I
nte
rna
t
io
na
l J
o
urna
l o
f
Adv
a
nces in Applie
d Science
s
(
I
J
AAS)
Vo
l.
3
,
No
.
2
,
J
u
n
e
201
4
,
p
p
.
57
~
64
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8814
57
J
o
ur
na
l ho
m
ep
a
g
e
:
h
ttp
:
//ia
e
s
jo
u
r
n
a
l.c
o
m/o
n
lin
e/in
d
ex
.
p
h
p
/I
J
AAS
To
study the
Ero
sio
n Beha
v
io
r of H.V.
O
.F
.
Co
a
ting o
f
1
6
Cr5
Ni
a
t
the
Dif
fere
n
t
V
elo
city o
f
S
lu
rry
U
m
a
k
a
nt
Ya
da
v
,
Na
re
s
h K
um
a
r
,
M
uk
e
s
h K
u
m
a
r
Ra
t
hi
M
e
c
h
a
n
ica
l
En
g
in
e
e
rin
g
De
p
a
rtm
e
n
t,
L
.
R.
I
n
stit
u
te
o
f
En
g
in
e
e
ri
n
g
a
n
d
T
e
c
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
,
In
d
ia
Art
icle
I
nfo
AB
ST
RAC
T
A
r
ticle
his
to
r
y:
R
ec
eiv
ed
Ma
r
ch
1
0
,
2
0
1
4
R
ev
i
s
ed
Ma
y
17
,
2
0
1
4
A
cc
ep
ted
Ma
y
2
6
,
2
0
1
4
T
h
is
p
a
p
e
r
d
e
sc
rib
e
s
e
ro
sio
n
c
h
a
ra
c
teristics
o
f
h
ig
h
v
e
lo
c
it
y
o
x
y
f
u
e
l
(H.V
.
O.
F
.
)
a
lo
n
g
w
it
h
c
o
m
m
o
n
ly
u
se
d
ste
e
ls
1
6
Cr5
Ni
in
T
u
rb
in
e
a
n
d
stu
d
ied
th
e
c
o
m
p
a
riso
n
t
h
e
e
f
fe
c
t
o
f
e
ro
sio
n
a
t
Dif
f
e
r
e
n
t
V
e
lo
c
i
ti
e
s
o
f
th
e
slu
rry
o
n
Cr
2
O
3
a
n
d
CrC
-
NiCr
c
o
a
ti
n
g
o
n
s
tee
l
.
T
h
e
f
o
u
r
d
if
f
e
r
e
n
t
ra
n
g
e
s
o
f
v
e
lo
c
it
y
is
tak
e
n
i.
e
.
35
m
/s,
5
0
m
/s
,
60
m
/s
a
n
d
7
0
m
/s.
a
t
n
o
rm
a
l
i
m
p
a
c
t
a
n
g
le
a
n
d
c
o
m
p
a
riso
n
re
g
a
rd
in
g
th
e
e
r
o
sio
n
re
sista
n
c
e
w
a
s
d
e
ter
m
in
e
d
f
ro
m
th
e
m
a
ss
lo
ss
re
su
lt
s.
Hig
h
e
r
e
ro
si
o
n
tak
e
s
p
lac
e
a
t
m
e
d
i
u
m
ra
n
g
e
o
f
v
e
lo
c
it
y
i.
e
.
a
t
5
0
m
/s
.
Ba
se
d
o
n
th
is
e
x
p
e
rim
e
n
tal
stu
d
y
c
o
a
ti
n
g
w
a
s
c
o
n
sid
e
re
d
a
c
c
e
p
tab
le f
o
r
th
e
p
ro
c
e
ss
e
s e
m
p
lo
y
e
d
.
K
ey
w
o
r
d
:
C
r
C
-
Ni
C
r
co
atin
g
E
r
o
s
io
n
HVOF
co
atin
g
Slu
r
r
y
er
o
s
io
n
Co
p
y
rig
h
t
©
201
4
In
s
t
it
u
te o
f
A
d
v
a
n
c
e
d
E
n
g
i
n
e
e
rin
g
a
n
d
S
c
ien
c
e
.
Al
l
rig
h
ts
re
se
rv
e
d
.
C
o
r
r
e
s
p
o
nd
ing
A
uth
o
r
:
U
m
a
k
an
t
Yad
av
,
Me
ch
an
ical
E
n
g
i
n
ee
r
in
g
Dep
a
r
t
m
en
t,
L
.
R
.
I
n
s
tit
u
te
o
f
E
n
g
i
n
ee
r
i
n
g
an
d
T
ec
h
n
o
lo
g
y
,
So
lan
,
H.
P
.
,
In
d
ia
.
E
m
ail:
u
m
ak
a
n
t
y
ad
@
g
m
ail.
co
m
1.
I
NT
RO
D
UCT
I
O
N
E
r
o
s
io
n
is
a
s
er
io
u
s
p
r
o
b
le
m
i
n
a
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
I
n
d
ia
n
h
y
d
r
o
p
o
w
er
s
tatio
n
s
esp
ec
iall
y
t
h
o
s
e
l
o
ca
ted
in
Hi
m
ala
y
a
n
r
e
g
io
n
[
1
]
-
[
2
]
.
T
h
i
s
ca
u
s
es
a
lo
s
s
o
f
th
e
o
r
d
er
o
f
US$
1
2
0
–
1
5
0
m
il
lio
n
in
a
y
e
ar
f
o
r
t
h
ese
h
y
d
r
o
p
o
w
er
s
tatio
n
s
d
u
e
to
d
r
o
p
in
ef
f
icien
c
y
,
f
o
r
ce
d
o
u
ta
g
es,
a
n
d
r
ep
air
.
A
tte
m
p
t
s
ar
e
b
ein
g
m
ad
e
to
r
ed
u
ce
th
e
d
am
a
g
e
ca
u
s
ed
b
y
s
ilt
er
o
s
io
n
eit
h
er
b
y
r
ed
u
c
in
g
t
h
e
p
ar
ticle
v
elo
cit
y
,
co
n
tr
o
ll
in
g
th
e
ir
s
ize
a
n
d
co
n
ce
n
tr
atio
n
,
o
r
b
y
u
s
i
n
g
HV
OF
ce
r
m
et
co
ati
n
g
s
a
n
d
s
u
r
f
a
ce
h
ar
d
en
i
n
g
b
y
p
las
m
a
n
i
t
r
i
d
in
g
[
8
]
-
[
3
]
.
HVOF
ce
r
m
ets
co
atin
g
s
o
f
h
ar
d
ca
r
b
i
d
e
p
h
ase
tu
n
g
s
t
e
n
ca
r
b
id
e
(
W
C
)
e
m
b
ed
d
ed
in
d
u
ctile
m
a
tr
ix
;
t
y
p
icall
y
co
atin
g
s
y
s
te
m
co
n
s
i
s
tin
g
o
f
W
C
–
C
o
,
W
C
–
Co
–
C
r
,
W
C
–
Ni
–
C
r
an
d
FeC
r
A
l
Y
–
C
r
3
C
2
ar
e
b
ein
g
u
s
ed
in
d
if
f
er
en
t
in
d
u
s
tr
ies.
T
h
e
m
o
s
t
s
ati
s
f
ac
to
r
y
r
es
u
lts
h
a
v
e
b
ee
n
o
b
tain
ed
w
it
h
th
e
p
o
w
d
er
h
av
in
g
ca
r
b
i
d
e
co
n
ten
t
o
f
>8
0
%
[
4
]
.
I
t
h
as
b
ee
n
r
ep
o
r
ted
th
at
d
eto
n
atio
n
a
s
w
ell
as
H
VOF
s
p
r
a
y
ed
co
ati
n
g
s
a
n
d
b
o
r
o
n
is
in
g
p
r
o
v
id
e
r
e
m
ar
k
ab
le
i
m
p
r
o
v
e
m
e
n
ts
co
m
p
ar
ed
to
p
las
m
a
n
i
tr
id
in
g
at
th
ese
v
elo
citie
s
[
3
]
-
[
1
2
]
.
H
o
w
e
v
er
,
co
n
tr
ad
ictin
g
r
esu
lt
s
r
eg
ar
d
i
n
g
p
las
m
a
n
itri
d
in
g
h
a
v
e
b
ee
n
r
ep
o
r
ted
an
d
d
ep
en
d
in
g
u
p
o
n
th
eir
d
eg
r
ee
o
f
s
u
cc
es
s
,
p
las
m
a
n
itrid
in
g
a
s
w
ell
as
HVOF
co
a
tin
g
s
ar
e
b
ein
g
e
x
p
lo
ited
co
m
m
er
ciall
y
to
o
v
er
co
m
e
t
h
e
p
o
w
er
lo
s
s
ar
is
i
n
g
d
u
e
to
ex
ce
s
s
i
v
e
er
o
s
io
n
o
f
h
y
d
r
o
t
u
r
b
in
es [
8
]
-
[
1
3
]
.
Stain
le
s
s
s
teel
s
ar
e
w
id
el
y
u
s
e
d
in
h
y
d
r
o
elec
tr
ic
p
o
w
er
p
la
n
t
s
d
u
e
to
t
h
eir
g
o
o
d
co
r
r
o
s
io
n
p
r
o
p
er
ties
an
d
ac
ce
p
tab
le
r
esis
tan
ce
to
s
o
lid
p
ar
ticle
er
o
s
io
n
,
s
in
ce
m
an
y
co
m
p
o
n
en
t
s
ar
e
in
co
n
tact
w
it
h
aq
u
eo
u
s
s
o
lu
tio
n
s
co
n
tain
in
g
h
ar
d
p
ar
ticles
t
h
at
i
m
p
ac
t
a
g
ain
s
t
t
h
e
s
u
r
f
ac
e
ca
u
s
i
n
g
s
i
g
n
if
ica
n
t
m
at
er
ial
lo
s
s
(
s
l
u
r
r
y
er
o
s
io
n
co
n
d
itio
n
)
.
