In
te
r
n
at
ion
al Jou
r
n
al o
f
Advan
c
e
s in
Ap
p
li
e
d
S
c
ience
s (IJA
AS)
Vol.
6
, No.
1
,
Mar
c
h 201
7
, pp.
89
~
97
I
S
S
N:
2252
-
8814
89
Jou
rn
al h
o
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e
page
:
htt
p:
//
iaesjournal
.c
om/onli
ne
/
index
.php/IJ
AAS
Ana
ly
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m
p
a
risio
n bet
w
een Single a
nd Mo
dula
r F
uel
Cell
Stac
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:
Unifor
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M
o
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Ap
pro
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M
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gavat
h
Ve
n
k
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sh
N
aik
, P
au
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am
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De
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te o
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A
ll
a
h
a
b
a
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A
ll
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h
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b
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d
,
In
d
ia
Ar
tic
le Inf
o
ABS
T
RA
CT
A
rti
c
le hi
stor
y
:
R
e
c
e
ived
Ap
r 8, 2
017
R
e
vised Ma
y
13, 2017
Ac
c
e
pt
e
d Ma
y
20, 2017
A
sin
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if
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p
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Un
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b
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K
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w
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Max
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powe
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Modul
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ture
Non
unifor
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fu
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de
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mi
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Co
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©
201
7
In
s
t
it
u
te o
f
A
d
v
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n
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d
E
n
g
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g
a
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S
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e
.
Al
l
rig
h
ts
re
se
rv
e
d
.
C
orrespon
din
g A
u
th
or:
M.Ve
nka
tesh N
a
ik
De
pa
rte
m
e
nt of Ele
c
tri
c
a
l Eng
inee
rin
g
,
Mot
il
a
l Ne
hr
u Na
ti
ona
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Instit
ute of
Te
c
hnolog
y
A
ll
a
ha
ba
d,
Te
li
a
r
g
a
nj, All
a
ha
ba
d
-
21
1004, Uttar
P
ra
de
sh,
I
ndi
a
.
Email:
ve
nka
teshn@mnnit
.a
c
.in
1.
INTRODUC
T
ION
Fu
el
ce
l
l
(
FC
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i
s
a
d
ev
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w
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Fi
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1
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.
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[
2
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[
4
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[
5
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.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
S
S
N
:
2252
-
8814
IJ
A
AS
Vol.
6
, No.
1
, Ma
rc
h 201
7
:
89
–
97
90
Fig
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1
3
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R
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s
s
ed
i
n
[
1
1
]
an
d
th
e
m
eth
o
d
o
f
co
n
tr
o
lli
n
g
co
n
ce
n
tr
atio
n
l
o
s
s
es
ar
e
d
escr
b
ed
i
n
[
1
2
]
.
T
h
e
ad
ap
tiv
e
co
n
tr
o
l
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
to
g
ai
n
m
a
x
i
m
u
m
ef
f
icien
c
y
i
s
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
in
[
1
3
]
.
T
h
e
m
eth
o
d
o
f
c
u
r
r
en
t
co
m
p
e
n
s
atio
n
tec
h
n
iq
u
e
to
e
x
tr
ac
t
t
h
e
m
a
x
i
m
u
m
p
o
w
er
h
as
b
ee
n
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
b
y
B
.
So
m
aiah
et
al
[
1
4
]
.
A
m
o
d
u
lar
ap
p
o
r
ch
f
o
r
g
ain
in
g
t
h
e
m
ax
i
m
u
m
p
o
w
er
h
as
b
ee
n
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
in
[
1
5
]
an
d
[
1
6
]
.
I
n
th
is
m
o
d
u
lar
s
c
h
e
m
e
a
s
i
n
g
le
FC
s
tack
i
s
d
iv
id
ed
in
to
s
u
itab
le
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
s
ec
tio
n
s
a
n
d
ea
ch
s
ec
tio
n
d
eli
v
er
s
p
o
w
er
to
th
e
lo
ad
.
I
n
th
i
s
p
ap
er
,
m
ai
n
l
y
it
’
s
co
n
ce
n
tr
ated
o
n
t
h
e
co
m
p
ar
ati
v
e
an
al
y
s
is
o
f
m
o
d
u
lar
s
tr
u
ct
u
r
e
an
d
s
i
n
g
l
e
s
tack
co
n
f
i
g
u
r
at
io
n
s
.
Fo
r
th
e
p
u
r
p
o
s
e
o
f
th
e
s
tu
d
y
th
e
m
o
d
u
lar
s
tr
u
ct
u
r
e
is
d
ef
i
n
ed
as
u
n
if
o
r
m
m
o
d
u
lar
ce
ll
s
tr
u
ct
u
r
e
(
UM
C
C
)
a
n
d
s
in
g
le
s
tack
co
n
f
i
g
u
r
at
io
n
is
d
ef
i
n
ed
as
u
n
i
s
tac
k
co
n
f
i
g
u
r
atio
n
(
USC
)
.
I
n
USC
ca
s
e
th
e
to
tal
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
ce
l
ls
co
n
s
i
d
er
ed
as
‘
n
’
a
n
d
in
UM
C
C
t
h
e
‘
n
’
n
o
.
o
f
to
tal
ce
l
ls
i
n
a
s
tack
ar
e
d
iv
id
ed
in
to
k
m
o
d
u
les
w
it
h
‘
n
/
k
’
ce
lls
i
n
ea
ch
m
o
d
u
le,
i.e
.
th
e
ce
ll
s
ar
e
u
n
i
f
o
r
m
l
y
d
is
tr
ib
u
ted
in
ea
ch
m
o
d
u
le,
an
d
in
d
iv
id
u
al
m
o
d
u
le
s
s
u
p
p
lies
p
o
w
er
to
t
h
e
lo
ad
.
T
h
e
u
n
d
er
p
er
o
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
o
f
t
h
e
s
tac
k
is
r
ea
lized
b
y
c
h
an
g
i
n
g
o
h
m
ic
r
esi
s
ta
n
ce
o
f
th
e
F
C
s
t
ac
k
f
o
r
m
it
s
n
o
r
m
al
v
alu
e.
F
u
th
er
th
e
p
o
w
er
s
u
p
p
lied
b
y
th
e
USC
an
d
UM
C
C
ar
e
co
m
p
ar
ed
an
d
p
r
o
v
ed
th
at
th
e
later
s
u
p
p
lies
h
ig
h
er
p
o
w
er
to
th
e
lo
ad
.
T
h
is
p
ap
er
co
n
tain
s
f
o
u
r
s
ec
tio
n
s
,
Sectio
n
I
I
o
f
t
h
e
p
ap
er
d
is
cu
s
s
es
th
e
m
ath
e
m
atica
l
d
er
iv
at
io
n
s
o
f
v
o
ltag
e,
c
u
r
r
en
t
an
d
p
o
w
er
o
f
U
SC
an
d
UM
C
C
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
es
u
s
in
g
m
a
x
i
m
u
m
p
o
w
er
tr
an
s
f
er
th
eo
r
e
m
.
