I
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Adv
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nces in Applie
d Science
s
(
I
J
AAS)
Vo
l.
4
,
No
.
3
,
Sep
tem
b
er
201
5
,
p
p
.
73
~
81
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8814
73
J
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In
s
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co
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1.
I
NT
RO
D
UCT
I
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N
B
u
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in
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I
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f
o
r
m
atio
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Mo
d
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(
B
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tech
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in
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d
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m
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s
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(
3
D)
v
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a
lizatio
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d
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s
to
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p
r
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j
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ts
[
1
]
.
K
o
r
m
a
n
et
al.
,
[
2
]
d
ef
in
e
s
B
I
M
as
th
e
p
r
o
ce
s
s
o
f
cr
ea
tin
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an
in
te
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t
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d
co
m
p
u
tab
le
3
D
d
ata
m
o
d
el
t
h
at
ca
n
b
e
s
h
ar
ed
a
m
o
n
g
t
h
e
v
a
r
io
u
s
p
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o
f
es
s
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al
s
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it
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n
t
h
e
d
es
ig
n
a
n
d
co
n
s
tr
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tea
m
.
B
I
M
is
also
d
ef
in
ed
as
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in
telli
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o
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el
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ased
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esig
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v
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a
n
d
in
f
r
astr
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ct
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r
e
p
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ec
ts
[
3
]
.
T
h
e
B
I
M
p
r
o
ce
s
s
in
v
o
l
v
es
th
e
cr
ea
tio
n
o
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n
tell
ig
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ild
i
n
g
m
o
d
els
t
h
at
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r
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y
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s
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f
u
l
i
n
f
o
r
m
atio
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d
in
teg
r
ated
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ata.
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h
e
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I
M
m
o
d
els
ca
n
b
e
s
h
ar
ed
a
cr
o
s
s
d
if
f
er
en
t
d
is
cip
li
n
es
to
h
elp
r
ed
u
ce
t
h
e
er
r
o
r
o
r
co
n
f
u
s
io
n
ca
u
s
ed
b
y
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h
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is
s
u
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s
s
o
ciate
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llab
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r
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ar
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h
itect
s
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g
in
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s
,
a
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s
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s
[
4
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.
I
n
f
ac
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B
I
M
h
as
b
ee
n
ap
p
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p
r
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in
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d
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d
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r
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r
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f
o
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m
an
y
y
ea
r
s
[
5
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.
I
t
h
a
s
b
ee
n
r
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o
r
ted
th
at
B
I
M
i
m
p
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m
en
tatio
n
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ein
g
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r
ac
ticed
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r
d
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ad
es in
C
an
ad
a,
Fra
n
ce
,
G
er
m
an
y
,
UK,
an
d
U
S [
6
]
.
Oth
er
m
ar
k
et
s
t
h
at
h
a
v
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r
ec
e
n
tl
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eg
u
n
ad
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p
tin
g
B
I
M
ar
e
Au
s
tr
alia,
B
r
az
il,
J
ap
an
,
Ko
r
ea
,
an
d
Ne
w
Z
ea
la
n
d
.
I
t
w
as
al
s
o
r
ep
o
r
ted
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at
B
I
M
ad
o
p
tio
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in
No
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th
Am
er
ica
e
x
p
an
d
ed
f
r
o
m
2
8
% in
2
0
0
7
to
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1
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2
0
1
2
.
T
h
e
Natio
n
al
B
I
M
R
ep
o
r
t (
2
0
1
2
)
s
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w
s
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at
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e
u
s
e
o
f
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M
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d
th
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ar
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ess
o
f
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M
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ad
r
is
en
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y
5
8
%
an
d
2
8
%,
r
esp
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tiv
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y
f
r
o
m
y
ea
r
2
0
1
1
to
2
0
1
2
[
7
]
.
T
h
is
p
r
o
v
es
th
a
t
B
I
M
h
a
s
g
ai
n
ed
a
w
id
e
ad
o
p
tio
n
i
n
t
h
e
d
e
v
el
o
p
ed
n
atio
n
s
.
Ho
w
e
v
er
,
i
n
N
i
g
er
ia,
t
h
er
e
h
a
s
n
o
t
b
ee
n
an
y
r
ep
o
r
t o
f
q
u
a
n
ti
tati
v
e
ev
id
en
ce
to
j
u
s
ti
f
y
t
h
e
ad
o
p
tio
n
r
ate
o
f
B
I
M.
A
l
u
f
o
h
ai
[
8
]
s
tated
th
a
t t
h
e
m
o
v
e
to
ad
o
p
t
B
I
M
in
Nig
er
ia
’
s
p
r
iv
ate
a
n
d
p
u
b
lic
s
ec
to
r
(
clien
t
s
id
e)
an
d
a
m
o
n
g
d
i
f
f
er
e
n
t
b
u
i
ld
in
g
p
r
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f
ess
io
n
als
h
as
b
ee
n
v
er
y
s
lo
w
.
A
r
c
h
ite
cts
h
av
e
ad
o
p
ted
B
I
M
b
u
t
m
ai
n
l
y
f
o
r
en
h
an
c
in
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t
h
e
v
i
s
u
al
q
u
alit
y
o
f
t
h
eir
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
-
8814
IJ
AA
S
Vo
l.