T
h
e
m
a
g
n
itu
d
e
o
f
t
h
e
d
a
m
a
g
e
ca
u
s
ed
is
a
co
n
s
eq
u
e
n
ce
o
f
t
h
e
a
m
o
u
n
t,
t
y
p
e
a
n
d
s
ize
o
f
s
o
lid
p
ar
ticles
in
t
h
e
f
lo
w
,
to
g
eth
er
w
it
h
t
h
e
m
ec
h
a
n
ica
l
p
r
o
p
er
ties
o
f
th
e
s
u
r
f
ac
es,
p
h
y
s
ica
l
-
c
h
e
m
ical
p
r
o
p
er
ties
o
f
th
e
w
ater
an
d
o
p
er
atin
g
co
n
d
itio
n
s
[
1
6
]
-
[
1
7
]
.
Slu
r
r
y
er
o
s
io
n
p
r
o
b
le
m
s
ar
e
p
ar
ticu
lar
l
y
i
m
p
o
r
tan
t
d
u
r
in
g
r
ain
y
s
ea
s
o
n
s
d
u
e
to
t
h
e
in
cr
ea
s
e
in
t
h
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
s
o
lid
p
ar
ticles
i
m
p
ac
ti
n
g
th
e
s
u
r
f
ac
es,
e
s
p
ec
iall
y
i
n
s
y
s
te
m
s
w
h
er
e
a
n
e
x
h
a
u
s
t
iv
e
f
iltra
t
io
n
p
r
o
ce
s
s
i
s
n
o
t
p
o
s
s
ib
le
.
T
h
is
is
t
h
e
ca
s
e
o
f
t
h
e
Fra
n
ci
s
t
u
r
b
in
es
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
-
8814
IJ
AA
S
Vo
l.
3
,
No
.
2
,
J
u
n
e
2
0
1
4
:
57
–
64
58
in
s
ta
lled
in
a
h
y
d
r
o
elec
tr
ic
p
o
w
er
p
lan
t
i
n
n
o
r
t
h
w
ester
n
C
o
lo
m
b
ia,
w
h
er
e
i
n
te
n
s
e
er
o
s
iv
e
w
ea
r
h
a
s
led
to
ch
an
g
es i
n
s
u
r
f
ac
e
tex
t
u
r
e
an
d
lo
s
s
o
f
ad
j
u
s
t
m
en
t b
et
w
ee
n
th
e
lin
er
s
an
d
t
h
e
s
p
ir
al
ca
s
e.
1
.
1
.
H
VO
F
S
pra
y
ing
a
nd
P
la
s
m
a
Nit
ridin
g
I
n
r
ec
en
t
y
ea
r
s
,
HVOF
s
p
r
a
y
in
g
h
a
s
b
ee
n
co
n
s
id
er
ed
an
ass
et
to
th
e
f
a
m
il
y
o
f
th
er
m
al
s
p
r
a
y
p
r
o
ce
s
s
es
esp
ec
iall
y
f
o
r
m
ater
ials
w
it
h
m
elti
n
g
p
o
in
t
b
elo
w
3
0
0
0
K.
I
t
h
as
p
r
o
v
en
s
u
cc
es
s
f
u
l,
s
i
n
ce
it
s
h
o
w
s
ad
v
an
ta
g
es
i
n
d
en
s
it
y
a
n
d
b
o
n
d
s
tr
en
g
t
h
m
a
k
i
n
g
it
attr
a
ctiv
e
f
o
r
m
a
n
y
w
ea
r
an
d
c
o
r
r
o
s
io
n
r
esis
tan
ce
ap
p
licatio
n
s
[
4
]
-
[
5
]
.
I
ts
h
i
g
h
c
o
atin
g
q
u
ali
t
y
r
esu
lts
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
u
s
e
o
f
a
h
o
t
co
m
b
u
s
tio
n
-
d
r
iv
en
h
ig
h
-
s
p
ee
d
g
as
j
et
f
o
r
th
er
m
al
s
p
r
a
y
in
g
.
T
h
ese
co
atin
g
s
h
a
v
e
en
v
ir
o
n
m
e
n
tal
ad
v
an
tag
es
c
o
m
p
ar
ed
to
ch
e
m
icall
y
/elec
tr
o
ch
e
m
icall
y
f
o
r
m
ed
co
atin
g
s
.
T
u
n
g
s
ten
c
ar
b
id
e
p
o
w
d
er
s
ar
e
w
id
el
y
u
s
ed
in
t
h
e
HVO
F
s
p
r
a
y
in
g
s
y
s
te
m
[
6
]
-
[
7
]
.
T
h
ese
ar
e
u
s
ed
to
p
r
o
d
u
ce
d
e
n
s
e,
h
i
g
h
h
ar
d
n
ess
a
n
d
ex
ce
l
le
n
t
w
ea
r
r
esis
ta
n
ce
co
atin
g
s
g
e
n
er
all
y
to
co
m
b
at
th
e
er
o
s
io
n
an
d
co
r
r
o
s
io
n
o
cc
u
r
r
in
g
in
h
y
d
r
o
p
o
w
er
p
lan
ts
an
d
p
u
m
p
s
.
I
n
ap
p
licatio
n
s
w
h
er
e
ab
r
asi
v
e
o
r
er
o
s
iv
e
w
ea
r
r
es
is
ta
n
ce
i
s
o
f
p
r
i
m
ar
y
i
m
p
o
r
tan
ce
,
W
C
–
C
o
w
it
h
a
n
d
w
i
th
o
u
t
n
ick
e
l
o
r
ch
r
o
m
e
is
u
s
ed
.
W
C
–
Co
–
C
r
p
o
w
d
er
s
ar
e
p
r
ef
er
r
ed
w
h
en
h
i
g
h
co
r
r
o
s
io
n
r
esi
s
ta
n
ce
is
n
ee
d
ed
.
T
h
e
ab
r
asiv
e
a
n
d
er
o
s
iv
e
w
ea
r
r
e
s
i
s
tan
ce
a
ls
o
d
ep
en
d
s
u
p
o
n
o
x
id
es,
p
o
r
es,
an
d
th
e
p
h
ase
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
at
io
n
o
cc
u
r
r
i
n
g
d
u
r
in
g
s
p
r
a
y
in
g
[
9
]
-
[
1
1
]
.
Hig
h
-
v
elo
cit
y
o
x
y
f
u
el
s
p
r
a
y
ed
c
o
atin
g
s
ar
e
co
m
m
o
n
l
y
ap
p
lie
d
b
y
HP
/HVOF
J
P
-
5
0
0
0
,
DS
-
1
0
0
,
an
d
Me
t
j
et
I
I
,
OSU,
Dia
m
o
n
d
j
et
an
d
P
r
ax
a
ir
2
0
0
0
HVA
F
s
y
s
te
m
s
.
T
h
es
e
s
y
s
te
m
s
ar
e
b
ased
o
n
liq
u
id
as
w
ell
as
g
a
s
eo
u
s
f
u
el
an
d
o
x
y
g
en
/air
.
Usi
n
g
th
e
HP
/HVOF
s
y
s
te
m
,
t
h
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
o
f
1
0
d
if
f
er
e
n
t
t
y
p
e
s
o
f
W
C
-
b
ased
ce
r
m
et
co
atin
g
s
w
it
h
C
o
o
r
Ni
as
b
in
d
er
h
as
b
ee
n
ev
a
lu
a
ted
u
n
d
er
b
o
th
d
r
y
p
ar
ticle
an
d
s
l
u
r
r
y
er
o
s
io
n
c
o
n
d
itio
n
s
at
9
0
an
d
2
0
◦
im
p
i
n
g
e
m
e
n
t
a
n
g
les
[
1
0
]
.
I
t
is
r
ep
o
r
ted
th
at
co
atin
g
m
icr
o
s
tr
u
c
tu
r
e,
h
ar
d
n
es
s
a
n
d
c
o
m
p
o
s
i
tio
n
w
er
e
t
h
e
m
aj
o
r
d
eter
m
i
n
an
t
s
i
n
er
o
s
iv
e
w
ea
r
.
T
h
e
m
atr
i
x
co
r
r
o
s
io
n
also
in
f
lu
e
n
ce
s
th
e
er
o
s
i
v
e
wea
r
.
H
o
w
e
v
er
,
s
i
m
ilar
co
atin
g
s
w
ith
1
2
%
C
o
a
n
d
1
7
%
C
o
as
b
in
d
er
ap
p
lied
b
y
HP
/HVOF
d
o
n
o
t
s
h
o
w
s
ig
n
i
f
ican
t
d
i
f
f
er
e
n
ce
i
n
AST
M
G
-
6
5
ab
r
asio
n
test
r
es
u
lt
s
[
1
1
]
.
T
h
e
m
icr
o
s
tr
u
ct
u
r
es,
p
o
r
o
s
ity
an
d
p
h
a
s
e
co
m
p
o
s
iti
o
n
o
f
W
C
1
7
%
C
o
co
atin
g
s
w
h
e
n
ap
p
lied
b
y
th
i
s
s
y
s
te
m
u
s
i
n
g
1
0
0
m
m
s
p
r
a
y
b
ar
r
el
in
s
tead
o
f
2
0
0
m
m
s
p
r
a
y
b
ar
r
el,
d
o
n
o
t
m
ak
e
m
u
c
h
d
if
f
er
e
n
ce
.
T
h
e
d
if
f
er
en
ce
i
n
th
eir
ab
r
asio
n
w
as
r
ep
o
r
ted
o
n
ly
at
8
%.
