I
nte
rna
t
io
na
l J
o
urna
l o
f
Adv
a
nces in Applie
d Science
s
(
I
J
AAS)
Vo
l.
10
,
No
.
1
,
Ma
r
ch
2
0
2
1
,
p
p
.
39
~
46
I
SS
N:
2
2
5
2
-
8
8
1
4
,
DOI
: 1
0
.
1
1
5
9
1
/ijaas.v
10
.
i
1
.
p
p
39
-
46
39
J
o
ur
na
l ho
m
ep
a
g
e
:
h
ttp
:
//ij
a
a
s
.
ia
esco
r
e.
co
m
Effec
t
o
f
thiourea
on struc
ture
,
mo
rpho
lo
g
y
,
a
nd op
tical
pro
perties of
spra
y
depos
ited
CZT
S
t
hin
films
for so
la
r ce
ll
a
pplica
tions
Ra
m
esh
B
.
M
a
hewa
r
1
,
Ra
v
ik
um
a
r
R.
Vidu
le
2
,
L
im
bra
j
S.
Ra
v
a
ng
a
v
e
3
1,
3
De
p
a
rt
m
e
n
t
o
f
P
h
y
sic
s,
S
h
ri
S
a
n
t
G
a
d
g
e
M
a
h
a
ra
j
Co
l
leg
e
,
L
o
h
a
,
In
d
ia
2
De
p
a
rt
m
e
n
t
o
f
Ch
e
m
istry
,
S
h
ri
S
a
n
t
G
a
d
g
e
M
a
h
a
ra
j
Co
ll
e
g
e
,
Lo
h
a
,
In
d
ia
Art
icle
I
nfo
AB
S
T
RAC
T
A
r
ticle
his
to
r
y:
R
ec
eiv
ed
J
u
n
1
6
,
2
0
2
0
R
ev
is
ed
Oct
1
9
,
2
0
20
Acc
ep
ted
No
v
2
,
2
0
2
0
Cu
2
Zn
S
n
S
4
(C
ZT
S
)
fil
m
s
o
f
d
iff
e
re
n
t
Th
io
u
re
a
(S
C
(NH
2
)
2
)
m
o
l
a
rit
y
we
re
d
e
p
o
site
d
b
y
u
sin
g
a
sim
p
le
c
h
e
m
ica
l
sp
ra
y
tec
h
n
iq
u
e
a
t
su
b
stra
te
tem
p
e
ra
tu
re
2
7
5
°C.
A
n
a
ly
ti
c
a
l
r
e
a
g
e
n
t
G
ra
d
e
Co
p
p
e
r
c
h
lo
rid
e
(C
u
Cl
2
),
Zi
n
c
c
h
lo
ri
d
e
(Z
n
Cl
2
),
a
n
d
Ti
n
c
h
lo
ri
d
e
(S
n
Cl
4
.
5
H
2
O)
we
re
u
se
d
a
s
C
u
+
,
Z
n
+
,
a
n
d
Sn
+
io
n
s
o
u
rc
e
s
re
sp
e
c
ti
v
e
l
y
a
n
d
th
io
u
re
a
(S
C(NH
2
)
2
)
(
0
.
0
2
,
0
.
0
4
,
0
.
0
6
,
0
.
0
8
,
a
n
d
0
.
1
M
)
wa
s
u
se
d
a
s
a
n
S
-
i
o
n
so
u
rc
e
.
A
se
t
o
f
f
iv
e
CZT
S
fil
m
s
wa
s
d
e
p
o
site
d
u
sin
g
fi
v
e
d
iffere
n
t
m
o
larity
o
f
t
h
i
o
u
re
a
.
Th
e
stru
c
tu
re
,
m
o
rp
h
o
lo
g
y
,
e
lem
e
n
tal
a
n
a
l
y
sis,
a
n
d
o
p
ti
c
a
l
p
ro
p
e
rti
e
s
o
f
th
e
se
fil
m
s
we
re
stu
d
ied
u
si
n
g
X
-
ra
y
d
iffr
a
c
to
m
e
ter
(XRD
),
sc
a
n
n
in
g
e
lec
tro
n
m
icro
sc
o
p
y
(S
EM
),
e
n
e
rg
y
d
isp
e
rsi
v
e
X
-
ra
y
a
n
a
ly
sis
(EDX),
a
n
d
UV
-
v
isib
le
sp
e
c
tro
sc
o
p
y
tec
h
n
i
q
u
e
s
re
sp
e
c
ti
v
e
ly
.
Th
e
XRD
sp
e
c
tra
sh
o
we
d
t
h
a
t
a
ll
fil
m
s
a
re
p
o
ly
c
ry
sta
ll
i
n
e
tetra
g
o
n
a
l
stru
c
tu
re
s
with
p
re
fe
re
n
ti
a
l
o
rie
n
ta
ti
o
n
a
lo
n
g
1
1
2
p
lan
e
s.
Th
e
c
a
lcu
late
d
c
ry
sta
ll
it
e
siz
e
wa
s
i
n
c
re
a
se
d
with
a
n
i
n
c
re
a
se
in
th
io
u
re
a
c
o
n
c
e
n
tratio
n
.
Va
riati
o
n
s
o
f
o
p
ti
c
a
l
b
a
n
d
g
a
p
wit
h
t
h
i
o
u
r
e
a
m
o
larity
h
a
v
e
b
e
e
n
in
v
e
stig
a
ted
u
sin
g
Ta
u
c
p
lo
ts
.
S
EM
m
icro
g
ra
p
h
s
e
x
h
i
b
it
CZT
S
sp
h
e
rica
l
g
ra
n
u
les
re
g
u
larly
a
rra
n
g
e
d
with
so
m
e
v
o
id
sp
a
c
e
s.
Th
e
p
u
rit
y
o
f
d
e
p
o
site
d
fil
m
s
wa
s
in
v
e
stig
a
te
d
u
sin
g
EDX
a
n
a
ly
sis.
All
th
e
C
ZT
S
fil
m
s
e
x
h
ib
it
a
h
ig
h
e
r
a
b
so
rp
t
io
n
c
o
e
fficie
n
t
(α
>
1
0
4
)
c
m
-
1
a
n
d
a
b
a
n
d
g
a
p
in
t
h
e
re
p
o
rted
ra
n
g
e
(1
.
2
t
o
1
.
5
3
e
V)
c
a
n
b
e
u
se
d
a
s
a
n
a
b
so
rb
e
r
lay
e
r
in
so
lar
c
e
ll
s
.
K
ey
w
o
r
d
s
:
C
Z
T
S th
in
f
ilm
s
E
n
er
g
y
b
an
d
g
ap
Kaster
ite
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e
Op
tical
p
r
o
p
er
ties
Sp
r
ay
p
y
r
o
ly
s
is
T
h
is i
s
a
n
o
p
e
n
a
c
c
e
ss
a
rticle
u
n
d
e
r th
e
CC B
Y
-
SA
li
c
e
n
se
.
C
o
r
r
e
s
p
o
nd
ing
A
uth
o
r
:
L
im
b
r
aj
S.
R
av
an
g
av
e
Dep
ar
tm
en
t o
f
Ph
y
s
ic
s
Sh
r
i San
t G
ad
g
e
Ma
h
ar
aj
C
o
ll
eg
e
L
o
h
a,
Dis
tr
ict
Nan
d
ed
(
M.