4
,
No
.
3
,
Sep
tem
b
er
2
0
1
5
:
73
–
81
74
p
r
esen
tatio
n
.
T
h
i
s
r
esear
ch
,
t
h
er
ef
o
r
e,
ai
m
s
to
a
s
s
e
s
s
t
h
e
l
ev
el
o
f
a
w
ar
en
e
s
s
o
f
B
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M
tec
h
n
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lo
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y
a
m
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n
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th
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ME
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Ni
g
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M
tech
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o
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.
2.
M
E
T
H
O
DO
L
O
G
Y
2
.
1
.
L
it
er
a
t
ure
Rev
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T
h
e
liter
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r
e
r
ev
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w
w
as
u
s
ed
f
o
r
p
r
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m
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n
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d
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g
ab
o
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t
h
e
b
e
n
ef
i
ts
o
f
B
I
M
an
d
ch
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n
g
e
s
o
f
B
I
M
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r
o
m
p
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s
s
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s
.
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s
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a
s
a
g
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n
th
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d
ev
elo
p
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t
o
f
t
h
e
r
esear
ch
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s
tr
u
m
e
n
t
u
s
ed
to
as
s
ess
a
w
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e
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le
v
el,
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esp
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d
en
ts
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p
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s
p
ec
ti
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n
B
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M,
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d
th
e
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h
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d
also
s
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a
b
aselin
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co
m
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e
f
in
d
in
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s
f
r
o
m
th
e
q
u
e
s
tio
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n
ai
r
es
r
esp
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s
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w
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p
r
ev
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s
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s
.
2
.
2
.
Su
rv
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A
q
u
a
n
titat
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r
esear
ch
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
w
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s
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s
ed
to
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r
r
y
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is
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ad
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an
tag
es
co
m
p
ar
ed
to
o
th
er
q
u
alitati
v
e
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
es
in
ter
m
s
o
f
g
o
o
d
r
esp
o
n
s
e
r
ate,
w
id
er
g
eo
g
r
ap
h
ical
co
v
er
ag
e,
p
r
iv
ac
y
p
r
o
tectio
n
,
n
o
t
s
u
b
j
ec
tiv
e
an
d
b
ias
f
r
ee
[
9
]
.
T
h
e
ap
p
r
o
a
ch
u
s
ed
f
o
r
co
llectio
n
o
f
p
r
i
m
ar
y
d
ata
w
a
s
a
f
ield
w
o
r
k
a
n
al
y
tical
s
u
r
v
e
y
u
s
i
n
g
s
tr
u
ct
u
r
ed
q
u
esti
o
n
n
air
e.
2
.
2
.
1
.
Q
ues
t
io
nn
a
ire
Des
ig
n
T
h
e
q
u
esti
o
n
n
air
e
w
as
d
esi
g
n
ed
b
ased
o
n
th
e
i
n
f
o
r
m
a
tio
n
a
cq
u
ir
ed
th
r
o
u
g
h
th
e
liter
atu
r
e
s
r
ev
ie
w
.
I
t
co
n
tain
s
a
s
er
ie
s
o
f
c
lo
s
ed
-
e
n
d
ed
q
u
esti
o
n
s
r
elati
n
g
to
B
I
M
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
a
w
ar
en
es
s
a
n
d
ch
allen
g
e
s
.
T
h
e
q
u
esti
o
n
n
air
e
ai
m
s
to
as
s
es
s
a
n
d
ex
a
m
i
n
e
t
h
e
le
v
el
o
f
a
w
ar
en
es
s
ME
P
b
u
ild
in
g
s
er
v
ice
s
f
ir
m
ab
o
u
t
t
h
e
B
I
M
t
ec
h
n
o
lo
g
y
,
a
n
d
also
to
ac
q
u
ir
e
th
eir
p
er
s
p
ec
ti
v
es a
n
d
id
en
t
i
f
y
th
o
s
e
ch
a
llen
g
es
af
f
ec
ti
n
g
t
h
e
ad
o
p
tio
n
o
f
B
I
M
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
i
n
t
h
e
in
d
u
s
tr
y
.
T
h
e
q
u
est
io
n
n
air
e
w
a
s
co
m
p
o
s
ed
o
f
th
r
ee
s
ec
tio
n
s
.
T
h
e
f
ir
s
t
s
ec
tio
n
w
as
u
s
ed
to
o
b
tain
d
e
m
o
g
r
ap
h
ic
i
n
f
o
r
m
ati
o
n
as f
o
ll
o
w
s
:
1.
C
las
s
i
f
icatio
n
o
f
f
ir
m
s
b
ased
o
n
s
er
v
ices d
eliv
er
ed
;
2.
P
o
s
itio
n
o
f
r
esp
o
n
d
en
t i
n
th
e
c
o
m
p
a
n
y
;
3.
S
ize
o
f
th
e
co
m
p
a
n
y
;
4.
Y
ea
r
s
o
f
ex
p
er
ien
ce
o
f
th
e
co
m
p
a
n
y
; a
n
d
5.
