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f
o
r
m
s
o
f
en
er
g
y
at
t
h
e
c
o
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
s
ta
g
e.
E
lectr
icit
y
h
as
a
p
o
s
iti
v
e
co
-
r
elatio
n
w
it
h
q
u
ali
t
y
o
f
li
f
e
a
n
d
p
r
o
s
p
er
ity
.
I
n
I
n
d
ia
alo
n
e,
o
n
l
y
5
5
%
o
f
h
o
u
s
e
h
o
ld
s
h
av
e
a
cc
ess
to
elec
tr
icit
y
.
A
r
o
u
n
d
8
0
,
0
0
0
v
illag
e
s
,
s
till
n
ee
d
to
b
e
elec
tr
if
ied
.
T
h
e
p
r
o
b
le
m
to
d
a
y
is
b
o
th
q
u
a
n
tati
v
e
a
n
d
q
u
alitati
v
e.
T
h
e
v
illa
g
es d
o
n
o
t
g
et
p
o
w
er
in
s
u
f
f
icie
n
t q
u
an
tit
y
an
d
t
h
e
q
u
al
it
y
o
f
th
e
p
o
w
er
t
h
at
t
h
e
y
g
et
i
s
also
v
er
y
p
o
o
r
.
As
p
er
th
e
s
tu
d
y
o
f
P
lan
n
in
g
C
o
m
m
is
s
io
n
o
f
I
n
d
ia
an
d
UNDP
,
ar
o
u
n
d
2
5
% lan
d
o
f
o
u
r
co
u
n
tr
y
is
r
e
m
o
te
a
n
d
h
a
s
in
h
o
s
p
itab
le
ter
r
ain
.
T
h
ese
ar
ea
s
h
a
v
e
lo
w
lo
ad
d
en
s
i
t
y
.
L
a
y
in
g
o
f
lo
n
g
tr
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
lin
e
s
,
co
n
s
eq
u
en
t
h
ig
h
lin
e
lo
s
s
es
m
ak
e
e
x
te
n
s
io
n
o
f
th
e
g
r
id
a
n
d
co
n
s
eq
u
e
n
t
p
r
ice
o
f
elec
tr
icit
y
v
er
y
p
r
o
h
ib
iti
v
e.
Of
f
g
r
id
s
o
l
u
tio
n
s
lik
e
w
i
n
d
,
s
o
lar
,
tid
al
an
d
h
y
d
r
o
-
p
o
w
er
etc
ca
n
p
r
o
v
id
e
elec
tr
icit
y
to
s
u
ch
ar
ea
s
w
h
er
e
th
e
g
r
id
ca
n
n
o
t r
ea
ch
.
2.
CO
M
P
O
NE
NT
S O
F
H
YDR
O
E
L
E
CT
RIC S
CH
E
M
E
Mo
s
t
o
f
th
e
h
y
d
r
o
s
ch
e
m
es
i
n
I
n
d
ia
ar
e
th
e
h
ig
h
an
d
m
ed
iu
m
s
c
h
e
m
e
s
an
d
h
a
v
e
t
h
e
f
o
llo
w
i
n
g
b
asic
an
d
co
m
m
o
n
co
m
p
o
n
e
n
ts
: Fi
g
u
r
e
.
1
.
1.
Div
er
s
io
n
an
d
I
n
ta
k
e
Str
u
ctu
r
e
2.
W
ater
C
o
n
d
u
cto
r
S
y
s
te
m
3.
Desilt
i
n
g
ch
a
m
b
er
4.
Fo
r
eb
ay
,
B
alan
ci
n
g
r
eser
v
o
ir
an
d
Sp
illi
n
g
ar
r
an
g
e
m
en
t
s
5.
P
en
s
to
ck
6.
P
o
w
er
Ho
u
s
e
B
u
ild
i
n
g
C
o
m
p
r
is
in
g
o
f
T
u
r
b
in
e,
Gen
er
ato
r
,
I
n
let
Val
v
e
an
d
o
th
er
a
u
x
i
liar
y
s
y
s
te
m
s
lik
e
co
o
lin
g
w
ater
,
d
r
ain
ag
e
an
d
d
e
w
ater
i
n
g
s
y
s
te
m
s
,
au
x
iliar
y
p
o
w
er
s
y
s
te
m
a
n
d
eq
u
ip
m
e
n
t,
E
m
er
g
en
c
y
an
d
Sta
n
d
b
y
p
o
w
er
s
y
s
te
m
an
d
eq
u
ip
m
en
t,
L
ig
h
ti
n
g
s
y
s
te
m
an
d
eq
u
ip
m
en
t,
I
n
s
tr
u
m
en
ta
ti
o
n
P
r
o
tectio
n
an
d
C
o
n
tr
o
l
s
y
s
te
m
a
n
d
eq
u
ip
m
en
t
Ven
ti
latio
n
s
y
s
te
m
an
d
E
q
u
ip
m
e
n
t,
Sta
tio
n
g
r
o
u
n
d
i
n
g
,
Fire
f
ig
h
tin
g
eq
u
ip
m
e
n
t a
n
d
s
y
s
te
m
.
7.
T
ail
R
ac
e
C
h
an
n
el
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
Div
er
s
io
n
H
y
d
r
o
elec
tr
ic
[
6
]
Ho
w
e
v
er
th
er
e
ar
e
s
o
m
e
h
y
d
r
o
elec
tr
ic
s
tatio
n
s
o
n
ir
r
ig
atio
n
ca
n
a
l
an
d
d
a
m
s
w
h
ic
h
ar
e
lo
w
h
ea
d
s
ch
e
m
es.
2
.
1
.
G
ener
a
t
o
r,
Vo
lt
a
g
e
& F
re
qu
ency
,
P
o
w
e
r
Ra
t
ing
& Speed
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
-
8814
IJ
AA
S
Vo
l.
6
,
No
.
1
,
Ma
r
ch
2
0
1
7
:
55
–
63
56
2
.
1
.
1
.
G
ener
a
t
o
r
T
h
e
s
p
ee
d
an
d
f
r
eq
u
en
c
y
at
wh
ich
g
e
n
er
ato
r
w
o
r
k
s
m
u
s
t b
e
s
p
ec
if
ied
b
ec
au
s
e
i
t c
o
n
ce
r
n
s
t
h
e
in
ter
n
a
l
w
o
r
k
in
g
o
f
o
v
er
all
u
n
i
t.
T
h
er
e
ar
e
tw
o
t
y
p
es o
f
g
e
n
er
at
o
r
:
1.
I
n
d
u
ctio
n
g
e
n
er
ato
r
2.
S
y
n
ch
r
o
n
o
u
s
g
en
er
ato
r
An
in
d
u
ctio
n
g
en
er
ato
r
r
eq
u
ir
es
ex
ter
n
al
e
x
citatio
n
;
it
is
n
o
t
u
s
ed
f
o
r
is
o
lated
p
o
w
er
p
l
an
t.
T
h
ese
g
en
er
ato
r
s
ar
e
ch
ea
p
er
t
h
a
n
s
y
n
c
h
r
o
n
o
u
s
g
en
er
ato
r
s
.
E
f
f
o
r
ts
ar
e
o
n
to
p
r
o
v
id
e
elec
tr
o
n
ics
d
e
v
ices
f
o
r
ex
citatio
n
.
2
.
1
.
2
.
Vo
lt
a
g
e
Fo
r
m
icr
o
h
y
d
r
o
p
o
w
er
p
lan
t
s
,
s
in
g
le
-
p
h
a
s
e
g
e
n
er
ato
r
s
ar
e
av
ailab
le
w
ith
o
u
tp
u
t
v
o
lta
g
e
o
f
1
2
0
V
an
d
/o
r
2
4
0
V
d
e
p
en
d
in
g
o
n
in
ter
n
al
co
n
n
ec
tio
n
,
3
-
p
h
ase
g
en
er
ato
r
s
ar
e
av
ailab
le
f
o
r
v
o
ltag
es
o
f
ab
o
u
t
2
4
0
/4
1
5
V.
I
f
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
atio
n
o
f
v
o
ltag
e
is
n
o
t
b
ein
g
co
n
s
id
er
ed
,
th
e
v
o
ltag
e
g
e
n
er
ated
s
h
o
u
ld
m
a
tch
th
a
t
o
f
th
e
ap
p
lian
ce
s
a
n
d
eq
u
ip
m
e
n
t
th
at
w
ill b
e
p
lu
g
g
ed
in
to
t
h
e
s
y
s
te
m
.
I
f
p
o
w
er
w
ill b
e
tr
an
s
m
itted
s
o
m
e
d
is
ta
n
ce
to
th
e
co
n
s
u
m
er
.