A
l
s
o
t
h
e
m
at
h
e
m
atica
l
an
a
l
y
s
i
s
f
o
r
‘
m
’
n
o
.
o
f
ce
lls
in
a
n
u
n
d
er
p
er
f
o
r
m
i
n
g
s
tack
o
r
m
o
d
u
le
h
as
b
ee
n
d
o
n
e.
I
n
s
ec
tio
n
I
I
I
s
i
m
u
latio
n
r
esu
lt
s
to
s
h
o
w
t
h
e
b
en
ef
it
o
f
t
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
a
p
p
r
o
ac
h
w
h
e
n
co
m
p
ar
ed
to
th
e
co
n
v
e
n
tio
n
al
u
n
i
s
tac
k
m
o
d
el
h
a
s
b
ee
n
p
r
esen
ted
.
I
n
s
ec
tio
n
I
V
co
n
cl
u
s
io
n
o
f
t
h
e
elec
tr
ical
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
s
o
f
t
wo
co
n
f
i
g
u
r
atio
n
s
ar
e
p
r
ese
n
ted
an
d
t
h
e
s
u
p
er
io
r
it
y
o
f
UM
C
C
d
e
m
o
n
s
tr
ated
.
2.
M
AT
H
E
M
AT
I
CAL M
O
DE
L
L
I
N
G
O
F
T
H
E
P
RO
P
O
SE
D
M
E
T
H
O
D
T
h
e
v
o
ltag
e
p
r
o
d
u
ce
d
b
y
a
ce
ll
in
a
s
tac
k
r
an
g
es
f
r
o
m
0
.
8
V
at
No
-
lo
ad
to
0
.
4
V
at
f
u
ll
lo
ad
.
A
s
t
h
e
ce
ll
v
o
lta
g
e
is
lo
w
,
th
e
y
ar
e
c
o
n
n
ec
ted
i
n
s
er
ies
to
f
o
r
m
a
s
t
ac
k
.
Su
p
p
o
s
e
‘
n
’
n
u
m
b
er
s
o
f
ce
lls
ar
e
to
b
e
u
s
ed
in
o
r
d
er
to
m
ak
e
a
s
i
n
g
le
F
C
s
tack
.
I
n
th
is
p
ap
er
th
e
f
o
llo
w
i
n
g
t
w
o
co
n
f
i
g
u
r
at
io
n
s
ar
e
an
al
y
ze
d
an
d
co
m
p
ar
ed
w
it
h
F
C
s
tac
k
v
o
ltag
e
s
,
cu
r
r
en
ts
an
d
p
o
w
er
s
u
p
p
lied
to
a
DC
lo
ad
u
n
d
er
r
ated
o
p
er
atin
g
co
n
d
itio
n
.
T
h
e
t
w
o
co
n
f
i
g
u
r
atio
n
s
tak
e
n
i
n
to
co
n
s
id
er
atio
n
ar
e
a.
Un
i stac
k
co
n
f
i
g
u
r
at
io
n
(
US
C
)
.
b.
Un
i
f
o
r
m
m
o
d
u
lar
ce
ll c
o
n
f
ig
u
r
atio
n
(
UM
C
C
)
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IJ
A
AS
I
S
S
N:
2252
-
8814
Analy
ti
c
al C
omparisi
on
be
tw
e
e
n Singl
e
and M
od
ular
…
(
M
e
gav
ath Ve
n
k
a
tesh Nai
k
)
91
2
.
1
.
UNI S
T
AC
K
CO
NF
I
G
UR
A
T
I
O
N
(
USC)
Su
p
p
o
s
e
all
th
e
n
ce
ll
s
ar
e
co
n
n
ec
ted
i
n
s
er
ies
to
f
o
r
m
a
s
i
n
g
le
s
tac
k
as
s
h
o
w
n
i
n
F
ig
u
r
e
3
(
a)
.
T
h
e
s
tack
v
o
ltag
e
i
s
s
u
m
m
a
tio
n
o
f
all
in
d
iv
id
u
al
ce
ll
v
o
ltag
e
s
.
=
1
+
2
+
⋯
…
…
…
…
…
+
(
1
)
I
f
all
th
e
ce
ll
s
i
n
a
s
tack
ar
e
h
e
alth
y
,
t
h
e
n
=
1
=
2
=
⋯
(
2
)
=
1
=
2
=
⋯
(
3
)
W
h
er
e
“
”
is
th
e
v
o
ltag
e
p
r
o
d
u
ce
d
b
y
s
i
n
g
le
ce
ll
a
n
d
“
R
C
”
is
th
e
in
ter
n
al
r
es
is
ta
n
ce
o
f
s
in
g
le
f
u
e
l
ce
ll
d
u
e
to
m
e
m
b
r
a
n
e,
o
h
m
ic,
an
o
d
e
an
d
ca
t
h
o
d
e.
“
V
F
C
S
”
is
t
h
e
v
o
ltag
e
p
r
o
d
u
ce
d
b
y
FC
s
tack
o
f
n
ce
lls
a
n
d
“
R
F
C
S
”
is
th
e
s
u
m
o
f
i
n
ter
n
al
r
es
is
t
an
ce
s
o
f
ce
ll
s
o
f
s
tack
.
W
h
en
all
t
h
e
c
ells
ar
e
h
ea
lth
y
th
e
s
tac
k
v
o
lta
g
e
is
g
i
v
en
b
y
=
×
A
cc
o
r
d
in
g
l
y
=
×
R
C
1
V
C
1
R
F
C
S
V
F
C
S
R
C
2
V
C
2
V
C
3
R
C
3
R
C
n
V
C
n
V
o
I
F
C
S
I
F
C
S
L
O
A
D
L
O
A
D
C
e
l
l
#
1
C
e
l
l
#
N
C
e
l
l
#
2
C
e
l
l
#
3
Fig
u
r
e
3
.
a)
E
q
u
iv
alen
t
C
ir
cu
it
o
f
USC
C
ase
w
it
h
n
C
ell
s
b
)
E
q
u
iv
ale
n
t C
ir
cu
it
o
f
3
(
a)
A
cc
o
r
d
in
g
to
cir
cu
it
t
h
eo
r
y
,
to
ex
tr
ac
t
t
h
e
m
ax
i
m
u
m
p
o
w
er
th
e
s
o
u
r
ce
r
esi
s
ta
n
ce
an
d
lo
ad
r
esis
ta
n
ce
s
ar
e
eq
u
al.
