I
nte
rna
t
io
na
l J
o
urna
l o
f
Adv
a
nces in Applie
d Science
s
(
I
J
AAS)
Vo
l.
11
,
No
.
1
, M
a
r
ch
20
22
,
p
p
.
1
9
~
28
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
8
1
4
,
DOI
:
1
0
.
1
1
5
9
1
/ijaas
.
v
11
.
i
1
.
pp
1
9
-
28
19
J
o
ur
na
l ho
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ep
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e
:
h
ttp
:
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a
s
.
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M
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' diso
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red behav
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o
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pa
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Akur
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la
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ticle
his
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y:
R
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Ma
r
2
2
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2
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R
ev
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J
u
l 1
1
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2
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Acc
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J
u
l 2
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ted
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d
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e
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a
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A
k
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re
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sin
g
t
h
e
m
u
lt
i
n
o
m
ial
m
o
d
e
l
a
n
d
n
e
ste
d
lo
g
it
m
o
d
e
l
re
sp
e
c
ti
v
e
ly
.
In
f
o
rm
a
ti
o
n
wa
s
g
a
th
e
re
d
b
y
t
h
e
d
istri
b
u
ti
o
n
o
f
q
u
e
stio
n
n
a
ires
to
m
i
n
ica
b
d
ri
v
e
rs
p
ly
i
n
g
t
h
e
F
e
d
e
ra
l
Un
iv
e
rsity
o
f
Tec
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
Ak
u
re
(
F
UTA
)
No
rt
h
g
a
te
to
t
h
e
Oja
-
Ob
a
a
x
is
i
n
Ak
u
re
,
Ni
g
e
ria.
Th
e
o
b
jec
ti
v
e
s
we
re
to
v
a
li
d
a
te
th
e
p
e
rfo
rm
a
n
c
e
o
f
lo
g
it
m
o
d
e
ls;
to
id
e
n
ti
fy
t
h
e
m
a
jo
r
p
a
ra
m
e
ters
fo
r
se
l
e
c
ti
n
g
p
a
ss
e
n
g
e
r
a
n
d
d
e
stin
a
ti
o
n
b
y
d
iso
r
d
e
re
d
m
in
ica
b
d
r
iv
e
rs,
a
n
d
t
o
e
x
a
m
in
e
th
e
in
terre
latio
n
s
h
ip
s
o
f
v
a
riab
les
e
m
p
lo
y
e
d
.
P
r
ima
ry
d
a
ta
wa
s
o
b
t
a
in
e
d
fr
o
m
3
1
4
re
sp
o
n
d
e
n
ts.
T
h
e
stu
d
y
fo
u
n
d
th
a
t
th
e
n
e
ste
d
l
o
g
it
m
o
d
e
l
g
iv
e
s
a
b
e
tt
e
r
u
ti
li
t
y
v
a
l
u
e
th
a
n
t
h
e
m
u
lt
in
o
m
ial
lo
g
it
m
o
d
e
l
with
ρ
0
2
=
0
.
4
8
m
o
r
e
th
a
n
ρ
c
2
=
0
.
4
6
wh
ich
j
u
stifi
e
s
t
h
e
a
ss
e
rti
o
n
.
Als
o
,
th
e
m
a
jo
r
p
a
ra
m
e
ters
fo
r
se
lec
ti
n
g
p
a
ss
e
n
g
e
rs
a
n
d
d
e
stin
a
ti
o
n
b
y
d
iso
rd
e
re
d
m
in
ica
b
d
ri
v
e
rs
in
Ak
u
re
a
re
tran
sp
o
rt
ra
tes
v
a
riab
le,
d
istan
c
e
v
a
riab
le,
a
n
d
trav
e
l
ti
m
e
v
a
riab
le.
Th
e
stu
d
y
re
c
o
m
m
e
n
d
s
th
a
t
a
n
a
c
c
u
ra
te
p
ricin
g
p
o
li
c
y
o
f
m
i
n
ica
b
o
p
e
ra
ti
o
n
sh
o
u
l
d
b
e
e
fficie
n
tl
y
f
o
rm
u
late
d
,
imp
lem
e
n
ted
,
a
n
d
e
n
a
c
ted
t
o
p
re
v
e
n
t
o
v
e
rc
h
a
rg
in
g
a
n
d
u
n
d
e
rc
h
a
r
g
in
g
.
K
ey
w
o
r
d
s
:
Dis
o
r
d
er
ed
b
e
h
av
io
r
Min
icab
d
r
iv
er
s
Mo
d
ellin
g
Mu
ltin
o
m
ial
lo
g
it
Nested
lo
g
it
T
h
is i
s
a
n
o
p
e
n
a
c
c
e
ss
a
rticle
u
n
d
e
r th
e
CC B
Y
-
SA
li
c
e
n
se
.
C
o
r
r
e
s
p
o
nd
ing
A
uth
o
r
:
Ad
etay
o
Olan
iy
i A
d
e
n
ir
an
Dep
ar
tm
en
t o
f
L
o
g
is
tics
an
d
T
r
an
s
p
o
r
t T
ec
h
n
o
lo
g
y
,
Fed
e
r
al
Un
iv
er
s
ity
o
f
T
ec
h
n
o
lo
g
y
T
h
e
Fed
er
al
Un
iv
er
s
ity
o
f
T
ec
h
n
o
lo
g
y
Ak
u
r
e,
On
d
o
State
3
4
0
1
1
0
,
Nig
er
ia
E
m
ail: a
d
en
ir
an
ao
@
f
u
ta.
e
d
u
.
n
g
1.
I
NT
RO
D
UCT
I
O
N
J
u
s
t
as
th
e
cir
cu
latio
n
(
m
o
v
e
m
en
t)
o
f
b
lo
o
d
is
ess
en
tial
to
th
e
h
u
m
an
s
y
s
tem
,
s
o
also
i
s
m
o
b
ilit
y
ess
en
tial
f
o
r
h
u
m
an
s
u
r
v
i
v
al
.
T
h
e
h
is
to
r
ical
r
em
ar
k
o
f
a
r
en
o
wn
ed
Gr
ee
k
p
h
ilo
s
o
p
h
e
r
Her
ac
lito
s
(
f
l.
c.
5
0
0
B
.
C
.
E
)
o
f
th
e
late
6
th
ce
n
tu
r
y
is
co
m
m
o
n
ly
n
o
ted
“
ev
er
y
th
in
g
is
in
m
o
tio
n
,
e
x
clu
d
in
g
th
e
m
o
tio
n
its
elf
.
Alth
o
u
g
h
,
b
ec
a
u
s
e
o
f
th
e
le
v
el
o
f
ad
v
a
n
ce
m
en
t
d
u
r
i
n
g
h
is
er
a,
it
ca
n
b
e
s
aid
th
at
h
is
p
er
ce
p
tio
n
m
a
y
n
o
t
h
av
e
co
n
s
id
er
ed
th
e
p
r
esen
t
s
tatu
s
o
f
m
o
b
ilit
y
ex
p
e
r
ien
ce
d
in
th
e
h
ig
h
ly
c
o
m
p
lex
s
o
ci
ety
;
h
o
wev
er
,
h
e
ac
k
n
o
wled
g
e
d
th
e
h
ap
p
e
n
in
g
s
o
f
u
n
en
d
in
g
m
o
tio
n
.
R
eg
ar
d
in
g
th
e
p
ast
an
d
f
u
tu
r
e
p
atter
n
o
f
m
o
b
ilit
y
,
th
er
e
wer
e
in
ter
p
o
lat
io
n
s
:
f
o
r
th
e
y
ea
r
1
8
0
0
in
ter
p
o
latio
n
,
it
was
r
ev
ea
led
t
h
at
th
e
a
v
er
ag
e
d
is
tan
ce
th
at
c
o
u
ld
b
e
ea
s
ily
tr
a
v
eled
was
1
2
m
iles
p
er
d
ay
;
f
o
r
th
e
y
ea
r
1
9
0
0
in
ter
p
o
latio
n
,
it
was
r
ev
ea
led
th
at
th
e
av
er
ag
e
d
is
tan
ce
th
at
co
u
ld
co
n
v
e
n
ien
tly
b
e
tr
av
eled
in
cr
ea
s
ed
f
r
o
m
1
2
m
iles
p
er
d
ay
to
6
0
m
iles
p
er
d
ay
;
f
o
r
th
e
y
ea
r
2
0
0
0
in
ter
p
o
latio
n
,
it
wa
s
r
ev
ea
led
th
at
th
e
av
er
ag
e
d
is
tan
ce
th
at
co
u
ld
c
o
n
v
en
ie
n
tly
b
e
tr
av
eled
in
c
r
e
ased
f
r
o
m
6
0
m
iles
p
er
d
a
y
to
3
0
0
m
iles
p
er
d
a
y
[
1
]
.
Ap
a
r
t
f
r
o
m
th
e
ea
r
lier
i
n
ter
p
o
latio
n
s
,
th
er
e
wer
e
e
x
t
r
ap
o
latio
n
s
f
o
r
th
e
y
ea
r
s
2
1
0
0
an
d
2
2
0
0
wh
ic
h
r
ev
ea
led
a
tr
a
v
el
d
is
tan
ce
to
b
e
1
5
0
0
m
iles
p
er
d
a
y
an
d
7
5
0
0
m
iles
p
er
d
ay
r
esp
ec
tiv
ely
[
1
]
.
Fro
m
th
e
f
o
r
ec
ast,
it is
p
er
tin
en
t to
n
o
te
th
at
m
o
b
ilit
y
is
in
cr
ea
s
in
g
d
aily
,
an
d
th
is
m
ay
g
o
b
ey
o
n
d
th
e
ex
tr
ap
o
latio
n
s
b
ec
au
s
e
o
f
th
e
i
n
cr
ea
s
in
g
d
o
m
in
a
n
ce
o
f
h
u
m
a
n
b
ein
g
s
o
n
th
e
p
lan
et
ea
r
th
.
Mo
b
ilit
y
is
a
m
ea
n
s
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
-
8
8
1
4
I
n
t J Ad
v
Ap
p
l Sci
,
Vo
l.
11
,
No
.
1
,
M
ar
c
h
20
22
:
1
9
-
28
20
to
er
ad
icat
e
e
x
tr
em
e
p
o
v
er
t
y
an
d
h
u
n
g
e
r
th
at
was
item
ized
b
y
t
h
e
s
u
s
tain
ab
le
d
e
v
elo
p
m
en
t
g
o
als
(
SDGs
)
.
T
h
is
co
n
n
o
tes
th
e
a
x
io
m
o
f
W
ilfr
ed
O
wen
,
a
r
e
n
o
wn
e
d
tr
an
s
p
o
r
t
an
al
y
s
t
wh
o
s
tat
es
th
at
im
m
o
b
ilit
y
p
er
p
etu
ate
s
p
o
v
er
t
y
[
2
]
.
T
h
e
d
em
an
d
f
o
r
m
o
b
ilit
y
in
th
e
m
o
d
e
r
n
er
a
is
q
u
ite
in
cr
ea
s
in
g
b
ec
a
u
s
e
o
f
th
e
in
cr
ea
s
in
g
p
u
r
p
o
s
es
th
at
a
r
e
b
ein
g
f
u
l
f
illed
with
tr
an
s
p
o
r
tatio
n
.
I
n
th
e
ac
tu
al
s
en
s
e,
th
e
g
e
o
g
r
ap
h
ical
f
lo
w
o
f
p
eo
p
le,
g
o
o
d
s
,
an
d
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
is
ev
er
-
in
cr
ea
s
in
g
.
T
h
is
in
cr
ea
s
e
is
a
r
esu
lt
o
f
th
e
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
im
p
r
o
v
em
e
n
t
in
th
e
g
lo
b
al
ec
o
n
o
m
y
wh
ich
r
esu
lts
in
i
n
cr
ea
s
in
g
r
eg
io
n
al
co
m
p
lem
en
tar
ity
o
f
tr
ad
e,
i
n
ter
v
en
in
g
o
p
p
o
r
tu
n
ities
,
an
d
s
p
atial
tr
an
s
f
er
ab
ilit
y
.
T
h
e
lev
el
o
f
m
o
b
ilit
y
d
ev
elo
p
m
e
n
t h
as si
g
n
if
ican
t im
p
licatio
n
s
o
n
ac
ce
s
s
ib
ilit
y
.
I
n
cr
ea
s
in
g
f
u
n
ctio
n
al
ac
ce
s
s
ib
ilit
y
d
o
es
n
o
t
au
to
m
atica
lly
e
q
u
ate
to
in
cr
e
asin
g
tr
a
v
el
d
em
an
d
,
b
u
t
it
im
p
lies
th
at
tr
an
s
p
o
r
t
is
am
o
n
g
th
e
m
ajo
r
d
im
en
s
io
n
s
o
f
ac
ce
s
s
ib
ilit
y
[
3
]
.
Gen
er
ally
,
ac
c
ess
ib
ilit
y
is
d
ef
in
ed
as
th
e
ab
ilit
y
to
f
u
lf
i
l
l
d
esire
d
ac
tiv
ities
an
d
r
ea
ch
d
esire
d
d
esti
n
atio
n
s
.
I
t
is
th
e
p
o
te
n
tial
o
f
o
p
p
o
r
tu
n
ities
f
o
r
in
ter
ac
tio
n
[
4
]
.