A
h
ig
h
er
g
en
er
ato
r
v
o
ltag
e
w
o
u
ld
r
ed
u
c
e
lo
s
s
es
w
i
th
o
u
t
r
eq
u
ir
i
n
g
a
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
er
at
t
h
e
p
o
w
er
h
o
u
s
e
an
d
if
b
o
th
s
tep
-
u
p
an
d
s
tep
-
d
o
w
n
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
er
s
ar
e
b
ein
g
co
n
s
id
er
ed
b
ec
au
s
e
o
f
th
e
m
ag
n
it
u
d
e
o
f
th
e
p
o
w
er
to
b
e
tr
an
s
m
itted
an
d
th
e
d
is
ta
n
ce
to
b
e
co
v
er
ed
,
eith
er
g
e
n
er
atio
n
v
o
lta
g
e
co
u
ld
b
e
u
s
ed
.
2
.
1
.
3
.
F
re
qu
ency
T
h
e
n
atio
n
al
u
s
u
a
ll
y
s
ets t
h
e
g
en
er
ato
r
o
u
tp
u
t f
r
eq
u
e
n
c
y
s
ta
n
d
ar
d
,
w
h
ich
i
s
eit
h
er
5
0
Hz
o
r
6
0
Hz.
I
n
I
n
d
ia
f
r
eq
u
e
n
c
y
o
f
5
0
Hz
is
u
s
ed
.
2
.
1
.
4
.
P
o
w
er
r
a
t
ing
I
f
a
co
m
m
er
cial
u
n
it
is
p
u
r
c
h
ased
an
d
th
e
n
e
t
-
h
ea
d
an
d
f
lo
w
a
v
ailab
le
to
a
tu
r
b
in
e
h
av
e
b
ee
n
d
eter
m
in
ed
.
T
h
e
o
u
tp
u
t
p
o
w
er
is
s
i
m
p
l
y
a
f
u
n
ctio
n
o
f
u
n
it
’
s
o
v
er
all
e
f
f
icien
c
y
.
T
h
e
o
u
tp
u
t
o
f
an
AC
g
en
er
ato
r
is
a
cu
r
r
en
t
a
n
d
v
o
ltag
e
th
at
b
o
th
c
h
an
g
e
in
m
a
g
n
it
u
d
e
w
it
h
ti
m
e.
I
f
th
e
e
x
ter
n
al
cu
r
r
en
t
i
s
p
u
r
el
y
r
esis
ti
v
e,
t
h
e
cu
r
r
e
n
t
a
n
d
v
o
lta
g
e
ar
e
i
n
p
h
a
s
e
-
a
t
ea
ch
p
o
in
t
i
n
ti
m
e.
T
h
e
v
alu
e
o
f
o
n
e
is
d
ir
ec
tl
y
p
r
o
p
o
r
tio
n
al
to
th
at
o
f
t
h
e
o
th
er
.
T
h
e
av
er
ag
e
p
o
w
er
o
u
tp
u
t o
f
t
h
e
g
e
n
er
ato
r
is
eq
u
al
to
th
e
p
o
w
er
co
n
s
u
m
ed
b
y
lo
ad
:
P
o
=
E
o
I
o
(
1
)
W
h
er
e
P
o
=
E
f
f
ec
ti
v
e
P
o
w
er
(
V
A
o
r
W
)
E
o
=
E
f
f
ec
tiv
e
Vo
lta
g
e
(
V)
I
o
=
E
f
f
ec
tiv
e
C
u
r
r
en
t (
I
)
Fo
r
a
p
u
r
ely
r
e
s
is
ti
v
e
t
y
p
e,
th
e
v
alu
e
o
f
p
o
w
er
ex
p
r
es
s
ed
in
w
att
s
is
eq
u
al
to
th
e
v
al
u
e
ex
p
r
ess
ed
in
v
o
lt
-
a
m
p
er
es.
I
f
t
h
e
ex
ter
n
a
l
cir
cu
it
also
in
cl
u
d
es
i
n
d
u
ctiv
e
o
r
ca
p
ac
itiv
e
ele
m
e
n
t
s
,
s
u
ch
a
s
m
o
to
r
s
,
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
er
s
,
o
r
f
l
u
o
r
escen
t la
m
p
s
,
th
e
v
o
lta
g
e
an
d
cu
r
r
en
t m
a
y
n
o
t b
e
in
p
h
a
s
e.
P
o
=
E
o
I
o
P
f
(
2
)
W
h
er
e
P
o
w
er
Facto
r
,
P
f
=
co
s
pf
an
d
pf
is
a,
m
ea
s
u
r
e
o
f
h
o
w
m
u
ch
t
h
e
v
o
lta
g
e
lead
s
t
h
e
cu
r
r
en
t.
2
.
1
.
5
.
Sp
ee
d
I
f
g
e
n
er
ato
r
is
p
u
r
ch
ased
s
ep
ar
atel
y
,
g
e
n
er
ato
r
s
p
ee
d
m
u
s
t
b
e
s
p
ec
if
ied
.
T
h
e
g
e
n
er
ato
r
s
p
ee
d
i
s
r
elate
d
to
th
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
g
e
n
er
ato
r
p
o
les an
d
th
e
d
esire
d
o
u
tp
u
t f
r
eq
u
e
n
c
y
in
t
h
e
f
o
llo
w
in
g
m
an
n
er
s
:
p
n
f
N
1
2
0
(3
)
W
h
er
e
N
=
Gen
er
ato
r
s
p
ee
d
(
r
ev
/
m
in
)
,
f
=
o
u
tp
u
t
f
r
eq
u
e
n
c
y
(
Hz)
an
d
n
p
=
n
o
. o
f p
o
les
General
ly
4
p
o
les
are
u
s
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spe
ed and
less
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earin
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x
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enerat
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and
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pla
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f 1
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2
.
2
.
P
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s
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l C
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t
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S
m
all
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e
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er
ato
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ca
n
eith
er
h
av
e
b
r
u
s
h
e
s
o
r
b
e
b
r
u
s
h
ele
s
s
g
e
n
er
ato
r
s
,
an
elec
tr
o
m
a
g
n
etic
f
ield
tr
an
s
m
it
s
ex
cita
tio
n
c
u
r
r
en
t
f
r
o
m
th
e
s
tatio
n
ar
y
to
th
e
r
o
tati
n
g
ele
m
e
n
t,
f
o
r
m
er
l
y
,
b
r
u
s
h
e
s
r
u
b
b
in
g
a
g
ai
n
s
t
s
lip
r
in
g
lo
ca
ted
o
n
th
e
s
h
af
t
s
er
v
ed
f
o
r
th
is
p
u
r
p
o
s
e,
b
u
t
th
ese
w
ea
r
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u
t
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h
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v
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to
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ep
lace
d
p
er
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icall
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B
r
u
s
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ele
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s
g
e
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er
ato
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s
d
o
n
o
t
h
av
e
a
f
f
ec
t
t
h
e
in
s
u
la
tio
n
o
f
g
en
er
ato
r
w
in
d
i
n
g
;
it
is
al
s
o
n
ec
es
s
ar
y
to
s
p
ec
if
y
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IJ
AA
S
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8814
S
ma
ll Hy
d
r
o
P
o
w
er S
ch
eme
s
:
Tech
n
ica
l A
s
p
ec
ts
(
Hir
a
S
in
g
h
S
a
ch
d
ev
,
)
57
th
e
cli
m
atic
co
n
d
itio
n
s
.
T
h
e
t
y
p
es
o
f
co
u
p
li
n
g
b
et
w
ee
n
t
u
r
b
in
e
an
d
g
e
n
er
ato
r
s
h
o
u
ld
b
e
s
p
ec
if
ied
.
Dir
ec
t
co
u
p
lin
g
is
p
r
ef
er
r
ed
b
ec
au
s
e
i
t p
er
m
i
ts
a
m
o
r
e
co
m
p
ac
t la
y
o
u
t a
n
d
les
s
m
ain
ten
a
n
ce
h
o
w
e
v
er
it is
i
m
p
o
s
s
ib
le
f
o
r
s
m
all
-
s
tan
d
ar
d
ized
u
n
i
ts
.
T
h
er
e
ar
e
m
a
n
y
t
y
p
es
o
f
co
u
p
lin
g
b
u
t
th
e
m
o
s
t
s
u
itab
le
o
n
e
m
u
s
t
b
e
ch
o
s
en
.
I
f
th
e
g
en
er
ato
r
ex
p
er
ien
ce
s
a
l
o
s
s
o
f
lo
ad
o
r
ex
citatio
n
,
b
o
th
t
h
e
tu
r
b
i
n
e
an
d
g
en
er
ato
r
will
attai
n
a
r
u
n
a
w
a
y
s
p
ee
d
.