Y
ea
r
s
o
f
ex
p
er
ien
ce
o
f
th
e
r
es
p
o
n
d
en
ts
i
n
th
i
s
in
d
u
s
tr
y
T
h
e
s
ec
o
n
d
s
ec
t
io
n
o
f
th
e
q
u
e
s
tio
n
n
air
es
c
o
n
tai
n
s
q
u
e
s
tio
n
s
ab
o
u
t th
e
B
I
M
a
w
ar
en
e
s
s
co
m
p
r
is
in
g
1
2
n
u
m
b
er
s
o
f
v
ar
iab
les.
T
h
i
s
s
ec
tio
n
i
n
te
n
d
s
to
as
s
es
s
t
h
e
lev
el
o
f
a
w
ar
en
e
s
s
o
f
r
es
p
o
n
d
en
ts
o
n
B
I
M
tech
n
o
lo
g
ies;
t
h
e
ex
ten
t
to
w
h
ic
h
th
e
y
ar
e
a
w
ar
e
o
f
t
h
e
b
en
ef
it
s
th
at
B
I
M
o
f
f
er
s
,
an
d
to
k
n
o
w
th
e
ir
pe
r
s
p
ec
tiv
es.
I
t
as
s
ess
ed
t
h
e
r
esp
o
n
d
en
ts
’
p
er
ce
p
tio
n
o
n
a
f
i
v
e
p
o
in
t
li
k
er
t
s
ca
le,
w
h
er
e
1
=
s
tr
o
n
g
l
y
d
is
a
g
r
ee
,
2
=
d
is
ag
r
ee
,
3
=
n
eu
tr
al,
4
=
a
g
r
ee
,
an
d
5
=
s
tr
o
n
g
l
y
ag
r
ee
.
T
h
e
last
s
ec
tio
n
co
n
tai
n
s
q
u
esti
o
n
s
ab
o
u
t
th
e
B
I
M
ch
al
l
en
g
e
s
i
n
o
r
d
er
to
i
n
v
e
s
ti
g
a
te
th
e
m
o
s
t
i
m
p
o
r
tan
t
f
ac
to
r
s
th
at
ar
e
m
ili
tatin
g
ag
ai
n
s
t
th
e
B
I
M
ad
o
p
tio
n
in
t
h
e
r
esp
ec
tiv
e
f
ir
m
s
.
I
t
m
ai
n
l
y
co
n
tai
n
s
1
6
n
u
m
b
er
s
o
f
v
ar
iab
les
as
s
ess
in
g
th
e
r
esp
o
n
d
en
t
s
’
p
er
ce
p
tio
n
o
n
a
f
iv
e
p
o
in
t
lik
er
t
s
ca
le.
T
h
e
q
u
est
io
n
n
air
e
w
a
s
r
ev
ie
w
ed
b
y
th
e
e
x
p
er
ts
i
n
th
e
B
I
M
f
ield
u
s
i
n
g
th
eir
e
x
p
er
t
k
n
o
w
led
g
e
to
ch
ec
k
f
o
r
th
e
ap
p
r
o
p
r
iaten
ess
o
f
th
e
q
u
esti
o
n
n
air
es
v
ar
iab
les i
n
o
r
d
er
to
en
s
u
r
e
th
e
co
n
ten
t v
alid
it
y
o
f
t
h
e
q
u
esti
o
n
n
a
ir
e.
2
.
2
.
2
.
Q
ues
t
io
nn
a
ires A
d
m
i
n
is
t
ra
t
io
n
T
h
e
s
u
r
v
e
y
m
et
h
o
d
u
s
ed
f
o
r
th
i
s
r
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ch
w
a
s
a
s
el
f
-
ad
m
i
n
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ter
ed
s
u
r
v
e
y
co
n
d
u
cted
u
s
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n
g
a
n
elec
tr
o
n
ics
m
ails
w
it
h
a
f
o
llo
w
u
p
telep
h
o
n
e
ca
l
ls
.
T
o
tal
o
f
2
5
n
u
m
b
er
s
o
f
ME
P
f
ir
m
s
p
ar
ticip
ated
in
th
i
s
s
u
r
v
e
y
.
T
h
e
q
u
est
io
n
n
air
es
wer
e
s
en
t
via
e
-
m
ai
l
alo
n
g
w
it
h
th
e
co
v
er
letter
.
T
h
e
n
u
m
b
er
s
o
f
q
u
es
tio
n
n
air
e
th
at
w
er
e
ab
le
to
b
e
a
d
m
i
n
is
te
r
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w
er
e
7
8
an
d
th
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
p
r
o
p
er
ly
f
i
lled
r
esp
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n
s
es
w
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r
e
4
7
;
g
iv
en
a
to
tal
r
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n
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e
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ate
o
f
6
0
%.
2
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3
.
M
et
ho
d o
f
A
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s
is
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h
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r
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n
s
es
o
b
tain
ed
f
r
o
m
th
e
r
esp
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n
d
e
n
ts
w
er
e
co
d
ed
,
s
cr
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ed
f
o
r
p
r
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d
u
r
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r
o
r
s
,
an
d
in
s
p
ec
ted
f
o
r
m
is
s
in
g
d
ata
f
o
r
ex
cl
u
s
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f
r
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m
a
n
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y
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i
s
u
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g
SP
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s
o
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t
w
ar
e.
