
a
l
.
,
“
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ic
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c
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o
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n
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it
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ica
n
ts
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h
e
m
y
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li
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l
g
ro
w
th
o
f
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l
a
n
i
,”
Pes
to
lo
g
y
,
1
9
8
9
,
Vo
l.
13
,
pp.
17
-
1
9
.
[9
]
Ch
u
p
p
C
.
,
e
t
a
l
.
,
“
V
e
g
e
t
a
b
le
d
ise
a
se
s
a
n
d
th
e
ir
c
o
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tro
l
,
”
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h
e
R
o
n
a
ld
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ss
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m
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y
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w
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rk
,
USA
,
1960
.
p
p
.
267
-
2
6
9
.
[1
0
]
Co
rd
e
n
J.
,
e
t
a
l
.
,
“
L
o
n
g
-
term
tren
d
s an
d
re
g
io
n
a
l
v
a
riatio
n
i
n
t
h
e
a
e
ro
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ll
e
rg
e
n
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ter
n
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ri
a
in
Ca
rd
if
f
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n
d
De
rb
y
UK
–
a
re
d
iff
e
re
n
c
e
s in
c
li
m
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te an
d
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e
re
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l
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ro
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a
n
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t?,
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o
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g
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9
,
2
0
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,
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p
.
1
9
1
-
1
9
5
.
[1
1
]
Da
tar
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.
V
.
,
“
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f
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c
a
c
y
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f
g
ro
w
th
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lato
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d
f
u
n
g
it
o
x
ica
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ts
o
n
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ru
it
ro
t
o
f
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h
il
li
,
”
In
d
ia
n
J
.
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y
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o
l.
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n
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h
o
l
.,
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9
9
6
,
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l.
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6
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3
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.
[1
2
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A
P
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Co
n
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n
ts
in
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e
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o
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Ch
a
i
n
,
“
S
c
ien
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f
ic
o
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io
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o
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th
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risk
s
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m
a
l
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d
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li
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h
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lt
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late
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to
t
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se
n
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e
o
f
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ter
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to
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n
s in
f
e
e
d
a
n
d
f
o
o
d
,
”
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S
A
J
,
2
0
1
1
,
V
o
l.
9,
pp.
2
4
0
7
.
[1
3
]
El
li
o
tt
J.
A
.
,
“
T
a
x
o
n
o
m
ic
c
h
a
ra
c
t
e
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o
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th
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g
e
n
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ra
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lt
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rn
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ria
a
n
d
M
a
c
ro
sp
o
ri
u
m
,
”
Ame
r.
J
.
o
f
B
o
t
.
1
9
1
7
,
Vo
l.
4
,
p
p
.
439
-
4
7
6
.
[1
4
]
Ellis
M
.
B.
,
“
Al
ter
n
a
ri
a
b
ra
ss
ica
e
.
In
:
De
sc
rip
ti
o
n
s
o
f
p
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th
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ic
f
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g
i
a
n
d
b
a
c
teria
(No
.
1
6
2
),
”
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mm
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a
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y
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I
n
stit
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I)
,
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w
,
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u
rre
y
,
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g
lan
d
,
1
9
6
8
.
[1
5
]
Ellis
M
.
B.
,
“
De
m
a
ti
a
c
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u
s
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y
p
h
o
m
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e
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e
s,”
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mm
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lt
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y
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o
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ica
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In
sti
tu
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,
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w
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g
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d
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1
9
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1
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p
.
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6
4
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9
7
.
[1
6
]
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M
.
B.
,
“
M
o
re
De
m
a
ti
a
c
e
o
u
s
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y
p
h
o
m
y
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e
t
e
s
,”
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mm
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we
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lt
h
M
y
c
o
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ica
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n
stit
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te
,
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w
,
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y
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g
lan
d
,
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9
7
6
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p
p
.
4
1
1
-
4
2
7
.
[1
7
]
G
o
m
e
z
-
Ro
d
rig
u
e
z
O.,
e
t
a
l
.