I
t
is
d
ep
en
d
en
t
o
n
s
ev
er
al
co
m
p
o
n
en
ts
s
u
ch
as
lan
d
u
s
e,
tr
ip
p
u
r
p
o
s
e,
s
p
atial
lo
ca
tio
n
(
wo
r
k
p
lace
s
,
r
esid
en
ti
al
ar
ea
s
)
,
p
er
io
d
o
f
th
e
d
ay
,
tr
an
s
p
o
r
t
s
y
s
tem
s
,
am
o
n
g
o
t
h
er
s
[
5
]
.
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
co
n
ce
n
tr
ated
o
n
p
u
b
lic
tr
a
n
s
p
o
r
t w
h
ich
is
a
m
ea
n
s
to
ac
h
iev
in
g
r
u
r
al
an
d
u
r
b
a
n
m
o
b
ilit
y
.
T
h
e
m
o
s
t
ad
o
p
ted
m
ea
n
s
(
ca
r
r
y
in
g
c
ap
ac
ity
an
d
o
p
er
atio
n
)
o
f
p
u
b
lic
tr
an
s
p
o
r
tatio
n
a
r
e
m
etr
o
,
tr
a
m
,
b
u
s
,
an
d
m
in
icab
.
Am
o
n
g
all,
th
e
m
in
icab
is
a
s
u
itab
le
m
o
d
e
l
b
ec
au
s
e
o
f
its
p
ec
u
liar
attr
i
b
u
tes
s
u
ch
as
d
o
o
r
-
to
-
d
o
o
r
o
p
er
atio
n
,
c
o
m
f
o
r
t,
p
r
iv
ac
y
,
s
p
ee
d
,
le
n
g
th
y
o
p
e
r
atio
n
,
an
d
less
d
esig
n
ated
p
ar
k
i
n
g
ch
ar
g
es
[
6
]
.
I
t
is
a
m
ea
n
s
o
f
p
u
b
lic
tr
an
s
p
o
r
tatio
n
th
at
is
m
ain
ly
em
p
lo
y
e
d
f
o
r
s
h
o
r
t
d
is
tan
t
tr
ip
s
with
in
th
e
u
r
b
an
ar
ea
s
p
ar
ticu
lar
ly
t
h
e
cities
f
o
r
c
o
n
v
ey
in
g
f
ew
p
ass
en
g
er
s
.
T
h
e
m
i
n
icab
tr
a
n
s
p
o
r
tatio
n
s
y
s
tem
is
g
r
ea
tly
in
f
lu
e
n
ce
d
b
y
a
v
ar
iety
o
f
f
ac
to
r
s
wh
ich
o
f
ten
tim
es
r
esu
lts
in
ch
an
g
es
i
n
its
ac
ce
s
s
ib
ilit
y
an
d
av
ailab
ilit
y
.
T
h
e
f
ac
to
r
s
ar
e
m
o
s
tly
en
ca
p
s
u
lated
in
s
ea
s
o
n
al
f
ac
to
r
s
an
d
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
ta
l
f
ac
to
r
s
.
T
h
e
s
ea
s
o
n
al
f
ac
to
r
s
in
clu
d
e
an
e
v
en
t
s
u
ch
as p
ar
ties
,
co
n
f
er
e
n
ce
s
,
r
allies am
o
n
g
o
th
er
s
wh
ich
a
r
e
u
s
u
ally
h
e
ld
d
u
r
in
g
wee
k
en
d
s
,
an
d
m
o
s
t f
ac
ilit
ate
co
n
s
o
lid
ated
d
em
a
n
d
a
n
d
tr
af
f
ic
at
a
p
ar
ticu
lar
lo
ca
tio
n
.
Ap
ar
t
f
r
o
m
th
e
ab
o
v
e,
th
er
e
is
also
a
p
ea
k
an
d
o
f
f
-
p
ea
k
p
er
io
d
o
f
th
e
d
a
y
.
T
h
e
p
ea
k
p
er
io
d
(7
to
9
am
)
u
s
u
ally
g
en
e
r
ates
h
ig
h
d
em
an
d
f
o
r
m
i
n
icab
o
p
e
r
atio
n
s
m
o
s
t
esp
ec
ially
Mo
n
d
ay
to
T
h
u
r
s
d
ay
an
d
d
em
an
d
is
n
o
r
m
ally
co
n
s
o
lid
a
ted
in
th
e
r
esid
en
tial
ar
ea
s
o
r
b
u
s
s
to
p
s
th
at
ar
e
clo
s
e
to
th
e
r
esid
e
n
tial
ar
ea
(
tr
ip
g
en
er
atin
g
zo
n
es).
Als
o
,
d
u
r
in
g
th
e
e
v
en
in
g
(
4
to
7
p
m
)
,
d
e
m
an
d
is
u
s
u
ally
co
n
s
o
lid
ate
d
i
n
th
e
tr
i
p
attr
ac
tin
g
zo
n
es.
E
n
v
ir
o
n
m
e
n
tal
f
ac
to
r
h
as
to
do
with
r
ain
f
all
an
d
d
u
r
i
n
g
th
e
p
e
r
io
d
p
eo
p
le
w
h
o
s
h
o
u
ld
h
av
e
a
walk
o
r
u
s
ed
m
o
to
r
c
y
cles,
ar
e
m
o
tiv
at
ed
to
u
s
e
m
in
icab
.
T
h
is
co
n
d
itio
n
g
en
er
ates
a
s
ca
tter
ed
d
e
m
an
d
wh
er
e
b
y
u
s
er
s
ar
e
co
n
ce
n
tr
ated
in
a
d
ef
in
ite
lo
ca
tio
n
.
E
ac
h
o
f
th
e
m
in
ica
b
s
is
o
p
er
ated
b
y
an
in
d
ep
en
d
en
t
d
r
iv
er
,
th
e
r
eb
y
m
ak
in
g
co
n
tin
u
o
u
s
d
ec
is
io
n
s
o
n
th
eir
o
wn
.
Su
ch
a
d
ec
is
io
n
m
ay
b
e
wea
k
as
it
is
u
s
u
ally
in
f
lu
en
ce
d
b
y
th
e
lev
el
o
f
ex
p
o
s
u
r
e,
e
d
u
ca
tio
n
o
f
s
u
ch
d
r
i
v
er
s
,
an
d
o
th
er
i
n
ter
n
al
an
d
ex
ter
n
al
f
ac
to
r
s
.
T
h
e
ef
f
icien
c
y
o
f
m
in
icab
o
p
er
atio
n
is
u
s
u
ally
at
a
s
u
b
s
tan
d
ar
d
lev
el
wh
ich
is
u
n
s
atis
f
ac
to
r
y
.
T
h
e
ca
u
s
e
o
f
th
is
awk
war
d
s
itu
a
tio
n
is
attac
h
ed
to
th
e
u
n
s
tr
u
ctu
r
ed
a
n
d
u
n
in
f
o
r
m
e
d
d
y
n
am
ics
o
f
m
in
icab
o
p
er
atio
n
s
[
7
]
.
B
ased
o
n
th
e
l
ev
el
o
f
m
in
icab
o
p
er
atio
n
s
,
th
er
e
ar
e
th
r
ee
ca
teg
o
r
ies
wh
ich
ar
e
p
r
iv
ate,
lin
e
,
an
d
d
is
o
r
d
er
e
d
m
in
icab
s
.
T
h
e
f
ir
s
t
ca
teg
o
r
y
is
t
h
e
p
r
iv
ate
m
in
icab
s
th
at
ar
e
u
s
u
ally
o
p
er
ated
b
y
p
r
iv
ate
co
m
p
an
ies
an
d
ar
e
h
ig
h
l
y
f
o
u
n
d
in
th
e
p
o
p
u
l
o
u
s
cities
o
f
t
h
e
wo
r
ld
.
T
h
r
o
u
g
h
th
is
m
eth
o
d
,
th
e
p
ass
en
g
er
s
ca
n
ca
ll
an
d
r
eq
u
est
th
e
s
er
v
ice
o
f
m
i
n
icab
c
o
m
p
a
n
ies.
T
h
is
is
n
o
t
u
s
u
ally
co
m
m
o
n
in
A
k
u
r
e.
T
h
e
s
ec
o
n
d
ca
teg
o
r
y
is
th
e
lin
e
m
in
icab
s
th
at
u
s
u
ally
h
av
e
a
p
r
e
d
eter
m
i
n
ed
s
tar
tin
g
p
o
in
t
an
d
th
e
ter
m
in
atin
g
p
o
in
t.
T
h
e
th
ir
d
ca
teg
o
r
y
is
d
is
o
r
d
er
e
d
m
i
n
icab
s
.
I
n
th
is
g
r
o
u
p
,
it wa
s
n
o
ted
th
at
th
e
p
ass
en
g
er
s
wh
o
ar
e
d
o
m
in
an
t a
n
d
b
e
ab
le
to
r
en
t
th
e
m
in
icab
s
i
f
an
d
o
n
l
y
if
th
er
e
is
th
e
h
ar
m
o
n
izatio
n
b
etwe
en
th
e
m
in
i
ca
b
d
r
iv
e
r
an
d
t
h
e
p
ass
en
g
er
[
8
]
s
u
c
h
th
at
th
e
d
e
s
tin
atio
n
o
f
th
e
t
r
ip
is
p
r
ef
er
r
e
d
b
ased
o
n
th
e
ag
r
ee
m
e
n
t
o
f
d
r
iv
er
a
n
d
p
ass
en
g
er
[
9
]
.
T
h
is
ty
p
e
o
f
m
in
icab
o
p
er
atio
n
d
o
m
i
n
ates th
e
p
u
b
lic
tr
a
n
s
p
o
r
t ser
v
ices in
Ak
u
r
e,
Nig
e
r
ia.
T
h
er
e
is
n
o
d
o
u
b
t
th
at
th
e
m
ajo
r
ity
o
f
th
e
cities
o
f
th
e
wo
r
ld
h
av
e
b
e
n
ef
ited
f
r
o
m
m
in
icab
o
p
er
atio
n
m
o
s
t
esp
ec
ially
th
r
o
u
g
h
th
e
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
en
h
an
ce
m
e
n
t
o
f
co
m
p
lem
en
tar
ity
o
f
d
em
an
d
an
d
s
u
p
p
ly
b
etwe
e
n
lo
ca
tio
n
s
,
f
ac
ilit
atio
n
o
f
in
ter
v
en
in
g
o
p
p
o
r
tu
n
ities
,
an
d
a
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
m
ea
n
s
o
f
tr
an
s
f
er
r
in
g
g
o
o
d
s
an
d
s
er
v
ices
th
r
o
u
g
h
d
o
o
r
-
to
-
d
o
o
r
s
er
v
ice
o
v
er
th
e
s
p
atial
f
o
r
m
atio
n
.
Fro
m
th
e
liter
atu
r
e
s
ea
r
ch
as
s
h
o
wn
in
T
ab
le
1
,
th
er
e
s
ee
m
to
b
e
lim
ited
r
esear
ch
o
n
m
in
icab
s
an
d
v
eh
icle
c
h
a
r
ac
ter
is
tics
o
f
th
e
m
in
icab
[
9
]
,
[
1
0
]
.
Am
o
n
g
th
e
lim
ited
s
tu
d
ies,
Yan
g
an
d
W
o
n
g
[
1
1
]
c
o
n
d
u
cted
a
s
tu
d
y
o
n
th
e
n
etwo
r
k
an
al
y
s
is
o
f
ta
x
i
o
p
er
atio
n
s
in
t
h
e
u
r
b
an
ar
ea
.
I
n
th
e
s
tu
d
y
,
a
f
r
a
m
ewo
r
k
f
o
r
th
e
tax
i
n
etwo
r
k
s
was
d
esig
n
ed
as
th
e
b
asi
s
f
o
r
r
esear
ch
an
d
f
u
r
th
e
r
in
v
esti
g
atio
n
s
at
th
e
Un
iv
er
s
it
y
o
f
Scien
ce
an
d
T
ec
h
n
o
lo
g
y
,
Ho
n
g
Ko
n
g
.
T
h
e
s
tatu
s
o
f
m
i
n
icab
s
er
v
ices
was
ex
am
in
ed
in
a
f
ew
co
u
n
tr
ies;
ex
am
in
ed
in
C
an
ad
a
[
1
2
]
,
e
x
a
m
in
ed
i
n
W
ales
[
1
3
]
,
ex
am
in
e
d
in
Au
s
tr
alia
[
1
4
]
.
An
o
th
er
s
tu
d
y
was
c
o
n
d
u
cted
o
n
th
e
im
p
o
r
tan
ce
o
f
co
m
p
r
es
s
ed
n
atu
r
al
g
as
(
C
NG
)
T
a
x
is
i
n
Ken
s
in
g
to
n
[
1
5
]
wh
ich
co
m
p
ar
e
d
th
e
o
f
C
NG
p
o
wer
ed
t
ax
is
an
d
g
aso
lin
e
-
p
o
wer
ed
tax
is
u
s
in
g
th
e
in
d
ices o
f
o
p
er
atio
n
al
co
s
ts
,
m
ain
ten
an
ce
co
s
ts
,
p
u
r
ch
asin
g
co
s
t,
an
d
o
t
h
er
co
s
ts
ass
o
ciate
d
with
s
u
s
tain
ab
ilit
y
is
s
u
es su
c
h
as p
o
llu
tio
n
.