T
h
e
p
o
r
o
s
it
y
v
ar
iatio
n
w
a
s
r
ep
o
r
ted
b
et
w
ee
n
0
.
1
2
0
an
d
0
.
9
0
%
th
e
p
o
w
d
er
s
u
s
ed
w
er
e
ag
g
lo
m
er
ated
an
d
s
i
n
ter
ed
(
T
AF
A
1
3
4
3
V
an
d
Am
p
er
it 5
2
6
.
0
7
4
)
.
2.
M
AT
E
RIAL
A
ND
M
E
T
H
O
DS
2
.
1
.
Select
io
n o
f
Su
bs
t
ra
t
e
M
a
t
er
ia
l
Steel
1
6
C
r
5
Ni
s
teel
w
h
ich
i
s
u
s
ed
as
m
ater
ial
f
o
r
H
y
d
r
o
p
o
w
er
p
lan
ts
in
s
o
m
e
p
lan
ts
in
n
o
r
th
er
n
p
ar
t
o
f
I
n
d
ia
h
as
b
ee
n
u
s
ed
as
a
s
u
b
s
tr
ate
in
th
e
s
t
u
d
y
.
T
h
e
s
p
ec
i
m
e
n
s
w
i
th
ap
p
r
o
x
im
ate
d
i
m
en
s
io
n
s
o
f
4
0
m
m
×
4
0
m
m
×
5
m
m
w
er
e
cu
t
f
r
o
m
th
e
t
u
r
b
in
e
m
ater
ia
l
f
o
r
er
o
s
io
n
s
tu
d
ies.
Sa
m
p
le
s
w
er
e
g
r
i
n
d
ed
w
it
h
SiC
p
ap
er
s
d
o
w
n
to
1
8
0
g
r
it
an
d
Sh
o
t
–
b
last
ed
w
i
th
S
iO2
b
ef
o
r
e
b
ein
g
HVOF
s
p
r
a
y
ed
to
d
ev
elo
p
b
etter
ad
h
esio
n
b
et
w
ee
n
th
e
s
u
b
s
tr
at
e
an
d
t
h
e
co
ati
n
g
.
Stai
n
les
s
s
teels
co
m
m
o
n
l
y
u
s
ed
f
o
r
tu
r
b
in
es
an
d
h
y
d
r
a
u
lic
ac
ce
s
s
o
r
ies
w
er
e
u
s
ed
,
n
a
m
el
y
1
3
C
r
5
Ni
s
teel,
w
h
o
s
e
n
o
m
i
n
al
ch
e
m
ical
co
m
p
o
s
it
io
n
s
ar
e
s
h
o
w
n
i
n
T
ab
le
1
.
A
l
s
o
,
t
w
o
co
m
m
er
cial
p
o
w
d
er
s
,
C
r
2
O3
an
d
C
r
C
+
Ni
C
r
w
er
e
d
ep
o
s
ited
o
n
to
1
3
C
r
4
Ni
s
teel
b
y
Hi
g
h
Velo
cit
y
o
x
y
f
u
el
(
H
VOF)
p
r
o
ce
s
s
es,
r
esp
ec
tiv
el
y
s
p
r
a
y
in
g
w
as
ca
r
r
ied
o
u
t
u
s
i
n
g
a
HI
P
OJ
E
T
2
1
0
0
eq
u
ip
m
e
n
t)
,
w
h
ich
u
t
ilize
t
h
e
s
u
p
er
s
o
n
ic
j
et
g
e
n
er
ated
b
y
t
h
e
co
m
b
u
s
tio
n
o
f
liq
u
id
p
etr
o
leu
m
g
a
s
(
L
P
G)
an
d
o
x
y
g
en
m
i
x
t
u
r
e.
L
P
G
f
u
el
g
as
is
c
h
ea
p
an
d
r
ea
d
il
y
av
ai
l
ab
le
as
co
m
p
ar
ed
to
o
th
er
f
u
els
u
s
ed
f
o
r
HVO
F
s
p
r
a
y
in
g
.
T
h
e
s
p
r
a
y
in
g
p
ar
a
m
eter
s
e
m
p
lo
y
ed
d
u
r
in
g
HVOF
d
ep
o
s
itio
n
ar
e
li
s
ted
in
T
ab
le
2
.
A
l
l
t
h
e
p
r
o
ce
s
s
p
ar
am
eter
s
,
in
cl
u
d
in
g
t
h
e
s
p
r
ay
d
is
ta
n
ce
w
er
e
k
ep
t c
o
n
s
ta
n
t
th
r
o
u
g
h
o
u
t th
e
co
ati
n
g
p
r
o
ce
s
s
.
T
ab
le
1
.
No
m
in
a
l c
h
e
m
ical
co
m
p
o
s
itio
n
o
f
th
e
s
u
b
s
tr
ate
m
at
er
ials
(
w
t
%)
M
a
t
e
r
i
a
l
s
C
Mn
Si
Cr
Ni
P
S
0
.
0
6
1
.
0
0
.
8
0
15
-
17
4
-
6
0
.
0
3
6
0
.
0
2
5
2
.
2
.
Appa
ra
t
us
Require
d
2
.
2
.
1
.
M
ea
s
ure
m
ent
o
f
Co
a
t
i
ng
T
hic
kn
ess
T
h
e
co
atin
g
th
ic
k
n
es
s
w
as
m
ea
s
u
r
ed
d
u
r
in
g
s
p
r
a
y
i
n
g
w
it
h
a
Min
ites
t
-
2
0
0
0
T
h
in
Fil
m
T
h
ick
n
es
s
Gau
g
e
(
p
r
ec
is
io
n
±
1
µ
m
)
,
to
o
b
tain
co
atin
g
o
f
u
n
i
f
o
r
m
t
h
ic
k
n
e
s
s
.
Fo
r
v
er
i
f
icatio
n
o
f
t
h
ic
k
n
e
s
s
o
f
d
ep
o
s
ited
co
atin
g
,
t
h
e
as
s
p
r
a
y
e
d
s
p
ec
i
m
en
w
as
c
u
t
ac
r
o
s
s
th
e
cr
o
s
s
-
s
e
ctio
n
w
it
h
a
d
ia
m
o
n
d
cu
t
ter
.
2
X
-
R
a
y
D
if
f
r
ac
tio
n
(
XR
D)
a
n
al
y
s
i
s
.
T
h
e
XR
D
a
n
al
y
s
i
s
w
as
p
er
f
o
r
m
ed
o
n
t
h
e
co
ated
an
d
u
n
co
ated
s
p
ec
im
en
s
to
id
en
ti
f
y
t
h
e
v
ar
io
u
s
p
h
ases
p
r
ese
n
t o
n
t
h
ei
r
s
u
r
f
ac
e
s
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IJ
AA
S
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8814
To
s
tu
d
y
th
e
E
r
o
s
io
n
B
eh
a
vio
r
o
f H
.
V
.
O.
F
.
C
o
a
tin
g
o
f 1
6
C
r
5
N
i a
t th
e
Differ
en
t V
elo
city…
(
Uma
ka
n
t Ya
d
a
v
)
59
2
.
2
.
2
.
P
o
ro
s
it
y
M
ea
s
ure
m
e
nt
P
o
r
o
s
it
y
o
f
th
e
co
ati
n
g
s
w
a
s
m
ea
s
u
r
ed
w
it
h
a
n
i
m
ag
e
a
n
al
y
s
er
u
s
i
n
g
Z
eis
s
Ax
io
v
er
t
2
0
0
MA
T
in
v
er
ted
o
p
tical
m
icr
o
s
co
p
e,
f
i
tted
w
it
h
i
m
a
g
in
g
s
o
f
t
w
ar
e
Z
e
is
s
Ax
io
v
is
io
n
R
elea
s
e
4
.
1
,
(
Ger
m
an
y
)
s
o
f
t
w
ar
e,
w
h
ic
h
w
as
d
ev
elo
p
ed
b
ased
o
n
A
ST
M
B
2
7
6
.
T
h
e
m
a
g
n
i
f
ica
ti
o
n
w
a
s
c
h
o
s
en
s
u
c
h
t
h
at
t
h
e
co
atin
g
m
icr
o
s
tr
u
c
tu
r
e
i
m
a
g
e
co
v
er
s
t
h
e
s
cr
ee
n
a
n
d
allo
w
s
t
h
e
r
eso
l
u
tio
n
o
f
t
h
e
v
o
id
s
t
h
at
co
n
tr
ib
u
tes
n
o
tab
l
y
to
t
h
e
to
tal
p
o
r
o
s
it
y
ar
ea
p
er
ce
n
tag
e
T
h
e
an
al
y
s
i
s
u
s
i
n
g
i
m
a
g
e
p
r
o
ce
s
s
i
n
g
s
o
f
t
w
ar
e
d
eter
m
in
e
s
t
h
e
p
o
r
e
ar
ea
s
ize
i
n
t
h
e
v
ie
w
f
ield
b
y
co
n
v
er
ti
n
g
t
h
e
p
o
r
e
ar
ea
s
(
g
r
e
y
-
lev
el
ar
ea
s
)
in
to
a
b
ac
k
g
r
o
u
n
d
co
lo
r
s
u
ch
as
r
ed
w
h
i
le
t
h
e
r
est
o
f
t
h
e
m
icr
o
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e
r
e
m
ain
s
in
its
o
r
i
g
in
a
l
co
lo
r
.
T
h
e
ar
ea
o
f
o
n
e
f
ea
t
u
r
e
is
n
u
m
er
i
ca
ll
y
r
elate
d
to
t
h
e
to
tal
ar
ea
o
f
th
e
p
ictu
r
e,
as
th
e
p
r
o
g
r
am
co
u
n
ts
t
h
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
o
n
e
co
lo
r
ty
p
e
p
ix
els
(
r
ed
)
an
d
s
ets
th
at
as
a
r
atio
o
f
th
e
to
tal
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
p
i
x
els i
n
t
h
e
p
ictu
r
e
(
to
tal
ar
ea
)
.