,
“
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ll
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lo
p
a
th
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n
d
m
icro
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li
m
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ti
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m
o
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if
ic
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ti
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o
f
in
terc
ro
p
p
in
g
with
m
a
rig
o
ld
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a
to
e
a
rl
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li
g
h
t
d
ise
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se
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e
v
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lo
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m
e
n
t,
”
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e
ld
Cro
p
s R
e
s.
,
2
0
0
3
,
Vo
l.
83
,
No
.
1
,
p
p
.
27
-
34.
[1
8
]
G
ra
b
a
r
k
ie
w
icz
-
S
z
c
z
ę
sn
a
J.,
e
t
a
l
.
,
“
Na
tu
ra
l
o
c
c
u
rre
n
c
e
o
f
Al
ter
n
a
ri
a
m
y
c
o
to
x
in
s
in
t
h
e
g
ra
in
a
n
d
c
h
a
ff
o
f
c
e
re
a
ls,
”
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y
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o
to
x
in
Res
e
a
rc
h
,
1
9
8
9
,
Vo
l.
5
,
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.
2,
p
p
.
77
-
8
0
.
[1
9
]
Hu
m
p
h
e
rso
n
-
Jo
n
e
s
F
.
M
.,
e
t
a
l
.
,
“
Cli
m
a
ti
c
f
a
c
to
rs
in
f
lu
e
n
c
in
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sp
o
re
p
ro
d
u
c
ti
o
n
in
Al
ter
n
a
ria
b
ra
ss
ica
e
a
n
d
Al
ter
n
a
ria
b
r
a
ss
icic
o
la
,”
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n
n
.
A
p
p
l.
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o
l.
,
1
9
8
9
,
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l.
1
1
4
,
p
p
.
4
4
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-
4
5
8
.
[2
0
]
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m
p
h
e
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n
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n
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s
F
.
M
.
,
e
t
a
l
.
,
“
Co
n
tr
o
l
o
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d
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rk
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f
sp
o
t
(
Al
ter
n
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ria
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ra
ss
icic
o
l
a
)
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f
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ss
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o
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ra
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e
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se
e
d
p
ro
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u
c
ti
o
n
c
r
o
p
s
w
it
h
f
o
li
a
r
sp
ra
y
s o
f
ip
ro
d
io
n
e
,
“
An
n
.
A
p
p
l.
Bi
o
l.
,
1
9
8
2
,
Vo
l.
1
0
0
,
p
p
.
99
-
1
0
4
.
[2
1
]
Hu
m
p
h
e
rso
n
-
Jo
n
e
s
F
.
M
.
,
e
t
a
l
.
,
“
S
tu
d
ies
o
n
t
h
e
e
p
id
e
m
io
lo
g
y
o
f
Al
ter
n
a
ria
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ra
ss
icic
o
l
a
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n
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ss
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a
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ler
a
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se
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d
p
ro
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u
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ti
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n
c
r
o
p
s,”
A
n
n
.
Ap
p
l.
Bi
o
l.
,
1
9
8
2
,
Vo
l.
1
0
0
,
p
p
.
61
-
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1
.
[2
2
]
Hu
ss
a
in
i
S
.
H.
,
e
t
a
l
.
,
“
Ef
f
ic
a
c
y
o
f
d
iff
e
r
e
n
t
f
u
n
g
icid
e
s
a
g
a
in
st
Al
ter
n
a
ria
b
li
g
h
t
o
f
ra
d
ish
se
e
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c
ro
p
,
”
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a
n
t
Dise
a
se
Res
.
,
1
9
8
9
V
o
l.
4
,
p
p
.
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0
5
-
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0
7
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
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:
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2
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l.
3
,
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4
,
Dec
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er
201
4
:
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5
–
1
71
170
[2
3
]
Jh
a
ria
H.
K.,
e
t
a
l
.