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h
e
r
eliab
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o
f
th
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o
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d
in
al
v
ar
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in
th
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q
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T
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d
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RE
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1
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.
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IJ
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S
Vo
l.
4
,
No
.
3
,
Sep
tem
b
er
2
0
1
5
:
73
–
81
78
3
.
4
.
B
I
M
Awa
re
nes
s
o
f
M
E
P
F
ir
m
s
in Nig
er
ia
3
.
3
.
1
.
O
ne
-
Wa
y
ANO
VA
T
est
f
o
r
Descript
iv
e
a
nd
Sta
t
is
t
ica
l Sig
nifica
nt
Dif
f
er
ence
T
h
e
A
N
OV
A
d
escr
ip
ti
v
e
test
an
d
test
o
f
s
i
g
n
i
f
ican
t
d
i
f
f
er
e
n
ce
f
o
r
t
h
e
B
I
M
a
w
ar
e
n
es
s
s
co
r
es
o
f
th
e
MEP
f
ir
m
s
ar
e
p
r
esen
ted
in
T
ab
le
6
,
T
a
b
l
e
7
,
an
d
T
ab
le
8
,
r
esp
ec
tiv
el
y
.
T
h
e
ite
m
1
o
f
th
e
q
u
e
s
tio
n
n
air
e
a
w
ar
e
n
ess
v
ar
iab
les
h
as
th
e
h
i
g
h
e
s
t
m
ea
n
s
co
r
e
o
f
4
.
3
3
f
r
o
m
m
ax
i
m
u
m
s
co
r
e
o
f
5
.
T
h
e
ite
m
g
iv
e
s
d
ef
i
n
it
io
n
to
B
I
M
as
an
in
tellig
e
n
t
m
o
d
el
-
b
ased
d
esig
n
p
r
o
ce
s
s
th
at
a
d
d
s
v
alu
e
ac
r
o
s
s
t
h
e
en
tire
li
f
e
cy
c
le
o
f
B
u
ild
in
g
an
d
I
n
f
r
astr
u
ct
u
r
e
p
r
o
j
ec
t.
I
t
e
m
2
h
as
th
e
s
ec
o
n
d
h
i
g
h
e
s
t
m
ea
n
s
co
r
e
o
f
4
.
0
7
.
T
h
e
ite
m
s
tates
t
h
at
A
r
c
h
itect
u
r
e,
E
n
g
i
n
ee
r
i
n
g
a
n
d
C
o
n
s
tr
u
ct
io
n
(
A
E
C
)
co
m
p
an
ies
h
av
e
b
ee
n
u
s
i
n
g
B
I
M
to
r
ea
lize
im
p
r
o
v
ed
p
r
o
d
u
ctiv
it
y
a
n
d
co
s
t
ef
f
ec
t
iv
e
n
es
s
.
I
te
m
3
an
d
ite
m
8
h
av
e
t
h
e
th
ir
d
h
i
g
h
e
s
t
m
ea
n
s
co
r
e
o
f
4
.
0
2
.
I
tem
3
s
tates
th
at
B
I
M
p
r
o
v
id
es
m
o
r
e
ef
f
icien
t
s
u
s
tai
n
ab
le
d
esig
n
,
in
c
r
ea
s
ed
en
er
g
y
ef
f
icie
n
c
y
,
an
d
o
v
er
all
b
u
ild
in
g
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
w
h
ile
ite
m
8
s
tat
es
th
a
t
B
I
M
allo
w
s
t
h
e
p
r
o
j
ec
t
tea
m
to
m
a
k
e
b
etter
an
d
m
o
r
e
in
f
o
r
m
ed
d
ec
is
io
n
ac
r
o
s
s
th
e
en
tire
p
r
o
j
ec
t
lif
e
c
y
cle.
T
h
e
ite
m
w
h
ic
h
h
as
th
e
l
ea
s
t
m
ea
n
s
co
r
e
is
t
h
e
ite
m
1
1
w
ith
a
m
ea
n
s
co
r
e
o
f
3
.
5
7
,
w
h
ic
h
s
tate
s
th
at
5
D
B
I
M
aid
s
au
to
m
atic
q
u
a
n
tif
icat
io
n
an
d
co
s
t
esti
m
ates.
T
h
e
o
v
er
all
B
I
M
a
w
ar
e
n
ess
v
ar
iab
le
h
as
a
cu
m
u
lati
v
e
m
ea
n
s
co
r
e
o
f
4
7
.
2
.
T
h
is
is
eq
u
iv
ale
n
t
to
7
8
.
7
%
o
f
th
e
to
tal
m
a
x
i
m
u
m
cu
m
u
lat
iv
e
m
ea
n
s
co
r
e
o
f
6
0
.
Fu
r
t
h
er
m
o
r
e,
it
w
a
s
o
b
s
er
v
e
d
in
A
NOV
A’
s
d
escr
ip
ti
v
e
r
esu
lt
in
T
ab
le
7
th
at
th
e
ME
P
f
ir
m
g
r
o
u
p
s
h
a
v
e
d
if
f
er
en
t
m
ea
n
s
co
r
e
o
n
Ov
er
all
B
I
M
Aw
ar
en
e
s
s
.