2
.
2
.
3
.
M
ea
s
ure
m
ent
o
f
Su
rf
a
ce
Ro
ug
hn
ess
T
h
e
s
u
r
f
ac
e
r
o
u
g
h
n
e
s
s
(
R
a)
v
alu
es
o
f
th
e
p
la
s
m
a
s
p
r
a
y
ed
as
co
ated
s
p
ec
i
m
en
s
w
er
e
m
ea
s
u
r
ed
u
s
in
g
Su
r
f
ac
e
R
o
u
g
h
n
es
s
T
ester
(
M
itu
to
y
o
SJ
-
2
0
1
,
J
ap
an
)
.
E
ac
h
r
ep
o
r
ted
v
alu
e
o
f
s
u
r
f
ac
e
r
o
u
g
h
n
es
s
(
R
a)
is
t
h
e
m
ea
n
o
f
f
i
v
e
o
b
s
er
v
atio
n
s
tak
en
at
d
if
f
er
en
t
lo
ca
tio
n
s
.
T
h
e
ce
n
tr
e
lin
e
av
er
a
g
e
(
C
L
A
)
m
eth
o
d
w
as
u
s
ed
to
o
b
tain
th
e
R
a
v
al
u
es.
2
.
2
.
4
.
Sca
n
nin
g
E
lect
ro
n M
ic
ro
s
co
py
(
SE
M
)
/E
DAX
SEM
w
as
u
s
ed
to
id
en
ti
f
y
t
h
e
ch
an
g
e
i
n
Mic
r
o
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e
s
o
f
co
ated
&
u
n
co
ated
er
o
d
ed
s
a
m
p
les
a
n
d
also
u
s
ed
to
s
tu
d
y
th
e
cr
o
s
s
-
s
e
ctio
n
o
f
s
p
ec
i
m
en
s
.
SEM
w
as
u
s
ed
to
id
en
ti
f
y
t
h
e
ch
a
n
g
e
in
m
icr
o
s
tr
u
c
tu
r
es
o
f
co
ate
d
&
u
n
co
ated
er
o
d
ed
s
am
p
les
an
d
also
u
s
ed
to
s
tu
d
y
t
h
e
cr
o
s
s
-
s
ec
tio
n
o
f
as
co
ated
m
o
u
n
ted
s
p
ec
i
m
e
n
s
.
E
DA
X
w
a
s
u
s
ed
to
f
i
n
d
th
e
p
er
ce
n
tag
e
o
f
C
r
2
O3
an
d
C
r
C
-
N
iC
r
af
ter
t
h
e
er
o
s
io
n
test
o
n
co
atin
g
.
T
ab
le
2
.
Sp
r
ay
p
ar
am
e
ter
s
e
m
p
lo
y
ed
f
o
r
HVO
F sp
r
a
y
p
r
o
ce
s
s
A
i
r
-
f
l
o
w
r
a
t
e
7
0
0
l
/
m
i
n
S
p
r
a
y
d
i
st
a
n
c
e
2
0
0
m
m
P
o
w
d
e
r
f
e
e
d
r
a
t
e
3
0
g
/
mi
n
F
u
e
l
p
r
e
ssu
r
e
5
8
8
k
P
a
O
x
y
g
e
n
p
r
e
ssu
r
e
9
0
0
k
P
a
A
i
r
p
r
e
ssu
r
e
5
9
0
K
O
x
y
g
e
n
f
l
o
w
r
a
t
e
2
8
0
l
/
m
i
n
F
u
e
l
(
L
P
G
)
f
l
o
w
r
a
t
e
7
0
l
/
mi
n
T
h
ese
p
ar
am
eter
s
ar
e
w
it
h
i
n
t
h
e
r
an
g
e
th
at
i
s
g
e
n
er
all
y
ad
o
p
ted
f
o
r
ap
p
ly
i
n
g
a
n
HVO
F c
o
atin
g
[
6
–
7
]
.
2
.
2
.
5
.
Slu
rr
y
E
ro
s
io
n T
est
s
T
h
e
s
lu
r
r
y
er
o
s
io
n
test
i
n
g
is
c
o
n
d
u
cted
o
u
t
in
a
m
o
d
i
f
ied
te
s
t
r
ig
w
h
ich
i
s
k
n
o
w
n
as
J
E
T
I
MP
A
C
T
T
E
S
T
R
I
G
in
w
h
ich
th
e
s
p
ec
i
m
en
s
w
er
e
s
u
b
j
ec
ted
to
th
e
er
o
s
io
n
co
n
d
itio
n
s
w
h
ich
ar
e
v
e
r
y
m
u
c
h
s
i
m
ilar
to
th
o
s
e
o
f
t
h
e
h
y
d
r
o
p
o
w
er
p
la
n
t.
T
h
e
m
ea
n
i
m
p
ac
t
v
e
lo
cit
y
o
f
t
h
e
s
l
u
r
r
y
w
as
3
5
m
/
s
,
5
0
m
/
s
an
d
6
0
m
/s
an
d
t
h
e
er
o
s
io
n
r
esis
ta
n
ce
w
as
d
eter
m
in
ed
f
r
o
m
th
e
m
as
s
lo
s
s
r
e
s
u
l
ts
.
M
ass
lo
s
s
es
w
er
e
m
ea
s
u
r
e
d
ev
er
y
4
0
m
i
n
b
y
u
s
i
n
g
m
ea
s
u
r
in
g
b
alan
ce
w
h
i
ch
is
h
a
v
i
n
g
a
ac
c
u
r
ac
y
a
s
ca
le
w
ith
0
.
0
1
m
g
r
eso
l
u
tio
n
.
T
h
e
to
tal
d
u
r
atio
n
o
f
ea
ch
test
w
a
s
1
6
0
m
i
n
,
an
d
a
f
t
er
th
at
p
er
io
d
b
o
th
th
e
s
a
m
p
le
an
d
th
e
s
l
u
r
r
y
w
er
e
r
ep
lace
d
.
2
.
2
.
6
.
Ana
ly
s
is
o
f
Wo
rn
Su
rf
a
ce
s
T
h
e
w
o
r
n
s
u
r
f
ac
e
w
er
e
a
n
al
y
ze
d
in
s
ter
eo
s
co
p
ic
an
d
s
ca
n
n
i
n
g
elec
tr
o
n
m
icr
o
s
co
p
es
in
o
r
d
er
to
id
en
ti
f
y
t
h
e
w
ea
r
m
ec
h
a
n
is
m
a
n
d
r
elate
th
e
m
to
th
e
m
as
s
lo
s
s
r
esu
lts
.
3.
RE
SU
L
T
S AN
D
D
I
SCU
SS
I
O
N
3
.
1
.
M
icr
o
s
t
ruct
ure
o
f
1
6
Cr5
Ni
S
t
ee
l
T
h
e
m
icr
o
s
tr
u
ct
u
r
e
o
f
t
h
is
s
t
ee
l is co
m
p
o
s
ed
o
f
a
u
s
te
n
itic
-
m
a
r
ten
s
itic
s
teel
w
i
th
d
elta
f
er
r
ite
ab
o
u
t 2
0
to
2
5
s
tab
le
a
u
s
te
n
ite
C
h
r
o
m
i
u
m
ca
r
b
id
es
.
Mic
r
o
s
t
r
u
ctu
r
e
o
f
AST
M
1
6
C
r
5
Ni
s
teel,
af
ter
co
atin
g
C
r
2
O3
a
n
d
Mic
r
o
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e
o
f
1
6
C
r
5
Ni
s
te
el
af
ter
co
atin
g
w
it
h
C
r
C
-
N
iC
r
as sh
o
w
n
in
Fig
u
r
e
1
an
d
Fig
u
r
e
2
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
-
8814
IJ
AA
S
Vo
l.
3
,
No
.
2
,
J
u
n
e
2
0
1
4
:
57
–
64
60
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
Mic
r
o
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e
o
f
AST
M
1
6
C
r
5
Ni
s
teel,
af
ter
co
atin
g
C
r
2
O3
Fig
u
r
e
2
.
Mic
r
o
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e
o
f
1
6
C
r
5
Ni
s
teel
af
ter
co
atin
g
w
i
th
C
r
C
-
Ni
C
r
3
.
2
.
Cr2
O
3
Co
a
t
ing
T
h
e
th
ick
n
ess
o
f
co
ati
n
g
i
s
m
ea
s
u
r
ed
1
9
0
μ
m
.
T
h
e
co
atin
g
la
y
er
is
co
m
p
o
s
ed
b
y
s
o
f
t,
n
ick
el
-
r
ic
h
m
atr
i
x
(
1
8
1
HV
av
er
a
g
e
h
ar
d
n
ess
)
co
n
ta
in
i
n
g
elo
n
g
ated
ch
r
o
m
iu
m
o
x
id
e
p
ar
ticles
(
1
1
4
0
HV
,
2
5
g
f
,
1
5
s
)
.
T
h
e
m
ea
s
u
r
ed
av
er
ag
e
v
o
lu
m
e
f
r
ac
tio
n
s
o
f
C
r
2
O3
p
ar
ticles an
d
p
o
r
es
w
er
e
1
4
.
2
5
% a
n
d
1
0
.
1
2
%,
r
esp
ec
tiv
el
y
.