3.
I
NT
AK
E
S
T
RUC
T
UR
E
R
iv
er
Hea
d
R
eg
u
lato
r
P
o
w
er
C
h
a
n
n
e
l
Fo
r
eb
ay
4.
5.
P
o
w
er
C
h
a
n
n
e
l
I
n
tak
e
S
tr
u
ct
u
r
e
P
en
s
to
ck
P
o
w
er
Ho
u
s
e
An
i
n
tak
e
s
tr
u
c
tu
r
e
i
s
an
ar
r
a
n
g
e
m
e
n
t
b
y
w
h
ic
h
w
ater
is
s
a
tis
f
ac
to
r
il
y
d
iv
er
ted
f
o
r
th
e
r
e
q
u
ir
ed
u
s
e.
T
h
u
s
,
th
e
i
n
ta
k
e
is
a
n
ar
r
an
g
e
m
en
t
w
h
ic
h
allo
w
s
w
ater
to
b
e
tak
en
f
r
o
m
it
s
s
o
u
r
ce
a
n
d
th
en
d
is
ch
ar
g
e
i
n
to
th
e
co
n
v
e
y
an
ce
s
y
s
te
m
f
o
r
w
h
ic
h
it is
let
to
th
e
d
esire
d
u
s
e
(
e.
g
.
h
y
d
r
o
elec
tr
ic
p
o
w
er
g
e
n
er
atio
n
)
.
I
n
tak
e
w
o
r
k
s
s
h
o
u
ld
f
u
l
f
il
l th
e
f
o
llo
w
in
g
r
eq
u
ir
e
m
en
t
s
.
1.
Ass
u
r
ed
w
ater
s
u
p
p
l
y
2.
Su
itab
le
q
u
al
it
y
o
f
w
ater
3.
C
o
n
tr
o
l o
v
er
s
u
p
p
l
y
o
f
w
ater
Fu
n
ctio
n
r
eq
u
ir
e
m
e
n
ts
o
f
in
ta
k
e
r
e
m
ai
n
t
h
e
s
a
m
e
b
u
t
t
h
eir
l
a
y
o
u
t,
s
h
ap
e
an
d
o
p
er
atin
g
ar
r
an
g
e
m
e
n
t
w
il
l g
r
ea
tl
y
d
if
f
er
ac
co
r
d
in
g
to
th
eir
o
p
er
atin
g
h
ea
d
s
an
d
ac
c
o
r
d
in
g
to
th
e
w
ater
co
n
d
u
cto
r
s
y
s
te
m
.
A
cc
o
r
d
in
g
to
o
p
er
atin
g
h
ea
d
i
n
tak
e
m
a
y
b
e
clas
s
i
f
ied
(
a)
L
o
w
h
ea
d
in
tak
e
(
b
)
Me
d
iu
m
h
ea
d
in
tak
e
an
d
(
c)
Hig
h
h
ea
d
in
ta
k
e.
3
.
1
.
Ca
na
l In
t
a
k
e
T
h
is
in
ta
k
e
ca
n
b
e
s
i
tu
ated
at
t
h
e
r
iv
er
to
tr
a
n
s
f
er
w
a
ter
f
r
o
m
r
iv
er
to
th
e
ch
a
n
n
el.
T
h
is
i
s
al
s
o
k
n
o
w
n
as
h
ea
d
r
eg
u
lato
r
.
An
i
n
tak
e
p
r
o
v
id
ed
in
th
e
p
o
w
er
ch
a
n
n
el
to
h
o
ld
th
e
p
e
n
s
to
ck
s
h
a
l
l
also
co
m
e
in
t
h
e
ca
teg
o
r
y
o
f
ca
n
al
in
tak
e
w
h
ic
h
ar
e
lo
w
h
ea
d
in
ta
k
e.
3
.
2
.
Da
m
I
nta
k
e
I
n
tak
e
i
s
an
i
n
te
g
r
al
p
ar
t
o
f
th
e
d
a
m
s
tr
u
ct
u
r
e
an
d
ca
n
b
e
p
o
s
s
ib
le
o
n
l
y
i
n
co
n
cr
ete
d
am
s
.
I
n
ca
s
e
in
ta
k
e
r
eq
u
ir
ed
o
n
a
n
ea
r
t
h
o
r
r
o
ck
f
ill
d
a
m
,
t
h
e
co
n
v
e
y
a
n
c
e
s
y
s
te
m
w
i
ll
b
e
g
en
er
all
y
t
u
n
n
el.
Da
m
s
i
n
ta
k
es
w
il
l b
e
g
en
er
all
y
lo
w
an
d
m
ed
iu
m
h
ea
d
in
tak
e.
3
.
3
.
Cho
ice
o
f
L
o
ca
t
io
n
I
n
I
n
ta
k
e
f
r
o
m
r
i
v
er
f
ee
d
i
n
g
h
ea
d
r
ac
e
ch
an
n
el/
tu
n
n
el
is
s
ilt
ed
o
r
s
tr
aig
h
t
r
ea
ch
o
f
t
h
e
r
iv
e
r
,
th
e
r
atio
o
f
s
ed
i
m
e
n
t
ca
r
r
ied
in
to
d
iv
er
s
io
n
ch
a
n
n
el
an
d
t
h
e
m
a
in
s
tr
ea
m
is
m
u
ch
m
o
r
e
as
co
m
p
ar
ed
to
th
e
r
atio
s
o
f
r
esp
ec
tiv
e
d
is
ch
ar
g
es,
e.
g
.
5
0
-
5
0
%
d
is
ch
ar
g
e
in
t
h
e
t
w
o
,
b
ed
lo
ad
en
ter
in
g
th
e
d
iv
er
s
io
n
ch
a
n
n
e
l
m
a
y
b
e
9
0
%.
A
n
g
le
o
f
o
f
f
ta
k
es d
o
es
n
o
t h
a
v
e
s
i
g
n
i
f
ica
n
t e
f
f
ec
t
s
.
H
o
w
e
v
er
,
s
ed
i
m
e
n
t e
n
tr
y
i
n
to
t
h
e
d
iv
er
s
io
n
c
h
a
n
n
el
w
il
l b
e
g
r
e
ater
w
i
th
3
0
o
as c
o
m
p
ar
ed
to
9
0
o
.
A
t
th
e
b
e
n
d
s
,
o
n
ac
co
u
n
t
o
f
c
o
m
b
i
n
ed
ef
f
ec
t
o
f
v
e
lo
cit
y
d
i
s
tr
ib
u
tio
n
i
n
a
v
er
tical
an
d
co
r
r
esp
o
n
d
in
g
ce
n
tr
if
u
g
al
f
o
r
ce
,
a
s
o
r
t
o
f
s
p
ir
al
f
lo
w
i
s
s
et
a
n
d
s
i
m
u
lta
n
e
o
u
s
l
y
cr
o
s
s
f
lo
w
s
d
e
v
elo
p
s
at
th
e
cr
o
s
s
s
ec
tio
n
s
v
elo
cities
d
ec
r
ea
s
i
n
g
to
w
ar
d
s
co
n
v
e
x
s
id
e.
T
h
e
f
lo
w
p
atter
n
also
in
d
u
ce
s
s
e
g
r
eg
atio
n
in
t
h
e
b
ad
lo
ad
.
R
iv
er
f
r
ac
tio
n
o
f
s
ed
i
m
en
t
lo
ad
w
il
l
b
e
m
o
r
e
alo
n
g
cir
c
u
lar
p
ath
co
n
ce
n
tr
ic
w
i
th
t
h
e
c
u
r
v
e
w
h
i
le
th
e
co
u
r
s
er
o
n
es
g
et
d
ir
ec
ted
to
w
ar
d
s
th
e
cu
r
v
e
p
ea
k
w
h
er
e
t
h
e
y
g
o
t
en
tr
ap
p
ed
in
t
h
e
s
p
ir
al
f
lo
w
an
d
tr
an
s
p
o
r
ted
o
f
f
th
e
co
n
ca
v
e
b
an
k
.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e,
in
ta
k
e
lo
ca
ted
o
n
t
h
e
co
n
ca
v
e
s
id
e
o
f
a
c
u
r
v
e
at
p
o
i
n
t,
w
h
er
e
s
p
ir
al
f
lo
w
is
s
tr
o
n
g
w
il
l
d
r
a
w
co
m
p
ar
ativ
el
y
s
ilt
f
r
ee
w
a
ter
.