Als
o
,
a
m
o
d
el
s
tu
d
y
o
f
u
r
b
an
tax
i
s
er
v
ices
in
co
n
g
ested
r
o
ad
n
etwo
r
k
s
(
h
ea
v
y
tr
a
f
f
ic)
w
ith
elastic
d
em
an
d
was
co
n
d
u
cted
[
1
6
]
.
T
h
e
b
alan
ce
o
f
p
ass
en
g
er
d
em
an
d
a
n
d
tax
i
s
u
p
p
ly
in
a
r
eg
u
lar
m
ar
k
et
was
ca
r
r
ied
o
u
t
in
Ho
n
g
Ko
n
g
u
s
in
g
a
n
etwo
r
k
m
o
d
el
f
o
r
d
es
cr
ip
tio
n
[
1
0
]
.
A
s
im
ilar
s
tu
d
y
was
co
n
d
u
cted
in
E
n
g
lan
d
[
1
7
]
.
Mo
d
el
r
esear
ch
was
co
n
d
u
cte
d
an
d
ap
p
lied
b
ased
o
n
v
eh
icle
ca
p
ac
ity
,
n
av
i
g
atio
n
s
ize,
an
d
th
e
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J Ad
v
Ap
p
l Sci
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
8
1
4
Mo
d
ellin
g
min
ica
b
d
r
ivers
'
d
is
o
r
d
ered
b
eh
a
vio
u
r
fo
r
ch
o
o
s
in
g
p
a
s
s
en
g
er …
(
A
d
eta
yo
Ola
n
iyi
A
d
en
ir
a
n
)
21
q
u
ality
-
of
-
s
er
v
ice
d
eliv
er
y
f
o
r
d
em
an
d
[
1
8
]
.
Similar
s
tu
d
ies
wer
e
co
n
d
u
cte
d
in
I
r
elan
d
a
n
d
E
n
g
la
n
d
[
1
9
]
in
th
e
Un
ited
States
o
f
Am
er
ica
(
USA
)
[
2
0
]
an
d
Ho
n
g
Ko
n
g
[
2
1
]
.
T
h
er
e
was
a
s
u
g
g
esti
o
n
f
o
r
n
o
n
lin
ea
r
m
o
d
elin
g
o
f
p
r
icin
g
tax
i
s
er
v
ices
[
2
2
]
.
A
v
alu
e
s
tu
d
y
o
n
tax
icab
licen
s
e
a
n
d
m
ar
k
et
r
eg
u
latio
n
was
c
o
n
d
u
cted
an
d
co
n
clu
d
ed
th
at
th
e
v
al
u
e
o
f
tax
icab
licen
s
e
is
d
ep
r
ec
iatin
g
with
th
e
h
ig
h
er
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
tax
i
o
wn
er
s
h
ip
s
[
2
3
]
.
T
h
e
lin
es
o
f
th
e
tax
i
in
th
e
p
r
o
v
in
ce
o
f
T
eh
r
a
n
wer
e
ass
e
s
s
ed
[
2
4
]
.
A
s
tu
d
y
o
n
th
e
p
r
o
f
itab
ilit
y
a
n
d
e
f
f
icien
cy
o
f
th
e
tax
i
s
ec
to
r
in
B
ar
ce
l
o
n
a,
Sp
ain
was
also
co
n
d
u
cte
d
[
2
5
]
.
T
h
e
e
f
f
ec
ts
o
f
d
is
o
r
d
er
ed
tax
is
in
th
e
d
e
v
elo
p
ed
cities
wer
e
ca
r
r
ied
o
u
t
an
d
f
o
u
n
d
th
at
if
d
r
iv
er
s
o
wn
a
licen
s
e
f
o
r
tax
i
p
ass
en
g
er
o
p
er
atio
n
b
ey
o
n
d
th
e
s
tatio
n
s
,
th
er
e
will
b
e
in
cr
ea
s
ed
p
ass
en
g
er
s
'
s
atis
f
ac
tio
n
[
2
6
]
.
A
s
tu
d
y
o
n
lo
ca
tio
n
-
b
ased
s
er
v
ice
(
L
B
S)
was
ca
r
r
ied
o
u
t
to
r
ed
u
ce
th
e
waitin
g
tim
e
f
o
r
ta
x
i
s
er
v
ices
an
d
to
c
h
o
o
s
e
t
h
e
m
o
s
t
s
u
itab
l
e
v
eh
icle
av
ailab
le
to
m
ee
t
t
h
e
d
em
an
d
o
f
p
ass
en
g
er
s
[
2
7
]
.
I
n
th
eir
s
tu
d
y
,
th
r
ee
d
if
f
er
en
t
alg
o
r
ith
m
s
wer
e
ev
a
lu
ated
to
d
ef
in
e
an
d
id
en
tif
y
t
h
e
m
o
s
t
s
u
itab
le
ta
x
i
th
at
m
ee
ts
th
e
r
eq
u
est.
T
h
e
u
s
er
's
s
m
allest
waitin
g
tim
e
an
d
th
e
co
m
p
u
tatio
n
al
co
s
t
cr
iter
io
n
wer
e
em
p
lo
y
ed
in
t
h
e
test
s
.
T
h
e
test
s
p
er
f
o
r
m
ed
in
a
s
tatio
n
ar
y
s
y
s
t
em
r
ev
ea
led
th
at
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
L
B
S
al
g
o
r
ith
m
p
r
esen
ts
a
m
in
im
al
waitin
g
tim
e
an
d
tr
av
el
d
is
tan
ce
wh
en
co
m
p
ar
ed
to
b
r
o
a
d
ca
s
tin
g
m
eth
o
d
s
an
d
eu
clid
ea
n
d
is
tan
ce
alg
o
r
ith
m
s
[
2
7
]
.
T
h
e
d
y
n
a
m
ics
f
o
r
tax
i
d
r
iv
er
s
'
d
ec
is
io
n
-
m
ak
in
g
f
o
r
p
l
y
in
g
th
e
air
p
o
r
t
r
o
u
te
was
m
o
d
eled
,
an
d
th
e
ess
en
ce
o
f
cr
itical
d
ec
is
io
n
-
m
ak
in
g
am
o
n
g
tax
i
d
r
iv
er
s
alo
n
g
th
is
r
o
u
te
was
attr
ib
u
ted
t
o
th
e
b
u
s
in
ess
n
atu
r
e
an
d
c
o
m
p
etitiv
en
ess
o
f
th
e
air
p
o
r
t
e
n
v
ir
o
n
m
en
t
[
2
8
]
.
T
h
ey
s
im
u
lated
th
e
d
ec
is
io
n
o
f
tax
i
d
r
iv
er
s
,
was
an
aly
ze
d
it
with
th
e
lo
g
it
m
o
d
el
,
an
d
was
r
ev
ea
led
th
at
s
o
m
e
in
d
icato
r
s
s
u
c
h
as
h
o
t
tem
p
er
ate
co
n
d
itio
n
a
n
d
wo
r
k
s
h
if
t
n
atu
r
e
a
r
e
th
e
m
o
s
t
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
f
ac
to
r
s
f
o
r
tax
i
d
r
iv
er
s
'
d
ec
is
io
n
m
ak
in
g
.
I
n
B
eijin
g
,
th
e
p
atter
n
s
o
f
tax
i
tr
ip
s
wer
e
ex
am
in
ed
[
2
9
]
.
T
h
is
ex
am
in
atio
n
was
co
n
d
u
cted
f
o
r
th
r
ee
wee
k
s
u
s
in
g
p
r
i
m
ar
y
d
ata
th
at
was
o
b
tain
ed
f
r
o
m
1
1
8
8
0
tax
is
,
a
n
d
th
e
r
e
s
u
lt
r
ev
ea
led
a
h
o
m
o
g
en
o
u
s
p
atter
n
an
d
co
n
d
itio
n
o
f
tax
i
tr
ip
s
.
T
h
e
s
u
m
m
ar
y
o
f
th
e
liter
atu
r
e
is
s
h
o
wn
in
T
ab
le
1.
T
ab
le
1
.
Selecte
d
liter
atu
r
e
o
n
m
in
icab
d
r
iv
e
r
s
'
b
eh
av
io
r
Y
e
a
r
A
u
t
h
o
r
(
s)
To
p
i
c
s
2
0
1
9
[
8
]
M
o
d
e
l
i
n
g
t
h
e
b
e
h
a
v
i
o
r
o
f
d
i
s
o
r
d
e
r
e
d
t
a
x
i
d
r
i
v
e
r
s
o
f
T
e
h
r
a
n
f
o
r
c
h
o
o
si
n
g
p
a
ss
e
n
g
e
r
a
n
d
d
e
s
t
i
n
a
t
i
o
n
2
0
1
6
[
2
8
]
M
o
d
e
l
i
n
g
t
a
x
i
d
r
i
v
e
r
s’
d
e
c
i
si
o
n
s
f
o
r
i
mp
r
o
v
i
n
g
a
i
r
p
o
r
t
g
r
o
u
n
d
a
c
c
e
ss:
J
o
h
n
F
.
K
e
n
n
e
d
y
a
i
r
p
o
r
t
c
a
se
2
0
1
6
[
2
9
]
U
n
d
e
r
st
a
n
d
i
n
g
t
a
x
i
t
r
a
v
e
l
p
a
t
t
e
r
n
s
2
0
1
5
[
2
7
]
Lo
c
a
t
i
o
n
-
b
a
se
d
s
e
r
v
i
c
e
t
o
r
e
d
u
c
e
t
h
e
w
a
i
t
i
n
g
t
i
m
e
f
o
r
t
a
x
i
s
e
r
v
i
c
e
s
2
0
1
4
[
2
5
]
A
ssessme
n
t
o
f
t
h
e
t
a
x
i
s
e
c
t
o
r
e
f
f
i
c
i
e
n
c
y
a
n
d
p
r
o
f
i
t
a
b
i
l
i
t
y
b
a
se
d
o
n
c
o
n
t
i
n
u
o
u
s
m
o
n
i
t
o
r
i
n
g
a
n
d
met
h
o
d
o
l
o
g
y
t
o
r
e
v
i
e
w
f
a
r
e
s
2
0
1
1
[
3
0
]
W
h
e
r
e
t
o
f
i
n
d
m
y
n
e
x
t
p
a
sse
n
g
e
r
?
2
0
1
1
[
3
1
]
To
w
a
r
d
s re
d
u
c
i
n
g
t
a
x
i
c
a
b
c
r
u
i
s
i
n
g
t
i
me
u
si
n
g
S
p
a
t
i
o
-
t
e
m
p
o
r
a
l
p
r
o
f
i
t
a
b
i
l
i
t
y
m
a
p
s
2
0
1
1
[
6
]
A
r
e
v
i
e
w
o
f
t
h
e
m
o
d
e
l
i
n
g
o
f
t
a
x
i
s
e
r
v
i
c
e
s
2
0
1
0
[
2
2
]
N
o
n
l
i
n
e
a
r
p
r
i
c
i
n
g
o
f
t
a
x
i
s
e
r
v
i
c
e
s
2
0
1
0
[
3
2
]
I
n
f
l
u
e
n
c
e
o
f
r
e
a
l
-
t
i
m
e
i
n
f
o
r
ma
t
i
o
n
p
r
o
v
i
s
i
o
n
t
o
t
h
e
v
a
c
a
n
t
t
a
x
i
d
r
i
v
e
r
o
n
t
a
x
i
sy
s
t
e
m
p
e
r
f
o
r
ma
n
c
e
2
0
0
5
[
3
3
]
R
e
g
u
l
a
t
i
n
g
t
a
x
i
s
e
r
v
i
c
e
s
i
n
t
h
e
p
r
e
se
n
c
e
o
f
c
o
n
g
e
st
i
o
n
e
x
t
e
r
n
a
l
i
t
y
.
2
0
0
5
[
3
4
]
Ef
f
e
c
t
o
f
t
a
x
i
i
n
f
o
r
m
a
t
i
o
n
s
y
st
e
m
o
n
e
f
f
i
c
i
e
n
c
y
a
n
d
q
u
a
l
i
t
y
o
f
t
a
x
i
ser
v
i
c
e
s
2
0
0
4
[
3
5
]
W
a
i
t
i
n
g
st
r
a
t
e
g
i
e
s f
o
r
t
h
e
d
y
n
a
m
i
c
p
i
c
k
u
p
a
n
d
d
e
l
i
v
e
r
y
p
r
o
b
l
e
m w
i
t
h
t
i
m
e
w
i
n
d
o
w
s
2
0
0
2
[
1
0
]
D
e
man
d
-
s
u
p
p
l
y
e
q
u
i
l
i
b
r
i
u
m
o
f
t
a
x
i
se
r
v
i
c
e
s
i
n
a
n
e
t
w
o
r
k
u
n
d
e
r
c
o
m
p
e
t
i
t
i
o
n
a
n
d
r
e
g
u
l
a
t
i
o
n
2
0
0
1
[
1
6
]
M
o
d
e
l
i
n
g
u
r
b
a
n
t
a
x
i
ser
v
i
c
e
s
i
n
c
o
n
g
e
st
e
d
r
o
a
d
n
e
t
w
o
r
k
s
w
i
t
h
e
l
a
st
i
c
d
e
ma
n
d
1
9
9
8
[
1
1
]
A
n
e
t
w
o
r
k
m
o
d
e
l
o
f
u
r
b
a
n
t
a
x
i
s
e
r
v
i
c
e
s
S
o
u
r
c
e
:
A
u
t
h
o
r
’
s
c
o
m
p
i
l
a
t
i
o
n
(
2
0
2
0
)
T
h
e
s
tu
d
y
o
f
[
9
]
in
T
e
h
r
an
is
m
o
s
t
r
ec
en
t
as
ev
id
en
ce
d
b
y
th
e
liter
atu
r
e
s
ea
r
ch
.