T
h
e
w
ea
r
-
r
esis
tan
t
C
r
2
O3
co
atin
g
is
co
m
p
o
s
ed
o
f
h
ar
d
,
C
r
p
ar
ticles
(
1
1
2
0
HV
av
er
ag
e
h
ar
d
n
es
s
)
an
d
s
o
f
ter
Ni
-
C
r
r
eg
io
n
s
(
6
3
9
HV
av
er
ag
e
h
ar
d
n
ess
)
,
to
g
et
h
er
w
it
h
a
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
u
n
m
el
ted
p
ar
ticles
a
n
d
p
o
r
es.
T
h
e
v
o
lu
m
e
f
r
ac
t
io
n
o
f
p
o
r
es
w
as
es
ti
m
ate
d
to
1
7
%
b
y
d
ig
ital
i
m
ag
e
p
r
o
ce
s
s
i
n
g
o
f
SEM
i
m
ag
e
s
.
T
h
is
p
o
r
o
s
ity
a
m
o
u
n
t
i
s
ac
ce
p
tab
le
f
o
r
HVOF
co
atin
g
s
.
T
h
is
av
er
ag
e
v
al
u
e
is
in
a
g
r
e
e
m
en
t
w
it
h
liter
at
u
r
e
f
o
r
t
h
e
HV
OF
p
r
o
ce
s
s
[
2
4
]
an
d
it is
an
i
n
d
icatio
n
o
f
ac
ce
p
tab
le
q
u
alit
y
o
f
th
e
co
ati
n
g
.
3
.
3
.
CrC
-
NiCr
co
a
t
ing
T
h
e
th
ick
n
es
s
o
f
th
e
co
ati
n
g
w
a
s
m
ea
s
u
r
ed
cir
ca
av
er
ag
e
1
7
0
-
19
0
μ
m
.
T
h
e
m
icr
o
s
tr
u
ct
u
r
e
o
f
th
e
w
ea
r
-
r
esis
tan
t
co
ati
n
g
C
r
C
-
Ni
C
r
(
6
9
0
HV3
0
0
g
,
1
5
s
)
is
a
d
i
s
tr
ib
u
t
io
n
o
f
ch
r
o
m
i
u
m
ca
r
b
id
es
in
a
h
i
g
h
ca
r
b
o
n
s
teel
m
atr
i
x
.
T
h
e
m
ea
s
u
r
ed
v
o
lu
m
e
f
r
ac
tio
n
o
f
ch
r
o
m
iu
m
ca
r
b
id
es
a
n
d
p
o
r
o
s
it
y
w
e
r
e
1
2
%
an
d
1
5
%,
r
esp
ec
tiv
el
y
.
3
.
4
.
E
x
a
m
i
na
t
io
n o
f
Wo
rn
Su
rf
a
ce
s
T
h
e
ty
p
ical
asp
ec
t
o
f
th
e
w
o
r
n
s
u
r
f
ac
es
as
s
ee
n
in
s
ter
eo
g
r
a
p
h
ic
m
icr
o
s
co
p
e
is
s
h
o
w
n
i
n
Fig
u
r
e
3
an
d
4
.
Deta
iled
an
aly
s
is
o
f
t
h
e
w
o
r
n
s
u
r
f
ac
es
r
ev
ea
led
w
ea
r
m
ar
k
s
t
y
p
ical
o
f
er
o
s
io
n
at
g
r
az
in
g
in
cid
e
n
ce
,
w
it
h
m
icr
o
-
c
u
tti
n
g
an
d
m
icr
o
p
lo
u
g
h
i
n
g
as
t
h
e
m
ai
n
w
ea
r
m
ec
h
a
n
i
s
m
s
o
b
s
er
v
ed
at
th
e
s
u
r
f
ac
e
o
f
all
t
h
e
s
tain
less
s
tee
ls
test
ed
a
n
d
t
h
e
C
r
2
O3
co
atin
g
(
F
ig
u
r
e
4
)
,
b
ein
g
t
h
ese
m
ar
k
s
m
o
r
e
e
v
id
en
t
an
d
e
v
e
n
l
y
d
is
tr
ib
u
ted
in
th
e
s
tain
less
s
teel
s
a
m
p
les.
T
h
e
SEM
i
m
a
g
e
o
n
m
icr
o
g
r
ap
h
s
tells
u
s
ab
o
u
t
th
e
s
u
r
f
ac
e
m
o
r
p
h
o
lo
g
y
o
f
t
h
e
v
ar
io
u
s
s
a
m
p
les.
T
h
e
1
6
C
r
5
Ni
s
teel
h
as
s
h
o
w
n
p
latelet
m
ec
h
a
n
is
m
w
h
ic
h
is
b
ein
g
o
p
er
atio
n
al
ze
d
in
er
o
s
io
n
.
T
h
e
f
o
r
m
a
tio
n
o
f
cr
ater
an
d
li
p
s
ca
n
b
e
v
ie
w
ed
.
T
h
ese
ar
e
f
o
r
m
ed
d
u
e
d
ir
ec
t
i
m
p
ac
t
a
n
d
ca
n
b
e
r
e
m
o
v
ed
b
y
i
m
p
ac
t
o
f
s
l
u
r
r
y
.
f
ig
s
h
o
w
s
s
p
lat
b
y
s
p
lat
la
m
e
llar
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e
f
o
r
m
at
io
n
i
n
b
o
th
th
e
co
atin
g
s
w
it
h
t
h
e
p
r
esen
c
e
o
f
p
ar
tiall
y
m
elted
r
eg
io
n
o
f
th
e
n
a
n
o
p
ar
ticles
i
n
C
r
2
O3
co
atin
g
s
.
On
th
e
o
th
er
h
a
n
d
,
t
h
e
w
o
r
n
s
u
r
f
ac
e
s
o
f
t
h
e
C
r
C
-
NI
C
r
co
atin
g
s
s
h
o
w
ed
a
d
i
f
f
er
en
tia
l
r
esp
o
n
s
e
as
a
f
u
n
ct
io
n
o
f
t
h
e
p
h
ases
p
r
ese
n
t
in
t
h
e
m
icr
o
s
t
r
u
ctu
r
e,
as
s
h
o
w
n
in
F
ig
u
r
e
3
-
4
.
C
h
r
o
m
i
u
m
a
n
d
o
x
id
e
s
in
C
r
2
O3
an
d
C
r
/C
o
ar
ea
s
in
C
r
C
-
N
iC
r
co
atin
g
s
co
n
tr
ib
u
ted
to
in
cr
ea
s
e
t
h
e
w
ea
r
r
esis
ta
n
ce
d
u
e
to
th
eir
h
i
g
h
h
a
r
d
n
ess
an
d
Yo
u
n
g
m
o
d
u
l
u
s
.
A
s
t
h
e
test
i
n
g
ti
m
e
in
cr
ea
s
ed
th
e
h
ar
d
p
h
ase
s
w
er
e
g
r
ad
u
all
y
e
x
p
o
s
ed
to
th
e
er
o
s
iv
e
p
ar
ticles
an
d
th
e
m
ai
n
w
ea
r
m
ec
h
a
n
i
s
m
ch
an
g
ed
f
r
o
m
m
icr
o
cu
tti
n
g
o
f
m
atr
i
x
to
s
p
alli
n
g
o
f
h
ar
d
p
h
ases
.
E
v
id
en
ce
s
o
f
b
r
ittl
e
f
r
ac
tu
r
e
w
er
e
o
b
s
er
v
ed
in
t
h
e
C
r
C
-
N
iC
r
co
ati
n
g
.
Ne
v
er
th
ele
s
s
,
t
h
e
a
n
al
y
s
is
o
f
t
h
e
co
atin
g
s
b
ef
o
r
e
th
e
s
lu
r
r
y
er
o
s
io
n
te
s
ts
r
ev
ea
l
s
th
at
s
i
m
ilar
cr
ac
k
s
ar
e
f
o
r
m
ed
as
a
co
n
s
eq
u
en
ce
o
f
t
h
e
th
er
m
al
s
p
r
a
y
p
r
o
ce
s
s
e
m
p
lo
y
ed
d
u
e
to
th
e
h
i
g
h
co
o
lin
g
s
p
ee
d
s
an
d
th
e
th
er
m
al
c
o
ef
f
icie
n
t
m
is
m
atc
h
b
et
w
ee
n
C
r
/C
o
p
ar
ticles
an
d
Ni
-
C
r
r
eg
io
n
s
(
Fi
g
u
r
e
3
-
4
)
.
Un
m
elted
p
ar
ticles
a
n
d
d
r
o
p
lets
ca
n
al
s
o
b
e
o
b
s
er
v
ed
b
e
f
o
r
e
th
e
s
u
r
f
ac
e
i
s
s
u
b
m
itted
to
t
h
e
s
l
u
r
r
y
w
ea
r
t
ests
,
b
u
t
t
h
ese
f
ea
tu
r
es
ar
e
r
e
m
o
v
ed
d
u
r
in
g
t
h
e
te
s
ts
d
u
e
to
th
eir
lo
w
ad
h
er
e
n
ce
to
th
e
s
u
b
s
tr
ate.
A
s
ig
n
i
f
ica
n
t
in
cr
ea
s
e
in
m
icr
o
-
h
ar
d
n
ess
w
a
s
o
b
s
er
v
ed
i
n
t
h
e
s
tai
n
les
s
s
teels
s
u
r
f
ac
es
af
ter
th
e
s
l
u
r
r
y
er
o
s
io
n
te
s
ts
,
p
r
o
b
ab
ly
a
s
a
co
n
s
eq
u
en
ce
o
f
b
o
th
m
ar
ten
s
tic
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
atio
n
o
f
r
etain
ed
au
s
te
n
ite
an
d
w
o
r
k
h
ar
d
en
i
n
g
ef
f
ec
t.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IJ
AA
S
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8814
To
s
tu
d
y
th
e
E
r
o
s
io
n
B
eh
a
vio
r
o
f H
.