=
2
4
(
4
)
A
l
s
o
th
e
o
u
tp
u
t p
o
w
er
d
eliv
er
ed
b
y
th
e
FC
S
tack
i
s
g
i
v
e
n
b
y
0
=
−
2
=
(
−
2
)
(
5
)
Fro
m
(
4
)
an
d
(
5
)
,
its
p
e
r
ce
p
t
ib
le
th
at
in
cr
ea
s
i
n
g
t
h
e
FC
s
t
ac
k
lo
ad
b
ey
o
n
d
th
e
p
o
in
t
g
i
v
en
b
y
(
4
)
r
esu
lt
s
in
in
cr
ea
s
ed
p
o
w
er
lo
s
s
es
an
d
s
h
r
i
n
k
in
o
u
tp
u
t
p
o
w
e
r
,
T
h
u
s
,
t
h
e
lo
ad
cu
r
r
en
t
s
h
o
u
l
d
b
e
lim
ited
to
th
e
v
alu
e
g
i
v
en
b
y
,
=
2
×
(
6
)
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
S
S
N
:
2252
-
8814
IJ
A
AS
Vol.
6
, No.
1
, Ma
rc
h 201
7
:
89
–
97
92
Fu
r
t
h
er
,
th
e
o
u
tp
u
t v
o
lta
g
e
o
f
t
h
e
s
tac
k
as s
h
o
w
n
i
n
Fi
g
u
r
e.
3
.
(
b
)
0
=
−
(
7
)
0
=
[
−
]
On
co
m
p
ar
in
g
(
5
)
an
d
(
7
)
it’
s
k
n
o
w
n
t
h
at
th
e
p
o
w
er
o
u
tp
u
t o
f
th
e
s
tack
i
s
=
(
8
)
Fu
r
t
h
er
,
in
a
s
in
g
le
s
tac
k
co
n
f
i
g
u
r
atio
n
all
t
h
e
ce
ll
s
ar
e
co
n
n
ec
ted
in
s
er
ies
,
h
en
ce
th
e
lo
ad
cu
r
r
en
t
is
li
m
ited
to
th
e
v
al
u
e
w
h
ic
h
th
e
w
ea
k
e
s
t
ce
ll
ca
n
h
a
n
d
le
o
r
s
u
p
p
l
y
,
it
m
ea
n
s
t
h
e
h
ea
l
th
y
ce
ll
w
h
ic
h
ca
n
h
an
d
le
th
e
n
o
r
m
al
r
ated
c
u
r
r
en
t
n
o
w
li
m
i
ted
to
w
ea
k
est
ce
l
l
cu
r
r
en
t.
B
y
co
n
s
id
er
i
n
g
th
is
f
ac
t
t
h
e
m
a
x
i
m
u
m
p
o
w
er
o
u
tp
u
t o
f
t
h
e
s
tac
k
is
g
i
v
en
b
y
=
∑
=
1
,
−
,
2
(
9
)
T
h
er
e
w
ill
b
e
m
i
s
m
a
tch
in
t
h
e
elec
tr
ical
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
o
f
th
e
s
tack
w
h
en
th
er
e
i
s
a
ch
an
g
e
i
n
o
p
er
atin
g
p
ar
a
m
eter
s
s
u
c
h
a
s
t
e
m
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t c
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h
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u
n
d
er
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er
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m
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g
ce
l
l
v
o
lta
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e,
cu
r
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t
a
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its
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es
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ce
i
s
a
n
al
y
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ed
as
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o
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w
s
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f
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er
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C1
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<
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C1
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r
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F
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er
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r
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esp
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al
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e.
So
th
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esis
ta
n
ce
o
f
t
h
e
u
n
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er
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er
f
o
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m
in
g
ce
ll is
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io
n
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,
=
1
(
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0
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As
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ll
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s
w
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k
er
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h
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ce
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r
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t
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ed
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ce
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y
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x
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m
e
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x
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r
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en
t
li
m
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g
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ac
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d
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ce
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n
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er
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er
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i
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d
th
e
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ce
o
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t
h
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s
a
m
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ce
ll.
No
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th
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e
o
f
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tack
a
f
ter
ex
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u
d
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g
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n
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er
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er
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ll is
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y
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−
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−
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(
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1
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h
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l b
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ce
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alu
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en
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y
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(
)
(
1
2
)
As
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h
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ce
lls
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ies,
i
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e
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g
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ll
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er
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er
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m
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n
g
,
th
e
o
t
h
er
h
ea
lt
h
y
ce
lls
al
s
o
h
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v
e
to
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o
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ce
f
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ll
y
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r
r
y
t
h
e
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r
r
en
t
s
u
p
p
lied
b
y
u
n
d
er
p
er
f
o
r
m
i
n
g
ce
ll.
I
t
m
ea
n
s
th
e
u
tili
s
atio
n
s
o
f
t
h
e
h
ea
lt
h
y
ce
lls
ar
e
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er
y
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o
o
r
in
th
e
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ase
o
f
s
i
n
g
le
s
tac
k
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n
f
i
g
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r
atio
n
.
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m
i
lar
l
y
I
f
‘
m
’
No
.
o
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ce
lls
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n
a
s
tack
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e
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n
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er
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er
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o
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i
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g
(
m
<n
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,
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h
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s
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d
c
u
r
r
en
ts
v
al
u
es
less
er
th
a
n
th
e
r
ated
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alu
es.
L
et
ℎ
ce
ll
is
w
ea
k
est
a
m
o
n
g
‘
m
’
u
n
d
er
p
er
f
o
r
m
i
n
g
ce
ll
s
.
T
h
en
t
h
e
cu
r
r
en
t
s
u
p
p
lied
b
y
th
e
w
ea
k
est ce
l
l
will b
e
eq
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al
to
.
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tp
u
t v
o
lta
g
e
o
f
t
h
e
s
tac
k
u
n
d
er
th
is
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it
u
atio
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is
g
iv
e
n
b
y
=
(
−
)
{
−
}
+
∑
(
−
)
=
1
(
1
3
)
h
e
o
u
tp
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t
p
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er
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th
e
s
tac
k
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h
e
n
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h
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i
s
a
w
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e
s
t
ce
ll
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m
o
n
g
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h
e
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m
’
No
.
o
f
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n
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er
p
er
f
o
r
m
i
n
g
ce
ll is
g
i
v
e
n
b
y
=
(
1
4
)
I
t
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n
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ee
n
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o
m
th
e
ab
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e
a
n
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at
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h
e
h
ea
lt
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ier
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ll
s
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av
e
a
s
m
aller
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n
ter
n
al
r
es
is
ta
n
ce
s
an
d
lar
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er
o
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en
cir
cu
it
v
o
ltag
e,
h
e
n
ce
ca
n
s
u
p
p
ly
h
ig
h
er
lo
ad
cu
r
r
en
ts
(
1
3
3
.
3
3
A
)
.