I
t
is
s
ee
m
th
at
s
it
tin
g
th
e
in
tak
e
at
th
e
d
o
w
n
s
tr
ea
m
e
n
d
o
f
th
e
cu
r
v
ed
s
tr
etch
i
s
th
e
m
o
s
t
f
a
v
o
u
r
ab
le
b
ec
au
s
e
th
e
s
p
ir
al
f
lo
w
w
il
l b
e
less
an
d
i
s
r
aised
b
y
d
iv
er
s
io
n
w
o
r
k
,
t
h
e
v
elo
cit
y
o
f
f
lo
w
w
ill
b
e
less
a
n
d
th
e
ce
n
tr
if
u
g
al
f
o
r
ce
ac
tin
g
o
n
w
ater
m
ass
e
s
m
o
v
in
g
i
n
b
en
d
is
d
im
i
n
is
h
ed
an
d
s
p
ir
al
f
lo
w
is
d
ev
el
o
p
ed
.
Mo
d
el
s
tu
d
y
is
r
ec
o
m
m
e
n
d
ed
in
in
d
i
v
id
u
al
ca
s
e
to
d
eter
m
i
n
e
t
h
e
b
est s
i
te
f
o
r
an
in
ta
k
e.
4.
T
YP
E
O
F
W
E
I
R
S
a.
T
r
en
ch
w
eir
b.
R
o
ck
f
ill
w
eir
s
c.
Ver
tical
d
r
o
p
w
eir
s
d.
C
o
n
cr
ete
w
eir
w
it
h
s
lo
p
in
g
g
l
ac
is
4
.
1
.
Ro
ck
F
ill
Weirs
W
ater
So
u
r
ce
I
n
tak
e
C
o
n
v
e
y
a
n
ce
S
y
s
te
m
Desire
d
Use
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
-
8814
IJ
AA
S
Vo
l.
6
,
No
.
1
,
Ma
r
ch
2
0
1
7
:
55
–
63
58
B
o
u
ld
er
s
ar
e
laid
in
th
e
w
eir
i
n
ter
v
e
n
i
n
g
w
a
lls
.
T
h
e
d
o
w
n
s
tr
ea
m
s
lo
p
e
is
g
e
n
er
all
y
m
ad
e
in
f
la
t slo
p
es.
4
.
2
.
Ver
t
ica
l We
irs
C
o
n
cr
ete
m
a
s
o
n
r
y
g
r
a
v
it
y
o
v
er
f
lo
w
w
eir
i
s
co
n
s
tr
u
cted
o
v
er
th
e
r
iv
er
b
ed
w
it
h
e
n
er
g
y
d
is
s
ip
atio
n
ar
r
an
g
e
m
en
t
s
.
4
.
3
.
Co
ncre
t
e
Weirs w
it
h S
lo
pin
g
G
la
cis
W
eir
s
o
f
th
i
s
t
y
p
e
ar
e
o
f
r
ec
e
n
t
o
r
i
g
in
an
d
th
e
ir
d
esi
g
n
is
b
ased
o
n
m
o
d
e
r
n
co
n
ce
p
t
o
f
s
u
b
s
u
r
f
ac
e
f
lo
w
.
Sh
ee
t
p
iles
o
f
s
u
f
f
icie
n
t
d
ep
th
s
ar
e
d
r
iv
en
at
u
p
s
t
r
ea
m
an
d
d
o
w
n
s
tr
ea
m
an
d
s
o
m
e
ti
m
e
at
in
ter
m
ed
iate
lo
ca
tio
n
.
4
.
4
.
Desig
n Co
ns
i
dera
t
io
ns
T
h
e
d
esig
n
w
eir
i
n
t
w
o
p
h
ases
.
1.
H
y
d
r
au
lic
De
s
i
g
n
,
2.
Stru
ct
u
r
al
d
esig
n
H
y
d
r
au
lic
Desi
g
n
:
Dea
l
s
w
it
h
t
h
e
ev
a
lu
at
io
n
o
f
t
h
e
h
y
d
r
au
lic
f
o
r
ce
s
ac
ti
n
g
o
n
t
h
e
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e
a
n
d
d
eter
m
in
at
io
n
o
f
t
h
e
co
n
f
ig
u
r
a
tio
n
o
f
t
h
e
s
a
m
e
f
o
r
th
e
b
est e
co
n
o
m
y
a
n
d
ef
f
icie
n
c
y
.
Stru
ct
u
r
al
Des
ig
n
:
co
n
s
i
s
ts
o
f
th
e
d
i
f
f
er
en
t
p
ar
t
o
f
t
h
e
s
tr
u
c
tu
r
e
to
e
n
ab
le
it
to
r
esi
s
t
s
af
e
t
y
f
r
o
m
all
th
e
f
o
r
ce
s
ac
ti
n
g
o
n
it.
5.
DE
S
I
L
T
I
N
G
AR
RAN
G
E
M
E
NT
S
E
v
en
s
i
n
ce
t
h
e
p
r
ese
n
t
ca
n
al
s
y
s
te
m
co
n
tr
o
lled
b
y
h
ea
d
w
o
r
k
s
ca
r
e
i
n
to
e
x
is
ten
ce
,
th
e
en
g
i
n
ee
r
s
h
av
e
b
ee
n
f
ac
i
n
g
t
h
e
p
r
o
b
le
m
s
o
f
s
ilt
in
g
o
f
t
h
e
o
f
f
-
ta
k
i
n
g
ch
a
n
n
els
d
u
r
i
n
g
m
o
n
s
o
o
n
s
.
Stre
a
m
s
e
s
p
ec
iall
y
o
r
ig
in
ati
n
g
f
r
o
m
Hi
m
a
la
y
a
s
,
ca
r
r
y
a
lar
g
e
q
u
a
n
tit
y
o
f
s
ed
i
m
en
ts
co
n
s
i
s
ti
n
g
o
f
b
o
u
ld
er
s
,
p
eb
b
les,
s
in
g
le
a
n
d
s
an
d
.
T
h
is
ex
ce
s
s
iv
e
s
ed
i
m
e
n
t
is
n
o
t
ca
r
r
ied
d
o
w
n
b
y
th
e
o
f
f
tak
i
n
g
ch
a
n
n
el
s
d
u
e
to
th
eir
s
lo
p
e
b
ein
g
m
ild
er
th
an
t
h
at
o
f
t
h
e
s
tr
ea
m
s
.
T
h
e
ch
an
n
el
t
h
u
s
ten
d
s
to
ag
g
r
eg
ate
r
esu
lti
n
g
i
n
r
ed
u
ctio
n
o
f
it
s
d
is
ch
ar
g
in
g
ca
p
ac
it
y
in
th
e
p
o
w
er
ch
a
n
n
e
ls
,
th
e
s
e
d
i
m
en
t
lad
en
w
ater
d
a
m
a
g
es
t
h
e
r
u
n
n
er
b
lad
es
o
f
th
e
tu
r
b
in
e,
th
er
eb
y
a
f
f
ec
t
in
g
th
e
p
o
w
er
g
en
er
atio
n
.
T
h
e
s
ed
i
m
en
t
d
ep
o
s
ited
i
n
th
e
c
h
an
n
els
i
f
h
as
to
b
e
r
e
m
o
v
ed
m
a
n
u
al
l
y
n
ec
es
s
itati
n
g
lo
n
g
clo
s
u
r
e
w
it
h
in
e
v
itab
le
lo
s
s
o
f
r
ev
e
n
u
e.
Var
io
u
s
m
ea
s
u
r
es
h
av
e
b
ee
n
ev
o
l
v
ed
f
r
o
m
ti
m
e
f
o
r
ch
ec
k
in
g
e
n
tr
y
o
f
s
ed
i
m
e
n
t
i
n
to
th
e
o
f
f
tak
i
n
g
c
h
an
n
el
s
.
T
h
ese
ca
n
b
e
b
r
o
ad
ly
class
i
f
ie
d
in
to
:
1.
P
r
ev
en
tiv
e
:
T
h
e
en
tr
y
o
f
s
ed
i
m
en
t
ch
ec
k
ed
b
ef
o
r
e
its
en
tr
y
in
to
th
e
h
ea
d
r
eg
u
latio
n
.
T
h
ese
ar
e
co
n
s
tr
u
cted
in
th
e
s
tr
ea
m
s
.
2.
C
u
r
ati
v
e:
T
h
e
s
ed
i
m
en
t
is
e
x
clu
d
ed
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
ch
a
n
n
el
a
f
ter
its
e
n
tr
y
w
it
h
t
h
e
ch
a
n
n
el.
T
h
ese
ar
e
co
n
s
tr
u
cted
i
n
th
e
c
h
a
n
n
el.