V
.
O.
F
.
C
o
a
tin
g
o
f 1
6
C
r
5
N
i a
t th
e
Differ
en
t V
elo
city…
(
Uma
ka
n
t Ya
d
a
v
)
61
Fig
u
r
e
3
.
Sp
ec
i
m
en
a
f
ter
co
n
d
u
cti
n
g
2
h
r
s
er
o
s
io
n
test
i
n
g
co
ated
w
it
h
C
r
C
-
Ni
C
r
Fig
u
r
e
4
.
S
p
ec
i
m
en
a
f
ter
co
n
d
u
cti
n
g
2
Hr
er
o
s
io
n
test
i
n
g
co
ated
w
it
h
C
r
2
O3
Fig
u
r
e
5
.
Gr
ain
s
ize
d
is
tr
ib
u
ti
o
n
b
ef
o
r
e
an
d
af
ter
th
e
te
s
t i
n
m
icr
o
m
eter
s
3
.
5
.
Deg
ra
da
t
io
n o
f
Abra
s
iv
e
P
a
rt
icles
T
h
e
ty
p
ical
m
o
r
p
h
o
lo
g
y
o
f
ab
r
asiv
e
p
ar
ticles
b
e
f
o
r
e
th
e
test
s
an
d
t
h
e
ch
a
n
g
e
in
s
ize
d
is
tr
i
b
u
tio
n
as
a
co
n
s
eq
u
e
n
ce
o
f
th
e
er
o
s
iv
e
p
r
o
ce
s
s
ar
e
af
ter
p
r
esen
ted
in
Fig
u
r
e
5
.
No
te
th
at
af
ter
th
e
test
s
th
e
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
i
s
s
h
i
f
ted
to
s
m
al
ler
g
r
ai
n
s
ize
s
,
w
h
ic
h
r
ev
ea
l
s
f
r
ag
m
e
n
tatio
n
o
f
t
h
e
p
ar
ticles
a
n
d
s
u
b
s
eq
u
e
n
t
lo
s
s
o
f
th
eir
ab
ili
t
y
to
er
o
d
e
th
e
s
u
r
f
ac
e
o
f
t
h
e
s
a
m
p
les.
Fig
u
r
e
5
.
R
o
u
g
h
n
es
s
o
f
co
atin
g
s
u
r
f
ac
e
1
6
C
r
5
Ni
Fig
u
r
e
6
.
P
o
r
o
s
it
y
o
f
co
atin
g
s
u
r
f
ac
e
1
6
C
r
5
Ni
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
-
8814
IJ
AA
S
Vo
l.
3
,
No
.
2
,
J
u
n
e
2
0
1
4
:
57
–
64
62
T
a
b
le
3
.
R
o
u
g
h
n
es
s
o
f
co
atin
g
s
u
r
f
ac
e
1
6
C
r
5
Ni
S
r
.
N
O
C
o
a
t
i
n
g
o
n
1
6
C
r
5
N
i
S
u
r
f
a
c
e
R
o
u
g
h
n
e
ss
1
2
C
r
2
O
3
C
r
C
-
N
i
C
r
1
1
.
2
5
u
m
1
2
.
1
u
m
T
ab
le
4
.
P
o
r
o
s
it
y
o
f
co
atin
g
s
u
r
f
ac
e
1
6
C
r
5
Ni
S
r
.
N
O
C
o
a
t
i
n
g
o
n
1
6
C
r
5
N
i
P
o
r
o
si
t
y
(
%)
1
2
C
r
2
O
3
o
C
r
C
-
N
i
C
r
3
.
0
0
%
3
.
7
5
%
3
.
6
.
M
a
s
s
L
o
s
s
T
h
e
m
as
s
lo
s
s
o
f
all
t
h
e
s
a
m
p
les
in
t
h
e
s
lu
r
r
y
er
o
s
io
n
test
s
is
s
h
o
w
n
i
n
F
ig
u
r
e
8
-
10
T
h
e
r
ep
o
r
ted
v
alu
e
s
w
er
e
ca
lcu
lated
f
r
o
m
th
e
m
ea
s
u
r
ed
cu
m
u
lati
v
e
m
a
s
s
lo
s
s
e
s
an
d
an
d
v
elo
cit
y
.
T
h
e
C
r
2
O3
co
atin
g
s
h
o
w
ed
th
e
b
est
er
o
s
io
n
r
ési
s
tan
ce
in
all
t
h
e
v
elo
cit
y
r
an
g
es,
w
h
ile
t
h
e
C
r
C
-
Ni
C
r
s
teel
r
ep
o
r
ted
th
e
h
ig
h
er
m
as
s
lo
s
s
e
s
o
f
th
e
test
ed
m
ater
ials
w
it
h
co
ati
n
g
.
I
t
i
s
wo
r
th
n
o
tici
n
g
th
a
t
th
e
u
n
co
at
ed
s
t
ain
le
s
s
s
teels
p
r
esen
ted
s
m
all
d
if
f
er
e
n
ce
v
o
lu
m
e
lo
s
s
es
d
u
r
in
g
th
e
f
ir
s
t
s
ta
g
es
to
la
s
t
s
ta
g
e
o
f
t
h
e
te
s
ts
.
Nev
er
th
e
less
,
af
ter
1
2
0
m
i
n
te
s
tin
g
t
h
e
1
6
C
r
5
Ni
s
teel
s
a
m
p
le
s
u
n
d
o
u
b
ted
l
y
s
h
o
w
ed
b
etter
er
o
s
io
n
r
es
is
ta
n
ce
,
p
r
o
b
a
b
ly
d
u
e
to
t
h
e
d
if
f
er
e
n
ce
s
i
n
m
icr
o
s
tr
u
c
tu
r
e
s
u
c
h
as
t
h
e
p
r
ese
n
ce
o
f
h
ar
d
ch
r
o
m
i
u
m
ca
r
b
id
es
p
r
ec
ip
itated
at
g
r
ain
b
o
u
n
d
ar
ies.
T
h
e
o
n
e
an
o
t
h
er
i
m
p
o
r
tan
t
t
h
i
n
g
to
b
e
n
o
ted
d
o
w
n
t
h
at
a
s
t
h
e
v
e
lo
cit
y
r
an
g
e
s
i
n
cr
ea
s
es
t
h
e
a
m
o
u
n
t
o
f
er
o
s
io
n
also
i
n
cr
ea
s
e
u
p
to
th
e
5
0
m
/
s
a
f
ter
g
o
i
n
g
h
i
g
h
er
r
an
g
e
o
f
v
elo
cit
y
t
h
e
er
o
s
io
n
is
n
o
t
l
in
ea
r
w
it
h
r
e
s
p
ec
t
to
o
th
er
T
h
r
ee
v
elo
cities.
T
h
is
m
a
y
b
e
d
u
e
to
th
at
as
t
h
e
v
elo
citie
s
ar
e
i
n
c
r
ea
s
in
g
t
h
e
k
i
n
etic
en
er
g
y
o
f
t
h
e
p
ar
ticle
also
in
c
r
ea
s
es
as
a
r
esu
l
t
o
f
w
h
ich
t
h
e
p
ar
ticles
ar
e
r
eb
o
u
n
d
ed
b
ac
k
an
d
th
e
y
i
n
ter
r
u
p
t
th
e
p
ath
o
f
i
n
co
m
i
n
g
p
ar
ticles.
T
h
e
m
a
x
i
m
u
m
er
o
s
io
n
w
il
l
tak
es
p
lace
at
5
0
m
/
s
.
T
h
e
r
esu
lt
s
h
o
w
s
th
a
t
co
atin
g
s
s
a
v
e
th
e
s
u
b
s
tr
ate
m
a
ter
i
al
f
r
o
m
er
o
s
io
n
s
u
cc
e
s
s
f
u
ll
y
[
2
5
]
.
Fig
u
r
e
8
.
Ma
s
s
lo
s
s
i
n
m
g
/c
m
2
Fig
u
r
e
9
.
Ma
s
s
lo
s
s
i
n
m
g
/c
m
2
Fig
u
r
e
10
.
Ma
s
s
lo
s
s
i
n
m
g
/c
m
2
7
,
2
7
,
3
7
,
4
7
,
5
7
,
6
7
,
7
7
,
8
7
,
9
8
8
,
1
8
,
2
35
50
60
70
M
ass
l
os
s
(m
g
/cm
2)
V
e
l
oci
t
i
e
s
(m
/s
)
Cr2
O
3
c
o
a
t
ed
7
,
6
7
,
8
8
8
,
2
8
,
4
8
,
6
8
,
8
9
9
,
2
35
50
60
70
M
ass
l
os
s
(m
g
/cm
2)
V
e
l
oci
t
i
e
s
(m
/s
)
CrC
-
N
i
C
r
c
o
a
t
ed
7
7
,
1
7
,
2
7
,
3
7
,
4
7
,
5
7
,
6
7
,
7
7
,
8
35
50
60
70
M
ass
l
os
s
(m
g
/cm
2)
V
e
l
oci
t
i
e
s
(m
/s
)
1
6
Cr
5
N
i
U
n
c
o
a
t
ed
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IJ
AA
S
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8814
To
s
tu
d
y
th
e
E
r
o
s
io
n
B
eh
a
vio
r
o
f H
.
V
.
O.
F
.
C
o
a
tin
g
o
f 1
6
C
r
5
N
i a
t th
e
Differ
en
t V
elo
city…
(
Uma
ka
n
t Ya
d
a
v
)
63
4.