,
“
E
f
f
i
c
a
c
y
o
f
fu
n
g
icid
e
s
in
th
e
c
o
n
tr
o
l
o
f
f
u
n
g
a
l
d
ise
a
se
s
o
f
c
h
il
li
e
s
,”
In
d
ia
n
Ph
y
t
o
p
a
th
o
l
.,
1
9
7
7
,
V
o
l
.
39
,
p
p
.
3
4
1
-
3
4
3
.
[2
4
]
Jo
ly
P.
,
“
M
o
rp
h
o
lo
g
ica
l
v
a
riatio
n
s
a
n
d
th
e
id
e
a
o
f
sp
e
c
ies
in
th
e
g
e
n
u
s
A
lt
e
rn
a
ria
,”
Bu
ll
.
S
o
c
.
M
y
c
o
l.
Fr.
,
1
9
5
9
,
V
o
l
.
7
5
,
p
p
.
1
4
9
-
1
5
8
.
[2
5
]
Jo
ly
P.
,
“
L
e
G
e
n
re
A
lt
e
rn
a
ria,”
P
a
u
l
L
e
c
h
e
v
a
li
e
r
,
P
a
ris,
1
9
6
4
,
p
p
.
1
5
0
.
[2
6
]
Ka
ti
y
a
r
A
.
,
e
t
a
l
.
,
“
Ch
e
m
i
c
a
l
c
o
n
tro
l
o
f
Al
ter
n
a
ria
lea
f
sp
o
t
o
f
b
o
tt
le
g
o
u
rd
,
”
An
n
.
Pl
a
n
t
Pro
tec
.
S
c
i.
,
2
0
0
1
,
V
o
l
.
9
,
No
.
2
,
p
p
.
3
3
9
-
3
4
1
.
[2
7
]
Ka
t
i
y
a
r
A
.
,
e
t
a
l
.
,
“
S
o
u
rc
e
s
o
f
re
s
istan
c
e
in
b
o
tt
le
g
o
u
rd
to
Al
ter
n
a
r
ia
lea
f
sp
o
t,
”
A
n
n
.
Pl
a
n
t
Pro
tec
.
S
c
i.
,
2
0
0
1
,
V
o
l
.
9
,
No
.
1
,
2
0
0
1
,
p
p
.
1
5
5
-
1
5
7
.
[2
8
]
Kili
c
M.,
e
t
a
l
.
,
“
T
h
e
e
ff
e
c
ts
o
f
m
e
teo
ro
lo
g
ica
l
f
a
c
to
rs
a
n
d
Al
ter
n
a
ria
sp
o
re
c
o
n
c
e
n
tratio
n
s
o
n
c
h
il
d
re
n
se
n
siti
se
d
t
o
A
lt
e
rn
a
ria
,”
Al
ler
g
o
lo
g
ia
e
t
Imm
u
n
o
p
a
t
h
o
l
o
g
i
a
,
2
0
1
0
,
V
o
l
.
38
,
N
o
.
3
,
p
p
.
1
2
2
-
1
2
8
.
[2
9
]
Kö
p
p
e
n
R.
,
e
t
a
l
.
,
“
De
term
in
a
ti
o
n
o
f
m
y
c
o
to
x
in
s in
f
o
o
d
s: cu
rre
n
t
s
tate
o
f
a
n
a
l
y
ti
c
a
l
m
e
th
o
d
s an
d
li
m
it
a
ti
o
n
s
,”
A
p
p
l
M
icr
o
b
io
l
B
io
tec
h
n
o
l
,
2
0
1
0
,
Vo
l.
86,
p
p
.
1
5
9
5
-
1
6
1
2
.
[3
0
]
Kü
tt
M
.
L
.
,
e
t
a
l
.
,
“
De
tec
ti
o
n
o
f
a
lt
e
rn
a
rio
l
in
Est
o
n
ian
g
ra
in
sa
m
p
les
,
”
Ag
ro
n
o
my
Res
e
a
rc
h
8
,
2
0
1
0
,
V
o
l.
2
,
p
p
.
317
-
3
2
2
.
