I
nte
rna
t
io
na
l J
o
urna
l o
f
Adv
a
nces in Applie
d Science
s
(
I
J
AAS)
Vo
l.
3
,
No
.
4
,
Dec
em
b
er
201
4
,
p
p
.
19
6
~
201
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8814
196
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In
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tr
ates
[
1
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T
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class
if
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in
to
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tr
ess
[
2
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d
if
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tr
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[
3
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.
On
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f
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ce
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b
ee
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p
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esen
ted
in
[
4
]
.
Ma
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ield
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is
ted
b
o
n
d
in
g
to
o
l
h
as
b
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ater
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ee
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[
6
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.
A
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[
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Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IJ
AA
S
I
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N:
2252
-
8814
Ma
g
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F
ield
E
ffect
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E
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l Ch
a
r
a
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s
tics
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f a
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(
M.
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197
d
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m
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7
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ield
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atic
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ield
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9
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.
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-
p
h
o
to
v
o
ltag
e
ch
ar
ac
ter
is
tics
h
as
b
ee
n
d
is
cu
s
s
ed
[
1
0
]
.
A
n
u
m
er
ical
s
im
u
latio
n
f
o
r
th
e
d
eter
m
in
atio
n
o
f
2
D
cu
r
r
en
t
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
s
f
r
o
m
m
ag
n
etic
f
ield
m
ea
s
u
r
em
en
ts
u
s
in
g
s
o
m
e
d
ev
elo
p
ed
alg
o
r
ith
m
h
as
b
ee
n
ca
r
r
ied
o
u
t
[
1
1
]
.
T
h
ese
cu
r
r
en
ts
w
er
e
g
en
er
ated
ex
p
er
im
en
tally
in
th
e
th
in
lay
er
o
f
a
s
o
la
r
ce
ll
(
th
e
em
itter
)
u
n
d
er
lig
h
t
an
d
laser
illu
m
in
atio
n
.
T
h
e
th
r
ee
co
m
p
o
n
en
ts
o
f
th
e
in
d
u
ce
d
m
ag
n
etic
f
ield
ab
o
v
e
th
e
s
u
r
f
ac
e
o
f
th
e
s
am
p
le
h
av
e
b
ee
n
m
ea
s
u
r
ed
b
y
s
en
s
itiv
e
m
ag
n
etic
f
ield
d
etec
to
r
s
.
I
n
th
is
p
ap
er
,
th
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
ch
ar
ac
ter
is
tics
o
f
a
n
+
pp
+
s
ilico
n
s
o
lar
ce
ll
is
s
tu
d
ied
in
d
ar
k
an
d
illu
m
in
atio
n
m
o
d
es
u
n
d
er
th
e
ef
f
ec
t
o
f
m
ag
n
etic
f
ield
.
A
r
tif
icial
Neu
r
al
Netw
o
r
k
(
A
NN)
s
im
u
latio
n
o
f
th
e
ex
p
er
im
en
tal
I
-
V
s
o
lar
ce
ll
ch
ar
ac
ter
is
tics
u
n
d
er
m
ag
n
etic
f
iled
is
ca
r
r
ied
o
u
t
in
illu
m
in
atio
n
m
o
d
e
u
s
in
g
E
asy
NN
-
p
lu
s
s
o
f
tw
ar
e.
I
-
V
ch
ar
ac
ter
is
tics
o
f
th
e
s
o
lar
ce
ll,
in
d
ar
k
an
d
illu
m
in
atio
n
,
is
p
r
esen
ted
in
s
ec
tio
n
2
.
Sectio
n
3
is
d
ev
o
ted
to
th
e
ex
p
er
im
en
tal
s
etu
p
an
d
m
ea
s
u
r
em
en
ts
.
T
h
e
r
esu
lts
an
d
d
is
cu
s
s
io
n
ar
e
p
r
esen
ted
in
s
ec
tio
n
4
.
Sectio
n
5
is
d
ev
o
ted
to
co
n
clu
s
io
n
.
2.