S.)
-
4
3
1
7
0
8
,
I
n
d
ia
E
m
ail: lsra
v
an
g
av
e@
g
m
ail.
co
m
1.
I
NT
RO
D
UCT
I
O
N
Sola
r
ene
r
gy
i
s
one
o
f
t
he
gr
ee
n
and
c
l
ea
n
ene
r
gy
w
h
i
ch
i
s
f
oun
d
t
o
be
an
al
t
e
r
n
at
i
ve
and
pr
om
i
s
i
ng
so
ur
c
e
of
en
er
g
y,
t
o
f
u
l
f
i
l
l
t
h
e
pr
e
se
n
t
an
d
f
ut
u
r
e
g
l
oba
l
ene
r
gy
de
m
and.
So
l
a
r
ce
l
l
devi
c
es
o
r
pho
t
ovo
l
t
ai
c
ce
l
l
s
ha
ve
be
en
us
ed
f
or
h
ar
v
es
t
i
ng
a
nd
con
ver
t
i
ng
t
he
sol
a
r
en
er
gy
i
n
t
o
usa
bl
e
f
o
r
m
.
S
i
l
i
con
-
ba
se
d
sol
a
r
ce
l
l
s
ar
e
w
i
de
l
y
use
d
sol
a
r
ce
l
l
s,
but
i
t
ne
eds
a
v
er
y
t
h
i
ck
abs
o
r
be
r
l
aye
r
.
Thi
n
f
i
l
m
so
l
a
r
ce
l
l
s
bas
e
d
on
copp
er
i
nd
i
um
gal
l
i
u
m
su
l
f
u
r
(
C
I
G
S)
[
C
u
2
(
I
nG
a)
S
4
]
an
d
coppe
r
i
nd
i
u
m
gal
l
i
um
s
el
e
ni
de
C
I
G
Se
[
C
u
2
(
I
nG
a)
Se
4
]
and
ca
d
m
i
um
t
e
l
l
u
r
i
d
e
(
C
dTe)
sys
t
e
m
s
a
r
e
w
el
l
e
st
abl
i
sh
ed s
y
st
e
m
s of
conve
r
si
on e
f
f
i
ci
enc
y
up t
o 22%
[
1
]
-
[
3
]
. La
t
es
t
r
epo
r
t
shows
11.1
%
an
d
12.6%
conv
er
si
on
e
f
f
i
c
i
en
cy
o
f
C
ZT
Se
bas
ed
sol
ar
ce
l
l
s
[
4]
.
H
ow
eve
r
,
I
ndi
um
and
gal
l
i
u
m
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2252
-
8
8
1
4
I
n
t J Ad
v
Ap
p
l Sci
,
Vo
l.
10
,
No
.
1
,
Ma
r
c
h
2
0
2
1
:
39
–
46
40
el
e
m
en
t
s
a
r
e t
ox
i
c, l
es
s
abu
ndanc
e
,
and
e
xpen
si
v
e
w
hi
ch
l
i
m
i
t
s
t
h
e
l
a
r
ge
-
sc
al
e
pr
o
duct
i
on
o
f
dev
i
ce
appl
i
ca
t
i
ons
[
5]
and
el
em
e
nt
Se
i
s
t
o
o
t
o
xi
c
and
exp
e
nsi
ve
w
i
t
h
C
ZT
Se,
w
her
ea
s
ca
d
m
i
um
(
C
d
)
i
s
t
oxi
c
t
o
envi
r
on
m
en
t
[
6]
.
The
r
e
f
or
e,
r
es
ea
r
ch
er
s
ar
e
m
uch
i
nt
er
es
t
ed
i
n
copp
e
r
Zinc
t
i
n
su
l
f
u
r
Cu
2
ZnS
nS
4
(
C
ZT
S
)
ec
o
-
f
r
i
endl
y
t
hi
n
f
i
l
m
bas
ed
sol
ar
ce
l
l
s.
C
ZT
S
i
s
qu
at
e
r
na
r
y
p
-
t
ype
p
r
o
m
i
si
n
g
se
m
i
con
duc
t
or
h
as
di
r
ec
t
o
pt
i
ca
l
b
and
gap
a
bout
1.
2
t
o
1.5
eV,
abs
o
r
pt
i
on
co
ef
f
i
ci
en
t
≥
10
4
c
m
-
1
and
of
9.6
%
conv
er
s
i
on
e
f
f
i
c
i
en
cy
i
s
v
er
y
s
i
m
i
l
ar
t
o
C
I
G
S
t
ype
t
hi
n
f
i
l
m
s
ol
a
r
c
el
l
s
[
7
]
-
[
10]
.
Th
e
el
e
m
en
t
s
u
se
d
i
n
f
ab
r
i
ca
t
i
o
n
of
C
ZT
S
m
a
t
e
r
i
a
l
a
r
e
no
n
-
t
oxi
c,
h
i
gh
er
ab
undan
ce
and
che
ap
i
n
cos
t
and
ec
of
r
i
e
ndl
y.
C
ZT
S
i
s
t
her
e
f
or
e
a
sui
t
ab
l
e
ca
nd
i
da
t
e
t
o
r
epl
ac
e
t
he
C
I
G
S
as
an
abs
or
b
er
l
aye
r
t
hi
n
f
i
l
m
so
l
ar
ce
l
l
de
vi
c
e
.
Sever
al
t
ec
h
ni
qu
es
ha
ve
be
en
em
pl
oy
ed
i
n
t
h
e
pr
e
par
a
t
i
on
of
C
ZT
S
t
h
i
n
f
i
l
m
s,
suc
h
as
R
F
sput
t
e
r
i
ng
[
11
]
,
Sol
-
G
e
l
su
l
f
u
r
i
za
t
i
on
m
e
t
hod
[
12
]
,
pu
l
se
d
l
a
s
er
dep
osi
t
i
on
[
13]
che
m
i
c
al
v
apo
r
dep
o
si
t
i
o
n [
14
],
e
l
ec
r
od
epos
i
t
i
on
[
15]
,
and
SI
LA
R
m
et
hod
[
16
]
,
[
1
7]
.
A
l
l
of
m
ent
i
one
d
d
epos
i
t
i
on
t
ec
hn
i
qu
es
r
eq
ui
r
ed
su
l
f
u
r
i
z
at
i
on
of
de
pos
i
t
e
d
s
a
m
pl
e
f
or
st
o
i
ch
i
om
et
r
i
c
C
ZT
S
phas
e
f
or
m
a
t
i
o
n.
I
n
t
hi
s
a
r
t
i
c
l
e
w
e
expl
or
e
si
m
p
l
e
l
ow
-
co
st
che
m
i
ca
l
spr
ay
pyr
ol
ys
i
s
(
C
SP
)
t
ec
hni
q
ue
[
18]
u
si
ng
l
oc
al
l
y
ava
i
l
abl
e
per
f
u
m
e
at
o
m
i
ze
r
.
Pr
e
se
n
t
C
SP
t
ec
hn
i
que
i
s
si
m
pl
e,
i
nexp
ens
i
ve,
n
on
vac
cu
m
e
and
sui
t
ab
l
e
f
o
r
l
a
r
ge
ar
e
a
de
pos
i
t
i
on
w
i
t
h
l
ow
che
m
i
ca
l
w
as
t
ag
e.