[3
1
]
Li
F.
,
e
t
a
l
.
,
“
A
lt
e
rn
a
ri
a
m
y
c
o
to
x
in
s
in
w
e
a
th
e
re
d
w
h
e
a
t
f
ro
m
Ch
in
a
,”
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
Ag
ric
u
lt
u
re
a
n
d
F
o
o
d
Ch
e
mistry
,
2
0
0
0
,
Vo
l.
48
,
p
p
.
2
9
2
0
-
2
9
2
4
[3
2
]
L
iu
G
.
,
e
t
a
l
.
,
“
Et
io
lo
g
ica
l
ro
le
o
f
Al
ter
n
a
ria
a
lt
e
rn
a
ta
in
h
u
m
a
n
e
so
p
h
a
g
e
a
l
c
a
n
c
e
r
,”
Ch
in
e
se
M
e
d
ica
l
J
o
u
rn
a
l
,
1
9
9
2
,
Vo
l.
1
0
5
,
p
p
.
3
9
4
-
4
0
0
.
[3
3
]
L
o
g
riec
o
A
.
,
e
t
a
l
.
,
“
Al
ter
n
a
ri
a
to
x
in
s
a
n
d
p
lan
t
d
ise
a
se
s:
a
n
o
v
e
rv
ie
w
o
f
o
rig
in
,
o
c
c
u
rre
n
c
e
a
n
d
risk
s.
”
W
o
rld
M
y
c
o
to
x
in
J
o
u
r
n
a
l
,
2
0
0
9
,
Vo
l.
2,
p
p
.
1
2
9
-
1
4
0
.
[3
4
]
M
a
lac
h
o
v
a
A
.
,
e
t
a
l
.
,
“
De
o
x
y
n
iv
a
len
o
l,
De
o
x
y
n
iv
a
len
o
l
-
3
-
g
lu
c
o
si
d
e
,
a
n
d
E
n
n
iati
n
s:
T
h
e
M
a
jo
r
M
y
c
o
to
x
in
s
F
o
u
n
d
in
Ce
re
a
l
-
Ba
s
e
d
P
ro
d
u
c
ts
o
n
th
e
Cz
e
c
h
M
a
rk
e
t,
”
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
A
g
ric
u
lt
u
re
a
n
d
F
o
o
d
C
h
e
m
istr
y
,
2011
,
V
o
l.
59
,
p
p
.
1
2
9
9
0
-
1
2
9
9
7
.
[3
5
]
M
a
m
g
a
in
A
.
,
et
al
.
“
Re
v
ie
w
:
Al
ter
n
a
ria
p
a
t
h
o
g
e
n
i
c
it
y
a
n
d
it
s
st
ra
teg
ic
c
o
n
tro
ls,
”
Res
e
a
rc
h
J
o
u
r
n
a
l
o
f
B
io
l
o
g
y
,
2
0
1
3
,
Vo
l.
1
,
p
p
.
01
-
09
.
[3
6
]
M
a
šk
o
v
á
Z.,
e
t
a
l
.
,
“
Co
m
p
a
ris
o
n
o
f
o
c
c
u
rre
n
c
e
a
n
d
to
x
ig
e
n
it
y
o
f
Al
ter
n
a
ria
sp
p
.
iso
late
d
f
r
o
m
s
a
m
p
les
o
f
c
o
n
v
e
n
ti
o
n
a
l
a
n
d
n
e
w
c
r
o
ss
b
re
a
d
w
h
e
a
t
o
f
S
lo
v
a
k
o
rig
in
,
”
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
M
icr
o
b
io
l
o
g
y
Bi
o
tec
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
a
n
d
Fo
o
d
S
c
ien
c
e
s
,
2
0
1
2
,
V
o
l
.
1
,
p
p
.
5
5
2
-
5
6
2
.
[3
7
]
M
a
th
a
ru
B.
K.
,
e
t
a
l
.