I
-
V
C
HAR
AC
T
ER
I
S
T
I
C
S
OF A
S
I
S
OLAR
C
ELL
FO
R
DA
RK A
N
D I
LLUM
I
N
AT
I
ON
M
ODES
Fo
r
s
o
m
an
y
y
ea
r
s
,
I
-
V
m
ea
s
u
r
em
en
ts
h
av
e
b
ee
n
u
s
ed
to
ev
alu
ate
th
e
elec
tr
ical
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
o
f
p
h
o
to
v
o
ltaic
ce
lls
an
d
d
io
d
es.
Sin
ce
1
9
6
0
’
s
,
b
o
th
d
ar
k
an
d
lig
h
t
I
-
V
m
ea
s
u
r
em
en
ts
h
av
e
b
ee
n
co
m
m
o
n
ly
u
s
ed
to
an
aly
ze
th
e
ef
f
ec
ts
o
f
s
er
ies
r
esis
tan
ce
an
d
o
th
er
p
ar
am
eter
s
o
n
s
o
lar
ce
ll
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
[
1
2
]
-
[
1
4
]
.
R
ec
en
t
w
o
r
k
h
as
d
escr
ib
ed
th
e
d
is
tin
ctio
n
b
etw
ee
n
lig
h
t
I
-
V
an
d
d
ar
k
I
-
V
m
ea
s
u
r
em
en
ts
in
th
e
d
eter
m
in
atio
n
o
f
th
e
s
er
ies
r
esis
tan
ce
o
f
s
o
lar
ce
lls
[
1
5
]
.
W
h
en
th
e
s
o
lar
ce
ll
is
co
n
d
u
cted
u
n
d
er
d
if
f
er
en
t
tem
p
er
atu
r
es,
I
-
V
cu
r
v
es
p
r
o
v
id
e
m
an
y
p
ar
am
eter
s
o
f
th
e
s
o
lar
ce
ll,
e.
g
.
,
th
e
tem
p
er
atu
r
e
d
ep
en
d
en
ce
o
f
th
e
s
h
u
n
t
r
esis
tan
ce
,
d
io
d
e
id
ea
lity
f
ac
to
r
,
th
e
en
er
g
y
an
d
co
n
ce
n
t
r
atio
n
o
f
th
e
d
o
m
in
an
t
r
ec
o
m
b
in
atio
n
ce
n
ter
,
th
e
lif
etim
e
o
f
th
e
ch
ar
g
e
ca
r
r
ier
s
.
I
-
V
r
elatio
n
o
f
a
s
o
lar
ce
ll is
g
iv
en
b
y
:
sh
s
R
IR
V
q
kT
n
qV
I
kT
n
qV
I
I
1
e
x
p
1
e
x
p
2
02
1
01
(
1
)
W
h
er
e
I
0,
q
,
V,
k
,
T
an
d
n
ar
e
th
e
r
e
v
er
s
e
s
at
u
r
atio
n
cu
r
r
en
t,
t
h
e
elec
tr
o
n
ic
c
h
ar
g
e,
t
h
e
ap
p
lied
v
o
ltag
e,
th
e
B
o
ltz
m
a
n
n
’
s
co
n
s
tan
t,
th
e
te
m
p
er
at
u
r
e
a
n
d
th
e
id
ea
lit
y
f
ac
to
r
,
r
esp
ec
ti
v
el
y
.
R
s
a
n
d
R
sh
ar
e
t
h
e
s
er
ies
a
n
d
s
h
u
n
t
r
es
is
ta
n
ce
s
,
r
esp
ec
tiv
el
y
.
T
h
e
s
u
b
s
cr
ip
ts
1
an
d
2
in
d
icate
t
h
at
t
w
o
p
o
s
s
i
b
le
co
n
tr
ib
u
tio
n
s
to
th
e
d
io
d
e
cu
r
r
en
t
ca
n
b
e
p
r
esen
ted
.