The
nove
l
t
y
o
f
t
hi
s
p
r
es
ent
t
ec
hn
i
que
i
s
t
o
ac
h
i
ve
t
he
st
oi
c
hi
o
m
e
t
r
y
of
C
ZT
S
p
has
e
f
or
m
a
t
i
on
w
i
t
hout
su
l
f
u
r
i
za
t
i
on
pr
o
ce
s
s.
I
n
C
SP
m
e
t
ho
d
st
o
i
ch
i
o
m
et
r
y
o
f
C
ZT
S
i
s
ver
y
se
ns
i
t
i
ve
t
o
t
he
c
once
nt
r
at
i
on
s
of
pr
e
cu
r
sor
s
i
n
t
h
e
sp
r
ay
i
ng
s
ol
u
t
i
ons.
The
r
e
ar
e
se
v
er
a
l
r
epo
r
t
s
on
f
abr
i
ca
t
i
on
of
C
ZT
S
t
h
i
n
f
i
l
m
s
u
si
ng
C
SP
m
e
t
hod
[
19
]
-
[
2
1
]
;
ho
w
eve
r
si
n
gl
e
r
epo
r
t
of
B
i
p
l
av
D
aha
l
et
a
l
.
w
as
r
epo
r
t
e
d
on
st
ud
i
e
s
r
el
at
ed
t
o
sul
phu
r
con
ce
n
t
r
a
t
i
on
on
pr
ope
r
t
i
es
o
f
C
ZT
S
and
showed
t
ha
t
t
h
e
opt
i
ca
l
band
gap
w
as
i
nc
r
e
as
ed
w
i
t
h
i
nc
r
ea
se
i
n
t
h
i
ou
r
ea
c
once
nt
r
at
i
on
[
22
]
.
U
p
t
o
now
,
a
r
ec
o
r
d
ef
f
i
c
i
enc
y
of
9.6
%
ha
s
b
ee
n
a
chi
eve
d
but
st
i
l
l
i
m
pr
ove
m
en
t
s
ar
e
es
se
n
t
i
al
t
o
a
cc
h
i
ve
h
i
g
h
ef
f
i
c
i
enc
y
f
o
r
i
nd
ust
r
i
al
a
p
pl
i
ca
t
i
on.
Th
er
e
f
o
r
e
,
i
n
pr
e
se
nt
p
ape
r
w
e
st
udy
i
nf
l
ue
nce
of
sul
p
hur
(
S)
conc
en
t
r
at
i
on
on
st
r
uc
t
ur
al
,
m
o
r
pho
l
ogy,
and
op
t
i
ca
l
pr
ope
r
t
i
es
of
C
ZT
S
t
hi
n
f
i
l
m
s
p
r
epa
r
ed
by
pr
es
ent
che
m
i
ca
l
sp
r
ay py
r
ol
ys
i
s
(
C
SP
)
m
e
t
hod
u
si
ng
l
oca
l
l
y ava
i
l
abl
e pe
r
f
u
m
e
a
uom
i
ze
r
.
2.
M
AT
E
R
I
AL
A
ND
M
E
T
H
O
D
C
u
2
Z
n
Sn
S4
(
C
Z
T
S)
th
in
f
il
m
s
wer
e
d
ep
o
s
ited
o
n
s
im
p
le
s
o
d
a
lim
e
g
lass
s
u
b
s
tr
ate
s
.
B
ef
o
r
e
d
ep
o
s
itio
n
,
t
h
e
s
u
b
s
tr
ates
wer
e
clea
n
ed
u
ltra
s
o
n
ically
u
s
in
g
ac
eto
n
e,
eth
an
o
l
an
d
d
is
till
ed
wate
r
an
d
d
r
ied
b
y
h
air
d
r
ier
.
T
o
ac
h
iv
e
g
o
o
d
q
u
a
lity
C
Z
T
S
th
in
f
ilm
m
ed
iu
m
o
f
p
r
ec
u
r
s
o
r
p
r
ep
ar
atio
n
p
la
y
s
v
ital
r
o
le.
Dif
f
er
en
t
aq
u
eo
u
s
a
n
d
n
o
n
a
q
u
eo
u
s
m
ed
i
u
m
h
a
v
e
b
ee
n
u
s
ed
f
o
r
p
r
ec
u
r
s
o
r
p
r
e
p
ar
atio
n
h
o
wev
e
r
E
th
a
n
o
l
was
f
o
u
n
d
g
o
o
d
in
ca
s
e
o
f
C
Z
T
S
th
in
f
ilm
s
u
s
in
g
p
r
esen
t
C
SP
m
eth
o
d
.
T
h
e
p
r
ec
u
r
s
o
r
s
o
lu
tio
n
was
o
b
tain
ed
b
y
m
ix
in
g
so
lu
tio
n
s
o
f
(
0
.
0
4
)
M
C
o
p
p
er
ch
lo
r
id
e
(
C
u
C
l
2
)
,
(
0
.
0
2
)
M
Z
in
c
ch
lo
r
i
d
e
(
Z
n
C
l
2
)
,
(
0
.
0
2
)
M
Stan
n
ic
ch
lo
r
id
e
(
Sn
C
l
4
5
(
H
2
O)
)
an
d
(
0
.
0
2
,
0
.
0
4
,
0
.
0
6
,
0
.
0
8
,
a
n
d
0
.
1
M)
th
io
u
r
ea
(
SC
(
NH
2
)
2
).
T
h
e
p
u
r
e
eth
an
o
l
m
ed
iu
m
is
u
s
ed
f
o
r
all
th
r
ee
ca
tio
n
ic
s
o
l
u
tio
n
s
an
d
th
io
u
r
e
a
s
o
lu
tio
n
i
s
p
r
ep
ar
ed
b
y
u
s
in
g
5
0
%
eth
an
o
l
to
a
v
o
id
e
th
e
f
o
r
m
atio
n
o
f
tin
h
y
d
r
o
x
y
l
Sn
(
OH)
2
io
n
s
s
o
th
at
f
r
ee
Sn
+
io
n
s
ar
e
s
u
f
f
icien
tl
y
av
ailab
l
e
f
o
r
C
Z
T
S
p
h
ase
f
o
r
m
atio
n
.
T
h
e
ex
p
er
im
en
t
s
h
o
ws
th
at
tu
r
b
id
ity
o
f
m
ix
tu
r
e
was
d
ep
en
d
o
n
m
o
lar
ity
o
f
th
i
o
u
r
ea
(
o
r
ca
tio
n
t
o
an
io
n
r
atio
)
.
T
h
e
ca
ti
o
n
to
a
n
i
o
n
r
atio
was d
is
p
lay
ed
in
T
ab
l
e
1
.
T
h
e
ab
o
v
e
p
r
ep
a
r
ed
s
o
lu
tio
n
s
wer
e
s
tirr
er
f
o
r
o
n
e
a
n
d
h
alf
h
o
u
r
.
T
h
r
ee
ca
tio
n
ic
s
o
lu
tio
n
s
wer
e
m
ix
ed
to
g
eth
e
r
o
n
e
b
y
o
n
e
with
s
tirr
in
g
co
n
tin
u
e
an
d
th
e
n
th
io
u
r
ea
was a
d
d
ed
s
lo
wly
s
u
ch
th
at
tu
r
b
id
m
ix
tu
r
e
b
ec
o
m
es
clea
r
h
o
m
o
g
e
n
o
u
s
p
r
ec
u
r
s
o
r
.