Hen
ce
,
th
e
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
ad
o
p
ted
in
t
h
eir
s
tu
d
y
will
b
e
r
ep
licated
in
Ak
u
r
e
,
Nig
er
ia.
T
h
e
m
ajo
r
g
a
p
s
id
en
tifie
d
in
t
h
eir
s
tu
d
y
wer
e:
i
)
T
h
e
s
tu
d
y
was
co
n
d
u
cted
i
n
T
eh
r
an
,
I
r
a
n
.
T
h
e
s
o
cial,
p
o
liti
ca
l,
an
d
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
tal
n
o
r
m
s
in
I
r
an
m
ay
n
o
t
b
e
th
e
s
am
e
with
o
th
er
c
o
u
n
t
r
ies
lik
e
Nig
er
ia
(
L
o
ca
tio
n
g
ap
)
;
ii)
T
h
e
s
tu
d
y
was
co
n
d
u
c
ted
in
th
e
y
ea
r
2
0
1
9
.
T
h
er
e
m
ay
b
e
ch
an
g
es
in
th
e
p
atter
n
o
f
Min
icab
d
r
iv
er
s
'
d
is
o
r
d
er
ed
b
eh
av
io
r
f
o
r
c
h
o
o
s
in
g
p
ass
en
g
er
an
d
d
esti
n
atio
n
I
f
co
n
d
u
cted
in
s
u
b
s
eq
u
en
t y
ea
r
s
(
t
im
e
g
ap
)
;
iii)
Prim
ar
y
d
ata
was c
o
llected
th
r
o
u
g
h
q
u
esti
o
n
n
air
e
f
r
o
m
1
5
7
r
esp
o
n
d
e
n
ts
.
I
f
th
e
s
am
p
le
s
ize
was in
cr
ea
s
ed
,
a
b
e
tter
r
esu
lt m
ay
b
e
o
b
tain
ed
(
s
am
p
le
s
ize
g
ap
)
.
Giv
en
all
th
ese
id
e
n
tifie
d
g
ap
s
,
it
is
b
eliev
ed
t
h
at
th
e
lacu
n
a
s
will
b
e
im
p
r
o
v
ed
u
p
o
n
.
T
h
e
p
ass
en
g
er
d
y
n
am
ics
f
o
r
ch
o
o
s
in
g
m
in
ic
ab
s
an
d
v
e
h
icu
lar
ca
p
ac
ity
o
f
ten
in
ter
m
in
g
le
with
th
e
f
r
e
q
u
en
cy
o
f
s
er
v
ice
o
f
f
er
in
g
s
an
d
t
h
e
p
r
i
v
ac
y
lev
el.
Fu
r
th
er
m
o
r
e,
a
f
ew
in
d
ic
ato
r
s
s
u
ch
as
th
e
v
e
h
icle
h
ea
d
way
,
th
e
a
v
er
ag
e
waitin
g
tim
e,
tr
av
elin
g
tim
e,
ad
o
p
tio
n
o
f
n
av
ig
atio
n
f
ac
ilit
ies,
am
o
n
g
o
th
er
s
ar
e
u
s
ed
f
o
r
m
o
d
elin
g
.
Am
o
n
g
th
e
lo
g
it
m
o
d
els,
th
er
e
m
ay
n
o
t
b
e
s
tu
d
ies
th
at
estab
lis
h
ed
wh
ich
g
iv
es
b
etter
u
tili
ty
.
Als
o
,
th
e
b
asic
f
ac
to
r
s
th
at
s
h
o
u
ld
b
e
c
o
n
s
id
er
ed
b
y
d
is
o
r
d
er
e
d
m
in
icab
d
r
iv
er
s
f
o
r
s
elec
tin
g
p
ass
en
g
er
s
a
n
d
d
esti
n
atio
n
s
b
y
d
is
o
r
d
er
ed
m
in
icab
d
r
iv
er
s
m
a
y
b
e
u
n
k
n
o
wn
,
esp
ec
ially
in
Ak
u
r
e,
Nig
e
r
ia.
On
th
is
n
o
te,
th
e
s
tu
d
y
is
aim
ed
at
m
o
d
elin
g
th
e
m
in
ica
b
d
r
i
v
er
s
'
d
is
o
r
d
er
ed
b
eh
av
i
o
r
f
o
r
c
h
o
o
s
in
g
p
ass
en
g
er
s
an
d
d
esti
n
atio
n
in
A
k
u
r
e
,
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
-
8
8
1
4
I
n
t J Ad
v
Ap
p
l Sci
,
Vo
l.
11
,
No
.
1
,
M
ar
c
h
20
22
:
1
9
-
28
22
p
ar
ticu
lar
ly
,
alo
n
g
with
FUT
A
n
o
r
th
g
ate
to
Oja
-
Ob
a,
Ak
u
r
e,
Nig
er
ia,
a
n
d
to
v
alid
ate
th
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
o
f
lo
g
it
m
o
d
els
.
Ass
er
tio
n
:
n
ested
lo
g
it
m
o
d
el
g
iv
es
b
etter
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
th
a
n
th
e
m
u
ltin
o
m
ial
lo
g
it
m
o
d
el
.
2.
RE
S
E
ARCH
M
E
T
H
O
D
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
d
wells
o
n
a
r
a
n
d
o
m
u
tili
ty
m
o
d
el.
I
t
is
k
n
o
wn
to
b
e
t
h
e
th
e
o
r
etica
l
f
o
u
n
d
atio
n
f
o
r
d
is
cr
ete
ch
o
ice
m
o
d
els.
T
h
e
d
is
cr
ete
ch
o
ice
m
o
d
el
in
cl
u
d
es;
lo
g
it
m
o
d
els
wh
ich
m
o
s
tly
in
cl
u
d
e
th
e
m
u
ltin
o
m
ial
lo
g
it
m
o
d
el
an
d
n
ested
lo
g
it
m
o
d
e
l.
Oth
er
s
ar
e
a
g
en
er
alize
d
e
x
tr
em
e
v
alu
e
,
an
d
p
r
o
b
it
,
as
well
as
m
o
r
e
r
ec
en
t
d
ev
elo
p
m
e
n
ts
s
u
ch
as
h
y
b
r
id
l
o
g
it
an
d
th
e
laten
t
c
lass
ch
o
ice
m
o
d
el
[
3
6
]
,
[
3
7
]
.
Fo
r
th
is
s
tu
d
y
,
lo
g
it
m
o
d
els
wer
e
em
p
lo
y
ed
t
o
s
h
o
w
th
e
b
e
h
av
io
r
al
p
atter
n
o
f
in
d
iv
id
u
al
d
r
iv
er
s
in
th
eir
d
ec
is
io
n
c
h
o
ic
es.
B
o
th
m
o
d
els ar
e
f
am
ilies
o
f
g
e
n
er
alize
d
e
x
tr
em
e
v
alu
e
m
o
d
els
(
GE
V
Ms)
,
w
h
ich
is
a
class
o
f
r
an
d
o
m
u
tili
ty
m
o
d
el
s
.
T
h
er
e
is
a
n
ee
d
to
f
i
n
d
o
u
t th
e
m
o
s
t su
itab
le
am
o
n
g
th
e
two
GE
VM
s
wh
ich
g
iv
es b
etter
u
tili
ty
v
alu
e.
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
em
p
lo
y
ed
s
u
r
v
ey
r
esear
ch
in
th
e
f
o
r
m
o
f
a
q
u
esti
o
n
n
air
e
to
elicit
in
f
o
r
m
a
tio
n
f
r
o
m
m
in
icab
d
r
iv
e
r
s
in
Ak
u
r
e.
T
h
e
d
ata
em
p
lo
y
ed
f
o
r
th
is
m
o
d
el
s
tu
d
y
ar
e
r
etr
iev
e
d
f
r
o
m
th
e
o
u
tco
m
e
o
f
th
e
s
u
r
v
ey
o
f
o
r
ig
in
-
d
esti
n
atio
n
(
O
-
D)
d
r
iv
er
s
wh
o
d
r
iv
es
m
in
i
ca
b
s
.
T
h
e
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
em
b
ed
d
ed
in
th
e
s
u
r
v
ey
is
d
iv
id
ed
in
t
o
two
m
ain
ca
teg
o
r
ies:
i)
I
n
f
o
r
m
atio
n
a
b
o
u
t
t
h
e
d
r
iv
er
’
s
ch
a
r
ac
ter
is
tics
s
u
ch
as
g
en
d
er
,
a
g
e,
a
n
d
y
ea
r
s
o
f
ex
p
er
ien
ce
in
t
h
e
p
r
o
f
ess
io
n
an
d
ii)
I
n
f
o
r
m
atio
n
ab
o
u
t
d
r
iv
er
’
s
s
o
cio
ec
o
n
o
m
ic
c
h
a
r
ac
ter
is
tics
s
u
ch
as
th
e
r
esid
en
tial a
r
ea
,
th
e
n
u
m
b
e
r
o
f
p
ass
en
g
e
r
s
co
n
v
e
y
ed
at
th
e
o
r
ig
in
p
o
in
t,
a
n
d
tr
a
n
s
p
o
r
t r
a
te
c
h
ar
g
ed
.
T
h
e
lo
ca
tio
n
u
n
d
e
r
s
tu
d
y
was A
k
u
r
e,
p
ar
ticu
lar
ly
,
alo
n
g
with
th
e
FUTA
No
r
th
g
ate
th
r
o
u
g
h
Oja
-
Ob
a,
On
d
o
State,
Nig
er
ia.
At
a
p
o
i
n
t,
th
e
o
r
ig
in
p
o
in
t
ca
n
b
e
FU
T
A
n
o
r
th
g
ate
wh
ile
th
e
d
esti
n
atio
n
p
o
in
t
ca
n
b
e
Oja
-
Ob
a.
Oth
er
wis
e,
th
e
o
r
ig
in
p
o
in
t
ca
n
b
e
Oja
-
Ob
a
wh
il
e
th
e
d
esti
n
atio
n
p
o
in
t
ca
n
b
e
FUTA
n
o
r
th
g
ate.
Ak
u
r
e
is
th
e
ca
p
ital
o
f
On
d
o
s
tate
an
d
it
i
s
b
eliev
ed
to
b
e
a
g
o
o
d
s
am
p
le
r
ep
r
esen
t
atio
n
o
f
th
e
en
tire
p
o
p
u
latio
n
in
On
d
o
s
tate.
Fig
u
r
e
1
s
h
o
ws
th
e
m
ap
o
f
Nig
er
ia
f
r
o
m
wh
ich
On
d
o
s
tate
was
co
in
ed
o
u
t
an
d
th
e
s
tu
d
y
ar
ea
was m
ap
p
e
d
o
u
t.
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
Ma
p
o
f
o
n
d
o
s
tate
in
Nig
er
ia
T
h
e
s
u
r
v
e
y
was
c
o
n
d
u
cted
f
o
r
1
0
d
a
y
s
th
r
o
u
g
h
a
p
er
s
o
n
al
in
ter
v
iew
i
n
Feb
r
u
ar
y
2
0
2
0
.
Sin
ce
th
e
r
esear
ch
er
is
u
n
ce
r
tain
a
b
o
u
t
t
h
e
ex
ac
t
n
u
m
b
e
r
o
f
m
in
ica
b
p
o
p
u
latio
n
th
at
p
lies
th
e
r
o
u
te
at
a
p
ar
ticu
lar
tim
e,
ju
d
g
m
en
t
was
m
ad
e
ab
o
u
t
th
e
co
n
f
id
en
ce
lev
el
a
n
d
t
h
e
er
r
o
r
allo
wan
ce
.
T
h
e
er
r
o
r
allo
wa
n
ce
was
0
.
0
5
b
ased
o
n
th
e
d
is
cr
etio
n
o
f
th
e
r
e
s
ea
r
ch
er
.
T
h
e
f
o
r
m
u
lae
f
o
r
ac
h
iev
in
g
s
am
p
le
s
ize
n
=z
2
/4
E
2
[
3
8
]
.
W
h
er
e
;
n
=
Sam
p
le
s
ize;
Z
=
Z
s
co
r
e
f
o
r
th
e
co
n
f
id
e
n
ce
in
ter
v
al
1
.
9
6
;
an
d
E
=
E
r
r
o
r
allo
wan
ce
0
.
0
5
.
T
h
e
s
am
p
le
s
ize
was
ap
p
r
o
x
i
m
ated
to
th
r
ee
h
u
n
d
r
ed
an
d
ei
g
h
ty
-
f
o
u
r
(
3
8
4
)
r
esp
o
n
d
en
ts
;
h
en
ce
,
3
8
4
q
u
esti
o
n
n
air
es
wer
e
d
is
tr
ib
u
t
ed
to
m
in
icab
d
r
iv
er
s
.