Fro
m
t
h
e
ab
o
v
e
a
n
al
y
s
i
s
it
is
clea
r
t
h
at
t
h
e
p
r
esen
s
e
o
f
a
s
in
g
le
b
ad
ce
ll
i
n
a
s
tack
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n
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f
ec
t
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h
e
o
v
er
all
p
o
w
er
s
u
p
p
led
b
y
t
h
e
s
tac
k
.
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h
is
p
r
o
b
lem
ca
n
b
e
o
v
er
co
m
e
b
y
u
s
in
g
m
o
d
u
lar
s
t
r
u
ctu
r
e
[
1
4
]
a
n
d
th
eir
an
al
y
s
e
s
ar
e
elab
o
r
ate
d
in
th
e
n
e
x
t sect
io
n
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IJ
A
AS
I
S
S
N:
2252
-
8814
Analy
ti
c
al C
omparisi
on
be
tw
e
e
n Singl
e
and M
od
ular
…
(
M
e
gav
ath Ve
n
k
a
tesh Nai
k
)
93
2
.
2
.
UNIFO
RM
M
O
DULAR C
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L
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CO
NF
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G
URA
T
I
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N
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U
M
CC)
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h
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r
s
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C
C
ap
p
r
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as
s
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n
Fi
g
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r
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4
I
n
t
h
is
s
c
h
e
m
e
a
s
i
n
g
le
s
tac
k
w
i
th
n
ce
lls
w
h
ic
h
i
s
d
is
cu
s
s
ed
in
th
e
p
r
ev
io
u
s
s
ec
t
io
n
,
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o
w
it
i
s
d
iv
id
ed
in
to
‘
k
’
m
o
d
u
le
s
an
d
ea
ch
m
o
d
u
le
h
as
n
/
k
ce
lls
.
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m
Fig
u
r
e
.
4
it
’
s
s
ee
n
t
h
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ea
c
h
FC
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o
d
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le
ter
m
in
al
s
ar
e
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n
n
ec
ted
to
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n
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al
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ad
.
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y
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o
in
g
s
o
,
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e
p
r
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ce
o
f
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ad
ce
ll
in
a
m
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d
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le
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n
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a
f
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m
ai
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les.He
n
ce
t
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ca
n
s
u
p
p
l
y
t
h
eir
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ated
p
o
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alw
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s
.
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r
s
o
p
p
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e,
if
a
w
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k
est
ce
ll
is
p
r
esen
ted
in
m
o
d
u
le
1
,
th
en
th
e
cu
r
r
en
t
s
u
p
p
lied
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y
th
e
m
o
d
u
l
e
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n
l
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f
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n
d
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d
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ce
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p
o
w
er
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s
e
n
t
to
th
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co
n
ce
r
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ed
lo
ad
1
.
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h
e
o
th
er
h
elat
h
ier
m
o
d
u
les
ca
n
s
u
p
p
l
y
m
ax
i
m
u
m
p
o
w
er
to
th
e
co
r
r
esp
o
n
d
in
g
lo
ad
s
.
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e
it
is
ass
u
m
ed
th
at
th
e
g
en
er
ated
v
o
ltag
e
b
y
a
s
in
g
le
ce
ll
in
a
m
o
d
u
le
is
V
c
,
th
e
c
u
r
r
e
n
t
s
u
p
p
lied
b
y
t
h
e
ce
ll
is
I
fc
an
d
r
esis
ta
n
ce
o
f
a
ce
ll
is
R
C
.
th
e
cu
r
r
en
t
s
u
p
p
lied
b
y
th
e
m
o
d
u
le
1
,
2
,
3
-
-
-
-
-
k
a
r
e
I
s
1
,
I
s
2
,
I
s
3
,
-
-
-
-
-
-
I
s
k
r
esp
ec
tiv
el
y
.
Ou
tp
u
t
v
o
ltag
e
o
f
Mo
d
u
le
1
,
ca
n
b
e
w
r
itten
as
1
=
[
−
1
]
(
1
5
)
A
l
s
o
th
e
o
u
tp
u
t
v
o
lta
g
e
o
f
t
h
e
Mo
d
u
le
2
is
g
i
v
en
b
y
2
=
[
−
2
]
(
1
6
)
A
cc
o
r
d
in
g
l
y
th
e
o
u
tp
u
t
v
o
ltag
e
f
o
r
ℎ
m
o
d
u
le
is
w
r
it
ten
as
=
[
−
]
(
1
7
)
Fig
u
r
e.
4
E
q
u
iv
ale
n
t
C
ir
cu
it
o
f
UM
C
C
w
i
th
n
/k
C
e
lls
i
n
E
ac
h
Mo
d
u
le
.
T
h
e
to
tal
o
u
tp
u
t
v
o
ltag
e
av
ai
la
b
le
in
th
e
UM
C
C
is
∑
=
1
,
an
d
th
e
to
tal
p
o
w
er
s
u
p
p
lied
b
y
th
e
s
ta
ck
s
u
m
o
f
p
o
w
er
s
u
p
p
lied
b
y
k
m
o
d
u
les.
=
∑
=
1
(
1
8
)
T
h
e
m
a
x
i
m
u
m
p
o
w
er
g
e
n
er
ate
d
b
y
ea
ch
m
o
d
u
le
o
f
t
h
e
s
tac
k
is
ca
lcu
la
ted
as
=
∑
2
4
×
=
1
(
1
9
)
Fro
m
(
9
)
an
d
(
1
9
)
it
is
ap
p
ar
e
n
t
t
h
at
t
h
e
m
ax
i
m
u
m
p
o
w
er
s
u
p
p
lied
b
y
th
e
U
MC
C
ap
p
r
o
c
h
is
m
o
r
e
th
an
US
C
ca
s
e.
Ho
w
ev
er
,
it
i
s
n
o
t
p
o
s
s
ib
le
to
s
a
y
in
w
h
ich
m
o
d
u
le
t
h
e
b
ad
ce
ll
i
s
p
r
ese
n
t
ed
.
T
h
e
an
al
y
s
is
o
f
p
r
esen
ce
o
f
b
ad
e
ce
ll
in
o
n
e
o
r
m
an
y
m
o
d
u
les
ar
e
d
escr
ib
ed
as
f
o
llo
w
s
.
I
f
o
n
e
s
i
n
g
le
ce
ll
a
m
o
n
g
‘
n
/
k
’
ce
lls
o
f
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
S
S
N
:
2252
-
8814
IJ
A
AS
Vol.
6
, No.
1
, Ma
rc
h 201
7
:
89
–
97
94
m
o
d
u
le
#
1
is
u
n
d
er
p
er
f
o
r
m
i
n
g
w
it
h
c
u
r
r
en
t
,
v
o
lta
g
e
1
an
d
r
esis
ta
n
ce
1
.