T
h
is
p
r
ec
u
r
s
o
r
was
s
p
r
ay
ed
o
n
s
u
b
s
tr
ate
m
ain
tain
ed
at
d
esire
tem
p
er
atu
r
e
o
n
h
o
t
p
late
b
y
lo
ca
lly
av
ailab
le
p
er
f
u
m
e
at
o
m
i
ze
r
.
T
h
e
tem
p
er
at
u
r
e
o
f
h
o
t
p
l
ate
is
co
n
tr
o
lled
b
y
d
ig
ital
tem
p
er
atu
r
e
co
n
tr
o
ller
.
T
h
e
d
is
tan
ce
o
f
s
p
r
ay
in
g
n
o
zz
le
f
o
r
m
s
u
b
s
tr
ate
was
ad
j
u
s
ted
s
u
ch
th
at
th
e
wh
o
le
s
u
r
f
ac
e
o
f
s
u
b
s
tr
ate
was
ex
p
o
s
ed
.
T
h
e
s
p
r
a
y
r
ate
5
m
l
p
er
s
ec
o
n
d
a
n
d
s
u
b
s
tr
ate
tem
p
er
atu
r
e
2
7
5
o
C
wer
e
k
ep
t
f
ix
ed
to
s
tu
d
y
th
e
e
f
f
ec
t
o
f
th
io
u
r
ea
o
n
ch
a
r
ac
ter
i
za
tio
n
s
o
f
C
Z
T
S
th
in
f
ilm
s
[
2
3
]
.
Af
ter
d
ep
o
s
itio
n
th
e
s
am
p
les
wer
e
an
n
ea
led
in
m
u
f
el
f
u
r
n
ac
e
at
2
7
5
o
C
.
T
h
e
an
n
ea
led
s
am
p
les
wer
e
c
h
ar
ac
ter
ized
u
s
in
g
XR
D,
SEM
,
an
d
UV
-
Vis
ib
le
s
p
ec
tr
o
p
h
o
to
m
eter
.
3.
RE
SU
L
T
S AN
D
D
I
SCU
SS
I
O
N
3
.
1
.
P
hy
s
ica
l c
ha
ra
ct
er
iza
t
io
pn
T
h
e
th
ick
n
ess
(
t
)
o
f
t
h
e
d
ep
o
s
ited
C
Z
T
S
f
ilm
s
is
ca
lcu
lated
b
y
u
s
in
g
weig
h
t
an
d
d
if
f
er
en
c
e
m
eth
o
d
[
1
0
]
,
g
iv
en
b
y
r
elatio
n
(
1
)
.
=
(
1
)
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J Ad
v
Ap
p
l Sci
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
8
1
4
E
ffect
o
f th
io
u
r
ea
o
n
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e,
mo
r
p
h
o
lo
g
y,
a
n
d
o
p
tica
l p
r
o
p
erti
es o
f sp
r
a
y
…
(
R
a
mesh
B
.
Ma
h
ewa
r
)
41
W
h
er
e
m
(
gm
)
is
th
e
d
ep
o
s
ited
m
ass
,
ρ
(
g
m/cm
3
)
is
d
en
s
ity
o
f
d
ep
o
s
ited
m
ater
ial
an
d
A
(
cm
2
)
is
th
e
ar
ea
o
f
d
ep
o
s
ited
f
ilm
.
T
h
e
f
ilm
th
ic
k
n
ess
was
s
h
o
wn
in
T
ab
le
1
.
Fil
m
th
ick
n
ess
was
in
cr
ea
s
e
d
with
in
cr
ea
s
e
in
th
io
r
ea
co
n
ce
n
tr
atio
n
.
T
h
ick
n
ess
o
f
th
e
C
Z
T
S
f
ilm
s
was
in
th
e
r
an
g
e
o
f
2
6
6
-
2
8
9
µm
.
T
h
e
m
a
x
im
u
m
th
ick
n
ess
2
8
9
µm
o
f
C
Z
T
S
f
ilm
f
o
r
0
.
0
8
M
th
io
u
r
ea
was
to
b
e
o
b
tain
ed
h
o
we
v
e
r
b
ey
o
n
d
0
.
0
8
M
co
n
ce
n
tr
atio
n
th
ick
n
ess
o
f
f
ilm
s
am
p
le
(
C
Z
T
S5
)
was
to
b
e
d
ec
r
ea
s
ed
.
Tab
le
1
.
Re
p
re
se
n
ts
th
e
fi
lm c
o
m
p
o
sit
i
o
n
,
c
a
ti
o
n
to
a
n
i
o
n
ra
ti
o
a
n
d
fil
m
th
ic
k
n
e
ss
F
i
l
m S
a
mp
l
e
C
a
t
i
o
n
i
c
M
o
l
a
r
i
t
y
S
u
l
f
u
r
i
o
n
M
o
l
a
r
i
t
y
C
a
t
i
o
n
/
A
n
i
o
n
R
a
t
i
o
F
i
l
m
Th
i
c
k
n
e
ss
(
μ
m)
C
ZTS
1
0
.
0
8
0
.
0
2
0
.
0
4
2
6
6
C
ZTS
2
0
.
0
8
0
.
0
4
0
.
0
2
2
6
8
C
ZTS
3
0
.
0
8
0
.
0
6
1
.
3
3
2
7
1
C
ZTS
4
0
.
0
8
0
.
0
8
1
.
0
2
8
9
C
ZTS
5
0
.
0
8
0
.
1
0
.
8
2
6
9
3
.
2
.
Str
uct
ure
o
f
CZ
T
S
t
hi
n f
ilm
s
XR
D
sp
e
c
tra
we
re
re
c
o
rd
e
d
in
the
ra
nge
20
o
to
80
o
a
nd
pre
se
nt
e
d
in
F
igure
1.
XRD
pa
tt
e
rns
for
a
ll
films
sho
w
B
ra
gg’s
re
fle
c
ti
ons
a
t
(2θ~2
8.35
o
,
32.06
o
,
47.2
3
○
,
a
nd
56.98
○
)
whic
h
a
r
e
a
ssi
gne
d
to
(
112),
(200)
,
(220
)
,
a
nd
(312)
latti
c
e
plan
e
s
re
sp
e
c
ti
ve
ly.
The
s
e
va
lues
a
r
e
in
good
a
gr
e
e
ment
with
the
standa
rd
JC
P
DS
c
a
rd
number
(
26
-
0575)
whic
h
re
pre
s
e
nts
the
polycr
ysta
ll
ine
tetra
gona
l
Kie
se
rite
c
rysta
l
s
truc
ture
of
C
ZTS
mate
ria
l.
The
obtaine
d
XRD
p
a
tt
e
rns
a
re
in
good
a
g
re
e
m
e
nt
wi
th
the
pa
tt
e
rn
r
e
porte
d
b
y
De
oka
t
e
e
t
al
.
whic
h
c
onfir
m
th
e
purity
of
the
C
ZTS
films
.