Fr
o
m
th
e
q
u
esti
o
n
n
air
e
d
is
tr
ib
u
ted
,
3
1
4
q
u
esti
o
n
n
air
es
wer
e
r
etr
iev
ed
a
n
d
v
alid
ate
d
f
o
r
d
ata
an
al
y
s
is
an
d
r
ep
o
r
tin
g
to
ex
am
in
e
th
e
b
eh
a
v
io
r
o
f
m
i
n
icab
d
r
iv
e
r
s
[
3
9
]
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J Ad
v
Ap
p
l Sci
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
8
1
4
Mo
d
ellin
g
min
ica
b
d
r
ivers
'
d
is
o
r
d
ered
b
eh
a
vio
u
r
fo
r
ch
o
o
s
in
g
p
a
s
s
en
g
er …
(
A
d
eta
yo
Ola
n
iyi
A
d
en
ir
a
n
)
23
Du
r
in
g
th
e
p
r
o
ce
s
s
o
f
ad
m
in
i
s
ter
in
g
th
e
q
u
esti
o
n
n
ai
r
es,
it
was
d
is
co
v
er
ed
th
at
s
o
m
e
n
e
w
en
tr
an
ts
in
to
to
m
in
icab
d
r
iv
i
n
g
m
ar
k
et
ar
e
in
d
ec
is
iv
e
b
ec
au
s
e
o
f
th
eir
s
h
allo
w
ex
p
er
ien
ce
with
th
e
n
atu
r
e
o
f
th
e
tr
an
s
p
o
r
tatio
n
b
u
s
in
ess
.
Als
o
,
p
ass
en
g
er
s
ar
e
u
s
u
ally
tim
e
co
n
s
cio
u
s
esp
ec
ially
d
u
r
in
g
t
h
e
p
ea
k
p
er
io
d
,
th
is
h
in
d
er
ed
s
o
m
e
d
r
iv
er
s
f
r
o
m
ca
r
ef
u
lly
f
ill
in
g
th
e
q
u
esti
o
n
n
air
es.
T
h
e
h
ar
s
h
b
eh
a
v
io
r
o
f
s
o
m
e
p
ass
en
g
er
s
m
ad
e
s
o
m
e
d
r
iv
er
s
n
o
t sh
o
w
in
ter
est
in
p
ar
ticip
atin
g
.
Fro
m
th
e
d
escr
ip
tiv
e
an
aly
s
is
,
all
th
e
3
1
4
r
esp
o
n
d
en
ts
r
ep
r
e
s
en
tin
g
1
0
0
%
ar
e
m
e
n
.
Ho
we
v
er
,
th
er
e
wer
e
r
ep
o
r
ts
th
at
less
th
an
1
%
o
f
wo
m
en
also
tak
e
p
ar
t
in
m
in
icab
d
r
iv
in
g
o
cc
u
p
atio
n
in
Ak
u
r
e
b
u
t
wer
e
n
o
t
r
ef
lecte
d
in
th
is
s
tu
d
y
.
Als
o
,
1
7
.
2
%
(
r
e
p
r
esen
tin
g
5
4
r
e
s
p
o
n
d
en
ts
)
ar
e
p
r
im
ar
y
s
ch
o
o
l
leav
er
s
,
1
2
.
1
%
(
r
ep
r
esen
tin
g
3
8
r
esp
o
n
d
en
ts
)
ar
e
h
o
ld
er
s
o
f
Natio
n
al
d
ip
l
o
m
a
,
4
7
.
1
%
(
r
ep
r
esen
tin
g
1
4
8
r
esp
o
n
d
e
n
ts
)
ar
e
h
o
ld
er
s
o
f
h
ig
h
e
r
n
atio
n
al
d
ip
lo
m
a
(
HND)
,
an
d
2
3
.
6
%
(
r
ep
r
esen
tin
g
7
4
r
esp
o
n
d
e
n
ts
)
ar
e
h
o
ld
er
s
o
f
b
ac
h
elo
r
d
eg
r
ee
o
r
m
o
r
e.
Mu
ltin
o
m
ial
an
d
n
ested
lo
g
it
w
as
em
p
lo
y
e
d
f
o
r
m
o
d
elin
g
.
I
n
lo
g
it
m
o
d
els
,
n
p
e
r
s
o
n
(
d
ec
is
io
n
m
ak
er
)
ca
n
ch
o
o
s
e
b
etwe
en
j
o
p
tio
n
s
.
Utilit
y
d
er
iv
ed
f
o
r
ea
ch
p
er
s
o
n
at
j
o
p
tio
n
is
class
if
ied
in
to
two
p
ar
ts
:
i)
I
n
th
e
f
ir
s
t
ca
teg
o
r
y
,
ν
nj
ca
n
b
e
o
b
s
er
v
e
d
b
y
th
e
r
esear
ch
e
r
an
d
will
in
f
lu
e
n
ce
th
e
b
e
h
av
io
r
o
f
th
e
d
ec
is
io
n
-
m
ak
er
;
an
d
ii)
T
h
e
s
ec
o
n
d
ca
teg
o
r
y
is
an
in
v
is
ib
le
o
r
u
n
k
n
o
wn
ca
teg
o
r
y
th
at
ca
n
b
e
r
ep
r
e
s
en
ted
with
ε
nj,
an
d
is
ass
u
m
ed
to
b
e
r
an
d
o
m
.
I
f
d
ec
is
io
n
-
m
ak
e
r
s
h
av
e
s
ev
er
al
o
p
tio
n
s
to
m
ak
e
a
ch
o
ice,
t
h
e
m
o
d
el
p
r
o
b
ab
ilit
y
o
f
s
elec
ted
o
b
jects
ca
n
b
e
ca
lcu
lated
a
n
d
em
p
lo
y
e
d
as sh
o
wn
in
(
1
)
,
u
tili
ty
f
u
n
ct
io
n
.
=
ex
p
(
)
∑
ex
p
(
U
j
)
j
(
1
)
W
h
er
eb
y
,
P
A
is
th
e
p
o
s
s
ib
ilit
y
o
f
s
elec
tin
g
an
o
p
tio
n
;
U
A
is
th
e
u
tili
ty
f
u
n
ctio
n
o
f
s
elec
tin
g
A;
an
d
U
j
is
th
e
u
tili
ty
f
u
n
ctio
n
o
f
s
elec
tin
g
j
.
I
t
is
im
p
o
r
tan
t
to
n
o
te
th
at
th
e
r
atio
o
f
two
ch
o
ices
is
h
ig
h
ly
d
ep
en
d
en
t
o
n
th
e
u
tili
ty
f
u
n
ctio
n
,
an
d
th
e
u
tili
ty
d
er
iv
ed
f
r
o
m
th
e
two
ch
o
ices
is
n
o
t
d
ep
en
d
en
t
o
n
o
th
er
ch
o
ices.
T
h
e
en
tire
f
o
r
m
atio
n
o
f
th
e
lo
g
it
with
two
ch
o
ices
is
tag
g
e
d
b
in
ar
y
lo
g
it
an
d
with
m
u
ltip
le
o
p
tio
n
s
is
r
e
f
er
r
e
d
to
as
th
e
m
u
ltin
o
m
ial
l
o
g
it
m
o
d
el.
T
h
er
e
ar
e
b
asic
p
r
in
cip
les
o
r
u
n
d
e
r
ly
in
g
s
tep
s
to
f
o
ll
o
w
as
a
g
u
id
e
wh
e
n
e
v
alu
atin
g
lo
g
it
m
o
d
els,
th
ey
ar
e:
i)
T
-
s
tatis
tic
,
th
is
i
s
lik
e
m
an
y
o
th
er
p
r
o
ce
s
s
-
o
r
ien
ted
m
o
d
els
th
at
ar
e
u
s
u
ally
em
p
lo
y
ed
to
d
eter
m
in
e
th
e
s
ig
n
if
ican
ce
o
r
im
p
o
r
ta
n
ce
o
f
ea
ch
ex
p
lan
ato
r
y
v
ar
iab
le
o
n
th
e
m
o
d
el
u
s
in
g
d
if
f
e
r
en
t
tr
u
s
t
lev
els
at
1
%,
5
%,
an
d
1
0
%,
o
r
in
an
o
th
e
r
way
r
o
u
n
d
at
d
if
f
er
e
n
t
co
n
f
id
e
n
ce
lev
els
at
9
9
%,
9
5
%,
an
d
9
0
%
;
ii)
ρ
2
in
d
ex
,
t
h
is
d
en
o
tes
th
e
g
o
o
d
n
ess
o
f
f
it
test
an
d
it
h
as
s
im
ilar
ch
ar
a
cter
is
tics
with
R
2
in
th
e
lin
ea
r
m
o
d
els.
T
h
e
by
attr
ib
u
tes:
ρ
0
2
an
d
ρ
c
2
ca
n
b
e
o
b
tain
ed
in
(
2
)
a
n
d
(
3
)
.
0
2
=
1
−
(
)
LL
(
0
)
(
2
)
2
=
1
−
(
)
(
)
(
3
)
W
h
er
e
LL
(
0
)
em
an
ates
wh
en
th
e
m
o
d
el
g
iv
es
ze
r
o
co
ef
f
ici
en
ts
all
th
r
o
u
g
h
an
d
th
e
p
o
r
tio
n
o
f
all
h
ap
p
en
i
n
g
s
ar
e
s
aid
to
b
e
h
o
m
o
g
en
o
u
s
;
LL
(
C
)
em
an
ates
wh
en
th
e
u
tili
ty
f
u
n
ctio
n
o
f
ea
ch
m
in
icab
co
n
v
ey
in
g
p
ass
en
g
er
s
is
s
aid
to
b
e
co
n
s
tan
t,
o
r
t
h
e
u
tili
ty
f
u
n
ctio
n
o
f
ea
c
h
m
in
icab
co
n
v
e
y
in
g
p
ass
en
g
er
s
is
th
e
s
am
e
with
its
p
r
o
p
o
r
tio
n
.
I
n
th
e
s
itu
atio
n
wh
er
eb
y
th
e
c
o
ef
f
icien
ts
o
f
th
e
u
tili
ty
f
u
n
ct
io
n
s
ar
e
esti
m
ated
b
ased
o
n
th
e
esti
m
ated
in
clin
atio
n
,
(
4
)
an
d
(
5
)
ar
e
f
o
r
m
e
d
, i
n
g
en
er
al:
(
0
)
≤
(
)
≤
(
)
≤
0
(
4
)
0
≤
0
2
,
2
≤
1
(
5
)
I
t w
as r
ev
ea
led
th
at
th
e
c
o
ef
f
i
cien
t m
ea
s
u
r
es o
f
ρ
0
2
will im
p
r
o
v
e
th
e
l
o
g
it
m
o
d
el
[
4
0
]
.
3.
RE
SU
L
T
S
A
ND
D
I
SCU
SS
I
O
N
T
h
e
f
o
r
m
atio
n
o
f
th
e
m
u
ltin
o
m
ial
lo
g
it
m
o
d
el
is
r
e
v
ea
led
in
Fig
u
r
e
2
an
d
it
s
h
o
ws
th
e
c
h
o
ice
s
th
at
wer
e
m
ad
e
co
n
ce
r
n
in
g
n
in
e
o
p
tio
n
s
b
ased
o
n
m
in
icab
p
as
s
en
g
er
s
an
d
th
eir
d
esti
n
atio
n
s
in
Ak
u
r
e.
I
t
en
h
a
n
ce
d
th
e
ca
lib
r
atio
n
o
f
lo
g
it
m
o
d
e
l
s
wh
en
m
in
ica
b
d
r
iv
er
s
wan
t
to
c
h
o
o
s
e
b
etwe
en
d
esti
n
a
tio
n
an
d
p
ass
en
g
er
co
n
cu
r
r
en
tly
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
-
8
8
1
4
I
n
t J Ad
v
Ap
p
l Sci
,
Vo
l.
11
,
No
.
1
,
M
ar
c
h
20
22
:
1
9
-
28
24
Fig
u
r
e
2
.
C
o
d
in
g
m
eth
o
d
f
o
r
n
in
e
o
p
tio
n
s
T
h
e
clu
e
o
f
th
is
s
tu
d
y
was
p
r
esen
ted
in
Fig
u
r
e
3
,
a
t
ab
l
e
o
n
th
e
f
o
r
m
atio
n
th
at
is
n
ee
d
ed
f
o
r
ca
lib
r
atio
n
o
f
th
e
m
o
s
t
s
u
itab
le
lo
g
it
m
o
d
el
wh
en
m
in
icab
d
r
iv
er
s
wan
t
to
ch
o
o
s
e
b
etwe
en
d
esti
n
atio
n
an
d
p
ass
en
g
er
co
n
c
u
r
r
e
n
tly
.
I
n
th
e
f
ir
s
t
lay
er
o
f
Fig
u
r
e
2
,
in
th
e
f
ir
s
t
lay
er
,
ea
ch
o
f
th
e
m
i
n
icab
d
r
iv
er
s
ca
n
ch
o
o
s
e
o
n
e
o
f
th
r
ee
d
esti
n
atio
n
s
an
d
i
n
lev
el
two
ca
n
ch
o
o
s
e
b
etwe
en
th
r
ee
o
p
tio
n
s
,
th
er
e
f
o
r
e,
tr
a
v
elin
g
with
1
,
2
,
o
r
3
p
ass
en
g
er
s
.