T
h
e
M&
E
Desig
n
C
o
n
s
u
lt
in
g
Fir
m
s
h
as
a
n
o
v
er
all
m
ea
n
s
co
r
e
o
f
4
8
.
5
,
M&
E
C
o
n
tr
ac
tin
g
Fir
m
s
w
it
h
o
v
er
all
m
ea
n
s
co
r
e
o
f
4
6
.
1
,
an
d
M&
E
Desi
g
n
an
d
B
u
ild
Fir
m
s
w
i
th
o
v
er
all
m
ea
n
s
co
r
e
o
f
4
2
.
3
.
I
t
is
d
if
f
icu
lt
to
co
n
clu
d
e
th
a
t
th
ese
d
if
f
er
e
n
ce
s
ar
e
d
u
e
to
ch
a
n
ce
o
r
ar
e
r
ea
l,
an
d
w
h
et
h
er
th
e
y
ar
e
s
tat
is
tical
l
y
s
ig
n
if
ican
t.
I
n
o
r
d
er
to
ascer
tain
t
h
is
,
A
N
OV
A
tes
t
o
f
s
i
g
n
if
ican
t
d
if
f
er
en
ce
w
as c
ar
r
i
ed
o
u
t.
T
h
e
r
esu
lt
s
h
o
w
s
t
h
at
th
er
e
w
er
e
n
o
s
ta
tis
tica
l si
g
n
i
f
ican
t d
if
f
er
en
ce
s
b
et
w
ee
n
t
h
e
th
r
ee
ME
P
g
r
o
u
p
s
in
t
h
eir
O
v
er
all
B
I
M
Aw
ar
e
n
es
s
s
co
r
e;
[
f
(
2
,
4
5
)
=1
.
2
2
8
P
=0
.
3
0
3
;
P
>
.
0
5
]
.
T
h
u
s
,
w
e
ca
n
co
n
clu
d
e
t
h
at
t
h
e
d
if
f
er
e
n
ce
s
b
et
w
ee
n
th
e
g
r
o
u
p
s
ar
e
d
u
e
to
ch
a
n
ce
.
T
h
is
al
s
o
r
ep
r
esen
t
a
s
m
all
ef
f
ec
t
s
ize
o
f
5
.
4
4
%
[
{1
3
5
/(
1
3
5
+
2
3
6
1
)
}
x
1
0
0
]
w
h
ic
h
in
d
i
ca
tes
th
at
o
n
l
y
5
.
4
4
%
o
f
th
e
v
ar
ian
ce
o
f
O
v
er
all
B
I
M
Aw
ar
en
es
s
s
co
r
e
w
as a
cc
o
u
n
ted
f
o
r
b
y
t
h
e
th
r
ee
ME
P
g
r
o
u
p
s
.
T
ab
le
6
.
Descr
ip
tiv
e
s
tatis
tic
s
o
n
B
I
M
Aw
ar
en
e
s
s
I
t
e
ms
B
I
M
A
w
a
r
e
n
e
ss
N
M
e
a
n
S
t
d
.
D
e
v
i
a
t
i
o
n
1
B
u
i
l
d
i
n
g
I
n
f
o
r
mat
i
o
n
M
o
d
e
l
l
i
n
g
(
B
I
M
)
i
s
a
n
i
n
t
e
l
l
i
g
e
n
t
mo
d
e
l
–
b
a
se
d
d
e
si
g
n
p
r
o
c
e
ss
t
h
a
t
a
d
d
s
v
a
l
u
e
a
c
r
o
ss t
h
e
e
n
t
i
r
e
l
i
f
e
c
y
c
l
e
o
f
b
u
i
l
d
i
n
g
a
n
d
i
n
f
r
a
st
r
u
c
t
u
r
e
p
r
o
j
e
c
t
s
46
4
.
3
3
0
.
8
4
2
A
r
c
h
i
t
e
c
t
u
r
e
,
En
g
i
n
e
e
r
i
n
g
a
n
d
C
o
n
st
r
u
c
t
i
o
n
(
A
EC
)
c
o
mp
a
n
i
e
s a
r
e
u
s
i
n
g
B
I
M
t
o
r
e
a
l
i
z
e
i
mp
r
o
v
e
d
p
r
o
d
u
c
t
i
v
i
t
y
a
n
d
c
o
st
-
e
f
f
e
c
t
i
v
e
n
e
ss
46
4
.
0
7
0
.
9
7
3
B
I
M
p
r
o
v
i
d
e
mo
r
e
e
f
f
i
c
i
e
n
t
s
u
st
a
i
n
a
b
l
e
d
e
si
g
n
,
i
n
c
r
e
a
se
d
e
n
e
r
g
y
e
f
f
i
c
i
e
n
c
y
a
n
d
o
v
e
r
a
l
l
b
u
i
l
d
i
n
g
p
e
r
f
o
r
man
c
e
46
4
.
0
2
0
.