T
h
e
s
er
ies
r
esis
tan
c
e
o
f
lar
g
e
-
ar
ea
s
o
lar
ce
lls
is
s
m
all
an
d
ca
n
b
e
n
eg
l
ig
ib
le.
P
h
o
to
cu
r
r
en
t
-
p
h
o
t
o
v
o
ltag
e
(
I
-
V)
ch
ar
ac
ter
i
s
tic
is
o
b
tain
ed
b
y
t
h
e
f
o
llo
w
i
n
g
eq
u
atio
n
:
d
s
u
u
ou
u
J
R
J
V
A
k
T
q
J
J
1
e
x
p
(
2
)
W
h
er
e
R
s
is
th
e
in
ter
n
al
s
er
ie
s
r
esis
ta
n
ce
.
J
u
is
t
h
e
d
io
d
e
s
atu
r
atio
n
cu
r
r
en
t d
eter
m
i
n
ed
b
y
m
ater
ial
p
r
o
p
r
ieties,
elec
tr
o
n
ic
c
h
ar
g
e
q
a
n
d
B
o
lt
z
m
an
n
co
n
s
ta
n
t
k
.
T
is
t
h
e
ab
s
o
lu
te
te
m
p
er
atu
r
e
a
n
d
A
is
a
d
i
m
e
n
s
io
n
les
s
co
n
s
ta
n
t b
et
w
ee
n
1
an
d
3
.
Ho
w
e
v
er
,
in
m
o
s
t b
if
ac
ial
s
ilico
n
s
o
lar
ce
lls
,
A
ta
k
es
v
al
u
e
s
f
r
o
m
1
.
5
to
2
.
I
–
V
cu
r
v
e
u
n
d
er
illu
m
in
atio
n
ca
n
b
e
d
escr
ib
ed
as
a
s
u
p
er
p
o
s
itio
n
o
f
d
ar
k
I
–
V
cu
r
r
en
t
an
d
a
v
o
ltag
e
in
d
ep
en
d
en
t
p
h
o
to
cu
r
r
en
t.
T
h
e
p
r
in
cip
al
p
o
w
er
lo
s
s
es
in
a
s
o
lar
ce
ll
ar
e
th
at
ass
o
ciate
d
w
ith
th
e
lig
h
t
ab
s
o
r
p
tio
n
an
d
r
ec
o
m
b
in
atio
n
p
r
o
ce
s
s
es
o
f
th
e
ch
ar
g
e
ca
r
r
ier
s
.
T
h
e
d
if
f
u
s
io
n
ef
f
ec
ts
in
th
e
j
u
n
ctio
n
r
eg
io
n
an
d
elec
tr
o
n
–
h
o
le
r
ec
o
m
b
in
atio
n
s
lim
it
th
e
f
ill
f
ac
to
r
(
FF
)
,
s
o
th
at
FF
v
alu
e
d
eter
m
in
es
th
e
m
ax
im
u
m
p
o
w
er
p
o
in
t
p
o
s
itio
n
.
T
h
e
o
b
s
er
v
ed
f
ill
f
ac
to
r
,
in
s
ilico
n
s
o
lar
ce
lls
,
d
ec
r
ea
s
es
w
ith
tem
p
er
atu
r
e
in
cr
ea
s
e.
T
h
is
is
attr
ib
u
ted
to
th
e
s
er
ies
r
esis
tan
ce
R
s
an
d
th
e
s
h
u
n
t
r
esis
tan
ce
R
sh
o
f
th
e
s
o
lar
ce
ll
th
at
ca
n
b
e
d
eter
m
in
ed
f
r
o
m
th
e
I
–
V
d
ar
k
ch
ar
ac
ter
is
tics
.
T
h
e
ef
f
ec
t
o
f
th
e
s
er
ies r
esis
tan
ce
R
s
o
n
th
e
f
ill
f
ac
to
r
ca
n
b
e
d
escr
ib
ed
b
y
:
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
-
8814
IJ
AA
S
Vo
l.
3
,
No
.