DIS
CU
SS
I
O
N
O
N
T
H
E
E
R
O
SI
O
N
B
E
H
AVIO
R
Cr2
O
3
AND
CrC
-
NiCr
B
ASE
D
CO
M
P
O
SI
T
E
CO
AT
I
N
G
T
h
e
r
esu
lts
f
r
o
m
t
h
is
s
t
u
d
y
i
n
d
icate
th
at,
t
h
e
p
o
o
r
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
o
b
s
er
v
ed
f
r
o
m
I
n
ca
s
e
o
f
C
r
C
-
Ni
C
r
co
atn
g
as
co
m
p
ar
is
o
n
o
f
C
r
2
O3
co
atin
g
C
r
C
-
Ni
C
r
co
atn
g
attr
ib
u
ted
to
t
h
e
h
i
g
h
d
eg
r
ee
o
f
p
o
r
o
s
it
y
/p
r
ese
n
ce
of
v
o
id
s
an
d
m
icr
o
-
cr
ac
k
s
w
i
th
i
n
th
e
co
ati
n
g
.
I
t
is
lik
e
l
y
t
h
at
t
h
e
co
atin
g
s
co
n
ta
in
n
u
m
er
o
u
s
n
et
w
o
r
k
s
o
f
co
n
tin
u
o
u
s
v
o
id
s
,
p
o
r
es
an
d
cr
ac
k
s
t
h
at
e
x
te
n
d
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
co
atin
g
s
u
r
f
ac
e
th
r
o
u
g
h
to
t
h
e
s
u
b
s
tr
ate.
Su
c
h
f
i
n
d
in
g
s
ar
e
in
a
g
r
ee
m
e
n
t
w
i
th
p
r
ev
io
u
s
l
y
s
t
u
d
ies
.
5.
CO
NCLU
SI
O
N
T
h
e
r
esu
lts
o
f
t
h
e
p
r
ese
n
t
s
t
u
d
y
o
n
t
h
e
C
r
2
O3
a
n
d
C
r
C
-
Ni
C
r
HVO
F
s
p
r
a
y
ed
co
ati
n
g
s
ca
n
b
e
s
u
m
m
ar
ized
as f
o
llo
w
s
:
(
1
)
C
o
atin
g
s
ex
h
ib
it
h
i
g
h
h
ar
d
n
ess
w
it
h
a
h
ig
h
v
o
l
u
m
e
f
r
a
ctio
n
o
f
ca
r
b
id
es
b
ein
g
p
r
eser
v
ed
d
u
r
in
g
th
e
HVO
F sp
r
a
y
i
n
g
p
r
o
ce
s
s
.
(
2
)
Har
d
n
ess
a
n
d
w
ea
r
r
esis
t
an
ce
o
f
t
h
e
C
r
2
O3
co
atin
g
s
w
er
e
b
etter
th
a
n
th
o
s
e
o
f
t
h
e
C
r
C
-
N
iC
r
co
atin
g
s
.
C
o
m
p
ar
ed
to
HVOF
s
p
r
a
y
ed
C
r
C
-
Ni
C
r
co
atin
g
s
,
C
r
2
O3
co
atin
g
s
ex
h
ib
it a
lo
w
p
o
r
o
s
it
y
.
(
3
)
T
h
e
C
r
2
O3
co
atin
g
ap
p
lied
b
y
HVO
F
p
r
o
ce
s
s
o
n
to
1
6
C
r
5
Ni
s
tain
le
s
s
s
teel
r
ep
o
r
ted
th
e
b
est
s
lu
r
r
y
er
o
s
io
n
r
esis
ta
n
ce
o
f
t
h
e
s
tu
d
ied
m
ater
ia
l
s
,
h
a
v
i
n
g
p
r
o
p
er
ties
o
f
h
ar
d
,
w
ea
r
-
r
esis
tan
t
p
ar
ticles
.
(
4
)
HVOF
co
ated
Slu
r
r
y
er
o
s
io
n
test
s
s
h
o
w
s
t
h
at
h
i
g
h
er
e
r
o
s
io
n
tak
e
s
p
lace
at
5
0
m
/s
.
t
h
e
co
ated
s
u
r
f
ac
es
s
h
o
w
ed
h
i
g
h
er
er
o
s
i
o
n
r
esis
tan
ce
th
a
n
t
h
e
u
n
co
at
ed
s
tain
less
s
teel
s
,
w
it
h
th
e
l
o
w
er
v
o
lu
m
e
lo
s
s
es
m
ea
s
u
r
ed
f
o
r
th
e
C
r
2
O3
d
ep
o
s
it
co
n
d
itio
n
s
.
E
v
e
n
th
e
cr
a
ck
s
ar
e
f
o
r
m
ed
as
a
co
n
s
eq
u
en
ce
o
f
th
e
t
h
er
m
al
s
p
r
a
y
p
r
o
ce
s
s
e
m
p
lo
y
ed
1
6
C
r
–
5
Ni
s
teels.
Ho
w
ev
er
,
t
h
e
y
a
b
le
th
e
r
esis
tan
ce
to
ab
r
asi
v
e
an
d
er
o
s
iv
e
w
ea
r
as
th
eir
m
icr
o
h
ar
d
n
ess
v
al
u
e
s
ar
e
b
elo
w
t
h
o
s
e
o
f
th
e
er
o
d
en
t (
<
1
1
0
0
)
.
(5
)
B
o
th
C
r
2
O3
an
d
C
r
C
-
NI
C
R
co
ati
n
g
s
co
n
tr
ib
u
ted
to
i
n
cr
ea
s
e
t
h
e
w
ea
r
r
es
is
ta
n
ce
d
u
e
t
o
th
eir
h
i
g
h
h
ar
d
n
es
s
an
d
Yo
u
n
g
m
o
d
u
l
u
s
.
RE
F
E
R
E
NC
E
S
[1
]
B.
S
M
a
n
n
,
―
An
e
x
p
e
rime
n
ta
l
stu
d
y
to
d
e
ter
min
e
th
e
e
ff
e
c
ts
o
f
lo
w
a
n
d
h
i
g
h
-
e
n
e
rg
y
p
a
rticle
imp
a
c
t
o
n
th
e
e
ro
sio
n
o
f
h
y
d
ra
u
li
c
tu
r
b
in
e
m
a
ter
ia
l
a
n
d
p
r
o
tec
ti
v
e
h
a
rd
c
o
a
ti
n
g
,
‖
W
CP
U
-
G
re
e
n
P
o
w
e
r
-
2
nd
In
tern
a
ti
o
n
a
l
c
o
n
f
e
re
n
c
e
o
n
A
c
c
e
lera
t
e
d
d
e
v
e
lo
p
m
e
n
t
o
f
H
y
d
ro
p
o
w
e
r
re
so
u
rc
e
s in
t
h
e
2
1
st ce
n
t
u
ry
,
1
9
9
9
.
[2
]
B.
S
.
M
a
n
n
,
―
Hig
h
-
e
n
e
rg
y
p
a
rt
icl
e
i
m
p
a
c
t
we
a
r
re
sista
n
c
e
o
f
h
a
rd
c
o
a
ti
n
g
s
a
n
d
th
e
i
r
a
p
p
li
c
a
ti
o
n
in
h
y
d
ro
tu
rb
in
e
s
,
‖
W
e
a
r
2
3
7
,
2
0
0
0
,
p
p
.
1
4
0
-
1
4
6
.
[3
]
R.
J.
K.
W
o
o
d
,
B.
G
.
M
e
ll
o
r,
M
.
L
,
―
S
a
n
d
e
ro
sio
n
p
e
rf
o
rm
a
n
c
e
o
f
d
e
to
n
a
ti
o
n
g
u
n
a
p
p
li
e
d
t
u
n
g
ste
n
c
a
rb
id
e
/co
b
a
lt
-
c
h
ro
m
iu
m
c
o
a
ti
n
g
s
,
‖
W
e
a
r
2
1
1
,
1
9
9
7
,
p
p
.
70
–
8
3
.
[4
]
K.
J.
S
tein
,
B
.
S
.
S
c
h
o
rr,
A
.
R.
M
a
rd
e
r,
―
Ero
sio
n
o
f
T
h
e
r
m
a
l
S
p
ra
y
M
Cr
–
Cr3
C
2
c
e
rm
e
t
c
o
a
ti
n
g
s
,
‖
Wea
r
2
2
4
,
1
9
9
9
,
pp.
1
5
3
–
1
5
9
.
[5
]
J.
A
.
Bro
w
n
in
g
,
―
V
iew
in
g
th
e
f
u
tu
re
o
f
h
ig
h
v
e
lo
c
it
y
o
x
y
f
u
e
l
(HV
OF)
a
n
d
h
ig
h
v
e
lo
c
it
y
A
ir
f
u
e
l
(HV
A
F
),
‖
J
o
u
rn
a
l
Th
e
rm
a
l
S
p
ra
y
T
e
c
h
n
o
l
,
1
9
9
3
,
v
o
l.
8
,
n
o
,
3
,
p
p
.
3
5
1
–
3
5
6
.
[6
]
D.
A
.
S
tew
a
rt,
P
.
H.
S
h
i
p
w
a
y
,
D
.
G
.
M
c
Ca
rtn
e
y
,
―
In
f
lu
e
n
c
e
o
f
h
e
a
t
trea
tme
n
t
o
n
t
h
e
A
b
ra
siv
e
w
e
a
r
b
e
h
a
v
io
u
r
o
f
HV
OF
sp
ra
y
e
d
W
C
–
COc
o
a
ti
n
g
,
‖
S
u
rf
a
c
e
Co
a
ti
n
g
T
e
c
h
n
o
l
,
1
9
9
8
,
v
o
l.
1
0
5
,
p
p
.
13
–
2
4
.
[7
]
H.