SP
SS
v
er
s
io
n
2
1
was
em
p
lo
y
ed
f
o
r
a
n
aly
s
is
.
Af
ter
ca
r
ef
u
l
e
x
am
in
atio
n
o
f
th
e
co
r
r
elatio
n
v
alu
es,
th
er
e
was
th
e
ex
clu
s
io
n
o
f
ex
t
r
em
ely
h
ig
h
co
r
r
elatio
n
v
a
r
iab
les
to
en
h
a
n
ce
ac
ce
p
t
ab
le
co
r
r
elatio
n
a
n
d
m
o
r
e
p
lau
s
ib
le
r
esu
lts
.
Fig
u
r
e
3
.
Fo
r
m
atio
n
o
f
n
ested
lo
g
it
m
o
d
el
I
n
th
e
ca
lib
r
ate
d
m
o
d
el
f
o
r
m
in
icab
d
r
iv
e
r
s
'
d
is
o
r
d
er
ed
b
eh
av
io
r
d
u
r
in
g
th
e
p
r
o
ce
s
s
o
f
d
e
cid
in
g
f
o
r
ch
o
o
s
in
g
b
etwe
en
p
ass
en
g
er
an
d
d
esti
n
atio
n
in
Ak
u
r
e
(
FUTA
n
o
r
t
h
g
ate
to
Oja
-
Ob
a
r
o
u
te
an
d
Oja
-
Ob
a
to
FUTA
n
o
r
th
g
ate
r
o
u
te)
,
th
er
e
is
e
v
id
en
ce
o
f
th
e
h
ig
h
est
c
o
r
r
elatio
n
b
etwe
en
th
e
d
is
tan
ce
v
ar
iab
le
a
n
d
th
e
tim
e
tr
av
el
v
ar
iab
le
at
0
.
3
6
.
T
h
e
f
o
r
m
atio
n
o
f
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
e
d
m
o
d
els
is
d
ep
icted
i
n
Fig
u
r
e
2
a
n
d
Fig
u
r
e
3
.
T
ab
le
2
co
n
s
is
ts
o
f
th
e
v
ar
iab
les
th
at
wer
e
ad
o
p
ted
in
th
e
ex
er
cise.
T
h
e
n
est
ed
lo
g
i
t
m
o
d
el
was
also
ca
lib
r
ated
,
an
d
th
e
c
o
r
r
elatio
n
v
alu
es
an
d
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
v
alu
es
f
o
r
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
s
wer
e
ex
a
m
in
ed
an
d
co
m
p
ar
e
d
with
th
e
r
esu
lt
g
en
er
ated
f
r
o
m
th
e
m
u
ltin
o
m
ial
lo
g
it
m
o
d
e
l.
T
h
e
v
ar
iab
les
em
p
lo
y
e
d
in
th
e
an
aly
tical
m
o
d
e
l
ar
e
s
h
o
wn
in
T
ab
le
3
,
t
h
e
r
esu
lt
o
f
t
h
e
m
u
ltin
o
m
ial
lo
g
it
m
o
d
el
an
d
n
ested
l
o
g
it m
o
d
el
wer
e
s
h
o
wn
in
T
ab
le
3
an
d
T
ab
le
4
r
esp
ec
tiv
ely
.
Af
ter
th
e
ca
lib
r
atio
n
o
f
th
e
m
u
ltin
o
m
ial
lo
g
it
m
o
d
el,
th
e
lo
g
ar
ith
m
ic
v
alu
e
o
f
p
r
o
b
a
b
ilit
y
f
u
n
ctio
n
with
ze
r
o
co
ef
f
icien
ts
,
th
e
p
ar
am
eter
s
,
an
d
th
e
ag
r
ee
d
co
ef
f
i
cien
t
at
co
n
s
tan
t
lev
els
ar
e
-
2
6
0
.
9
8
,
-
2
5
6
.
6
7
,
an
d
-
1
7
1
.
0
2
r
esp
ec
tiv
ely
.
Fro
m
2
a
n
d
3
wh
e
r
e
ρ
c
2
an
d
ρ
0
2
wer
e
e
x
p
r
ess
ed
: ρ
c
2
=
0
.
4
6
,
a
n
d
ρ
0
2
=
0
.
4
8
.
Af
ter
th
e
ca
lib
r
atio
n
o
f
th
e
n
ested
lo
g
it
m
o
d
el,
th
e
lo
g
a
r
ith
m
ic
v
alu
e
o
f
p
r
o
b
ab
ilit
y
f
u
n
ctio
n
with
ze
r
o
co
ef
f
icien
ts
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th
e
p
ar
am
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er
s
,
an
d
th
e
ag
r
ee
d
co
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icie
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t
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-
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6
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9
8
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-
2
5
6
.
6
7
,
an
d
-
1
4
6
.
7
5
r
esp
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tiv
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Fro
m
2
a
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d
3
wh
e
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e
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Fro
m
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ated
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alu
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th
e
m
u
ltin
o
m
ial
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it
m
o
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el
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d
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lo
g
it
m
o
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el,
it
was
r
ev
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led
t
h
at
th
e
n
ested
lo
g
it
m
o
d
el
h
as
a
h
ig
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er
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n
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tan
t
lev
el
(
h
ig
h
est
u
tili
ty
)
th
an
th
e
o
th
er
,
h
en
ce
th
e
n
ested
lo
g
it
m
o
d
el
was
p
r
e
f
er
r
ed
,
an
d
th
e
s
tan
d
ar
d
e
r
r
o
r
(
S
E
)
f
ac
to
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o
f
n
ested
lo
g
it
m
o
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el
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d
eter
m
in
ed
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I
n
th
is
s
tu
d
y
,
it
is
ass
u
m
ed
th
at
f
o
r
o
n
e
o
f
th
e
co
ef
f
icie
n
ts
to
b
e
n
o
r
m
al
to
1
,
th
e
o
t
h
er
co
ef
f
icien
ts
will
b
e
ca
lc
u
lated
b
y
a
T
-
s
tatis
tic.
h
en
ce
,
th
e
n
ee
d
ed
test
s
ar
e
th
e
W
ald
test
an
d
T
-
s
tatis
tic.
As
s
h
o
wn
in
T
ab
le
5
,
th
e
s
tan
d
a
r
d
er
r
o
r
a
n
d
th
e
am
o
u
n
t o
f
I
V
f
o
r
th
e
n
ested
lo
g
it m
o
d
el
ar
e
s
h
o
wn
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J Ad
v
Ap
p
l Sci
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
8
1
4
Mo
d
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min
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b
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r
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'
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eh
a
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(
A
d
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Ola
n
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A
d
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25
T
ab
le
2
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Var
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p
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8
T
ab
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5
.
T
-
s
tatis
tic
an
d
th
e
W
ald
test
f
o
r
th
e
n
ested
l
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it
m
o
d
el
D
e
st
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t
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o
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s
IV
SE
1
1
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0
0
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2
0
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7
6
0
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0
6
3
0
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8
5
0
.
0
7
N
o
t
e
:
W
a
l
d
‐
t
e
st
d
e
s
1
=
‐
5
.
5
6
,
W
a
l
d
‐
t
e
s
t
d
e
s
1
=
‐
3
.
8
1
Fro
m
th
e
s
tu
d
y
,
th
e
m
u
ltin
o
m
ial
lo
g
it
m
o
d
el
co
m
p
u
te
d
h
as
ρ
c
2
=
0
.
4
6
an
d
ρ
0
2
=
0
.
4
8
,
wh
i
le
th
at
o
f
th
e
n
ested
l
o
g
it
m
o
d
el
co
m
p
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ted
h
as
ρ
c
2
=
0
.
5
6
an
d
ρ
0
2
=
0
.
5
8
.
T
h
e
r
esu
lt
o
b
tain
ed
th
r
o
u
g
h
o
f
W
ald
test
r
ev
ea
ls
th
at
th
e
ab
s
o
lu
te
n
u
m
b
er
s
d
er
iv
ed
f
o
r
d
esti
n
atio
n
2
(
-
5
.
5
6
)
an
d
d
esti
n
atio
n
3
(
-
3
.
8
1
)
ar
e
h
ig
h
er
th
an
1
.
9
6
(
Z
s
co
r
e
at
5
%
s
ig
n
if
ican
ce
lev
el)
wh
ich
is
s
ig
n
if
ican
t.
T
h
e
co
n
s
tan
t
v
al
u
es
s
tan
d
f
o
r
th
e
e
f
f
ec
t
o
f
v
ar
iab
les th
at
is
u
n
ca
r
ed
f
o
r
in
th
e
m
o
d
elin
g
.
Fo
llo
win
g
th
e
cr
itical
ex
am
in
atio
n
o
f
th
e
ca
u
s
e
-
an
d
-
e
f
f
ec
t
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
,
as
s
h
o
wn
in
T
ab
le
6
,
th
e
s
ea
r
ch
tim
e
v
ar
iab
le
h
as
th
e
lo
west
co
r
r
elatio
n
with
t
h
e
wo
r
k
tim
e
v
ar
iab
le
as
0
.
0
3
2
an
d
th
e
h
i
g
h
est
co
r
r
elatio
n
with
th
e
tr
an
s
p
o
r
t
r
ate
v
ar
iab
le
as
0
.
6
2
1
.
T
h
is
im
p
lies
th
at
in
a
s
itu
atio
n
wh
er
eb
y
p
ass
en
g
er
s
s
p
en
t
m
o
r
e
tim
e
s
ea
r
ch
in
g
f
o
r
m
in
i
ca
b
s
o
n
a
p
ar
ticu
lar
lo
ca
tio
n
,
th
e
tr
an
s
p
o
r
t
r
ate
f
o
r
s
u
ch
a
d
esti
n
atio
n
will
b
e
h
ig
h
er
.
T
h
is
is
m
o
s
tly
ex
p
er
ien
ce
d
d
u
r
in
g
th
e
p
ea
k
p
er
i
o
d
.
I
t
is
p
er
tin
en
t
to
n
o
te
th
at
in
a
s
itu
atio
n
wh
er
eb
y
p
ass
en
g
er
s
s
p
en
t
less
tim
e
s
ea
r
ch
in
g
f
o
r
m
in
icab
s
o
n
a
p
ar
ticu
lar
lo
ca
tio
n
,
th
e
tr
an
s
p
o
r
t
r
ate
f
o
r
s
u
ch
a
d
esti
n
atio
n
will
b
e
less
er
.
T
h
i
s
is
m
o
s
tly
ex
p
er
ie
n
ce
d
o
n
th
e
r
o
u
te
b
etwe
en
FUTA
n
o
r
t
h
g
ate
an
d
r
o
a
d
b
lo
c
k
wh
ich
is
s
h
o
r
ter
th
an
Oja
-
O
b
a
.
R
o
ad
b
lo
ck
is
a
ju
n
ctio
n
alo
n
g
th
e
r
o
u
te
o
f
FUTA
n
o
r
th
g
ate
an
d
Oja
-
Ob
a.
Fu
r
th
er
m
o
r
e
,
d
is
tan
ce
(
d
t)
h
as
th
e
lo
west
co
r
r
elatio
n
with
th
e
wo
r
k
tim
e
(
wt)
as
0
.
0
3
an
d
th
e
h
ig
h
est
co
r
r
elatio
n
with
th
e
tr
a
n
s
p
o
r
t
r
ate
(
tr
)
as
0
.
5
9
wh
er
eb
y
th
e
n
eg
ati
v
e
s
ig
n
im
p
lies
th
at
as
th
e
d
is
tan
ce
is
d
ec
r
ea
s
in
g
,
th
e
ten
d
e
n
cy
o
f
m
in
icab
d
r
iv
er
alo
n
g
with
th
e
r
o
u
te
in
cr
ea
s
es.
T
h
is
is
co
r
r
o
b
o
r
ated
in
th
e
s
tu
d
ies
o
f
[
4
1
]
,
[
4
2
]
th
at
d
is
tan
ce
is
a
tr
ip
d
eter
r
in
g
f
ac
to
r
in
th
e
s
en
s
e
th
at
lo
n
g
er
d
is
tan
ce
d
is
co
u
r
ag
es
tr
af
f
ic
(
i.e
.
th
e
lo
n
g
er
th
e
d
is
tan
ce
th
e
less
t
r
af
f
ic
ex
p
e
r
ien
ce
)
.
An
o
th
er
n
o
ticea
b
le
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
is
th
e
h
ig
h
co
r
r
elatio
n
o
f
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
-
8
8
1
4
I
n
t J Ad
v
Ap
p
l Sci
,
Vo
l.
11
,
No
.
1
,
M
ar
c
h
20
22
:
1
9
-
28
26
d
is
tan
ce
with
th
e
tr
a
v
el
tim
e
a
t
0
.
8
7
3
.
I
t
is
p
er
tin
e
n
t
to
u
n
d
e
r
s
tan
d
th
at
th
e
lo
n
g
er
t
h
e
d
is
ta
n
ce
,
th
e
lo
n
g
e
r
th
e
tr
av
el
tim
e,
an
d
th
e
s
h
o
r
ter
th
e
d
is
tan
ce
,
th
e
s
h
o
r
ter
th
e
tr
av
el
tim
e.