4
,
Dec
em
b
er
201
4
:
19
6
–
2
0
1
198
0
(
1
)
s
s
c
oc
RI
F
F
F
F
V
(
3
)
W
h
er
e
FF
0
is
th
e
f
ill
f
ac
to
r
f
o
r
th
e
id
ea
l
s
o
lar
ce
ll
ch
ar
ac
ter
is
tic.
T
h
er
e
is
also
a
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
b
etw
ee
n
th
e
s
h
u
n
t
r
esis
tan
ce
R
sh
an
d
th
e
f
ill
f
ac
to
r
f
o
r
a
s
in
g
le
s
ilico
n
s
o
lar
ce
ll.
Nam
ely
,
th
e
lar
g
er
th
e
R
sh
v
alu
e,
th
e
lar
g
er
is
th
e
f
ill
f
ac
to
r
.
L
ar
g
er
s
h
u
n
t
o
r
/an
d
s
m
aller
s
er
ies
r
esis
tan
ce
s
p
r
o
v
id
e
a
h
ig
h
er
ef
f
icien
cy
o
f
s
o
lar
ce
lls
[
5
]
.
A
Do
u
b
le
s
id
e
s
ilico
n
s
o
lar
ce
ll
w
ith
n
+p
p
+
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e
h
as
b
ee
n
s
tu
d
ied
u
n
d
er
m
ag
n
etic
f
ield
[
1
6
]
.
Dif
f
u
s
io
n
len
g
th
an
d
th
e
d
if
f
u
s
io
n
co
n
s
tan
t
o
f
th
e
ex
ce
s
s
m
in
o
r
ity
ca
r
r
ier
s
as
w
ell
as
th
e
in
tr
in
s
ic
ex
ce
s
s
m
in
o
r
ity
ca
r
r
ier
s
d
if
f
u
s
io
n
co
n
s
tan
t
an
d
th
eir
m
o
b
ilit
y
ar
e
im
p
o
r
tan
t
p
ar
am
eter
s
af
f
ec
tin
g
th
e
s
o
lar
ce
lls
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
u
n
d
er
a
m
ag
n
etic
f
ield
.
T
h
e
ex
ce
s
s
m
in
o
r
ity
ca
r
r
ier
s
d
en
s
ity
p
r
o
f
iles
d
ec
r
ea
s
e
w
ith
th
e
in
cr
ea
s
e
o
f
th
e
m
in
o
r
ity
ca
r
r
ier
'
s
r
ec
o
m
b
in
atio
n
v
elo
city
at
th
e
j
u
n
ctio
n
.
Fo
r
f
r
o
n
t
s
id
e
illu
m
in
atio
n
,
th
e
h
ig
h
er
p
o
in
t
o
f
ex
ce
s
s
m
in
o
r
ity
ca
r
r
ier
s
is
n
ea
r
th
e
j
u
n
ctio
n
.
T
h
e
p
h
o
to
cu
r
r
en
t
d
en
s
ity
p
r
o
f
iles
d
ec
r
ea
s
e
w
i
th
in
cr
ea
s
in
g
th
e
m
ag
n
etic
f
ield
.
T
h
e
o
b
s
er
v
ed
ch
an
g
e
in
th
e
p
h
o
to
cu
r
r
en
t
I
ph
o
f
th
e
s
o
lar
ce
lls
in
r
esp
o
n
s
e
to
a
m
ag
n
etic
f
ield
ca
n
b
e
ca
u
s
ed
b
y
a
d
ec
r
ea
s
e
in
th
e
d
if
f
u
s
io
n
len
g
th
o
f
ex
cito
n
s
.
3.
E
XP
E
RIM
E
NT
AL
SE
T
UP
AND
M
E
ASURE
M
E
NT
S
Dar
k
I
-
V
m
ea
s
u
r
em
en
t
s
w
er
e
ca
r
r
ied
o
u
t
o
n
th
e
Si
s
o
lar
ce
ll
w
h
ile
co
v
er
in
g
it
to
elim
in
ate
th
e
lig
h
t
g
en
er
ated
cu
r
r
en
t.