L
.
d
e
V
il
lers
L
o
v
e
lo
c
k
,
―
P
o
w
d
e
r
/
P
ro
c
e
ss
in
g
/
stru
c
tu
re
re
l
a
ti
o
n
sh
i
p
i
n
W
C
–
CO
th
e
r
m
a
l
sp
ra
y
c
o
a
ti
n
g
s:
A
re
v
ie
w
o
f
P
u
b
l
ish
e
d
l
it
e
ra
tu
re
,
‖
J
.
T
h
e
rm
a
l
S
p
r
a
y
T
e
c
h
n
o
l
,
1
9
9
8
,
Vo
l.
7
,
No
.
3
,
p
p
.
3
5
7
–
3
7
3
.
[8
]
E.
Ba
rd
a
l,
e
t
a
l
.
,
―
Pre
v
e
n
ti
o
n
o
f
e
ro
sio
n
c
o
rr
o
si
o
n
i
n
slu
r
rie
s b
y
v
a
rio
u
s in
o
rg
a
n
ic co
a
ti
n
g
s
,
‖
I
n
:
P
r
o
c
e
e
d
in
g
s o
f
th
e
1
0
E
u
ro
p
e
a
n
C
o
rro
si
o
n
C
o
n
g
re
ss
,
1
9
9
3
.
[9
]
R.
S
c
h
w
e
tzk
e
,
e
t
a
l
.
,
―
M
icro
stru
c
t
u
re
a
n
d
p
r
o
p
e
rti
e
s o
f
tu
n
g
ste
n
c
a
rb
id
e
c
o
a
ti
n
g
s sp
ra
y
e
d
w
it
h
v
a
rio
u
s h
ig
h
v
e
lo
c
it
y
o
x
y
g
e
n
f
u
e
l
sp
ra
y
s
y
ste
m
,
‖
J
.
T
h
e
rm
a
l
S
p
ra
y
T
e
c
h
n
o
l
,
1
9
9
9
,
V
o
l.
8
,
No
.
3,
p
p
.
4
3
3
–
4
3
9
.
[1
0
]
H.
M
.
Ha
w
th
o
rn
e
,
e
t
a
l.
,
―
Co
m
p
a
riso
n
o
f
slu
rr
y
a
n
d
d
ry
e
ro
sio
n
b
e
h
a
v
io
r
o
f
so
m
e
HV
OF
th
e
rm
a
l
sp
ra
y
e
d
c
o
a
ti
n
g
s
,
‖
W
e
a
r
2
2
5
–
2
2
9
,
1
9
9
9
,
p
p
.
8
2
5
–
8
3
4
.
[1
1
]
H.
L
.
d
e
V
il
lers
L
o
v
e
lo
c
k
,
e
t
a
l.
,
―
P
a
ra
m
e
t
e
r
stu
d
y
o
f
HP
/HV
O
F
d
e
p
o
site
d
W
C
–
Co
c
o
a
ti
n
g
s,
‖
J
.
T
h
e
rm
a
l
S
p
r
a
y
T
e
c
h
n
o
l
,
1
9
9
8
,
Vo
l.
70
,
No
.
1
,
pp.
97
–
1
0
7
.
[1
2
]
W
Ho
p
p
e
l,
e
t
a
l
.
,
―
Hy
d
ro
a
b
ra
siv
e
w
e
a
r
b
e
h
a
v
io
u
r
a
n
d
d
a
m
a
g
e
m
e
c
h
a
n
ism
s
o
f
d
iff
e
re
n
t
h
a
rd
c
o
a
ti
n
g
s,
‖
W
e
a
r
2
2
5
–
229
,
1
9
9
9
,
p
p
.
1
0
8
8
–
1
0
9
9
.
[1
3
]
―
H
y
d
ro
P
o
w
e
r
S
c
e
n
e
—
N
a
th
p
a
Jh
a
k
ri
w
il
l
b
e
In
d
ia’s
larg
e
st
u
n
d
e
rg
ro
u
n
d
h
y
d
ro
p
o
w
e
r
sta
ti
o
n
,
‖
M
o
d
e
r
n
P
o
w
e
r
S
y
st
e
m
s
,
1
9
9
5
,
p
p
.
8
6
–
8
7
.
[1
4
]
L
.
Ja
c
o
b
s,
e
t
a
l.
,
―
S
tu
d
y
o
f
in
f
lu
e
n
c
e
o
f
m
icro
stru
c
tu
ra
l
p
r
o
p
e
rti
e
s
o
n
t
h
e
slid
in
g
w
e
a
r
b
e
h
a
v
io
u
r
o
f
HV
OF
a
n
d
HV
A
F
sp
ra
y
e
d
W
C
-
c
e
r
m
e
t
c
o
a
ti
n
g
s,
‖
J
T
h
e
rm
a
l
S
p
ra
y
T
e
c
h
n
o
l
,
1
9
9
9
,
V
o
l
.
8
,
No
.
1,
p
p
.
1
2
5
–
1
3
2
.
[1
5
]
H.
Ha
u
g
e
n
,
e
t
a
l.
,
―
S
a
n
d
e
ro
sio
n
o
f
we
a
r
r
e
sista
n
t
m
a
teria
ls:
Ero
sio
n
in
c
h
o
k
e
v
a
lv
e
s,
‖
W
e
a
r
1
8
6
/
1
8
7
,
1
9
9
5
,
p
p
.
179
–
1
8
8
.
[1
6
]
J.
He
n
g
y
u
n
,
e
t
a
l.
,
―
T
h
e
ro
le
o
f
s
a
n
d
p
a
rti
c
les
o
n
th
e
ra
p
id
d
e
str
u
c
ti
o
n
o
f
th
e
c
a
v
it
a
ti
o
n
z
o
n
e
o
f
h
y
d
r
a
u
li
c
tu
rb
i
n
e
s,
‖
W
e
a
r
112,
1
9
8
6
,
p
p
.
1
9
9
-
2
0
5
.
.
[1
7
]
T.
H.
Ko
se
l,
―
S
o
li
d
p
a
rti
c
le
e
ro
sio
n
,
i
n
:
A
S
M
Ha
n
d
b
o
o
k
,
Fricti
o
n
,
L
u
b
ric
a
ti
o
n
a
n
d
W
e
a
r
T
e
c
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
,”
AS
M
In
ter
n
a
t
io
n
a
l
,
1
9
9
2
,
V
ol
.
18
,
p
p
.
1
9
9
-
2
1
0
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
-
8814
IJ
AA
S
Vo
l.
3
,
No
.
2
,
J
u
n
e
2
0
1
4
:
57
–
64
64
[1
8
]
I.
M
.
H
u
tch
i
n
g
s,
―
T
rib
o
lo
g
y
:
F
rictio
n
a
n
d
W
e
a
r
o
f
En
g
in
e
e
rin
g
M
a
teria
ls,
‖
Ed
w
a
rd
A
rn
o
ld
,
Ca
m
b
rid
g
e
,
1
9
9
2
.
[1
9
]
K.
H.
Zu
m
G
a
h
r,
―
M
icro
stru
c
tu
re
a
n
d
W
e
a
r
o
f
M
a
teria
ls,
‖
El
se
v
ier
,
Am
ste
rd
a
m
,
1987
.
[2
0
]
G
.
S
u
n
d
a
ra
ra
jan
,
―
A
c
o
m
p
re
h
e
n
siv
e
m
o
d
e
l
f
o
r
th
e
so
li
d
p
a
rti
c
le
e
ro
sio
n
o
f
d
u
c
ti
le
M
a
teria
ls,
‖
W
e
a
r
149,
1
9
9
5
,
p
p
.
111
-
1
2
7
.
[2
1
]
A.
V
.
L
e
v
y
,
e
t
a
l.
,
―
Ero
sio
n
o
f
ste
e
ls
in
li
q
u
i
d
sl
u
rries
,
”
W
e
a
r
98,
1
9
8
4
,
p
p
.
1
6
3
-
1
8
2
.
[2
2
]
K.
S
u
g
iy
a
m
a
,
e
t
a
l.
,
―
S
lu
rry
w
e
a
r
a
n
d
c
a
v
it
a
ti
o
n
e
ro
sio
n
o
f
th
e
rm
a
l
-
sp
ra
y
e
d
c
e
r
m
e
ts,
‖
Wea
r
258
,
2
0
0
5
,
p
p
.
7
6
8
-
7
7
5
.
[2
3
]
P
.
Ku
l
u
,
e
t
a
l.
,
―
S
o
l
id
p
a
rti
c
le
e
ro
sio
n
o
f
th
e
rm
a
l
sp
ra
y
e
d
c
o
a
ti
n
g
s,
‖
W
e
a
r
258
,
2
0
0
5
,
p
p
.
4
8
8
-
4
9
6
.
[2
4
]
D.
Cra
w
n
e
r,
―
T
h
e
r
m
a
l
sp
ra
y
p
ro
c
e
ss
e
s,
in
:
Ha
n
d
b
o
o
k
o
f
T
h
e
r
m
a
l
S
p
ra
y
T
e
c
h
n
o
lo
g
ies
,
‖
A
S
M
E
In
tern
a
ti
o
n
a
l
,
2
0
0
4
.
[2
5
]
Na
re
sh
Ku
m
a
r,
e
t
a
l.
,
―
T
o
Ch
e
c
k
th
e
F
e
a
sib
il
it
y
o
f
Cr
2
O3
Co
a
t
in
g
o
n
Bo
il
e
r
S
tee
l
T
u
b
e
s
S
im
u
late
d
Co
a
l
F
ired
Bo
il
e
r
Co
n
d
it
i
o
n
s
t
o
P
re
v
e
n
t
th
e
Ero
sio
n
,
‖
In
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
J
o
u
r
n
a
l
o
n
Eme
rg
i
n
g
T
e
c
h
n
o
l
o
g
ies
,
2
0
1
2
,
V
o
l.
3
,
N
o
.
1
,
pp.
1
2
6
-
129
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.