,
“
S
y
n
th
e
sis
a
n
d
a
n
ti
f
u
n
g
a
l
p
o
ten
ti
a
l
o
f
2
-
c
h
l
o
ro
b
e
n
z
a
l
d
e
riv
a
ti
v
e
s,”
Pes
ti
c
id
e
Res
.
J
.
,
2
0
0
6
,
V
o
l
.
18
,
N
o
.
2
,
p
p
.
1
1
3
-
1
1
5
.
[3
8
]
M
a
th
u
r
K
,
e
t
a
l
.
,
“
F
r
u
it
r
o
t
o
f
w
a
t
e
r
m
e
lo
n
,”
In
d
.
J
.
M
y
c
o
l.
P
la
n
t
P
a
th
o
l
.,
1
9
9
2
,
Vo
l.
2
2
,
p
p
.
8
0
.
[3
9
]
M
a
ti
ć
J.,
e
t
a
l
.
,
“
Co
n
tam
in
a
ti
o
n
s
o
f
ra
w
m
a
t
e
rials
a
n
d
f
o
o
d
p
r
o
d
u
c
ts
w
it
h
m
y
c
o
to
x
in
s
in
S
e
rb
ia
,”
F
o
o
d
Pr
o
c
e
ss
in
g
,
Qu
a
li
ty
a
n
d
S
a
fety
,
2
0
0
8
,
V
o
l.
35
,
No
.
2
,
p
p
.
65
-
6
7
.
[4
0
]
M
e
i
Z.
Z.
,
e
t
a
l
.
,
“
S
y
n
th
e
sis
a
n
d
a
n
ti
f
u
n
g
a
l
p
ro
p
e
rti
e
s
o
f
su
lf
o
n
il
a
m
id
e
d
e
riv
a
ti
v
e
s
o
f
c
h
it
o
sa
n
,
”
Ca
rb
o
h
y
d
r
a
te
Res
.,
2
0
0
7
,
Vo
l.
3
4
2
,
N
o
.
16
,
p
p
.
2
3
9
0
-
2
3
9
5
.
[4
1
]
Ne
e
rg
a
a
rd
P.
,
“
Da
n
ish
sp
e
c
ies
o
f
A
lt
e
rn
a
ria
a
n
d
S
te
m
p
h
y
li
u
m
ta
x
o
n
o
m
y
,
p
a
ra
siti
s
m
,
e
c
o
n
o
m
ica
l
sig
n
if
ic
a
n
c
e
.
”
Ox
fo
rd
Un
ive
rs
it
y
Pre
ss
,
L
o
n
d
o
n
,
Ox
f
o
rd
,
1
9
4
5
,
p
p
.
5
5
9
.
[4
2
]
Ne
e
s V
o
n
Ese
n
b
e
c
k
G
.
G
.
,
“
S
y
ste
m
d
e
r
P
li
z
e
Urid
S
c
h
w
a
m
m
e
,
”
W
u
rz
b
u
rg
,
1
8
1
7
,
p
p
.
2
3
4
.
[4
3
]
Os
tr
y
V
.
,
“
Al
ter
n
a
ria
m
y
c
o
to
x
i
n
s:
a
n
o
v
e
rv
ie
w
o
f
c
h
e
m
ic
a
l
c
h
a
ra
c
teriz
a
ti
o
n
,
p
ro
d
u
c
e
rs,
t
o
x
icit
y
,
a
n
a
l
y
sis
a
n
d
o
c
c
u
rre
n
c
e
in
f
o
o
d
stu
f
f
s,
”
W
o
rld
M
y
c
o
to
x
in
J
o
u
r
n
a
l
,
2
0
0
8
,
Vo
l.
1
,
No
.
2
,
p
p
.
1
7
5
-
1
8
8
.
[4
4
]
P
a
tri
a
rc
a
A
.
,
e
t
a
l
.