A
p
o
w
er
s
u
p
p
ly
w
as
u
s
ed
to
f
o
r
ce
th
e
elec
tr
ic
cu
r
r
en
t
th
r
o
u
g
h
th
e
s
o
lar
ce
ll
f
r
o
m
th
e
p
o
s
itiv
e
to
th
e
n
eg
ativ
e
co
n
tact.
C
u
r
r
en
t
an
d
v
o
ltag
e
w
er
e
s
im
u
ltan
eo
u
s
ly
m
ea
s
u
r
ed
as
th
e
v
o
ltag
e
o
f
th
e
p
o
w
er
s
u
p
p
ly
w
as
in
cr
ea
s
ed
f
r
o
m
ze
r
o
to
a
p
r
ed
eter
m
in
ed
u
p
p
er
lim
it.
T
h
e
d
ir
ec
tio
n
o
f
cu
r
r
en
t
f
lo
w
in
d
ar
k
w
as
o
p
p
o
s
ite
to
th
at
w
h
en
th
e
s
o
lar
ce
ll
w
as
ex
p
o
s
ed
to
lig
h
t,
b
u
t
th
e
elec
tr
ical
co
n
f
ig
u
r
atio
n
s
h
o
w
ed
a
f
o
r
w
ar
d
b
iased
s
o
lar
ce
ll.
Dar
k
as
w
ell
as
lig
h
t
I
-
V
m
ea
s
u
r
em
en
ts
ca
n
b
e
u
s
ed
to
an
aly
ze
th
e
elec
tr
ical
ch
ar
ac
ter
is
tics
o
f
a
s
o
lar
ce
ll.
Fo
r
m
o
d
u
les
co
m
p
o
s
ed
o
f
a
co
m
b
in
atio
n
o
f
s
o
lar
ce
lls
,
th
e
d
ar
k
I
-
V
m
ea
s
u
r
em
en
t
p
r
o
ce
d
u
r
e
is
s
till
v
alid
,
b
u
t
it
r
eq
u
ir
es
a
lar
g
e
r
p
o
w
er
s
u
p
p
ly
an
d
a
s
lig
h
tly
d
if
f
er
en
t
in
ter
p
r
etatio
n
o
f
th
e
m
ea
s
u
r
ed
d
ata.
Su
ch
a
s
y
s
tem
f
o
r
d
ar
k
I
-
V
m
ea
s
u
r
em
en
ts
ca
n
b
e
u
s
ed
f
o
r
th
r
ee
p
u
r
p
o
s
es:
i)
to
d
iag
n
o
s
e
ch
an
g
es
in
s
o
lar
ce
ll
o
r
m
o
d
u
le
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
f
o
llo
w
in
g
f
ield
-
ag
in
g
o
r
ac
ce
ler
ated
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
t
al
test
in
g
,
ii)
to
p
r
o
v
id
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
p
ar
am
eter
s
u
s
ed
in
n
u
m
er
ical
s
im
u
latio
n
o
f
p
h
o
to
v
o
ltaic
ce
lls
o
r
ar
r
ay
s
,
an
d
iii)
to
h
elp
in
ev
alu
atin
g
th
e
p
r
o
d
u
ctio
n
co
n
s
is
ten
cy
o
f
m
o
d
u
les.
T
h
e
s
ch
em
atic
d
iag
r
am
o
f
th
e
I
-
V
ch
ar
ac
ter
is
tics
in
d
ar
k
an
d
illu
m
in
atio
n
u
n
d
er
m
ag
n
etic
f
ield
is
s
h
o
w
n
in
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
(
a)
(
b
)
(
c)
Fig
u
r
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1
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a)
C
ir
cu
it la
y
o
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t o
f
d
ar
k
I
-
V
ch
ar
ac
ter
is
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f
o
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1
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cm
2
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o
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ce
ll,
b
)
E
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t c
ir
cu
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d
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n
atio
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m
o
d
es.