The
y
ha
ve
b
e
e
n
re
port
e
d
the
pure
a
nd
good
qua
li
ty
C
ZTS
thi
n
films
e
xhibi
ted
the
c
rysta
l
strc
ture
with
a
bs
e
nc
e
of
the
im
purity
pe
a
ks
a
nd
se
c
ond
a
ry
ph
a
se
s
c
onfir
med
by
R
a
man
a
n
a
lysi
s
[
24
]
,
The
F
igur
e
1
showe
d
th
a
t
int
e
nsit
y
of
(112)
,
(220)
,
a
nd
(312
)
pe
a
ks
gr
a
du
a
ll
y
incr
e
a
se
d
with
in
c
r
e
a
se
in
thi
oure
a
mol
a
rity
,
howe
ve
r
for
C
ZTS5
sa
mpl
e
he
ight
of
(112)
,
(220)
,
a
nd
(
312)
pe
a
ks
wa
s
de
c
re
a
se
d
a
s
c
ompar
e
d
to
C
ZTS4
sa
mpl
e
.
This
c
onc
luded
that
c
rysta
ll
i
ni
t
y
of
C
ZTS
films
wer
e
d
ep
en
d
in
g
o
n
s
u
lf
u
r
io
n
co
n
ce
n
tr
atio
n
.
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
XR
D
s
p
ec
tr
a
o
f
C
Z
T
S th
in
f
lm
s
T
h
e
f
u
ll
wid
th
at
h
alf
m
ax
i
m
u
m
(
FW
HM
)
o
f
(
1
1
2
)
p
r
ef
er
en
tial
o
r
ien
tatio
n
was
d
ec
r
ea
s
ed
with
in
cr
ea
s
e
in
t
h
io
r
ea
m
o
lar
ity
.
T
h
e
cr
y
s
tallite
s
ize
was
ca
lcu
lated
f
r
o
m
f
o
llo
win
g
Su
s
ch
er
r
e
r
’
s
r
elatio
n
(
2
)
u
s
in
g
FW
HM
(
β)
co
r
r
esp
o
n
d
in
g
to
(
1
1
2
)
o
r
ien
tatio
n
[
2
5
]
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2252
-
8
8
1
4
I
n
t J Ad
v
Ap
p
l Sci
,
Vo
l.
10
,
No
.
1
,
Ma
r
c
h
2
0
2
1
:
39
–
46
42
=
0
.
94
co
s
(
2
)
W
h
er
e,
λ
is
wav
elen
g
th
o
f
X
-
r
ay
(
0
.
1
5
0
4
n
m
)
,
β
f
u
ll
wid
th
at
h
alf
m
ax
im
u
m
a
n
d
θ
is
B
r
a
g
’
s
an
g
le
(
d
eg
r
ee
)
.
T
h
e
FW
HM
an
d
cr
y
s
talli
te
s
iz
e
wer
e
d
is
p
lay
ed
in
T
ab
le
2
.
T
h
e
cr
y
s
tallite
s
ize
was
in
cr
ea
s
ed
with
in
cr
ea
s
e
in
th
io
u
r
ea
m
o
lar
ity
o
r
s
u
lf
u
r
io
n
co
n
ce
n
tr
atio
n
.
Ho
wev
er
,
th
e
in
ten
s
ity
o
f
(
1
1
2
)
p
ea
k
,
FW
HM
an
d
cr
y
s
talli
te
s
ize
s
h
o
w
o
d
d
b
eh
a
v
io
r
as
t
h
io
u
r
ea
m
o
lar
ity
was
in
cr
ea
s
ed
ab
o
v
e
0
.
0
8
M.
T
h
u
s
,
th
e
o
p
tim
u
m
v
alu
e
o
f
th
o
u
r
ea
m
o
lar
ity
o
r
s
u
lf
u
r
io
n
co
n
ce
n
tr
atio
n
p
lay
s
im
p
o
r
tan
t
r
o
le
to
m
ain
tain
th
e
s
to
ich
io
m
etr
y
o
f
C
Z
T
S
f
ilm
s
.
I
t is r
ep
o
r
ted
th
at
wh
en
th
e
th
io
u
r
ea
co
n
ce
n
tr
atio
n
(
s
u
l
f
u
r
io
n
co
n
ten
t)
o
f
th
e
c
o
m
p
o
s
itio
n
in
cr
ea
s
es,
th
e
m
o
b
ilit
y
o
f
th
e
ato
m
s
lo
ca
te
d
o
n
th
e
s
u
r
f
ac
e
in
cr
ea
s
es,
s
o
t
h
ese
ato
m
s
ca
n
r
ea
r
r
an
g
e
th
ei
r
p
o
s
itio
n
s
to
o
cc
u
p
y
m
o
r
e
s
tab
le
s
ites
.
T
h
is
p
r
o
ce
s
s
co
n
tr
o
ls
th
e
f
av
o
r
ite
g
r
o
wth
o
r
ien
tatio
n
o
f
th
e
C
Z
T
S
cr
y
s
tal
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e
s
im
ilar
h
av
e
b
ee
n
r
ep
o
r
ted
b
y
Ba
k
r
et
a
l
.
[
26
].
Tab
le
2
.
S
h
o
win
g
XRD
d
a
ta an
d
g
ra
i
n
siz
e
D (
n
m
)
F
i
l
m S
a
mp
l
e
2
θ (
d
e
g
r
e
e
)
d
(
d
e
g
r
e
e
)
F
W
H
M
β
(
r
a
d
i
a
n
s)
M
i
l
l
a
r
I
n
d
i
c
e
s (
h
k
l
)
D
(
n
m)
C
ZTS
1
2
8
.
3
5
2
3
.
1
0
8
3
.
6
1
0
(
1
1
2
)
24
C
ZTS
2
2
8
.
3
7
5
7
3
.
1
3
9
2
.
5
6
9
(
1
1
2
)
3
3
.
5
C
ZTS
3
2
8
.
4
1
4
8
3
.
0
7
2
3
2
.
3
0
2
(
1
1
2
)
37
C
ZTS
4
2
8
.
5
9
9
2
3
.
1
1
4
2
.
3
0
4
(
1
1
2
)
3
7
.
1
5
C
ZTS
5
2
8
.
6
3
1
4
3
.
1
3
9
4
.
5
9
2
(
1
1
2
)
2
0
.
4
7
3
.
3
.
Su
rf
a
ce
m
o
r
ph
lo
g
y
o
g
f
CZ
T
S3
f
ilm
Scan
n
in
g
e
lectr
o
n
m
ic
r
o
g
r
a
p
h
(
SEM
)
o
f
Sam
p
le
C
Z
T
S
3
was
p
r
esen
ted
in
Fig
u
r
e
2
.
Sam
p
le
is
s
ca
n
n
ed
at
5
0
0
0
m
ag
n
if
icatio
n
s
.
SEM
im
ag
e
s
h
o
wed
th
at
wh
o
le
s
u
r
f
ac
e
is
u
n
if
o
r
m
ly
co
ated
o
v
er
wh
ich
s
p
h
er
ical
g
r
a
n
u
les
o
f
C
Z
T
S
m
ater
ial
s
ch
em
atica
lly
ar
r
an
g
ed
with
s
o
m
e
v
o
id
s
p
ac
es.
T
h
e
av
er
a
g
e
g
r
ain
s
ize
1
.
2
4
4
μ
m
is
o
b
tain
ed
b
y
u
s
in
g
lin
ea
r
in
ter
ce
p
t
m
eth
o
d
.