,
“
M
y
c
o
to
x
in
p
ro
d
u
c
ti
o
n
b
y
Al
ter
n
a
ria
stra
in
s
iso
late
d
f
ro
m
A
r
g
e
n
ti
n
e
a
n
w
h
e
a
t
,
”
In
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
J
o
u
r
n
a
l
o
f
F
o
o
d
M
icr
o
b
i
o
lo
g
y
,
2
0
0
7
,
V
o
l
.
1
1
9
,
p
p
.
2
1
9
-
2
2
2
.
[4
5
]
P
a
v
ó
n
M
.
A
.
,
e
t
a
l
.
,
“
P
CR
d
e
tec
ti
o
n
a
n
d
i
d
e
n
ti
f
ica
ti
o
n
o
f
Al
ter
n
a
ri
a
sp
e
c
ies
-
g
ro
u
p
s
i
n
p
r
o
c
e
ss
e
d
f
o
o
d
s
b
a
se
d
o
n
t
h
e
g
e
n
e
ti
c
m
a
rk
e
r
A
lt
a
1
,
”
Fo
o
d
Co
n
tro
l,
2
0
1
0
,
V
o
l.
21
,
p
p
.
1
7
4
5
-
1
7
5
6
.
[4
6
]
P
ra
sa
d
Y.
,
e
t
al
.
,
“
Ev
a
lu
a
ti
o
n
o
f
g
e
n
o
ty
p
e
s,
f
u
n
g
icid
e
s
a
n
d
p
lan
t
e
x
trac
ts
a
g
a
in
st
e
a
rl
y
b
li
g
h
t
o
f
to
m
a
to
c
a
u
se
d
b
y
Al
ter
n
a
ria
so
l
a
n
i
,”
In
d
ia
n
J
.
P
la
n
t
Pro
tec
.,
2
0
0
3
,
V
o
l.
31
,
N
o
.
2
,
p
p
.
49
-
53.
[4
7
]
Ra
n
g
e
l
J.
F
.
,
“
T
w
o
Al
ter
n
a
ria
d
is
e
a
se
s o
f
c
ru
c
if
e
ro
u
s p
lan
ts
,”
Ph
y
t
o
p
a
th
o
l.
,
1
9
4
5
,
V
o
l.
3
5
,
p
p
.
1
0
0
2
-
1
0
0
7
.
[4
8
]
S
a
c
c
a
rd
o
P
.
A
.
,
“
Hy
p
h
o
m
y
c
e
tea
e
,
”
In
:
S
y
ll
o
g
e
fu
n
g
o
ru
m
o
mn
i
n
u
m
h
u
c
u
s
q
u
e
c
o
g
n
it
o
r
u
m.
P
a
v
ia
,
I
ta
ly
.
1
8
8
6
,
Vo
l
.
4
,
p
p
.
8
0
7
.
[4
9
]
S
a
h
n
i
M
.
L
.
,
e
t
a
l
.
,
“
Bio
a
ss
a
y
o
f
tetra
m
e
th
y
lt
h
iu
ra
m
d
isu
lp
h
i
d
e
f
u
n
g
icid
e
,
”
In
d
i
a
n
Ph
y
to
p
a
th
o
l
.,
1
9
6
7
,
V
o
l.
2
0
,
p
p
.
71
-
73.
[5
0
]
S
h
a
rm
a
A
.
,
e
t
a
l
.
,
“
A
n
ti
f
u
n
g
a
l
e
ff
e
c
t
o
f
n
e
e
m
e
x
tra
c
t
o
n
so
m
e
c
o
m
m
o
n
p
h
y
to
p
a
th
o
g
e
n
ic
f
u
n
g
i,
”
Ad
v
.
Pl
a
n
t
S
c
i
.
,
2
0
0
7
,
V
l
.
20
,
N
o
.
2
,
p
p
.
3
5
7
-
3
5
8
.
[5
1
]
S
h
e
ik
h
R.
A
.
,
e
t
a
l
.
,
“
A
n
ti
f
u
n
g
a
l
p
r
o
p
e
rti
e
s
o
f
so
m
e
p
lan
t
e
x
trac
ts,
”
In
d
.