W
h
er
e
<
1
,
1
<
an
d
ce
ll r
esis
ta
n
ce
1
=
1
is
d
if
f
er
e
n
t th
a
n
t
h
e
o
th
er
ce
lls
.
O
u
tp
u
t
v
o
ltag
e
o
f
th
e
m
o
d
u
le
#
1
is
g
i
v
en
b
y
01
,
=
1
[
(
−
1
)
(
−
)
+
1
−
1
]
1
−
1
1
(
2
0
)
Ou
tp
u
t p
o
w
er
d
eliv
er
ed
b
y
th
e
m
o
d
u
le
#
1
is
1
,
=
1
(
2
1
)
So
h
er
e
it
is
clea
r
th
at
o
u
tp
u
t
v
o
ltag
e
an
d
cu
r
r
en
t o
f
f
ir
s
t stac
k
is
r
ed
u
ce
d
.
Ou
tp
u
t v
o
lta
g
e
o
f
m
o
d
u
le
#
2
is
g
i
v
en
b
y
02
=
[
−
]
(
2
2
)
Ou
tp
u
t p
o
w
er
o
f
t
h
e
s
ec
o
n
d
s
t
ac
k
is
g
iv
e
n
b
y
2
=
2
2
(
2
3
)
A
cc
o
r
d
in
g
l
y
f
o
r
ℎ
m
o
d
u
le
t
h
e
o
u
tp
u
t
v
o
ltag
e
i
s
g
iv
e
n
b
y
=
[
−
]
(
2
4
)
T
h
e
o
u
tp
u
t p
o
w
er
f
o
r
th
e
ℎ
m
o
d
u
le
is
g
i
v
en
b
y
=
(
2
5
)
I
t
is
clea
r
f
o
r
m
(
2
2
)
,
(
2
3
)
,
(
2
4
)
,
an
d
(
2
5
)
th
at
th
e
h
ea
lt
h
ier
ce
lls
ar
e
f
u
l
l
y
u
ti
lized
.
T
h
e
m
ax
i
m
u
m
p
o
w
er
d
eliv
er
ed
to
t
h
e
lo
ad
d
u
r
in
g
t
h
e
UM
C
C
ca
s
e
i
s
g
r
ea
ter
th
a
n
t
h
e
U
SC
ca
s
e.
F
u
r
th
er
,
I
f
‘
m
’
ce
lls
a
m
o
n
g
an
y
o
f
k
m
o
d
u
les
(
m
<(
n
/
k
)
)
,
f
o
r
e
x
a
m
p
le
m
o
d
u
le
#
1
is
u
n
d
er
p
er
f
o
r
m
i
n
g
,
t
h
e
n
let
u
s
ass
u
m
e
th
a
t
th
e
o
u
tp
u
t
v
o
ltag
e
s
o
f
th
e
u
n
d
er
p
er
f
o
r
m
i
n
g
ce
lls
ar
e
g
i
v
en
b
y
1
,
2
,
3
,
…
an
d
cu
r
r
en
ts
ar
e
g
i
v
en
b
y
1
,
2
,
.
.
.
.
.
A
l
l
th
e
c
u
r
r
en
t
s
o
f
u
n
d
er
p
er
f
o
r
m
in
g
ce
ll
s
ar
e
less
th
a
n
r
ated
v
alu
e
i.e
.
t
h
e
all
m
u
ltip
li
er
s
ar
e
less
t
h
an
o
n
e
.
T
h
e
o
u
tp
u
t v
o
lta
g
e
o
f
m
o
d
u
le
#
1
is
g
i
v
en
b
y
1
,
=
1
[
(
−
)
(
−
)
+
∑
=
1
−
]
(
2
6
)
W
h
er
e
is
cu
r
r
en
t s
u
p
p
lied
b
y
th
e
w
ea
k
e
s
t c
ell
a
n
d
is
th
e
i
n
te
r
n
al
r
esis
ta
n
ce
o
f
ℎ
ce
ll.
A
cc
o
r
d
in
g
l
y
th
e
o
u
tp
u
t p
o
w
er
o
f
th
e
m
o
d
u
le
#
1
d
u
r
in
g
u
n
d
er
p
er
f
o
r
m
in
g
ca
s
e
i
s
g
i
v
e
n
b
y
1
,
=
1
,
(
2
7
)
Fo
r
th
e
m
o
d
u
le
#
2
th
e
v
o
ltag
e
an
d
cu
r
r
en
t a
r
e
g
i
v
e
n
b
y
02
=
[
−
]
(
2
8
)
2
=
2
(
2
9
)
A
cc
o
r
d
in
g
l
y
th
e
v
o
ltag
e
a
n
d
p
o
w
er
f
o
r
m
o
d
u
le
#
k
ar
e
w
r
itte
n
as
0
=
[
−
]
(
3
0
)
=
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IJ
A
AS
I
S
S
N:
2252
-
8814
Analy
ti
c
al C
omparisi
on
be
tw
e
e
n Singl
e
and M
od
ular
…
(
M
e
gav
ath Ve
n
k
a
tesh Nai
k
)
95
So
th
e
co
llectiv
e
o
u
tp
u
t
v
o
ltag
e
an
d
p
o
w
er
f
r
o
m
‘
k
’
m
o
d
u
les
ar
e
g
iv
e
n
b
y
=
1
,
+
2
+
⋯
+
(
3
1
)
=
1
,
+
2
+
⋯
+
So
it
is
clea
r
th
a
t
b
y
co
n
n
ec
tin
g
t
h
e
ce
ll
in
UM
C
C
f
as
h
io
n
t
h
e
m
ax
i
m
u
m
p
o
w
e
r
s
u
p
p
lied
to
th
e
lo
ad
is
in
cr
ea
s
ed
co
m
p
ar
ed
to
th
e
USC
ca
s
e.
3.
SI
M
UL
AT
I
O
N
ST
U
DY
T
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
UM
C
C
ap
p
r
o
a
ch
is
an
a
l
y
s
ed
b
y
d
e
v
elo
p
in
g
p
r
o
to
n
ex
ch
a
n
g
e
m
e
m
b
r
an
e
f
u
el
ce
ll
(
P
E
MFC
)
s
tack
i
n
M
A
T
L
A
B
Si
m
u
li
n
k
s
o
f
t
w
ar
e
to
o
l.
T
h
e
FC
f
u
el
f
lo
w
p
r
ess
u
r
e,
air
f
lo
w
r
at
e,
an
d
o
p
er
atin
g
te
m
p
er
atu
r
e
ar
e
in
cl
u
d
ed
in
th
e
m
o
d
el
o
f
P
E
MFC
m
o
d
el.
T
h
e
p
ar
am
eter
s
u
s
ed
i
n
m
o
d
el
ar
e
p
r
esen
ted
in
T
ab
le
1
.