T
h
e
av
er
a
g
e
g
r
ain
s
ize
is
lar
g
er
th
an
cr
y
s
tallite
s
ize
o
b
tain
ed
f
r
o
m
XR
D
d
ata.
T
h
e
in
cr
ea
s
e
o
f
g
r
ain
s
ize
is
d
u
e
to
ag
g
lo
m
er
atio
n
o
f
C
Z
T
S n
an
o
cr
y
s
tals
.
Fig
u
r
e
2
.
SEM
m
icr
o
g
r
a
p
h
o
f
C
Z
T
S
th
in
f
ilm
s
3
.
4
.
E
lem
ent
a
l
a
na
ly
s
is
o
f
CT
Z
S
3
s
a
m
ple
E
lem
en
tal
an
aly
s
is
o
f
C
Z
T
S
s
am
p
le
was
ca
r
r
ied
o
u
t
u
s
in
g
e
n
er
g
y
-
d
is
p
er
s
iv
e
X
-
r
a
y
a
n
al
y
s
is
(
E
DX)
.
T
h
e
F
ig
u
r
e
3
s
h
o
ws
t
h
e
E
DA
X
s
p
ec
tr
a.
T
h
e
F
ig
u
r
e
3
s
h
o
wed
th
at
all
th
e
p
ea
k
co
r
r
esp
o
n
d
in
g
t
o
C
u
,
Z
n
,
Sn
,
an
d
S
elem
en
ts
.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e,
p
r
ep
ar
ed
s
am
p
le
co
m
p
o
s
ed
of
C
o
p
p
er
,
Z
in
c
,
T
in
,
an
d
Su
lf
u
r
e
lem
en
ts
.
T
h
e
in
itial
an
d
f
in
al
ato
m
ic
%
was
s
h
o
wn
in
T
ab
le
3
.
I
n
itial
an
d
f
in
al
an
d
ato
m
ic
%
co
n
f
ir
m
s
th
e
C
u
2
Z
n
Sn
S
4
p
h
ase
f
o
r
m
atio
n
.
I
n
itial a
n
d
f
in
al
ato
m
ic
p
r
ec
en
t sh
o
ws th
at
th
e
p
r
e
p
ar
ed
C
Z
T
S f
ilm
was sti
o
ch
io
m
er
tr
ic.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J Ad
v
Ap
p
l Sci
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
8
1
4
E
ffect
o
f th
io
u
r
ea
o
n
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e,
mo
r
p
h
o
lo
g
y,
a
n
d
o
p
tica
l p
r
o
p
erti
es o
f sp
r
a
y
…
(
R
a
mesh
B
.
Ma
h
ewa
r
)
43
Fi
g
u
r
e
3
.
E
DX
s
p
ec
tr
a
o
f
C
Z
T
S
t
h
in
f
ilm
s
T
ab
le
3
.
I
n
it
ial
a
n
d
fi
n
a
l
we
ig
h
t
a
n
d
a
to
m
ic
p
e
rc
e
n
tag
e
o
f
e
lem
e
n
t
s
El
e
m
e
n
t
I
n
i
t
i
a
l
F
i
n
a
l
G
r
a
i
n
si
z
e
(
μm)
W
e
i
g
h
t
%
A
t
o
m
i
c
%
W
e
i
g
h
t
%
A
t
o
m
i
c
%
S
K
2
9
.
0
4
5
0
.
0
0
2
8
.
6
7
4
9
.
2
2
1
.
2
4
4
S
n
L
2
8
.
0
3
1
2
.
5
0
2
6
.
4
1
1
2
.
2
5
C
u
K
2
6
.
8
6
2
5
.
0
0
2
8
.
6
7
2
4
.
8
4
Zn
K
1
6
.
0
7
1
2
.
5
0
1
6
.
2
5
1
3
.
6
9
To
t
a
l
1
0
0
1
0
0
1
0
0
1
0
0
3
.
5
.
O
ptic
a
l
a
bs
o
rpt
io
n a
nd
ba
n
d g
a
p
o
f
CZ
T
S t
hin
f
ilm
s
Op
tical
ab
s
o
r
p
tio
n
s
p
ec
tr
a
o
f
C
Z
T
S
f
ilm
s
wer
e
r
ec
o
r
d
ed
in
s
p
ec
tr
al
r
an
g
e
o
f
(
3
5
0
–
9
9
9
)
n
m
b
y
u
s
in
g
Sy
s
tr
o
n
ics
(
2
2
0
1
)
d
o
u
b
le
b
e
am
UV
–
v
is
ib
le
s
p
ec
tr
o
p
h
o
to
m
eter
.
T
h
e
v
ar
iatio
n
o
f
o
p
tical
ab
s
o
r
p
tio
n
with
wav
elen
g
th
(
n
m
)
was
s
h
o
wn
in
Fig
u
r
e
4
.
I
t
was
n
o
ticed
th
a
t
th
e
o
p
tical
ab
s
o
r
p
tio
n
f
o
r
all
C
Z
T
S
f
ilm
s
d
ec
r
ea
s
ed
ex
p
o
n
en
tially
as
wav
elen
g
th
in
c
r
ea
s
ed
in
th
e
r
a
n
g
e
3
5
0
-
8
0
0
n
m
,
an
d
t
h
en
i
n
cr
ea
s
es
s
lo
wly
at
h
ig
h
er
wav
elen
g
th
s
.
T
h
e
a
b
s
o
r
p
tio
n
was
o
b
s
er
v
e
d
d
ec
r
ea
s
ed
with
in
cr
ea
s
e
i
n
th
io
u
r
ea
co
n
ce
n
tr
atio
n
u
p
t
o
0
.
0
8
M
an
d
ab
o
v
e
it
s
h
o
ws
ab
r
u
p
t
i
n
cr
ea
s
e.
T
h
e
ab
s
o
r
p
tio
n
cu
r
v
es
o
f
s
am
p
le
C
Z
T
S1
an
d
C
Z
T
S5
s
h
o
w
s
im
ilar
n
atu
r
e.
All
th
e
f
ilm
s
s
h
o
w
h
ig
h
e
r
ab
s
o
r
p
tio
n
c
o
e
f
f
icien
t
(
>
10
4
)
cm
-
1
in
t
h
e
v
is
i
b
le
an
d
n
ea
r
in
f
r
ar
ed
r
eg
i
o
n
o
f
elec
tr
o
m
ag
n
etic
s
p
ec
tr
u
m
wh
ich
f
av
o
r
s
i
n
cr
e
ase
o
f
p
r
o
b
ab
ilit
y
o
f
d
ir
ec
t
tr
an
s
itio
n
.
Similar
r
esu
lts
h
av
e
b
ee
n
p
r
e
d
icted
i
n
o
th
er
r
e
p
o
r
ts
[
24
]
,
[
27
].
T
h
e
d
ep
o
s
ited
C
Z
T
S
f
ilm
s
ex
h
ib
it
s
h
ig
h
er
ab
s
o
r
p
tio
n
co
ef
f
icien
t
(
>
10
4
)
cm
-
1
m
a
y
b
e
u
s
ed
in
s
o
lar
ce
ll
d
ev
ice
ap
p
licatio
n
s
.
T
h
e
o
p
tical
b
a
n
d
g
ap
is
o
b
tain
ed
b
y
u
s
in
g
T
au
c
(
3
)
[
2
8
]
.