J
.
M
y
c
o
l.
Pl
a
n
t
Pa
t
h
o
l
.,
1
9
7
2
,
V
o
l
.
2
,
p
p
.
143
-
1
4
6
.
[5
2
]
S
id
lau
sk
ien
e
A
.
,
e
t
a
l
.
,
“
Ef
fe
c
t
o
f
v
a
rio
u
s
p
ro
tec
ti
o
n
m
e
a
n
s
o
n
Al
ter
n
a
ri
a
d
ise
a
se
s
o
f
to
m
a
to
,
c
u
c
u
m
b
e
r
a
n
d
c
a
b
b
a
g
e
se
e
d
p
lan
ts,
”
S
o
d
i
n
in
k
y
st
e
-
ir
-
Da
rz
in
in
k
y
ste
.,
2
0
0
3
,
Vo
l.
22
,
No
.
3
,
p
p
.
3
8
8
-
3
9
4
.
[5
3
]
S
ieg
e
l
D.,
e
t
a
l
.
,
“
De
g
ra
d
a
ti
o
n
o
f
th
e
Al
ter
n
a
ri
a
m
y
c
o
to
x
in
s
a
lt
e
rn
a
rio
l,
a
lt
e
r
n
a
rio
l
m
o
n
o
m
e
th
y
l
e
th
e
r,
a
n
d
a
lt
e
n
u
e
n
e
u
p
o
n
b
re
a
d
b
a
k
in
g
,
”
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
Ag
ric
u
lt
u
r
a
l
a
n
d
Fo
o
d
C
h
e
mistry
,
2
0
1
0
,
V
o
l.
58
,
pp.
9
6
2
2
-
9
6
3
0
.
[5
4
]
S
in
g
h
A
.
,
e
t
a
l
.
,
“
Eff
i
c
a
c
y
o
f
f
u
n
g
icid
e
s
a
g
a
in
st
Al
ter
n
a
ria
lea
f
sp
o
t
o
f
c
a
b
b
a
g
e
,
”
Cro
p
Res
.
,
2002
,
V
o
l
.
23
,
No
.
1
,
pp.
1
9
2
-
1
9
3
.
[5
5
]
S
in
g
h
K.
,
e
t
a
l
.
,
“
Ev
a
lu
a
ti
o
n
o
f
c
h
e
m
i
c
a
ls
a
g
a
in
st
Al
ter
n
a
ria
lea
f
sp
o
t
o
f
b
rin
jal,
”
An
n
.
Pl
a
n
t
Pr
o
tec
.
S
c
i
.,
2
0
0
3
,
V
o
l
.
11
,
N
o
.
2
,
p
p
.
3
9
4
-
3
9
5
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IJ
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S
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8814
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171
[5
6
]
S
in
g
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.
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.
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“
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iffere
n
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ly
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.
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[5
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S
in
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K.,
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t
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.
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ter
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.
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“
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.
[5
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t
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.
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“
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0
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Ba
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E.,
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t
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.
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“
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h
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.
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3
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G.
,
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.
,
“
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4
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.
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.
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5
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W
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lk
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r
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C.
,
“
Dise
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In
:
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ro
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.
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.
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6
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ire
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.
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.
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icro
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,
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ra
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Brit
.
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l.
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o
c
.
,
1
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,
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l.
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1
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.
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7
]
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ire
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.
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.
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tem
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ra
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s,”
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.
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.
,
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,
Vo
l.
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,
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p
.
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-
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.
[6
8
]
Z
h
a
o
Y.,
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t
a
l
.
,
“
Bio
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ica
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lt
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iz
o
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s sto
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fer
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to
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ru
it
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y
Pi
c
h
ia
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il
l
ier
mo
n
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ii
,”
J
.
H
o
rt.
S
c
i.
Bi
o
t
e
c
h
.
,
2
0
0
8
,
V
o
l.
83
,
No
.
1
,
p
p
.
132
-
1
3
6
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.