He
r
e
1
9
5
(
n
)
s
i
m
ilar
P
E
MFC
s
co
m
p
r
is
e
o
n
e
s
in
g
le
s
tack
a
n
d
6
5
(
n
/k
)
ce
lls
co
m
p
r
is
es
i
n
ea
c
h
u
n
i
f
o
r
m
m
o
d
u
lar
s
ec
tio
n
.
All t
h
e
ce
lls
ar
e
id
en
tical
a
n
d
f
o
r
ea
ch
ce
ll
th
e
v
o
lta
g
e
at
0
A
is
1
V,
an
d
0
.
6
9
2
3
V
at
f
u
ll lo
ad
cu
r
r
en
t o
f
1
3
3
.
3
A
.
T
h
e
an
al
y
s
is
ar
e
ca
r
r
ied
o
u
t
f
o
r
a
s
tead
y
s
tate
co
n
s
ta
n
t c
u
r
r
en
t
s
u
p
p
l
y
.
P
r
i
m
ar
il
y
,
t
h
e
r
es
u
lts
o
b
tain
ed
w
it
h
U
SC
ca
s
e
ar
e
p
r
esen
ted
.
T
h
er
e
ar
e
t
w
o
ca
s
es
co
n
s
id
er
ed
h
ea
lt
h
y
s
tac
k
a
n
d
u
n
d
er
p
er
f
o
r
m
in
g
s
tack
.
D
u
r
in
g
h
ea
l
th
y
co
n
d
i
tio
n
(
1
3
3
.
3
3
A
)
th
e
s
tac
k
ca
n
s
u
p
p
l
y
its
r
ated
p
o
w
er
to
th
e
lo
ad
,
d
u
r
in
g
u
n
d
er
p
er
f
o
r
m
i
n
g
ca
s
e
(
1
0
0
A
)
th
e
s
tac
k
ca
n
o
n
l
y
s
u
p
p
l
y
r
ed
u
ce
d
p
o
w
er
to
th
e
lo
ad
.
T
h
e
h
ea
lt
h
y
s
tac
k
is
m
o
d
elled
w
it
h
t
h
e
o
h
m
ic
r
esi
s
ta
n
ce
o
f
0
.
0
4
4
Ω
an
d
th
e
o
t
h
er
u
n
d
er
p
er
f
o
r
m
i
n
g
ca
s
e
th
e
s
a
m
e
s
tac
k
i
s
m
o
d
ell
ed
w
it
h
0
.
1
7
3
2
Ω
.
Fo
r
b
o
th
th
e
ca
s
e
s
f
lo
w
r
ate
o
f
h
y
d
r
o
g
e
n
is
k
ep
t
co
n
s
ta
n
t
at
5
0
lp
m
(
litre
s
p
er
m
i
n
u
te)
.
T
h
e
v
o
lta
g
es
o
f
th
e
s
tac
k
f
o
r
a
c
o
n
s
ta
n
t
lo
ad
d
u
r
i
n
g
h
ea
lt
h
y
an
d
u
n
d
er
p
er
f
o
r
m
i
n
g
ca
s
es
ar
e
s
h
o
w
n
in
Fi
g
u
r
e.
4
(
a)
(
h
er
e
SS
C
r
ep
r
ese
n
ts
Sin
g
le
s
tac
k
co
n
d
i
f
r
atio
n
as
s
a
m
e
as
US
C
)
,
it
’
s
o
b
s
er
v
ed
th
at
d
u
r
in
g
h
ea
lt
h
y
co
n
d
itio
n
th
e
ter
m
i
n
al
v
o
lta
g
e
o
f
th
e
F
C
s
tac
k
is
1
3
5
V
an
d
ca
n
s
u
p
p
l
y
t
h
e
cu
r
r
en
t
o
f
1
3
3
.
3
3
A
.
w
h
er
e
as
d
u
r
in
g
u
n
d
er
p
er
f
o
r
m
in
g
ca
s
e
th
e
ter
m
in
al
v
o
ltag
e
d
r
o
p
s
to
1
2
5
V
an
d
th
e
cu
r
r
en
t
h
an
d
li
n
g
ca
p
ac
it
y
i
s
r
ed
u
ce
d
to
1
0
0
A
,
as
s
h
o
w
n
in
Fig
u
r
e
4
(
b
)
.
A
s
th
e
w
ea
k
e
s
t
ce
ll
in
a
s
tac
k
ca
n
h
an
d
le
1
0
0
A
,
th
e
o
t
h
er
h
ea
lt
h
y
ce
lls
co
n
n
ec
ted
in
s
er
ies
a
r
e
r
estricte
d
to
c
ar
r
y
1
0
0
A
a
n
d
h
e
n
ce
t
h
e
p
o
w
er
s
u
p
p
lied
b
y
t
h
e
s
tac
k
i
s
r
ed
u
c
ed
to
1
2
.
5
k
W
as
s
h
o
w
n
i
n
Fi
g
u
r
e.
4
(
c)
.
On
e
ca
n
s
cr
u
tin
iz
e
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
Fi
g
u
r
e
4
(
c)
th
at
th
e
u
n
d
er
p
er
f
o
r
m
in
g
s
tack
n
o
w
s
u
p
p
l
y
i
n
g
o
n
l
y
1
2
.
5
k
W
w
h
er
e
as
h
ea
lt
h
ier
s
tack
ca
n
s
u
p
p
l
y
1
8
k
W
o
f
p
o
w
er
.
I
n
o
t
h
er
w
o
r
d
s
3
0
.
5
5
%
o
f
r
ated
p
o
w
er
is
n
o
t
s
u
p
p
lied
to
th
e
lo
ad
b
ec
au
s
e
o
f
a
b
ad
ce
ll.
T
h
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
p
ar
a
m
eter
s
u
n
d
er
USC
ca
s
e
i
s
p
r
esen
ted
in
T
ab
le
2
.
T
ab
le
1
.
P
E
MFC
Mo
d
ellin
g
P
ar
a
m
eter
s
P
ar
am
eter
Valu
es
No
.
o
f
ce
lls
(
n
)
1
9
5
(
USC
ca
s
e
-
(
n
)
)
6
5
(
UM
C
C
ca
s
e
,
(
n
/k
)
,
k
=3
)
Op
en
cir
cu
it
v
o
ltag
e(
E
o
c)
1
9
5
(
USC
)
6
5
(
UM
C
C
)
R
ated
cu
r
r
en
t (
I
FC
)
1
3
3
.
3
3
3
A
Oh
m
ic
r
esis
tan
ce
(
R
Oh
m
)
0
.
0
4
4
Ω
H
2
s
u
p
p
l
y
p
r
ess
u
r
e
3
b
ar
(
USC
)
,
1
.