9
0
4
B
I
M
i
m
p
r
o
v
e
s c
o
l
l
a
b
o
r
a
t
i
v
e
w
o
r
k
i
n
g
i
n
p
r
o
j
e
c
t
s
a
n
d
r
e
d
u
c
e
s c
o
n
s
t
r
u
c
t
i
o
n
c
h
a
n
g
e
o
r
d
e
r
.
46
3
.
9
8
0
.
9
5
5
B
I
M
i
s
a
mo
d
e
l
b
a
se
d
w
o
r
k
f
l
o
w
t
h
a
t
a
l
l
o
w
s t
h
e
c
o
n
t
r
a
c
t
o
r
s
t
o
b
e
i
n
t
e
g
r
a
t
e
d
r
i
g
h
t
f
r
o
m t
h
e
d
e
si
g
n
p
h
a
se
46
3
.
9
1
0
.
9
1
6
T
h
e
u
se
o
f
B
I
M
i
n
c
o
n
st
r
u
c
t
i
o
n
d
e
si
g
n
c
a
n
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
t
h
e
i
mp
l
e
me
n
t
a
t
i
o
n
a
n
d
u
se
o
f
L
E
A
N
p
r
a
c
t
i
c
e
s b
y
st
a
n
d
a
r
d
i
z
i
n
g
t
h
e
w
o
r
k
f
l
o
w
s,
d
a
t
a
a
n
d
f
i
l
e
t
y
p
e
s a
n
d
p
r
o
v
i
d
i
n
g
a
c
e
n
t
r
a
l
i
z
e
d
d
o
c
u
me
n
t
a
t
i
o
n
a
n
d
i
n
f
o
r
ma
t
i
o
n
e
x
c
h
a
n
g
e
46
3
.
8
7
0
.
8
5
7
B
I
M
a
l
l
o
w
s
c
o
n
st
r
u
c
t
a
b
i
l
i
t
y
i
ssu
e
e
a
si
l
y
r
e
so
l
v
e
a
n
d
t
i
me
l
y
c
o
n
f
l
i
c
t
i
d
e
n
t
i
f
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
a
n
d
r
e
so
l
u
t
i
o
n
46
3
.
8
9
0
.
9
7
8
B
I
M
a
l
l
o
w
s t
h
e
p
r
o
j
e
c
t
t
e
a
m
t
o
m
a
k
e
b
e
t
t
e
r
a
n
d
mo
r
e
-
i
n
f
o
r
me
d
d
e
c
i
s
i
o
n
a
c
r
o
ss t
h
e
e
n
t
i
r
e
p
r
o
j
e
c
t
l
i
f
e
c
y
c
l
e
46
4
.
0
2
0
.
8
8
9
B
I
M
t
o
o
l
s c
a
n
b
e
u
se
d
f
o
r
c
l
a
s
h
d
e
t
e
c
t
i
o
n
b
e
t
w
e
e
n
M
EP
d
e
si
g
n
s
a
n
d
a
r
c
h
i
t
e
c
t
u
r
a
l
a
n
d
s
t
r
u
c
t
u
r
a
l
d
e
si
g
n
s
46
3
.
9
8
0
.
8
8
10
4
D
B
I
M
c
a
n
b
e
u
se
d
f
o
r
sch
e
d
u
l
i
n
g
,
a
n
i
m
a
t
i
o
n
,
safe
t
y
a
n
a
l
y
si
s a
n
d
p
r
e
p
a
r
e
si
t
e
l
o
g
i
st
i
c
p
l
a
n
s
46
3
.
7
4
0
.
7
4
11
5
D
B
I
M
a
i
d
s
a
u
t
o
mat
i
c
q
u
a
n
t
i
f
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
a
n
d
c
o
st
e
st
i
ma
t
e
46
3
.
5
7
0
.
7
7
12
B
I
M
M
o
d
e
l
c
a
n
b
e
u
se
d
a
s
A
s
-
b
u
i
l
t
M
o
d
e
l
w
h
i
c
h
se
r
v
e
a
s t
h
e
b
a
s
i
s fo
r
c
o
mp
r
e
h
e
n
si
v
e
f
a
c
i
l
i
t
i
e
s
a
n
d
a
sse
t
ma
n
a
g
e
me
n
t
p
r
o
g
r
a
m.
46
3
.
8
5
0
.
8
6
V
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itio
n
al
2
D
w
o
r
k
f
lo
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to
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w
B
I
M
b
ased
w
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k
f
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as
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t
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ch
al
len
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I
M
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m
4
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e
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h
i
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ib
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s
to
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v
er
co
m
e
th
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r
esis
ta
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t
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ch
a
n
g
e
f
o
r
B
I
M
ad
o
p
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in
th
e
ME
P
f
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m
s
.
T
ab
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1
1
s
h
o
w
s
th
e
m
ea
n
s
co
r
es
o
f
t
h
e
ite
m
s
o
n
B
I
M
ch
allen
g
e
s
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
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1
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81
80
T
ab
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.
Descr
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tiv
e
Statis
tic
s
o
n
B
I
M
C
h
alle
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g
es
I
t
e
ms
B
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M
C
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e
a
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d
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e
v
i
a
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i
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n
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L
a
c
k
o
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a
w
a
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e
n
e
ss o
f
B
I
M
t
e
c
h
n
o
l
o
g
i
e
s.