T
h
e
b
asic
p
r
in
cip
le
o
n
w
h
ic
h
th
e
s
e
d
ev
ice
s
w
o
r
k
is
t
h
at
in
a
m
o
b
ile
ch
a
n
n
el
t
h
e
s
e
d
i
m
en
t
is
tr
an
s
p
o
r
ted
,
as
b
ed
an
d
s
u
s
p
en
d
ed
lo
ad
.
T
h
e
v
er
tical
ed
d
y
co
m
p
o
n
e
n
t
o
f
t
h
e
cu
r
r
en
t
th
r
o
w
u
p
th
e
f
i
n
er
p
ar
ticles
w
h
ic
h
ar
e
h
eld
in
s
u
s
p
en
s
io
n
m
o
v
es a
lo
n
g
th
e
b
ed
b
y
r
o
lli
n
g
,
s
lid
i
n
g
an
d
s
altatio
n
.
T
h
er
e
is
n
o
t c
lear
lin
e
o
f
d
e
m
ar
ca
tio
n
b
et
w
ee
n
th
e
b
ed
lo
ad
an
d
s
u
s
p
en
d
ed
l
o
ad
d
u
e
to
co
n
tin
u
o
u
s
i
n
ter
ch
an
g
e
o
f
p
ar
ticle
s
le
av
i
n
g
a
n
d
r
etu
r
n
i
n
g
to
t
h
e
b
ed
.
T
h
e
co
n
ce
n
tr
atio
n
o
f
m
ate
r
ial
in
lo
w
er
la
y
er
s
is
h
o
w
e
v
er
g
r
ea
te
r
th
a
n
t
h
at
i
n
th
e
u
p
p
er
o
n
es.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e,
t
h
e
w
ater
ex
tr
ac
ted
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
lo
w
er
la
y
er
s
ca
r
r
ies
co
m
p
ar
ati
v
el
y
m
o
r
e
s
ed
i
m
en
t,
th
er
eb
y
r
ed
u
ci
n
g
t
h
e
s
ed
i
m
e
n
t
co
n
ce
n
tr
atio
n
i
n
t
h
e
ca
n
al
d
o
w
n
s
tr
ea
m
.
5
.
1
.
Set
t
ing
B
a
s
ins
Settin
g
b
asi
n
i
n
o
n
e
o
f
t
h
e
m
o
s
t
e
f
f
ec
ti
v
e
d
ev
ice
s
f
o
r
r
e
m
o
v
in
g
s
ed
i
m
e
n
t
p
ar
ticle
s
f
r
o
m
th
e
f
lo
w
i
n
g
w
ater
.
T
h
e
r
ed
u
ctio
n
i
n
t
h
e
v
e
lo
cit
y
o
f
f
lo
w
i
n
t
h
e
s
e
ttli
n
g
b
asin
is
ca
u
s
ed
b
y
e
x
p
an
s
io
n
o
f
t
h
e
c
h
an
n
el
cr
o
s
s
s
ec
tio
n
o
v
er
th
e
le
n
g
t
h
o
f
th
e
b
asin
.
S
u
ch
r
e
d
u
ctio
n
in
t
h
e
v
elo
cit
y
also
r
ed
u
ce
s
t
h
e
b
ed
s
h
ea
r
s
tr
ess
a
n
d
th
e
tu
r
b
u
le
n
ce
.
R
ed
u
ctio
n
i
n
t
h
e
v
elo
cit
y
,
s
h
ea
r
s
tr
es
s
a
n
d
t
h
e
t
u
r
b
u
len
ce
,
i
f
ad
eq
u
ate,
s
tep
s
t
h
e
b
ed
m
ater
ial
f
r
o
m
m
o
v
i
n
g
an
d
also
ca
u
s
e
s
p
ar
t
o
f
th
e
s
u
s
p
e
n
d
ed
m
a
ter
ial
to
d
e
p
o
s
it.
On
ce
th
e
m
i
n
i
m
u
m
s
ize
o
f
s
ed
i
m
en
t
to
b
e
r
e
m
o
v
ed
h
a
s
b
ee
n
d
ec
id
ed
,
th
e
d
esig
n
o
f
th
e
s
ettli
n
g
b
asi
n
i
n
v
o
l
v
es
d
eter
m
i
n
atio
n
o
f
t
h
e
d
ep
th
an
d
le
n
g
t
h
o
f
th
e
b
asi
n
an
d
ch
o
ice
o
f
t
h
e
m
e
th
o
d
o
f
r
e
m
o
v
al
o
f
th
e
d
ep
o
s
it
ed
m
ater
ia
l.
T
h
e
m
ea
n
h
o
r
izo
n
tal
v
elo
cit
y
in
t
h
e
s
ett
lin
g
b
asi
n
th
a
t
is
co
n
s
id
er
ed
d
esira
b
le
d
ep
en
d
s
o
n
th
e
s
m
al
lest
s
ize
o
f
s
ed
i
m
e
n
t
to
th
e
r
e
m
o
v
ed
an
d
th
e
ec
o
n
o
m
ic
len
g
t
h
o
f
t
h
e
b
asin
.
T
h
e
v
elo
cit
y
in
t
h
e
ex
i
s
ti
n
g
s
ettli
n
g
b
asin
s
r
an
g
e
s
f
r
o
m
0
.
0
8
to
0
.
4
5
m
/
s
.
T
h
e
s
m
aller
v
elo
cit
y
s
h
o
u
ld
b
e
u
s
ed
i
f
f
in
er
m
ater
i
al
i
s
to
b
e
r
e
m
o
v
ed
.
Sin
ce
v
ar
y
lo
n
g
s
ettl
in
g
b
as
in
s
ar
e
n
ee
d
ed
f
o
r
r
em
o
v
in
g
.
6.
T
YP
E
S O
F
P
O
WE
R
CH
AN
NE
L
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IJ
AA
S
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8814
S
ma
ll Hy
d
r
o
P
o
w
er S
ch
eme
s
:
Tech
n
ica
l A
s
p
ec
ts
(
Hir
a
S
in
g
h
S
a
ch
d
ev
,
)
59
6
.
1
.
O
pen Cha
nn
el
(
a)
R
ec
tan
g
u
lar
(
b
)
T
r
a
p
ez
o
id
al
(
c)
T
r
ian
g
u
lar
6
.
2
.
Clo
s
ed
Co
nd
uit
(
a)
R
ein
f
o
r
ce
d
co
n
cr
ete
p
ip
e
(
b
)
P
VC
p
ip
es
(
c)
Steel
p
ip
es
6
.
3
.
F
lu
m
es/
Co
v
er
ed
Cha
nn
el
s
T
h
e
f
ee
d
er
ch
a
n
n
el
o
r
ch
a
n
n
e
l
n
ea
r
i
n
ta
k
e
s
h
o
u
ld
b
e
p
r
ef
er
ab
ly
co
v
er
ed
/R
C
C
b
o
x
s
ec
tio
n
b
ec
au
s
e
th
is
ar
ea
m
a
y
b
e
s
u
b
j
ec
ted
to
f
lo
o
d
.
6
.
4
.
Alig
n
m
ent
I
n
g
e
n
er
al
f
o
r
th
e
ali
g
n
m
e
n
t o
f
ch
an
n
els,
f
o
llo
w
in
g
p
r
in
cip
le
s
m
u
s
t b
e
f
o
llo
w
ed
–
(
a)
T
h
e
ca
n
al
len
g
th
s
h
o
u
ld
b
e
as
s
h
o
r
t a
s
p
o
s
s
ib
le.
(
b
)
T
h
e
ca
n
al
s
h
o
u
ld
b
e
alig
n
ed
a
s
h
i
g
h
a
s
p
o
s
s
ib
le
u
s
u
al
l
y
alo
n
g
th
e
co
n
to
u
r
s
s
o
as to
g
ain
m
o
r
e
h
ea
d
.
(
c)
T
o
cr
o
s
s
-
d
r
ain
ag
e
w
o
r
k
s
s
u
ch
as a
q
u
ed
u
cts,
f
l
u
m
es e
tc.
s
h
o
u
ld
b
e
av
o
id
ed
as f
ar
as p
o
s
s
ib
le.
6
.
5
.
M
a
t
er
ia
ls
F
o
r
L
ini
ng
(
a)
Sto
n
e
Ma
s
o
n
r
y
(
b
)
C
o
n
c
r
ete
li
n
in
g
(
c)
L
i
n
i
n
g
w
i
th
L
DP
E
(
d
)
Sh
o
r
tcr
ete
lin
i
n
g
(
e)
B
r
ick
tiles
li
n
i
n
g
(
f
)
R
C
C
s
ec
tio
n
7.
F
O
RE
B
AY
T
h
e
f
o
r
eb
ay
is
a
b
asi
n
lo
ca
ted
j
u
s
t b
ef
o
r
e
th
e
en
tr
a
n
ce
to
th
e
p
en
s
to
ck
.