c)
E
x
p
er
im
e
n
t se
t u
p
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IJ
AA
S
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8814
Ma
g
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F
ield
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lectrica
l Ch
a
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199
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k
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3
6
9
5
)
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ip
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o
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ils
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5
0
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Scien
ti
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ic
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q
u
ip
m
e
n
t
&
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v
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s
,
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o
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all
y
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a
d
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eslam
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4
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5
0
o
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2
0
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0
m
T
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a
s
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ed
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r
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t
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e
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ield
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h
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r
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ce
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ield
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te
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2
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an
d
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x
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eter
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a
v
e
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ee
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n
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s
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l
l
o
f
ar
ea
1
.
8
c
m
2
.
Un
d
er
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m
i
n
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n
,
a
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u
itab
le
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ad
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esis
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ce
f
r
o
m
0
-
220
(
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y
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co
m
p
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y
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m
an
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was u
s
ed
.
4.
RE
SUL
T
S
AND
DIS
CUSSI
O
N
4
.
1
.
I
-
V
Cha
ra
ct
er
is
t
ics
f
o
r
Da
rk
M
o
de
Fig
u
r
e
2
illu
s
tr
ates
t
h
e
d
ar
k
I
-
V
m
ea
s
u
r
e
m
e
n
ts
at
1
7
0
C
(
r
o
o
m
te
m
p
er
at
u
r
e)
f
o
r
av
aila
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le
s
in
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cr
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tal
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ilico
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o
f
1
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8
0
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o
f
n
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p
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co
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s
tr
u
ctio
n
.
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h
e
s
h
ap
e
an
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it
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o
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t
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e
m
ea
s
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ed
cu
r
v
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at
d
if
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er
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n
t
c
u
r
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en
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le
v
els
ca
n
b
e
u
s
ed
to
d
eter
m
i
n
e
elec
tr
ica
l
p
ar
am
eter
s
f
o
r
t
h
e
s
o
lar
ce
ll:
s
u
ch
a
s
,
s
er
ies
r
esis
ta
n
ce
,
s
h
u
n
t
r
es
is
ta
n
ce
,
d
i
o
d
e
f
ac
to
r
,
an
d
s
at
u
r
atio
n
c
u
r
r
en
t.
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r
i
n
s
ta
n
ce
,
t
h
e
d
eg
r
ee
o
f
cu
r
v
atu
r
e
to
th
e
r
ig
h
t
at
h
i
g
h
c
u
r
r
en
t
le
v
els
i
s
an
i
n
d
icatio
n
o
f
t
h
e
m
a
g
n
i
tu
d
e
o
f
s
er
ies
r
esi
s
ta
n
ce
(
R
s
)
.
Si
m
ilar
l
y
,
lar
g
e
cu
r
v
at
u
r
e
at
lo
w
cu
r
r
en
t
lev
e
ls
in
d
icate
s
lo
w
s
h
u
n
t
r
es
is
ta
n
ce
(
R
sh
)
.
An
in
f
lectio
n
i
n
t
h
e
cu
r
v
e
n
ea
r
m
id
cu
r
r
en
t le
v
els
m
a
y
in
d
icate
t
h
e
p
r
esen
ce
o
f
n
o
n
id
ea
l (
n
=
1
)
ca
r
r
ier
r
ec
o
m
b
in
atio
n
lo
s
s
e
s
.
Fig
u
r
e
2
.
Dar
k
I
-
V
ch
ar
ac
ter
i
s
tics
o
f
a
Si s
o
lar
ce
ll i
n
f
o
r
w
ar
d
an
d
r
ev
er
s
e
d
ir
ec
tio
n
Fig
u
r
e
3
.