5
(
UM
C
C
)
O
2
s
u
p
p
l
y
p
r
ess
u
r
e
1
b
ar
(
USC
)
,
1
(
UM
C
C
)
Op
er
atin
g
te
m
p
er
atu
r
e
65
o
C
Far
ad
ay
co
n
s
ta
n
t(
F)
9
6
4
8
0
C
T
ab
le
2
.
FC
P
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
P
ar
am
eter
s
o
f
U
SC
C
ase
(
k
W
)
.
(Ω)
(
V)
(
A
)
Statu
s
18
0
.
0
4
4
135
1
3
3
.
3
h
ea
lt
h
y
1
2
.
5
0
.
1
7
3
2
125
100
w
ea
k
est
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
S
S
N
:
2252
-
8814
IJ
A
AS
Vol.
6
, No.
1
, Ma
rc
h 201
7
:
89
–
97
96
(
a)
(
b
)
(
c
)
Fig
u
r
e
4
.
Mis
m
atc
h
i
n
th
e
P
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
o
f
US
C
C
a
s
e
a)
Stack
Vo
ltag
e
b
)
C
u
r
r
en
t S
u
p
p
li
ed
c)
Po
w
er
Su
p
p
lied
W
h
er
e
as in
UM
C
C
ca
s
e
th
e
p
o
w
er
s
u
p
p
lied
b
y
th
e
FC
s
tac
k
is
i
m
p
r
o
v
ed
b
ec
au
s
e
o
f
i
ts
d
e
s
ig
n
.
Her
e
in
t
h
is
ca
s
e
t
h
e
s
tac
k
i
s
d
ev
id
ed
in
to
th
r
ee
m
o
d
u
les
(
k
=3
)
n
a
m
ed
as
M1
,
M2
an
d
M3
.
He
r
e
M1
is
co
n
s
id
er
ed
as
h
ea
lt
h
y
m
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Analy
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CO
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etail
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ce
ll.
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s
i
m
u
latio
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lts
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a
n
d
UM
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a
p
p
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ch
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t
f
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tead
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tate
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itio
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.
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h
e
s
t
u
d
y
h
a
s
b
ee
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p
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v
ed
th
at
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p
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en
h
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ce
s
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m
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tio
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al
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s
ta
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co
n
f
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g
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n
.
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h
e
UM
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C
allo
w
s
to
d
eliv
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th
e
p
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w
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in
d
iv
id
u
all
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th
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lo
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s
f
r
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m
th
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m
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les.Ho
w
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v
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s
ca
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p
ar
ticu
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s
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itab
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f
o
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th
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asic
d
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b
u
t
n
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t
f
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o
th
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p
ar
ticu
lar
ap
p
lic
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w
h
e
n
w
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k
in
g
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n
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s
tac
k
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s
m
eth
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s
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f
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p
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s
tac
k
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n
w
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ich
t
h
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
ce
ll
s
ar
e
h
i
g
h
.
REF
E
RENC
E
S
[
1
]
L
.
P
a
lm
a
a
n
d
P
.
E
n
jeti.
A
mo
d
u
l
a
r
fu
e
l
c
e
ll
,
m
o
d
u
la
r
DC
–
DC
c
o
n
v
e
rte
rc
o
n
c
e
p
t
.
T
e
x
a
s
A
&
M
Un
iv
e
rsit
y
,
Co
ll
e
g
e
S
tatio
n
,
T
A
M
US
2
4
3
1
In
v
e
n
ti
o
n
d
isc
lo
su
re
.
2
0
0
6
.
[
2
]
M
.
El
li
s,
M
.
S
p
a
k
o
v
sk
y
,
a
n
d
D.
Ne
lso
n
.
Fu
e
l
c
e
ll
sy
ste
ms
:
Ef
fi
c
ien
t,
f
lex
ib
le
e
n
e
rg
y
c
o
n
v
e
rs
io
n
f
o
r
th
e
2
1
st
c
e
n
t
u
ry
.
P
r
o
c
.
IEE
E.
2
0
0
1
;
8
9
(
1
2
);
1
8
0
8
–
1
8
1
8
.
[
3
]
G
a
u
ra
v
S
a
c
h
d
e
v
a
.
M
o
d
e
li
n
g
a
n
d
S
im
u
latio
n
o
f
F
u
e
l
c
e
ll
(Dic
k
s
-
L
a
r
m
in
ie
M
o
d
e
l)
b
a
se
d
3
-
P
h
a
se
V
o
lt
a
g
e
S
o
u
rc
e
In
v
e
rter.
In
ter
n
a
t
io
n
a
l
J
o
u
r
n
a
l
o
f
El
e
c
trica
l
a
n
d
C
o
mp
u
ter
En
g
in
e
e
rin
g
(
I
J
ECE
.
)
2
0
1
4
;
4
(5
);
6
9
1
-
6
9
6
.
[
4
]
Ra
sh
m
i
S
h
a
r
m
a
.
S
o
f
t
S
w
it
c
h
e
d
M
u
lt
i
-
O
u
tp
u
t
P
W
M
DC
-
DC
Co
n
v
e
rter.
In
tern
a
ti
o
n
a
l
Jo
u
rn
a
l
o
f
P
o
w
e
r
El
e
c
tro
n
ics
a
n
d
Driv
e
S
y
ste
m
s.
2
0
1
3
;
3
(3
):
3
2
8
-
3
3
5
.
[
5
]
B.
S
o
m
a
iah
a
n
d
V
.
A
g
a
r
wa
l.
Re
c
u
rsiv
e
e
stim
a
ti
o
n
b
a
se
d
m
a
x
i
m
u
m
p
o
w
e
r
e
x
trac
ti
o
n
tec
h
n
i
q
u
e
f
o
r
a
f
u
e
l
c
e
ll
p
o
w
e
r
so
u
rc
e
u
se
d
i
n
v
e
h
icu
lar a
p
p
li
c
a
ti
o
n
.
IEE
E
T
ra
n
s.
Po
we
r E
lec
tro
n
.
2
0
1
3
;
2
8
(
1
0
)
,
4
6
3
6
–
4
6
4
3
.
[
6
]
Z.
Zh
o
n
g
,
H.
Hu
o
,
X.
Z
h
u
,
G
.
Ca
o
,
a
n
d
Y.
Re
n
.
A
d
a
p
ti
v
e
m
a
x
i
m
u
m
p
o
w
e
r
p
o
in
t
trac
k
in
g
c
o
n
tro
l
o
f
f
u
e
l
c
e
ll
p
o
w
e
r
p
lan
ts,
”
J
.
P
o
we
r S
o
u
rc
e
s
.
2
0
0
8
;
1
7
6
(1
);
2
5
9
–
2
6
9
.
[
7
]
M
.
Da
rg
a
h
i,
J.
Ro
u
h
i,
M
.
Re
z
a
n
e
z
h
a
d
,
a
n
d
M
.