I
t
is
r
ea
s
o
n
ab
le
to
h
av
e
in
m
in
d
th
at
f
ac
to
r
s
s
u
ch
as
tr
an
s
p
o
r
t
co
s
t
s
an
d
lev
el
o
f
d
em
a
n
d
a
r
e
o
f
ten
t
im
es
in
f
lu
en
ce
d
b
y
d
is
tan
ce
tr
av
eled
,
a
n
d
is
in
f
lu
en
cin
g
tr
a
n
s
p
o
r
t
r
ates
[
2
7
]
.
W
h
en
th
er
e
is
an
in
cr
ea
s
e
in
th
e
d
is
tan
ce
tr
av
ele
d
,
th
er
e
will
b
e
a
co
r
r
esp
o
n
d
in
g
in
cr
ea
s
e
in
tr
an
s
p
o
r
t
r
ates
wh
ich
is
also
ju
s
tif
ied
in
t
h
e
co
r
r
elatio
n
o
f
tr
av
el
tim
e
v
ar
ia
b
le
with
tr
an
s
p
o
r
t
r
ate
as
0
.
4
5
7
.
W
h
en
th
er
e
is
an
in
cr
ea
s
e
in
th
e
tr
av
el
tim
e,
th
er
e
will
b
e
a
co
r
r
esp
o
n
d
in
g
in
cr
ea
s
e
in
tr
an
s
p
o
r
t r
ates,
an
d
wh
en
th
e
r
e
is
a
d
ec
r
ea
s
e
in
tr
av
el
tim
e,
t
h
er
e
will b
e
a
co
r
r
esp
o
n
d
i
n
g
d
ec
r
ea
s
e
in
tr
an
s
p
o
r
t
r
ates.
T
h
e
m
o
s
t
n
o
ticea
b
le
is
th
e
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
co
r
r
elatio
n
b
etwe
en
th
e
d
is
tan
ce
v
ar
iab
le
an
d
tr
av
el
tim
e.
Hen
ce
,
tr
av
el
tim
e
ca
n
b
e
u
s
ed
to
d
eter
m
in
e
d
is
tan
ce
,
an
d
d
is
tan
c
e
c
an
b
e
u
s
ed
t
o
d
eter
m
i
n
e
tr
av
el
tim
e
.
T
h
e
m
ajo
r
p
ar
a
m
eter
s
th
at
s
ee
m
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
in
s
elec
tin
g
p
ass
en
g
er
s
an
d
d
esti
n
atio
n
s
b
y
d
is
o
r
d
er
ed
m
in
icab
d
r
iv
er
s
p
ly
in
g
th
e
r
o
u
tes
o
f
FUTA
n
o
r
t
h
g
ate
an
d
Oja
-
Ob
a
in
Ak
u
r
e
a
r
e
tr
a
n
s
p
o
r
ted
r
ate
v
a
r
iab
le,
d
is
tan
ce
v
ar
iab
le,
an
d
tr
a
v
el
tim
e
v
ar
iab
le.
W
h
en
co
m
p
ar
ed
with
th
e
s
tu
d
y
o
f
[
9
]
wh
ich
f
o
u
n
d
th
at
s
ea
r
ch
in
g
tim
e
v
ar
iab
le,
wo
r
k
tim
e
v
ar
i
ab
le,
an
d
tr
av
el
tim
e
v
ar
iab
le
wer
e
th
e
m
o
s
t
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
in
d
i
ce
s
(
p
ar
am
eter
s
)
in
th
e
s
elec
tio
n
o
f
d
esti
n
atio
n
a
n
d
p
ass
en
g
er
b
y
d
r
iv
er
s
in
T
eh
r
an
,
tr
av
el
tim
e
is
th
e
o
n
ly
v
ar
iab
le
t
h
at
is
in
co
m
m
o
n
with
th
is
cu
r
r
e
n
t
s
tu
d
y
.
Sin
ce
a
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
n
u
m
b
e
r
o
f
v
ar
iab
les
co
r
r
elate
with
tr
an
s
p
o
r
t
r
ates,
it
is
th
er
ef
o
r
e
r
ec
o
m
m
e
n
d
ed
th
at
an
ac
cu
r
ate
p
r
icin
g
p
o
licy
o
f
m
in
icab
o
p
er
atio
n
s
h
o
u
ld
b
e
f
o
r
m
u
lated
,
im
p
lem
en
ted
,
a
n
d
en
ac
te
d
to
p
r
ev
en
t o
v
er
ch
ar
g
e
an
d
u
n
d
er
c
h
ar
g
e
b
y
m
in
icab
d
r
iv
e
r
s
.
T
ab
le
6
.
C
o
r
r
elatio
n
an
aly
s
is
o
f
v
ar
ia
b
les em
p
lo
y
ed
in
th
e
a
n
aly
tical
m
o
d
el
ST
DT
TT
WT
TR
ST
1
.
0
0
0
DT
0
.
1
3
5
1
.
0
0
0
TT
0
.
2
4
9
0
.
8
7
3
1
.
0
0
0
WT
0
.
0
3
2
0
.
0
3
0
0
.
0
6
3
1
.
0
0
0
TR
0
.
6
2
1
-
0
.
5
9
0
0
.
4
5
7
0
.
1
3
1
1
.
0
0
0
3
.
1
.
I
m
pli
ca
t
i
o
n o
f
f
ind
ing
s
Fro
m
th
e
s
tu
d
y
,
it
was
r
ev
ea
le
d
th
at
th
e
n
ested
lo
g
it
m
o
d
el
h
as
a
h
ig
h
er
u
tili
ty
th
an
th
e
m
u
ltin
o
m
ial
lo
g
it
m
o
d
el.
T
h
is
im
p
lies
th
at
th
e
ass
u
m
p
tio
n
s
o
f
th
e
m
u
ltin
o
m
ial
lo
g
it
m
o
d
el
m
ay
n
o
t
b
e
tr
u
e
r
eg
ar
d
in
g
d
ec
is
io
n
-
m
ak
in
g
.
Hen
ce
,
th
e
d
ec
is
io
n
-
m
ak
in
g
o
u
tco
m
e
a
n
a
ly
ze
d
b
y
th
e
n
ested
l
o
g
it
m
o
d
el
ca
n
b
e
tr
u
e
an
d
r
eliab
le.
Fro
m
th
e
s
tu
d
y
,
th
e
m
ajo
r
p
a
r
am
eter
s
th
at
d
is
o
r
d
er
ed
m
in
i
ca
b
d
r
iv
er
s
ca
n
tak
e
in
to
co
n
s
id
er
atio
n
b
ef
o
r
e
d
ec
id
in
g
to
s
elec
t
b
etw
ee
n
p
ass
en
g
er
s
an
d
d
esti
n
atio
n
alo
n
g
FUTA
n
o
r
t
h
g
ate
a
n
d
Oja
-
Ob
a
in
Ak
u
r
e
ar
e
tr
an
s
p
o
r
ted
r
ate
,
d
is
tan
ce
,
an
d
tr
a
v
el
tim
e.
T
h
ese
th
r
ee
will
g
iv
e
a
b
etter
p
r
ed
ictio
n
o
n
h
o
w
th
e
d
r
iv
e
r
will
m
ax
im
ize
p
r
o
f
it
an
d
m
in
im
i
ze
co
s
t,
an
d
b
e
ab
le
to
f
u
l
f
i
l
l
p
ass
en
g
er
s
’
s
atis
f
ac
t
io
n
.
B
ec
au
s
e
o
f
th
is
,
p
o
licy
m
ak
er
s
(
g
o
v
e
r
n
m
e
n
t
a
n
d
p
r
i
v
ate
s
h
o
u
ld
d
ev
elo
p
a
s
cien
tific
o
r
tech
n
o
lo
g
ical
m
eth
o
d
o
f
ch
a
r
g
in
g
tr
an
s
p
o
r
t
f
a
r
e
th
at
is
tr
a
n
s
p
ar
en
t,
u
n
if
o
r
m
,
an
d
ac
ce
p
tab
le
t
o
th
e
p
u
b
lic
as
it
is
b
ee
n
p
r
a
cti
c
ed
in
d
e
v
elo
p
ed
n
atio
n
s
.
3
.
2
.
L
im
it
a
t
io
n o
f
t
he
s
t
ud
y
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
was
lim
ited
to
d
is
o
r
d
er
e
d
m
in
icab
d
r
iv
er
s
.
I
t
w
as
lim
ited
to
m
in
icab
d
r
iv
e
r
s
s
h
u
ttli
n
g
b
etwe
en
FUTA
n
o
r
th
g
ate
an
d
Oja
-
Ob
a
in
Ak
u
r
e.
Als
o
,
it
was
tar
g
eted
at
th
r
ee
h
u
n
d
r
e
d
an
d
eig
h
ty
-
f
o
u
r
r
esp
o
n
d
en
ts
.
Fin
ally
,
th
e
an
al
y
tical
tech
n
iq
u
es
wer
e
lim
i
ted
to
th
e
n
ested
lo
g
it
m
o
d
el
a
n
d
m
u
ltin
o
m
ial
lo
g
it
m
o
d
el;
th
is
was b
ec
au
s
e
th
e
L
o
g
it m
o
d
els ar
e
wid
el
y
u
s
ed
f
o
r
d
ec
is
io
n
m
a
k
in
g
.
Ho
wev
er
,
o
th
e
r
r
ec
e
n
t
u
tili
ty
m
o
d
els
s
u
ch
as
g
en
e
r
alize
d
e
x
tr
em
e
v
alu
e
,
h
y
b
r
id
l
o
g
it
,
an
d
th
e
laten
t
C
las
s
ch
o
ice
m
o
d
el
ca
n
b
e
v
alid
ated
b
y
f
u
tu
r
e
r
esear
ch
.
Als
o
,
th
e
s
am
p
le
s
ize
ca
n
b
e
m
o
r
e
th
a
n
3
8
4
,
a
n
d
f
u
tu
r
e
s
tu
d
ies ca
n
b
e
ca
r
r
ie
d
o
u
t in
o
th
er
u
r
b
an
lo
ca
tio
n
s
.
4.
CO
NCLU
SI
O
N
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
aim
ed
to
id
e
n
tify
m
ajo
r
p
a
r
am
eter
s
/in
d
icato
r
s
t
h
at
s
ee
m
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
i
n
s
elec
tin
g
p
ass
en
g
er
s
an
d
d
esti
n
atio
n
s
b
y
d
is
o
r
d
e
r
e
d
m
in
icab
d
r
iv
er
s
.
Als
o
,
th
e
r
e
was
an
attem
p
t
to
in
v
esti
g
ate
m
in
icab
d
r
i
v
er
s
’
b
eh
av
io
r
b
ased
o
n
th
e
s
elec
tio
n
o
f
p
ass
en
g
er
an
d
d
esti
n
atio
n
f
r
o
m
FUTA
n
o
r
th
g
ate
(
c
o
n
s
tan
t
p
o
in
t)
to
Oja
-
Ob
a
f
o
r
O
-
D
tr
ip
,
an
d
Oja
-
Ob
a
(
co
n
s
tan
t
p
o
in
t)
to
FUTA
n
o
r
th
g
ate
f
o
r
an
o
th
er
O
-
D
tr
ip
in
Ak
u
r
e.
T
o
ac
h
iev
e
th
e
aim
,
th
e
m
u
ltin
o
m
ial
lo
g
it
m
o
d
el
an
d
n
ested
l
o
g
it
m
o
d
el
wer
e
ad
o
p
ted
b
ec
au
s
e
th
ey
ar
e
m
o
s
tly
u
s
ed
as d
ec
is
io
n
to
o
ls
.
T
h
e
s
tu
d
y
f
o
u
n
d
th
at
th
e
n
e
s
ted
lo
g
it
m
o
d
el
g
iv
es
h
ig
h
e
r
u
tili
ty
(
b
etter
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
)
th
an
th
e
m
u
ltin
o
m
ial
lo
g
it
m
o
d
el
with
ρ
0
2
=
0
.
4
8
m
o
r
e
th
an
ρ
c
2
=
0
.
4
6
wh
ich
j
u
s
tifie
s
th
e
ass
er
tio
n
.
Fro
m
th
e
m
o
d
els,
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J Ad
v
Ap
p
l Sci
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
8
1
4
Mo
d
ellin
g
min
ica
b
d
r
ivers
'
d
is
o
r
d
ered
b
eh
a
vio
u
r
fo
r
ch
o
o
s
in
g
p
a
s
s
en
g
er …
(
A
d
eta
yo
Ola
n
iyi
A
d
en
ir
a
n
)
27
th
e
m
ajo
r
p
ar
am
eter
s
th
at
s
ee
m
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
in
s
elec
tin
g
p
ass
en
g
er
s
an
d
d
esti
n
atio
n
s
b
y
d
is
o
r
d
er
ed
m
i
n
icab
d
r
iv
er
s
p
ly
in
g
th
e
r
o
u
tes
o
f
FUTA
n
o
r
th
g
ate
an
d
Oja
-
O
b
a
in
Ak
u
r
e
ar
e
t
r
an
s
p
o
r
t
r
at
es
v
ar
iab
le,
d
is
tan
ce
v
ar
iab
le,
an
d
tr
av
el
tim
e
v
ar
ia
b
le.