46
3
.
7
6
1
.
4
0
2
L
a
c
k
o
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t
e
c
h
n
i
c
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x
p
e
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t
i
se
o
n
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M
t
o
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t
i
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i
s
a
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i
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n
.
46
3
.
8
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1
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2
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3
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o
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v
a
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a
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46
3
.
6
1
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4
R
e
l
u
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t
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c
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m t
r
a
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n
a
l
2
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l
o
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M
b
a
se
d
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k
f
l
o
w
s.
46
3
.
0
4
1
.
2
1
5
B
e
n
e
f
i
t
s fr
o
m B
I
M
i
m
p
l
e
me
n
t
a
t
i
o
n
d
o
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t
o
u
t
w
e
i
g
h
t
h
e
c
o
st
s
t
o
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m
p
l
e
me
n
t
i
t
.
46
2
.
7
4
0
.
9
7
6
Ef
f
e
c
t
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v
e
l
y
i
mp
l
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me
n
t
i
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g
t
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n
e
w
p
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o
c
e
ss a
n
d
w
o
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k
f
l
o
w
.
44
3
.
4
5
0
.
7
9
7
H
i
g
h
i
n
v
e
st
me
n
t
c
o
st
o
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t
r
a
i
n
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g
s
t
a
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f
,
p
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o
c
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ss c
h
a
n
g
e
a
n
d
so
f
t
w
a
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n
d
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u
p
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r
a
d
e
45
3
.
6
7
1
.
0
0
8
O
v
e
r
c
o
mi
n
g
t
h
e
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si
st
a
n
c
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t
o
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2
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45
3
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9
L
a
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45
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10
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a
c
k
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k
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a
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n
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45
3
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l
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o
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L
a
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k
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44
3
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16
R
e
q
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8
V
a
l
i
d
N
(
l
i
s
t
w
i
se
)
43
4.
CO
NCLU
SI
O
N
Fro
m
th
e
r
es
u
lt
s
o
f
t
h
is
s
tu
d
y
i
t c
an
b
e
co
n
clu
d
ed
th
at;
1.
A
ll
t
h
e
s
u
r
v
e
y
ed
ME
P
g
r
o
u
p
s
h
av
e
h
ig
h
ag
r
ee
m
e
n
t
in
t
h
e
d
ef
i
n
itio
n
o
f
B
I
M,
w
h
ic
h
in
d
icat
es
th
at
ME
P
f
ir
m
s
i
n
Ni
g
er
ia
ar
e
a
w
a
r
e
o
f
B
I
M
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
.
2.
A
ll
t
h
e
s
u
r
v
e
y
ed
ME
P
g
r
o
u
p
s
h
av
e
t
h
e
o
v
er
all
c
u
m
u
lati
v
e
s
co
r
e
o
f
4
7
.
2
,
an
eq
u
iv
alen
t
o
f
7
8
.
7
%
o
f
th
e
to
tal
s
co
r
e.
T
h
is
is
a
r
elativ
el
y
h
ig
h
p
er
ce
n
ta
g
e
s
co
r
e
w
h
ic
h
s
h
o
w
s
t
h
e
h
i
g
h
lev
e
l
o
f
a
w
ar
en
es
s
ab
o
u
t
B
I
M
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
in
ME
P
f
ir
m
s
in
Ni
g
er
ia.
3.
T
h
er
e
ar
e
n
o
s
tati
s
tical
s
i
g
n
i
f
i
ca
n
t
d
i
f
f
er
en
ce
s
b
et
w
ee
n
t
h
r
ee
ME
P
g
r
o
u
p
s
s
u
r
v
e
y
ed
w
it
h
r
esp
ec
t
to
th
eir
a
w
ar
e
n
es
s
lev
el.
T
h
is
m
ea
n
s
t
h
at
th
e
t
h
r
ee
g
r
o
u
p
s
h
a
v
e
th
e
s
a
m
e
le
v
el
o
f
B
I
M
a
w
a
r
en
ess
.
4.
T
h
e
m
o
s
t
i
m
p
o
r
ta
n
t
ch
alle
n
g
e
af
f
ec
ti
n
g
th
e
ad
o
p
tio
n
o
f
B
I
M
b
y
th
e
ME
P
f
ir
m
s
in
Nig
er
ia
is
th
e
lack
o
f
tec
h
n
ical
ex
p
er
tis
e
o
n
B
I
M
to
o
ls
u
til
is
atio
n
.
T
h
is
f
i
n
d
in
g
is
i
n
li
n
e
w
it
h
t
h
e
f
i
n
d
i
n
g
s
f
r
o
m
s
u
r
v
e
y
o
f
Kh
o
s
r
o
w
s
h
ah
i
&
A
r
a
y
ici
[
1
2
]
.
5.