ℎ
=
(
ℎ
−
)
(
3
)
W
h
er
e
(
E
g
)
th
e
o
p
tical
en
er
g
y
g
ap
o
f
th
e
f
ilm
,
(
A
)
is
a
co
n
s
tan
t,
(
hν
)
is
th
e
in
cid
en
t
p
h
o
to
n
en
er
g
y
an
d
n
is
a
n
u
m
er
ic
v
alu
e
eq
u
al
to
(
1
/2
)
f
o
r
allo
wed
d
ir
ec
t
tr
an
s
itio
n
.
T
h
e
o
p
tical
b
an
d
g
a
p
was
esti
m
ated
b
y
u
s
in
g
T
au
c’
s
p
lo
ts
was
as
s
h
o
wn
in
Fig
u
r
e
5
f
o
r
C
Z
T
S
th
i
n
f
ilm
s
,
wh
er
e
a
g
r
a
p
h
o
f
(
α
h
ν
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ilm
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h
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n
r
ep
o
r
ted
in
t
h
e
ea
r
lier
liter
atu
r
e
[
29
]
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
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:
2252
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8
8
1
4
I
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t J Ad
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ate
as a
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lay
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in
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ce
lls
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J Ad
v
Ap
p
l Sci
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
8
1
4
E
ffect
o
f th
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ctu
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mo
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f sp
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45
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Ph
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s
ics,
Sh
r
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San
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Ma
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lleg
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Facilitie
s
.
RE
F
E
R
E
NC
E
S
[1
]
P
.
Ja
c
k
so
n
,
,
D.
Wu
e
rz
,
D.
Ha
risk
o
s,
E.
Lo
tt
e
r,
W
.
Wi
t
te,
M
.
P
o
wa
ll
a
,
“
Eff
e
c
ts
o
f
He
a
v
y
Alk
a
li
El
e
m
e
n
ts
in
C
u
(In
,
G
a
)S
e
2
S
o
lar
Ce
ll
s
with
Eff
icie
n
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ies
u
p
to
2
2
.
6
%
,
”
Ph
y
sic
a
S
t
a
tu
s
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o
li
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i
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L
)
-
R
a
p
i
d
Res
e
a
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h
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e
tt
e
rs
,
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o
l.
1
0
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6
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0
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6
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o
i:
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0
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1
0
0
2
/p
ss
r.
2
0
1
6
0
0
1
9
9
2
.
[2
]
T.
K
T
o
d
o
ro
v
.
,
J
Tan
g
.
,
S
.
Ba
g
,
O.G
u
n
a
wa
n
,
T.
G
o
k
m
e
n
,
Y.
Z
h
u
.
&
D.
B.
M
it
z
i
,
“
(Be
y
o
n
d
1
1
%
e
fficie
n
c
y
:
c
h
a
ra
c
teristics
o
f
sta
te
-
of
-
th
e
-
a
rt
Cu
2
Zn
S
n
(
S
,
S
e
)4
so
lar
c
e
ll
s,
”
Ad
v
a
n
c
e
d
E
n
e
rg
y
M
a
ter
ia
l,
v
o
l.
1
(3
),
p
p
.
3
4
-
3
8
,
2
0
1
3
,
h
tt
p
s://
d
o
i.
o
r
g
/1
0
.
1
0
0
2
/ae
n
m
.
2
0
1
2
0
0
3
4
8
.
[3
]
M
.
G
re
e
n
,
K.
Eme
ry
,
Y.
Hish
ik
a
wa
,
W.
Warta
,
E.
Du
n
l
o
p
,
D.
Lev
i,
A.
Ho
-
Ba
il
li
e
,
“
S
o
lar
c
e
ll
e
fficie
n
c
y
tab
les
(v
e
rsio
n
4
9
)
,”
Pro
g
.
P
h
o
t
o
v
o
lt
:
Res
.
Ap
p
l
.
,
v
o
l.
2
5
(
1
),
p
p
.
3
-
1
3
,
2
0
1
6
,
DO
I:
1
0
1
0
.
1
0
0
2
/
p
i
p
.
2
8
5
5
.
[4
]
W.
Wan
g
,
M
.
T
Wi
n
k
ler,
O.
G
u
n
a
wa
n
,
T.
G
o
k
m
e
n
,
T.
K..
T
o
d
o
ro
v
,
Y.
Zh
u
,
&
D.
B.
M
it
z
i
,
“
De
v
ice
Ch
a
ra
c
teristics
o
f
CZT
S
S
e
T
h
i
n
‐F
il
m
S
o
lar Cells wit
h
1
2
.
6
%
Eff
icie
n
c
y
,
”
Ad
v
a
n
c
e
d
e
n
e
rg
y
ma
ter
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l
s,
v
o
l.
4
(
7
)
,
p
p
.
3
0
1
4
6
5
,
2
0
1
3
,
h
tt
p
s:/
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0
0
2
/ae
n
m
.
2
0
1
3
0
1
4
6
5
.
[5
]
H.
Ka
tag
iri
,
“
Cu
2
Z
n
S
n
S
4
th
i
n
fil
m
so
lar
c
e
ll
,
”
T
h
in
S
o
li
d
Fi
lm,
v
o
l.
4
8
0
(
4
8
1
),
p
p
.
4
2
6
-
3
2
,
2
0
0
5
,
DO
I:
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0
.
1
0
1
6
/
j.
tsf.
2
0
0
4
.
1
1
.
0
2
4
.
[6
]
G
.
Larra
m
o
n
a
,
S
.
Bo
u
r
d
a
is,
A.
Ja
c
o
b
,
C.
C
h
o
n
e
,
T.
M
u
t
o
,
Y.C
u
c
c
a
ro
,
B.
De
lato
u
c
h
e
,
C.
M
o
is
a
n
,
D.
P
e
re
,
G
.
De
n
n
ler,
“
8
.
6
%
Eff
icie
n
t
CZT
S
S
e
so
lar
c
e
ll
s
sp
ra
y
e
d
fro
m
wa
t
e
r
–
e
th
a
n
o
l
CZT
S
c
o
ll
o
i
d
a
l
so
l
u
t
io
n
s”
,
J
.
P
h
y
s.
Ch
e
m.
L
e
tt
.
,
v
o
l.
5
,
p
p
.
3
7
6
3
–
3
7
6
7
,
2
0
1
4
.
[7
]
A.
P
a
ra
y
e
,
A.
S
h
u
k
la,
R.
M
a
n
i
v
a
n
n
a
n
a
n
d
S
.
No
y
e
l
Vic
to
r
ia,
“
S
i
n
g
le
-
S
te
p
El
e
c
tro
d
e
p
o
si
ti
o
n
o
f
C
ZT
S
T
h
in
F
il
m
fo
r
S
o
lar
Ce
ll
Ap
p
li
c
a
ti
o
n
:
Eff
e
c
t
o
f
An
n
e
a
li
n
g
Ti
m
e
,”
V.
S
iv
a
su
b
ra
m
a
n
ian
a
n
d
S
.