P
o
s
s
ib
le
d
esi
g
n
r
an
g
es f
r
o
m
a
s
i
m
p
le
e
x
ca
v
a
ted
ar
ea
o
r
p
o
n
d
to
a
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e
o
f
r
ei
n
f
o
r
ce
d
co
n
cr
ete.
7
.
1
P
urpo
s
es f
F
o
re
ba
y
T
h
e
f
o
r
eb
ay
ca
n
s
er
v
e
f
o
llo
w
i
n
g
p
u
r
p
o
s
es:
(
i)
I
t c
an
s
er
v
e
as a
f
i
n
al
s
et
tli
n
g
b
asin
w
h
er
e
an
y
w
ater
b
o
r
n
e
d
eb
r
is
w
h
ic
h
eit
h
er
p
ass
ed
t
h
r
o
u
g
h
t
h
e
i
n
ta
k
e
o
r
w
a
s
s
w
ep
t i
n
to
th
e
ca
n
al
ca
n
b
e
r
e
m
o
v
ed
b
ef
o
r
e
th
e
w
ater
p
ass
es in
to
t
h
e
tu
r
b
i
n
e.
(
ii)
T
h
e
f
o
r
eb
ay
p
r
o
v
id
es so
m
e
s
to
r
ag
e
i
n
ca
s
e
o
f
s
u
d
d
en
f
ailu
r
e
o
f
t
h
e
s
y
s
te
m
.
(
iii)
T
o
s
p
ill th
e
w
ater
in
ca
s
e
o
f
s
u
d
d
en
s
h
u
t d
o
w
n
o
r
ex
tr
a
w
a
ter
co
m
i
n
g
to
f
o
r
eb
a
y
d
u
r
i
n
g
r
ai
n
s
etc.
7
.
2
Co
m
po
nents o
f
F
o
re
ba
y
Dep
en
d
in
g
u
p
o
n
t
h
e
p
u
r
p
o
s
es
o
f
Fo
r
eb
ay
,
it
m
a
y
h
a
v
e
f
o
llo
w
i
n
g
co
m
p
o
n
e
n
ts
–
(
i)
B
asin
I
t is to
p
r
o
v
id
e
s
to
r
ag
e
as
w
ell
as f
o
r
s
ettli
n
g
t
h
e
d
eb
r
is
.
(
ii)
Sp
ill
w
a
y
On
o
cc
asio
n
t
h
e
f
lo
w
e
n
ter
in
g
th
e
f
o
r
eb
a
y
m
a
y
e
x
ce
ed
th
e
f
lo
w
lea
v
i
n
g
v
ia
p
en
s
to
ck
,
s
u
c
h
as
w
h
e
n
a
g
ate
at
th
e
i
n
ta
k
e
h
as
b
ee
n
s
et
i
m
p
r
o
p
er
l
y
,
w
h
e
n
th
e
v
al
v
e
to
th
e
tu
r
b
in
e
h
a
s
b
ee
n
clo
s
ed
o
r
d
u
r
in
g
h
ea
v
y
r
ain
s
w
h
en
e
x
ce
s
s
w
ater
e
n
t
er
s
th
e
ca
n
al
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
s
tr
ea
m
o
r
f
r
o
m
r
u
n
o
f
f
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
u
p
h
ill.
Fo
r
th
ese
r
ea
s
o
n
s
,
it
is
ad
v
is
ab
le
to
h
a
v
e
s
p
ill
w
a
y
.
(
iii)
Gate
o
r
Valv
e
A
g
ate
o
r
v
alv
e
m
u
s
t b
e
p
r
o
v
i
d
ed
at
th
e
en
tr
y
to
th
e
p
e
n
s
to
c
k
to
co
n
tr
o
l th
e
f
lo
w
to
t
h
e
p
en
s
to
c
k
.
(
iv
)
Ou
tlet
An
o
u
tl
et
m
u
s
t
b
e
p
r
o
v
id
ed
to
p
d
r
ain
th
e
s
ilt
ac
cu
m
u
lated
in
th
e
f
o
r
eb
a
y
.
T
h
is
o
u
tlet
m
a
y
b
e
g
ate
co
m
p
elled
o
r
v
al
v
e
co
n
tr
o
lled
.
(
v
)
T
r
ash
r
ac
k
T
r
ash
r
ac
h
is
in
cl
u
d
ed
in
t
h
e
f
o
r
eb
ay
to
p
r
ev
en
t t
h
e
f
lo
w
o
f
d
eb
r
is
in
to
th
e
p
en
s
to
ck
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
-
8814
IJ
AA
S
Vo
l.
6
,
No
.
1
,
Ma
r
ch
2
0
1
7
:
55
–
63
60
(
v
i)
A
ir
Ve
n
t
An
air
v
en
t
p
ip
e
is
in
cl
u
d
ed
in
th
e
w
all
o
f
t
h
e
f
o
r
eb
a
y
j
u
s
t
b
ef
o
r
e
in
let
to
th
e
p
en
s
to
c
k
.
T
h
is
is
p
r
o
v
id
ed
as
a
s
af
et
y
p
r
ec
au
tio
n
ag
ai
n
s
t
co
llap
s
e
o
f
th
e
p
en
s
to
ck
d
u
r
in
g
p
en
s
to
ck
g
e
ts
e
m
p
tied
an
d
p
r
ess
u
r
e
f
alls
b
elo
w
at
m
o
s
p
h
er
ic.
T
h
e
ar
ea
o
f
air
v
en
t p
ip
e
=
1
to
2
%
o
f
p
en
s
t
o
ck
ar
ea
.
7
.
3
L
o
ca
t
io
n o
f
F
o
r
eba
y
T
h
e
lo
ca
tio
n
o
f
th
e
f
o
r
eb
a
y
is
g
o
v
er
n
ed
b
y
to
p
o
g
r
ap
h
ical
an
d
g
eo
lo
g
ical
co
n
d
itio
n
s
o
f
t
h
e
s
ite.
Ho
w
e
v
er
,
th
e
s
ite
o
f
t
h
e
f
o
r
eb
ay
an
d
p
o
w
er
h
o
u
s
e
s
h
o
u
ld
b
e
s
o
s
elec
ted
th
at
th
e
p
en
s
to
c
k
h
a
s
m
i
n
i
m
u
m
le
n
g
th
.
7
.
4
Sto
ra
g
e
T
h
e
f
o
r
eb
ay
is
u
s
u
all
y
d
esi
g
n
ed
f
o
r
a
s
to
r
ag
e
o
f
2
m
i
n
u
te
s
.
A
d
ea
d
s
to
r
ag
e
o
f
ab
o
u
t
0
.
5
m
d
ep
th
is
p
r
o
v
id
ed
b
elo
w
th
e
p
e
n
s
to
ck
e
n
tr
y
to
ac
co
u
n
t f
o
r
s
il
t a
cc
u
m
u
latio
n
etc.
7
.
5
B
ell
M
o
uth
Det
a
ils
T
o
h
av
e
u
n
i
f
o
r
m
f
lo
w
,
t
h
e
e
n
t
r
y
to
p
en
s
to
ck
i
s
b
ell
m
o
u
th
ed
.
8.
P
E
NS
T
O
CK
Var
io
u
s
t
y
p
e
s
o
f
m
ater
ial
ar
e
n
o
w
ad
a
y
s
a
v
ailab
le
f
o
r
m
an
u
f
ac
tu
r
in
g
t
h
e
p
ip
es
w
h
ic
h
co
u
ld
b
e
u
s
ed
as p
en
s
to
c
k
s
f
o
r
s
m
all
h
y
d
r
o
p
o
w
er
d
ev
elo
p
m
e
n
t i
n
th
e
co
u
n
tr
y
.
T
h
e
m
er
i
ts
an
d
d
e
m
er
it
s
o
f
th
e
s
e
p
ip
es v
er
y
w
id
el
y
.
Fo
r
m
a
k
in
g
t
h
e
s
elec
ti
o
n
o
f
t
y
p
e
o
f
p
ip
e
s
h
o
u
ld
b
e
u
s
ed
f
o
r
th
e
s
p
ec
i
f
ic
s
ite,
s
e
v
er
a
l f
ac
to
r
s
s
u
ch
a
s
b
asic c
o
s
t,
tr
an
s
p
o
r
tatio
n
an
d
er
ec
tio
n
ar
t a
n
d
av
ailab
ilit
y
o
f
m
ater
ial
an
d
s
k
ill
s
h
o
u
ld
b
e
co
n
s
id
er
ed
th
o
r
o
u
g
h
l
y
an
d
a
co
m
p
ar
ativ
e
an
al
y
s
is
s
h
a
ll lea
d
to
th
e
d
esig
n
er
to
m
ak
e
s
o
m
e
d
ec
is
io
n.