L
ac
k
o
f
a
w
ar
en
es
s
o
f
B
I
M
tech
n
o
lo
g
ies
a
n
d
h
i
g
h
in
v
es
t
m
en
t
co
s
t
in
tr
ain
i
n
g
s
taf
f
,
p
r
o
ce
s
s
ch
an
g
e,
a
n
d
s
o
f
t
w
ar
e/
h
ar
d
w
a
r
e
u
p
g
r
ad
e
ar
e
a
m
o
n
g
t
h
e
m
o
s
t
i
m
p
o
r
tan
t
f
ac
to
r
s
a
f
f
ec
ti
n
g
B
I
M
ad
o
p
tio
n
in
Nig
er
ia.
6.
T
h
e
f
ac
to
r
th
at
h
as
t
h
e
lo
w
e
s
t
m
ea
n
s
co
r
e
is
“
th
e
b
e
n
ef
it
s
f
r
o
m
B
I
M
i
m
p
le
m
e
n
tatio
n
d
o
n
o
t
o
u
t
w
eig
h
t
h
e
co
s
t
to
i
m
p
le
m
e
n
t
it”.
T
h
is
m
ea
n
s
t
h
at
m
o
s
t
o
f
th
e
s
u
r
v
e
y
ed
ME
P
f
ir
m
s
b
elie
v
e
th
at
t
h
e
b
en
e
f
it
s
B
I
M
o
f
f
er
s
o
u
t
w
eig
h
ed
th
e
co
s
t
to
im
p
le
m
e
n
t
it.
T
h
is
is
a
g
o
o
d
in
d
icato
r
s
h
o
w
i
n
g
th
at
M
E
P
f
ir
m
s
in
Ni
g
er
ia
h
av
e
a
p
o
s
iti
v
e
p
er
s
p
ec
tiv
e
o
n
B
I
M.
7.
“L
ac
k
o
f
clie
n
ts
’
in
ter
est
i
n
th
e
u
s
e
o
f
B
I
M
i
n
t
h
eir
p
r
o
j
ec
t”
h
a
s
a
lo
w
m
ea
n
s
co
r
e.
T
h
is
is
also
a
g
o
o
d
in
d
icato
r
th
at
th
er
e
i
s
h
i
g
h
p
r
o
b
ab
ilit
y
to
g
a
in
t
h
e
clie
n
t
s
’
b
u
y
-
i
n
f
o
r
B
I
M
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
ad
o
p
tio
n
.
8.
“Relu
c
tan
t
to
ch
a
n
g
e
f
r
o
m
tr
ad
itio
n
al
2
D
w
o
r
k
f
lo
w
to
n
e
w
B
I
M
b
ased
w
o
r
k
f
lo
w
”
al
s
o
h
as
a
lo
w
m
ea
n
s
co
r
e,
w
h
ic
h
s
h
o
ws
th
at
th
er
e
is
h
i
g
h
er
p
o
s
s
ib
il
it
y
to
o
v
er
co
m
e
r
es
is
ta
n
ce
to
ch
an
g
e
w
h
en
B
I
M
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
i
s
in
tr
o
d
u
ce
d
to
s
taf
f
o
f
ME
P
f
ir
m
s
in
N
ig
er
ia.
RE
F
E
R
E
NC
E
S
[1
]
W
a
n
g
S
h
.
H.,
W
e
i
-
Ch
ih
W
.
,
Ku
n
-
Ch
i
W
.
,
a
n
d
S
h
ih
-
Y
u
S
h
,
“
A
p
p
ly
in
g
b
u
il
d
i
n
g
in
f
o
rm
a
ti
o
n
m
o
d
e
li
n
g
to
su
p
p
o
r
t
f
ire sa
fe
t
y
m
a
n
a
g
e
m
e
n
t
”,
A
u
to
m
a
ti
o
n
in
C
o
n
str
u
c
ti
o
n
,
2
0
1
5
.
[2
]
Ko
rm
a
n
T
.
,
L
o
n
n
y
S
.
,
a
n
d
El
b
e
rt
S
.
,
“
Us
in
g
B
u
il
d
in
g
In
f
o
rm
a
ti
o
n
M
o
d
e
li
n
g
to
im
p
ro
v
e
th
e
me
c
h
a
n
ica
l,
e
lec
trica
l
,
a
n
d
p
l
u
mb
i
n
g
c
o
o
rd
i
n
a
t
io
n
p
ro
c
e
ss
fo
r
b
u
il
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n
e
2
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[4
]
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H.,
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m
e
s
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.
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h
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t
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Ho
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.
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Ur
b
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ms
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.
5
1
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pp.
34
-
46
,
2
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IJ
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A
s
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81
[6
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ro
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m
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[7
]
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ly
2015.
[8
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1
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1
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p
.
6
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2
0
1
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[9
]
Na
o
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m
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,
Diss
e
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2
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.
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0
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a
ll
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n
t
J.
,
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c
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ra
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Hill
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(UK
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1
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iaw
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Y.
,
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tatisti
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s
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c
G
ra
w
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,
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2
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.
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2
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Kh
o
sro
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.
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su
f
A
.
,
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th
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UK
c
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ti
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stry
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g
,
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n
stru
c
ti
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n
d
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rc
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M
a
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me
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t
,
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o
l.
1
9
,
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o
.
6
,
p
p
.
6
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3
5
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2
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.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.