S
u
b
ra
m
a
n
ia
n
(e
d
s.),
Glo
b
a
l
Ch
a
ll
e
n
g
e
sin
En
e
rg
y
a
n
d
En
v
ir
o
n
me
n
t
,
Lec
tu
re
No
tes
o
n
M
u
lt
i
d
isc
ip
li
n
a
ry
I
n
d
u
strial
En
g
i
n
e
e
rin
g
,
©
Sp
rin
g
e
r
Na
tu
re
S
in
g
a
p
o
re
P
te L
td
.
2
0
2
0
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h
tt
p
s:/
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o
i.
o
rg
/
1
0
.
1
0
0
7
/9
7
8
-
9
8
1
-
13
-
9
2
1
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-
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_
1
.
[8
]
H.
Ka
tag
iri
,
N.
Ish
ig
a
k
i
,
T.
Is
h
i
d
a
&
K.
S
a
it
o
,
“
Ch
a
ra
c
teriz
a
ti
o
n
o
f
Cu
2
Zn
S
n
S
4
T
h
in
F
il
m
s
P
re
p
a
re
d
b
y
Va
p
o
r
P
h
a
se
S
u
lfu
riza
ti
o
n
,”
J
p
n
.
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
Ap
p
li
e
d
P
h
y
sic
s
,
v
o
l.
4
0
(2
A),
p
p
.
5
0
0
–
5
0
4
,
2
0
0
1
,
d
o
i.
o
rg
/1
0
.
1
1
4
3
/JJA
P
.
4
0
.
5
0
0
.
[9
]
X.
Zh
a
n
g
,
X.
S
h
i
,
W.
Ye
,
C
.
M
a
&
C.
Wan
g
,
“
El
e
c
tro
c
h
e
m
ica
l
d
e
p
o
siti
o
n
o
f
q
u
a
tern
a
ry
Cu
2
Z
n
S
n
S
4
t
h
in
fil
m
s
a
s
p
o
ten
ti
a
l
so
lar
c
e
ll
m
a
teria
l
,”
M
a
ter
ia
ls
S
c
ien
c
e
a
n
d
Pr
o
c
e
ss
in
g
,
v
o
l.
4
,
p
p
.
3
8
1
-
3
8
6
,
2
0
0
9
,
d
o
i
1
0
.
1
0
0
7
/s0
0
3
3
9
-
008
-
4
8
1
5
-
5.
[1
0
]
Aro
n
Wals
h
,
S
h
iy
o
u
Ch
e
n
,
X.
G
.
G
o
n
g
a
n
d
S
u
-
Hu
a
i
Wei,
“
Cry
st
a
l
stru
c
tu
re
a
n
d
d
e
fe
c
t
re
a
c
ti
o
n
s
in
t
h
e
k
e
ste
rit
e
so
lar
c
e
ll
a
b
so
r
b
e
r
Cu
2
Zn
S
n
S
4
(
CZT
S
):
T
h
e
o
re
ti
c
a
l
i
n
sig
h
ts
,”
A
me
ric
a
n
In
stit
u
te
o
f
P
h
y
sic
s
.
Co
n
f.
Pr
o
c
e
e
d
in
g
.,
v
o
l.
1
3
9
9
,
p
p
.
6
3
-
6
4
,
2
0
1
1
,
d
o
i.
o
r
g
/1
0
.
1
0
6
3
/
1
.
3
6
6
6
2
5
8
.
[1
1
]
J.
S
e
o
l,
S
.
Lee
,
J.
Lee
,
H.
Na
m
&
K.
Kim
,
“
El
e
c
tri
c
a
l
a
n
d
o
p
ti
c
a
l
p
ro
p
e
rti
e
s
o
f
Cu
2
Zn
S
n
S
4
th
in
fi
lms
p
re
p
a
re
d
b
y
rf
m
a
g
n
e
tro
n
sp
u
tt
e
rin
g
p
ro
c
e
ss
,
”
S
o
la
r.
E
n
e
rg
y
M
a
ter
i
a
l
a
n
d
S
o
l
a
r
Ce
ll
s
,
v
o
l.
7
5
,
p
p
.
1
5
5
–
1
6
2
,
2
0
0
3
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
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2
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&
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h
ik
i
H.,
“
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re
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3
]
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u
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i,
K
.
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k
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M
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ri
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a
&
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,
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[1
4
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.
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.
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F
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iro
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Jim
b
o
,
H.
Ka
tag
iri
,
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%
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5
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4
,
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ls
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6
]
J.
He
n
ry
,
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M
o
h
a
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ra
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a
n
d
G
.
S
h
i
v
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m
a
r,
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l
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th
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rn
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7
]
M
a
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d
M
.
&
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se
p
h
P
rin
c
e
J.,
“
In
flu
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n
c
e
o
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lar
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trati
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s
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ter
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8
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9
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re
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m
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j,
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,
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Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
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2252
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8
8
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t J Ad
v
Ap
p
l Sci
,
Vo
l.
10
,
No
.
1
,
Ma
r
c
h
2
0
2
1
:
39
–
46
46
[2
1
]
M.
I.
F
a
t
h
ima
,
A.
M
.
S
.
Aru
la
n
a
n
t
h
a
m
,
&
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S
.
J.
W
il
so
n
,
“
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e
c
t
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Z
n
S
n
a
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CZT
S
/Cd
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t
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m
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ro
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,
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a
ter
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ls
Res
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a
rc
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Exp
re
ss
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o
l.
7
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1
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2
]
Bip
lav
Da
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a
l
,
Lee
la
P
ra
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n
J
o
sh
i,
S
a
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d
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sa
d
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a
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e
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in
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ro
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,
Asi
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C
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3
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Ra
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M
a
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m
b
r
a
j
S
.
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v
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p
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De
p
o
sited
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Th
i
n
F
il
m
s
,”
In
ter
n
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ti
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J
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Res
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4
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p
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0
4
5
1
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5
2
5
,
2
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2
0
.
[2
4
]
R.
J.
De
o
k
a
te,
R.
S
.
Ka
te,
S
.
C.
Bu
lak
h
e
,
“
P
h
y
sic
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l
a
n
d
o
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ti
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4
(CZT
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th
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fil
m
:effe
c
t
o
f
Cu
c
o
n
c
e
n
tratio
n
,”
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
M
a
ter
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ls
S
c
ien
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e
:
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ls
in
El
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,
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.
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p
.
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0
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0
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tt
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[2
5
]
Cu
ll
it
y
B.
,
S
t
o
c
k
S
.
,
El
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me
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ts
o
f
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Diff
ra
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ll
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2
0
0
1
.
[2
6
]
Na
b
e
e
l
A
Ba
k
r,
T.
K.
Zi
a
d
,
M
.
A.
S
h
a
h
laa
,
“
I
n
flu
e
n
c
e
o
f
T
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ica
ll
y
S
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d
Cu
2
Zn
S
n
S
4
Th
i
n
F
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m
s
,”
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ter
n
a
ti
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s
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v
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5
(6
),
p
p
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2
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0
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2
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1
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.
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7
]
M
.
A.Olg
a
r,
“
I
n
flu
e
n
c
e
o
f
S
u
lfu
ri
z
a
ti
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n
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n
t
h
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P
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p
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rti
e
s
o
f
C
u
2
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S
n
S
4
(CZ
TS
)
t
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in
fil
m
s
p
re
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b
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c
e
ss
,
”
Om
e
r
Ha
li
sd
e
mir
Un
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v
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rs
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y
J
o
u
rn
a
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E
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1
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2
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2
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1
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.
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