Desig
n
o
f
P
en
s
to
ck
:
(
1
)
C
r
iter
io
n
f
o
r
H
y
d
r
au
l
ic
Desi
g
n
o
f
P
en
s
to
c
k
I
S 1
1
6
2
5
-
2
0
1
4
(
2
)
C
r
iter
io
n
f
o
r
s
tr
u
ct
u
r
e
d
esig
n
o
f
P
en
s
to
ck
s
I
S 1
1
6
3
9
(
P
ar
t I
)
-
2014
1
Steel
P
ip
e
2
P
.
V.
C
3
R
ein
f
o
r
ce
d
C
o
n
cr
ete
P
ip
e
an
d
P
r
estre
s
s
ed
co
n
cr
ete
p
ip
e
4
Glass
f
ib
r
e
r
ein
f
o
r
ce
d
p
last
ic
p
ip
e
5
P
o
ly
et
h
y
le
n
e
6
W
o
o
d
s
tav
e
7
Glass
f
ib
r
e
r
ein
f
o
r
ce
d
co
n
cr
ete
9.
P
O
WE
R
H
O
USE
B
UI
L
D
I
N
G
P
o
w
er
h
o
u
s
e
b
u
ild
in
g
f
o
r
s
m
al
l h
y
d
r
o
p
o
w
er
s
tatio
n
s
es
s
en
ti
all
y
r
eq
u
ir
es a
b
ig
h
all
to
ac
co
m
m
o
d
ate
m
ac
h
in
e
(
t
u
r
b
in
es Ge
n
er
ato
r
s
etc.
)
w
it
h
s
u
f
f
icie
n
t
h
e
i
g
h
t to
a
cc
o
m
m
o
d
ate
ca
r
n
e
o
p
er
atio
n
s
,
an
d
s
u
f
f
icie
n
t
s
p
ac
e
f
o
r
m
ai
n
ten
a
n
ce
a
n
d
co
n
tr
o
l o
p
er
atio
n
s
.
I
t c
an
b
e
co
n
s
tr
u
cted
as a
s
teel
s
tr
u
ct
u
r
e
co
n
s
i
s
ti
n
g
o
f
co
lu
m
n
s
,
b
ea
m
s
tr
u
s
s
e
s
etc.
o
r
it c
an
b
e
R
ein
f
o
r
ce
co
n
cr
ete
f
o
r
m
ed
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e
w
i
th
g
ab
le
g
r
a
m
es to
ac
co
m
m
o
d
ate
r
o
o
f
(
P
u
r
lin
s
,
s
h
ee
ti
n
g
etc)
.
Fo
r
r
em
o
te
h
il
l
y
s
ites
p
r
ef
ab
b
u
ild
i
n
g
s
ca
n
also
b
e
u
s
ed
w
h
ich
ar
e
ea
s
y
to
tr
an
s
p
o
r
t
an
d
q
u
ick
i
n
s
tallatio
n
.
9
.
1
G
ener
a
l La
y
o
ut
o
f
P
o
w
er
St
a
t
io
n
I
n
Gen
er
al,
a
p
o
w
er
s
tatio
n
m
a
y
b
e
d
iv
id
ed
in
to
f
o
u
r
ar
ea
s
:
(
i)
T
h
e
m
ai
n
m
ac
h
in
e
h
all
(
Un
it b
a
y
)
(
ii)
E
r
ec
tio
n
b
ay
(
iii)
C
o
n
tr
o
l b
ay
(
iv
)
Oth
er
s
er
v
ices a
r
ea
s
9
.
2
P
re
f
a
b B
uil
din
g
s
Fo
r
r
e
m
o
te
h
i
ll
y
ar
ea
s
p
r
ef
ab
b
u
ild
in
g
s
in
co
m
p
o
n
e
n
t
f
r
o
m
is
a
m
o
d
er
n
tec
h
n
iq
u
e.
T
h
ese
ar
e
q
u
ick
to
er
ec
t a
n
d
ea
s
y
to
tr
an
s
p
o
r
t a
n
d
s
to
r
e
in
co
m
p
o
n
e
n
t
f
o
r
m
.
T
h
e
p
r
ef
ab
u
n
its
co
n
s
i
s
t
o
f
co
ld
f
o
r
m
s
teel
s
tr
u
c
tu
r
al
m
e
m
b
er
lik
e
p
u
r
li
n
s
,
teel
r
ail
s
,
in
s
u
l
ated
lo
ad
b
ea
r
in
g
w
all
p
a
n
els
w
it
h
o
u
t
s
id
e
clad
d
in
g
m
.
s
.
p
r
o
f
iled
s
h
ee
ts
an
d
in
s
id
e
p
last
ic/ce
m
e
n
t
b
o
ar
d
,
in
s
u
la
ted
ce
ilin
g
p
an
els
a
n
d
p
ar
titi
o
n
p
an
e
ls
,
al
u
m
in
u
m
co
r
r
u
g
ated
2
2
g
u
ag
e
s
h
ee
t
s
f
o
r
r
o
o
f
in
g
,
p
r
ess
ed
s
teel
d
o
o
r
f
r
a
m
e
s
an
d
w
i
n
d
o
w
s
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IJ
AA
S
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8814
S
ma
ll Hy
d
r
o
P
o
w
er S
ch
eme
s
:
Tech
n
ica
l A
s
p
ec
ts
(
Hir
a
S
in
g
h
S
a
ch
d
ev
,
)
61
T
h
is
r
o
o
f
o
f
b
u
ild
in
g
ca
n
b
e
s
a
f
el
y
d
es
ig
n
ed
f
o
r
f
o
llo
w
i
n
g
d
esig
n
p
ar
a
m
eter
s
.
(
i)
Seis
m
ic
co
ef
f
icie
n
t
-
Seis
m
ic
zo
n
e
V
(
ii)
W
in
d
P
r
ess
u
r
e
-
1
5
0
k
g
/
m
2
(
iii)
T
em
p
er
atu
r
e
-
(
-
)
4
0
o
C
to
5
5
o
C
1
0
.
E
S
T
I
M
AT
I
O
N
O
F
M
I
CRO
H
YDRO
P
O
T
E
N
T
I
A
L
/ N
A
T
UR
E
O
F
L
O
AD
1
0
.
1
.
M
icr
o
H
y
dro
P
o
w
er
(
M
H
P
)
Mic
r
o
h
y
d
r
o
p
o
w
er
i
s
ch
ea
p
est
s
o
u
r
ce
o
f
elec
tr
ic
p
o
w
er
an
d
c
an
b
e
esti
m
ates a
s
:
P
MHP
=
0
.
0
0
2
2
Wr.
H
(
k
Wh /
y
ea
r
)
W
h
er
e
P
S
HP
=
E
lectr
ical
E
n
er
g
y
f
r
o
m
s
m
al
l h
y
d
r
o
p
o
w
er
p
lan
t (
o
r
elec
tr
ic
s
tatio
n
)
/
y
ea
r
W
r
=
Usef
u
l
w
ater
i
n
r
eser
v
o
i
r
in
a
y
ea
r
,
m
3
H
=
E
f
f
ec
t
iv
e
h
ea
d
,
m
(
Usef
u
l
w
ater
i
n
r
eser
v
o
ir
is
o
n
l
y
ab
o
u
t
u
p
p
er
1
5
% to
2
0
%)
Dis
t
ributio
n Ar
ea
(
E
nerg
y
F
lo
w
Dia
g
r
a
m
)
Min
i H
y
d
r
o
S
y
s
te
m
S
m
all
H
y
d
r
o
P
o
w
er
E
lectr
icit
y
Mic
r
o
Hy
d
r
o
S
y
s
te
m
P
ico
Hy
d
r
o
S
y
s
te
m
(
G
ener
a
t
io
n Ar
ea
)
W
ater
Mills
f
o
r
Flo
u
r
Gr
in
d
i
n
g
W
ater
W
h
ee
ls
f
o
r
Me
ch
a
n
ical
Sh
a
f
t P
o
w
er
E
lectr
icit
y
Gen
er
atio
n
H
y
d
r
au
lic
j
a
m
f
o
r
P
u
m
p
in
g
W
ater
I
s
o
th
er
m
al
H
y
d
r
au
lic
Air
C
o
m
p
r
e
s
s
io
n
an
d
th
e
Su
b
s
eq
u
en
t
u
s
e
o
f
th
e
co
m
p
r
ess
ed
A
ir
f
o
r
a
Var
iet
y
o
f
A
p
p
licatio
n
(
Co
ns
u
m
ptio
n Ar
ea
)
11.