Sin
ce
a
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
v
ar
iab
les
h
av
e
a
co
r
r
elatio
n
with
tr
an
s
p
o
r
t
r
ates,
s
u
ch
as
s
ea
r
ch
tim
e
with
tr
an
s
p
o
r
t
r
ates
at
0
.
6
2
1
,
d
is
tan
ce
an
d
t
r
an
s
p
o
r
t
r
ates
at
-
0
.
5
9
0
,
a
n
d
tr
a
v
el
tim
e
an
d
tr
an
s
p
o
r
t
r
ates
at
0
.
4
5
7
,
it
is
th
er
ef
o
r
e
r
ec
o
m
m
en
d
ed
th
at
ac
cu
r
ate
p
r
icin
g
p
o
licy
o
f
m
in
icab
o
p
er
atio
n
s
h
o
u
ld
b
e
ef
f
icien
tly
f
o
r
m
u
lated
,
im
p
lem
en
te
d
an
d
en
ac
ted
to
p
r
ev
en
t
o
v
er
c
h
ar
g
e
an
d
u
n
d
er
ch
a
r
g
e.
ACK
NO
WL
E
DG
E
M
E
NT
S
T
h
e
au
th
o
r
s
wo
u
ld
lik
e
to
ap
p
r
ec
iate
th
e
T
ax
i
Dr
iv
er
s
in
Ak
u
r
e
f
o
r
r
esp
o
n
d
in
g
d
u
r
in
g
th
e
q
u
esti
o
n
n
air
e
a
d
m
in
is
tr
atio
n
.
Ap
p
r
ec
iatio
n
also
g
o
es
to
t
h
e
r
ev
iewe
r
s
f
o
r
th
eir
v
alu
a
b
le
s
u
g
g
esti
o
n
s
to
im
p
r
o
v
e
th
e
q
u
ality
o
f
th
e
p
a
p
er
.
T
h
e
au
th
o
r
s
ap
p
r
ec
iate
t
h
e
ed
ito
r
ial
co
m
m
ittee
m
em
b
er
s
f
o
r
th
eir
ef
f
o
r
ts
d
u
r
in
g
th
e
ass
ess
m
en
t p
r
o
ce
d
u
r
e.
RE
F
E
R
E
NC
E
S
[
1
]
C
.
L
.
V
a
n
D
o
r
e
n
,
A
h
i
s
t
o
r
y
o
f
k
n
o
w
l
e
d
g
e
:
p
a
s
t
,
p
r
e
se
n
t
,
a
n
d
f
u
t
u
r
e
.
B
a
l
l
a
n
t
i
n
e
B
o
o
k
s
,
1
9
9
2
.
[
2
]
A
.
O
,
A
d
e
n
i
r
a
n
,
a
n
d
O
.
S
i
d
i
q
,
“
E
c
o
n
o
mi
c
r
e
c
e
ss
i
o
n
a
n
d
t
h
e
w
a
y
-
o
u
t
:
N
i
g
e
r
i
a
a
s
c
a
se
st
u
d
y
,
”
G
l
o
b
.
J
.
H
u
m
a
n
i
t
.
S
o
c
.
S
c
i
.
E
Ec
o
n
.
,
v
o
l
.
1
8
,
n
o
.
1
,
p
p
.
1
8
1
–
1
9
2
,
2
0
1
8
.
[
3
]
J.
F
a
r
r
i
n
g
t
o
n
a
n
d
C
.
F
a
r
r
i
n
g
t
o
n
,
“
R
u
r
a
l
a
c
c
e
ss
i
b
i
l
i
t
y
,
s
o
c
i
a
l
i
n
c
l
u
si
o
n
a
n
d
so
c
i
a
l
j
u
st
i
c
e
:
t
o
w
a
r
d
s
c
o
n
c
e
p
t
u
a
l
i
s
a
t
i
o
n
,
”
J
.
T
ra
n
s
p
.
G
e
o
g
r.
,
v
o
l
.
1
3
,
n
o
.
1
,
p
p
.
1
–
1
2
,
M
a
r
.
2
0
0
5
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
0
1
6
/
j
.
j
t
r
a
n
g
e
o
.
2
0
0
4
.
1
0
.
0
0
2
.
[
4
]
W
.
G
.
H
a
n
s
e
n
,
“
H
o
w
a
c
c
e
s
si
b
i
l
i
t
y
sh
a
p
e
s
l
a
n
d
u
s
e
,
”
J
.
Am
.
I
n
st
.
P
l
a
n
n
.
,
v
o
l
.
2
5
,
n
o
.
2
,
p
p
.
7
3
–
7
6
,
M
a
y
1
9
5
9
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
0
8
0
/
0
1
9
4
4
3
6
5
9
0
8
9
7
8
3
0
7
.
[
5
]
K
.
T
.
G
e
u
r
s
a
n
d
J.
R
.
R
i
t
sem
a
v
a
n
E
c
k
,
“
A
c
c
e
ssi
b
i
l
i
t
y
m
e
a
s
u
r
e
s
:
r
e
v
i
e
w
a
n
d
a
p
p
l
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
s.
e
v
a
l
u
a
t
i
o
n
o
f
a
c
c
e
ss
i
b
i
l
i
t
y
i
mp
a
c
t
s
o
f
l
a
n
d
-
u
se
t
r
a
n
s
p
o
r
t
a
t
i
o
n
sce
n
a
r
i
o
s
,
a
n
d
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e
l
a
t
e
d
s
o
c
i
a
l
a
n
d
e
c
o
n
o
m
i
c
i
m
p
a
c
t
,
”
RI
VM
R
a
p
p
.
4
0
8
5
0
5
0
0
6
,
p
p
.
4
0
8
–
5
0
5
,
2
0
0
1
.
[
6
]
J.
M
.
S
a
l
a
n
o
v
a
,
M
.
Es
t
r
a
d
a
,
G
.
A
i
f
a
d
o
p
o
u
l
o
u
,
a
n
d
E.
M
i
t
sa
k
i
s,
“
A
r
e
v
i
e
w
o
f
t
h
e
mo
d
e
l
i
n
g
o
f
t
a
x
i
serv
i
c
e
s,
”
Pro
c
e
d
i
a
-
S
o
c
.
Be
h
a
v
.
S
c
i
.
,
v
o
l
.
2
0
,
p
p
.
1
5
0
–
1
6
1
,
2
0
1
1
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
0
1
6
/
j
.
sb
s
p
r
o
.
2
0
1
1
.
0
8
.
0
2
0
.
[
7
]
S.
-
F
.
C
h
e
n
g
a
n
d
X
.
Q
u
,
“
A
s
e
r
v
i
c
e
c
h
o
i
c
e
mo
d
e
l
f
o
r
o
p
t
i
m
i
z
i
n
g
t
a
x
i
serv
i
c
e
d
e
l
i
v
e
r
y
,
”
i
n
2
0
0
9
1
2
t
h
I
n
t
e
r
n
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
I
EEE
C
o
n
f
e
re
n
c
e
o
n
I
n
t
e
l
l
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g
e
n
t
T
r
a
n
s
p
o
rt
a
t
i
o
n
S
y
s
t
e
m
s
,
2
0
0
9
,
p
p
.
1
–
6
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
1
0
9
/
I
TSC.
2
0
0
9
.
5
3
0
9
5
2
0
.
[
8
]
J.
M
.
S
.
G
r
a
u
a
n
d
M
.
A
.
E.
R
o
me
u
,
“
A
g
e
n
t
b
a
se
d
mo
d
e
l
l
i
n
g
f
o
r
si
m
u
l
a
t
i
n
g
t
a
x
i
s
e
r
v
i
c
e
s
,
”
Pr
o
c
e
d
i
a
C
o
m
p
u
t
.
S
c
i
.
,
v
o
l
.
5
2
,
p
p
.
9
0
2
–
9
0
7
,
2
0
1
5
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
0
1
6
/
j
.
p
r
o
c
s
.
2
0
1
5
.
0
5
.
1
6
2
.
[
9
]
A
.
Ed
r
i
s
i
,
N
.
Ja
v
a
n
b
a
k
h
t
,
a
n
d
H
.
G
a
n
j
i
p
o
u
r
,
“
M
o
d
e
l
i
n
g
t
h
e
b
e
h
a
v
i
o
r
o
f
d
i
s
o
r
d
e
r
e
d
t
a
x
i
d
r
i
v
e
r
s
o
f
T
e
h
r
a
n
f
o
r
c
h
o
o
s
i
n
g
p
a
ss
e
n
g
e
r
a
n
d
d
e
s
t
i
n
a
t
i
o
n
,
”
I
n
t
.
J
.
H
u
m
.
C
a
p
.
U
r
b
a
n
Ma
n
a
g
.
,
v
o
l
.
4
,
n
o
.
1
,
p
p
.
6
9
–
7
6
,
2
0
2
1
9
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
2
2
0
3
4
/
I
JH
C
U
M
.
2
0
1
9
.
0
1
.
0
8
.
[
1
0
]
H
.
Y
a
n
g
,
S
.
C
.
W
o
n
g
,
a
n
d
K
.
I
.
W
o
n
g
,
“
D
e
m
a
n
d
–
su
p
p
l
y
e
q
u
i
l
i
b
r
i
u
m
o
f
t
a
x
i
ser
v
i
c
e
s
i
n
a
n
e
t
w
o
r
k
u
n
d
e
r
c
o
m
p
e
t
i
t
i
o
n
a
n
d
r
e
g
u
l
a
t
i
o
n
,
”
T
ra
n
s
p
.
Re
s
.
P
a
rt
B
Me
t
h
o
d
o
l
.
,
v
o
l
.
3
6
,
n
o
.
9
,
p
p
.
7
9
9
–
8
1
9
,
N
o
v
.
2
0
0
2
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
0
1
6
/
S
0
1
9
1
-
2
6
1
5
(
0
1
)
0
0
0
3
1
-
5.
[
1
1
]
H
.
Y
a
n
g
a
n
d
S
.
W
o
n
g
,
“
A
n
e
t
w
o
r
k
mo
d
e
l
o
f
u
r
b
a
n
t
a
x
i
ser
v
i
c
e
s,
”
T
r
a
n
s
p
.
Re
s
.
P
a
rt
B
M
e
t
h
o
d
o
l
.
,
v
o
l
.
3
2
,
n
o
.
4
,
p
p
.
2
3
5
–
2
4
6
,
M
a
y
1
9
9
8
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
0
1
6
/
S
0
1
9
1
-
2
6
1
5
(
9
7
)
0
0
0
4
2
-
8.
[
1
2
]
N
.
N
a
sser,
“
T
h
e
t
o
r
o
n
t
o
t
a
sk
f
o
r
c
e
t
o
r
e
v
i
e
w
t
h
e
t
a
x
i
i
n
d
u
st
r
y
,
”
R
e
p
o
r
t
t
o
R
e
v
i
e
w
t
h
e
T
o
r
o
n
t
o
Ta
x
i
I
n
d
u
st
r
y
,
1
9
9
8
.
[
1
3
]
T.
I
n
d
e
p
e
n
d
e
n
t
,
P
r
i
c
i
n
g
R
e
g
u
l
a
t
o
r
y
,
Re
v
i
e
w
o
f
t
h
e
t
a
x
i
c
a
b
a
n
d
h
i
r
e
c
a
r
i
n
d
u
s
t
ri
e
s
.
I
n
d
e
p
e
n
d
e
n
t
P
r
i
c
i
n
g
a
n
d
R
e
g
u
l
a
t
o
r
y
Tr
i
b
u
n
a
l
,
1
9
9
9
.
[
1
4
]
D
.
T.
A
,
Re
v
i
e
w
o
f
t
h
e
w
e
st
e
r
n
a
u
s
t
r
a
l
i
a
n
t
a
x
i
i
n
d
u
st
r
y
.
[
P
e
r
t
h
:
B
S
D
C
o
n
su
l
t
a
n
t
s
;
Ec
o
n
o
m
i
c
s
C
o
u
n
su
l
t
i
n
g
S
e
r
v
i
c
e
s
;
Es
t
i
l
l
&
A
sso
c
i
a
t
e
s]
,
1
9
9
9
,
1
9
9
9
.
[
1
5
]
P
.
W
h
a
l
e
n
,
K
.
K
e
l
l
y
,
a
n
d
M
.
Jo
h
n
,
“
B
a
r
w
o
o
d
c
n
g
c
a
b
f
l
e
e
t
s
t
u
d
y
:
f
i
n
a
l
r
e
s
u
l
t
s,”
G
o
l
d
e
n
,
1
9
9
9
.
[
1
6
]
K
.
I
.
W
o
n
g
,
S
.
C
.
W
o
n
g
,
a
n
d
H
.
Y
a
n
g
,
“
M
o
d
e
l
i
n
g
u
r
b
a
n
t
a
x
i
s
e
r
v
i
c
e
s
i
n
c
o
n
g
e
s
t
e
d
r
o
a
d
n
e
t
w
o
r
k
s
w
i
t
h
e
l
a
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L.
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mu
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B
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RAP
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Un
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tac
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c
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jo
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.
c
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m
.
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