S
h
a
k
e
ri.
M
a
x
imu
m
p
o
we
r
p
o
i
n
t
tr
a
c
k
in
g
fo
r
fu
e
l
c
e
ll
in
FC/
b
a
tt
e
ry
h
y
b
rid
sy
ste
ms
.
In
P
ro
c
.
IEE
E
I
n
t.
M
u
lt
it
o
p
ic Co
n
f
.
2
0
0
8
;
3
3
–
37.
[
8
]
A
.
M
.
L
a
th
a
m
,
P
.
R.
P
il
a
w
a
,
K.
M
.
Od
a
m
e
,
a
n
d
S
.
C.
Ru
ll
i
v
a
n
.
An
a
ly
sis
a
n
d
o
p
ti
m
iza
ti
o
n
o
f
m
a
x
i
m
u
m
p
o
w
e
r
p
o
in
t
trac
k
in
g
a
lg
o
rit
h
m
s in
th
e
p
re
se
n
c
e
o
f
n
o
ise
,
”
IEE
E
T
ra
n
s.
P
o
we
r E
lec
tro
n
.
2
0
1
2
;
2
8
(
7
);
3
4
7
9
–
3
4
9
4
.
[
9
]
T
.
Esra
m
a
n
d
P
.
L
.
Ch
a
p
m
a
n
.
Co
m
p
a
riso
n
o
f
p
h
o
t
o
v
o
lt
a
ic
a
rra
y
m
a
x
i
m
u
m
p
o
we
r
p
o
in
t
trac
k
in
g
tec
h
n
iq
u
e
s
.
IEE
E
T
ra
n
s.
En
e
rg
y
C
o
n
v
e
rs
.
2
0
0
7
;
2
2
(
2
);
4
3
9
–
4
4
9
.
[
1
0
]
G
.
R.
Zh
u
,
K.
H.
L
o
o
,
Y.
M
.
L
a
i,
a
n
d
C
.
K.
T
se
.
Qu
a
si
-
m
a
x
i
m
u
m
e
ff
ici
e
n
c
y
p
o
in
t
trac
k
in
g
f
o
r
d
ire
c
t
m
e
th
a
n
o
l
f
u
e
l
c
e
ll
in
DMF
C/
S
u
p
e
r
c
a
p
a
c
it
o
r
h
y
b
rid
e
n
e
rg
y
s
y
ste
m
,
”
IEE
E
T
ra
n
s.
En
e
rg
y
Co
n
v
e
rs
2
0
1
2
;
2
7
(3
);
5
6
1
–
5
7
1
.
[
1
1
]
A
.
G
iu
stin
ian
i,
G
.
P
e
tro
n
e
,
G
.
S
p
a
g
n
u
o
l
o
,
a
n
d
M
.
V
it
e
ll
i
.
L
o
w
-
f
re
q
u
e
n
c
y
c
u
rre
n
t
o
sc
il
latio
n
s
a
n
d
m
a
x
i
m
u
m
p
o
w
e
r
p
o
i
n
t
trac
k
in
g
in
g
ri
d
-
c
o
n
n
e
c
ted
f
u
e
l
c
e
ll
b
a
se
d
sy
ste
m
s.
IEE
E
T
ra
n
s.
In
d
.
El
e
c
tro
n
.
,
2
0
1
0
;
5
7
(
6
);
2
0
4
2
–
2
0
5
3
.
[
1
2
]
S
.
Ke
lo
u
w
a
n
i,
K.
A
d
e
g
n
o
n
,
K.
Ag
b
o
ss
o
u
,
a
n
d
Y.
Du
b
e
.
On
l
in
e
s
y
ste
m
id
e
n
ti
f
ica
ti
o
n
a
n
d
a
d
a
p
t
iv
e
c
o
n
tro
l
f
o
r
P
EM
f
u
e
l
c
e
ll
m
a
x
i
m
u
m
e
ff
icie
n
c
y
trac
k
in
g
.
IEE
E
T
r
a
n
s.
En
e
rg
y
Co
n
v
e
rs
.
2
0
1
2
;
2
7
(
3
);
5
8
0
–
5
9
2
.
[
1
3
]
L
.
W
a
n
L
.
P
a
lm
a
a
n
d
P
.
N.
En
jeti.
A
m
o
d
u
lar
f
u
e
l
c
e
ll
.
M
o
d
u
lar
DC
–
DC
c
o
n
v
e
rter
c
o
n
c
e
p
t
f
o
r
h
ig
h
p
e
rf
o
r
m
a
n
c
e
a
n
d
e
n
h
a
n
c
e
d
re
li
a
b
i
li
ty
,
”
IEE
E
T
ra
n
s.P
o
we
r E
lec
tro
n
.
2
0
0
9
;
2
4
(
6
);
1
4
3
7
-
1
4
4
3
.
[
1
4
]
S
o
m
a
iah
Bo
d
d
u
,
a
n
d
V
iv
e
k
Ag
ra
w
a
l.
M
a
x
i
m
u
m
p
o
we
r
e
x
trac
ti
o
n
f
ro
m
se
ries
c
o
n
n
e
c
ted
f
u
e
l
c
e
ll
sta
c
k
s b
y
c
u
rre
n
t
c
o
m
p
e
n
sa
ti
o
n
tec
h
n
i
q
u
e
.
I
EE
E
T
r
a
n
s.P
o
we
r E
lec
tr
on.
2
0
1
5
;
3
0
(2
)
;
5
8
2
-
5
8
9
.
[
1
5
]
E.
Ce
n
g
e
lci,
P
.
En
jeti
,
a
n
d
J.
W
.
G
ra
y
.
A
n
e
w
m
o
d
u
lar
m
o
to
r
-
m
o
d
u
lar
in
v
e
rter
c
o
n
c
e
p
t
f
o
r
m
e
d
iu
m
-
v
o
lt
a
g
e
a
d
ju
sta
b
le
-
sp
e
e
d
-
d
riv
e
sy
ste
m
s.
I
EE
E
T
ra
n
s.
I
n
d
.
Ap
p
l.
2
0
0
0
;
3
6
(3
);
7
8
6
–
7
9
6
.
[
1
6
]
L
.
P
a
lma
a
n
d
P
.
N.
En
jeti.
A
m
o
d
u
lar
f
u
e
l
c
e
ll
,
m
o
d
u
lar
DC
–
DC
c
o
n
v
e
rter
c
o
n
c
e
p
t
f
o
r
h
ig
h
p
e
rf
o
r
m
a
n
c
e
a
n
d
e
n
h
a
n
c
e
d
re
li
a
b
i
li
ty
.
IEE
E
T
r
a
n
s
.
Po
we
r E
lec
tro
n
.
2
0
0
9
;
2
4
(
6
);
1
4
3
7
–
1
4
4
3
.
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