Dar
k
cu
r
r
en
t a
n
d
v
o
l
tag
e
v
er
s
u
s
m
a
g
n
etic
f
ield
f
o
r
a
n
+
pp
+
Si s
o
lar
ce
ll i
n
f
o
r
w
ar
d
d
ir
ec
tio
n
Fo
r
th
e
s
o
lar
ce
ll
s
h
o
w
n
i
n
F
i
g
u
r
e
1
,
th
e
t
y
p
ica
l
o
p
er
atin
g
c
u
r
r
en
t
is
ap
p
r
o
x
i
m
atel
y
2
0
to
3
0
m
A
,
b
u
t
m
ea
s
u
r
e
m
e
n
t
s
w
er
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
e
d
to
h
ig
h
er
c
u
r
r
en
ts
f
o
r
b
etter
s
en
s
iti
v
it
y
in
t
h
e
d
eter
m
i
n
atio
n
o
f
R
s
.
W
h
en
a
s
o
lar
ce
l
l,
p
lace
d
in
a
m
a
g
n
et
ic
f
ield
,
is
b
ia
s
ed
in
f
o
r
w
ar
d
d
ir
ec
tio
n
an
d
d
ar
k
co
n
d
itio
n
s
,
a
d
r
o
p
in
th
e
s
o
lar
ce
ll c
u
r
r
en
t a
s
w
e
ll a
s
v
o
ltag
e
o
cc
u
r
s
a
s
s
h
o
w
n
i
n
Fi
g
u
r
e
3.
Fig
u
r
e
4
.
Dar
k
cu
r
r
en
t a
n
d
v
o
l
tag
e
w
it
h
m
a
g
n
etic
f
ield
f
o
r
a
n
+
pp
+
Si s
o
lar
ce
ll
in
r
ev
er
s
e
d
ir
ec
tio
n
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
-
8814
IJ
AA
S
Vo
l.
3
,
No
.
4
,
Dec
em
b
er
201
4
:
19
6
–
2
0
1
200
T
h
is
is
d
u
e
to
t
h
e
cr
ea
tio
n
o
f
d
eter
io
r
ated
ar
ea
s
in
t
h
e
s
o
lar
c
ells
t
h
at
ca
u
s
e
s
c
u
r
r
en
t
lo
s
s
e
s
.
Ho
w
e
v
er
,
in
r
e
v
er
s
e
d
ir
ec
tio
n
,
th
e
b
e
h
av
io
r
is
a
li
ttle
b
it
d
i
f
f
er
en
t.
As
t
h
e
m
ag
n
etic
f
ield
i
n
cr
ea
s
es,
t
h
e
s
o
lar
ce
ll
b
ias
in
g
v
o
ltag
e
a
n
d
cu
r
r
en
t
s
li
g
h
t
l
y
i
n
cr
ea
s
e
an
d
th
e
n
d
ec
r
ea
s
e
as sh
o
w
n
in
F
ig
u
r
e
4.
Fro
m
th
e
r
es
u
lt
s
,
th
e
s
o
lar
ce
ll
v
o
ltag
e
i
n
cr
ea
s
e
s
w
it
h
m
a
g
n
etic
f
ield
(
B
)
u
n
til
B
is
eq
u
al
to
1
5
0
m
T
.
T
h
en
th
e
s
o
lar
ce
ll
v
o
lta
g
e
d
ec
r
ea
s
es.
On
t
h
e
o
t
h
er
h
a
n
d
,
th
e
s
o
lar
ce
ll
cu
r
r
en
t
ab
r
u
p
tl
y
i
n
cr
ea
s
es
w
it
h
B
b
u
t
af
ter
B
=
2
5
m
T
t
h
e
s
o
lar
ce
ll
cu
r
r
en
t
d
ec
r
ea
s
e
s
li
n
ea
r
l
y
.
W
e
ca
n
co
n
s
id
er
t
h
at
th
e
s
i
n
g
le
cr
y
s
tal
s
ilico
n
s
o
lar
ce
ll
u
n
d
er
f
o
r
w
ar
d
b
ias
(
o
r
r
ev
er
s
e
b
ias)
r
ep
r
esen
ts
a
ca
p
ac
ito
r
an
d
u
n
d
er
th
e
ef
f
ec
t
o
f
a
m
a
g
n
etic
f
ie
ld
a
d
o
u
b
le
ex
c
h
an
g
e
b
et
w
ee
n
t
h
e
elec
tr
o
n
s
a
n
d
h
o
les
o
cc
u
r
s
.