CO
NCLUS
I
O
N
W
h
er
e
a
h
y
d
r
o
p
o
w
er
r
eso
u
r
c
e
ex
is
t
s
,
ex
p
er
ie
n
ce
h
a
s
s
h
o
w
n
t
h
at
t
h
er
e
is
n
o
m
o
r
e
co
s
t
-
e
f
f
ec
tiv
e
,
r
eliab
le
an
d
en
v
ir
o
n
m
e
n
tall
y
-
s
o
u
n
d
m
ea
n
s
o
f
p
r
o
v
id
in
g
p
o
w
er
th
an
a
h
y
d
r
o
p
o
w
er
s
y
s
te
m
.
S
m
all
H
y
d
r
o
p
r
o
j
ec
ts
ar
e,
e
n
v
ir
o
n
m
e
n
tal
l
y
b
en
i
g
n
,
h
a
v
e
r
elativ
el
y
s
h
o
r
t
g
e
s
tatio
n
p
er
io
d
s
,
an
d
r
eq
u
ir
e
s
m
all
i
n
v
est
m
e
n
ts
a
s
co
m
p
ar
ed
to
lar
g
e
h
y
d
r
o
p
r
o
j
ec
ts
.
S
m
all
H
y
d
r
o
p
r
o
v
id
es a
s
o
lu
ti
o
n
to
r
u
r
al
elec
tr
if
icatio
n
,
p
o
v
er
t
y
allev
iatio
n
.
S
m
all
H
y
d
r
o
h
as p
r
o
v
en
tec
h
n
o
lo
g
y
,
lo
w
r
i
s
k
f
o
r
in
v
est
m
e
n
t
.
S
m
all
H
y
d
r
o
d
o
es n
o
t in
v
o
lv
e
s
ett
i
n
g
u
p
o
f
lar
g
e
d
a
m
s
o
r
p
r
o
b
lem
s
o
f
d
ef
o
r
esta
tio
n
,
s
u
b
m
er
g
en
ce
o
r
r
eh
ab
ilit
atio
n
.
T
o
ca
p
tu
r
e
an
d
ef
f
icie
n
tl
y
u
tili
ze
th
e
s
m
all
h
y
d
r
o
en
er
g
y
in
to
d
a
y
’
s
e
n
er
g
y
m
ar
k
e
t
r
eq
u
ir
es
m
u
ltis
tag
e
in
teg
r
atio
n
o
f
s
e
v
er
al
f
ac
to
r
s
,
in
cl
u
d
i
n
g
p
r
o
p
er
m
atch
i
n
g
d
esi
g
n
o
f
th
e
h
y
d
r
o
en
er
g
y
r
e
s
o
u
r
ce
s
an
d
en
er
g
y
d
e
m
a
n
d
s
o
f
a
p
ar
ticu
la
r
r
eg
io
n
.
ACK
NO
WL
E
D
G
E
M
E
NT
S
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
-
8814
IJ
AA
S
Vo
l.
6
,
No
.
1
,
Ma
r
ch
2
0
1
7
:
55
–
63
62
T
h
e
au
th
o
r
s
ar
e
t
h
an
k
f
u
l
to
All
I
n
d
ia
C
o
u
n
cil
o
f
T
ec
h
n
ical
E
d
u
ca
tio
n
(
A
I
C
T
E
)
,
Min
is
tr
y
o
f
H
u
m
a
n
R
eso
u
r
ce
s
Dev
elo
p
m
e
n
t
(
MH
R
D)
,
Go
v
t.
o
f
I
n
d
ia
f
o
r
p
r
o
v
id
in
g
f
i
n
an
cia
l
ass
i
s
ta
n
ts
to
d
o
th
e
r
esear
ch
w
o
r
k
u
n
d
er
Qu
a
lit
y
I
m
p
r
o
v
e
m
en
t P
r
o
g
r
a
m
m
e
(
QI
P
)
.
RE
F
E
R
E
N
C
E
S
(
1
0
P
T
)
[1
]
T
u
rn
e
r
B.
,
S
im
p
so
n
R.
J.
,
G
il
lau
d
Ch
.
,
(M
a
rc
h
1
9
8
8
)
,
“
De
v
e
lo
p
in
g
A
M
in
i
-
Hy
d
ro
p
lan
t
i
n
t
h
e
Re
m
o
te
Ca
n
a
d
ian
No
rth
”
,
IE
EE
T
r
a
n
s.
o
n
En
e
rg
y
C
o
n
v
e
rs
io
n
,
V
o
l.
3
,
Iss
u
e
No
.
1
,
p
p
.
1
8
-
2
5
.
[2
]
P
ra
b
il
Ra
j
C.
P
.
,
M
o
h
a
p
a
tra
N.K.,
(1
9
9
8
),
“
M
icro
Hy
d
ro
–
A
M
e
g
a
V
IS
ION
(Ca
se
S
tu
d
y
)
”
,
P
r
o
c
e
e
d
in
g
o
f
th
e
Na
ti
o
n
a
l
S
e
m
in
a
r
o
n
En
e
rg
y
T
e
c
h
n
o
lo
g
ies
f
o
r
su
sta
in
a
b
le De
v
e
lo
p
m
e
n
t,
BIT
S
in
d
r
i,
Ra
n
c
h
i,
p
p
.
2
0
5
-
2
2
1
.
[3
]
M
a
h
e
r
P
.
,
(1
9
9
8
),
“
P
ic
o
Hy
d
ro
P
o
w
e
r
f
o
r
Ru
ra
l
El
e
c
tri
f
ica
ti
o
n
in
De
v
e
lo
p
in
g
Co
u
n
tri
e
s”
,
In
ter
n
a
l
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
Amb
ien
t
E
n
e
rg
y
,
Vo
l.
1
9
,
Iss
u
e
N
o
.
3
,
p
p
.
1
4
3
-
1
4
8
.
[4
]
S
h
a
rm
a
M
.
G
.
,
Da
s D.D.
,
S
h
a
rm
a
J.D.,
(Ju
ly
-
A
u
g
u
st,
2
0
0
1
),
“
S
e
lec
ti
o
n
o
f
o
p
ti
m
u
m
d
isc
h
a
rg
e
f
o
r
ru
n
o
f
riv
e
r
p
o
w
e
r
p
lan
t”,
I
n
d
i
a
n
J
o
u
r
n
a
l
o
f
Po
we
r
&
Ri
v
e
r V
a
ll
e
y
De
v
e
lo
p
me
n
t
,
p
p
.
1
4
9
-
1
5
3
.
[5
]
T
a
n
e
ja
V
.
,
(
2
0
0
6
)
,
“
Co
m
m
u
n
it
y
P
a
rti
c
ip
a
ti
o
n
in
S
H
P
De
v
e
lo
p
m
e
n
t”,
Him
a
la
y
a
n
S
m
a
ll
H
y
d
ro
-
p
o
w
e
r
S
u
m
m
it
,
De
h
ra
d
u
n
,
Oc
to
b
e
r,
1
2
-
1
3
.
[6
]
W
e
b
site:
h
tt
p
:/
/w
ww
.
a
lt
e
rn
a
ti
v
e
-
e
n
e
rg
y
-
n
e
w
s.in
f
o
/t
e
c
h
n
o
lo
g
y
/h
y
d
r
o
.
c
o
m
[7
]
D.
Ra
i,
"
No
n
-
C
o
n
v
e
n
ti
o
n
a
l
ENE
RG
Y S
OU
RCE
S
”
Kh
a
n
n
a
P
u
b
li
s
h
e
rs,
2
-
B,
Na
i
S
a
ra
k
,
De
lh
i,
p
p
.
3
7
0
.
[8
]
S
.
Ra
i,
"
ENERG
Y
T
ECHNO
L
O
G
Y
No
n
-
c
o
n
v
e
n
ti
o
n
a
l,
Re
n
e
w
a
b
le
a
n
d
Co
n
v
e
n
ti
o
n
a
l”,
Kh
a
n
n
a
P
u
b
li
s
h
e
rs,
2
-
B
Na
th
S
a
ra
k
,
De
lh
i,
p
p
.
9
7
6
-
9
7
7
.
[9
]
Ra
m
a
Ku
m
a
r
R.
,
(1
9
9
3
),
“
Eco
n
o
m
ic
As
p
e
c
ts
o
f
A
d
v
a
n
c
e
d
En
e
rg
y
Tec
h
n
o
lo
g
ies
”
,
Pro
c
e
e
d
in
g
o
f
t
h
e
IEE
E
,
Vo
l.
8
1
,
N
o
.
3
,
p
p
.
3
1
8
-
3
3
2
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.