W
h
ile
t
h
e
d
is
ta
n
ce
b
et
w
ee
n
t
h
e
elec
tr
o
n
s
a
n
d
h
o
les
d
ec
r
ea
s
es,
th
e
d
if
f
u
s
io
n
ca
p
ac
itan
ce
o
f
th
e
s
o
lar
ce
ll
d
ec
r
ea
s
es
(
i.e
.
,
s
o
lar
ce
ll
r
esis
tan
ce
d
ec
r
ea
s
es
w
h
ile
its
co
n
d
u
ctan
ce
i
n
cr
ea
s
e
s
)
,
an
d
h
en
ce
th
e
s
o
lar
ce
ll
v
o
lta
g
e
an
d
cu
r
r
en
t
d
ec
r
ea
s
e.
T
h
e
m
ag
n
etic
f
ield
s
h
ap
e
an
d
s
tr
en
g
th
af
f
ec
t
s
t
h
e
ch
ar
g
ed
p
ar
ticle
f
l
u
x
o
n
t
h
e
s
o
lar
ce
ll
f
i
l
m
a
n
d
ap
p
ea
r
s
to
h
a
v
e
a
s
tr
o
n
g
in
f
l
u
e
n
ce
o
n
t
h
e
f
i
n
al
s
o
lar
ce
ll p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
.
T
h
e
d
eg
r
ad
atio
n
o
f
s
o
lar
ce
l
l
ef
f
icie
n
c
y
o
f
ten
d
ep
en
d
s
o
n
t
h
e
e
x
ter
n
al
lo
ad
r
es
is
ta
n
c
e
an
d
t
h
e
illu
m
i
n
atio
n
.
I
n
t
h
i
s
s
t
u
d
y
,
b
o
th
f
ac
to
r
s
ar
e
f
ix
ed
.
B
u
t
th
e
elec
tr
ical
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
i
s
i
n
v
esti
g
a
ted
u
n
d
er
a
n
ex
ter
n
al
v
ar
iab
le
m
a
g
n
etic
f
ie
ld
.
T
h
e
lo
ca
lizatio
n
o
f
t
h
e
s
h
u
n
ti
n
g
ar
ea
s
i
s
e
s
s
e
n
tial
f
o
r
f
u
r
th
er
i
n
v
e
s
t
i
g
atio
n
s
o
f
th
e
c
u
r
r
en
t
f
lo
w
i
n
s
o
lar
ce
ll
u
n
d
er
a
m
ag
n
etic
f
ield
.
Mo
r
eo
v
er
,
u
n
d
er
a
m
a
g
n
e
tic
f
iel
d
,
th
e
d
r
o
p
in
s
o
lar
ce
ll
v
o
lta
g
e
m
a
y
b
e
d
u
e
to
t
h
e
s
o
lar
ce
ll
s
h
u
n
t
r
e
s
is
ta
n
ce
d
ec
r
ea
s
e.
T
h
e
r
esis
ti
v
it
y
i
n
a
p
ar
ticu
lar
d
ir
ec
tio
n
d
ec
r
ea
s
es
w
h
en
a
m
a
g
n
etic
f
ield
is
ap
p
lied
[
1
7
]
-
[
1
9
]
.
On
th
e
o
th
er
h
an
d
,
th
e
I
sc
u
n
d
er
a
m
ag
n
etic
f
iel
d
d
ec
r
ea
s
es,
m
a
y
b
e
d
u
e
to
th
e
d
ec
r
ea
s
e
in
th
e
s
o
lar
ce
ll
s
e
r
ies
r
esis
ta
n
ce
.
Si
m
i
lar
b
eh
av
io
r
is
ac
h
ie
v
ed
at
co
m
p
ar
ati
v
el
y
s
m
all
f
ield
s
i
n
s
u
itab
l
y
s
tr
ain
ed
m
a
n
g
a
n
ite
f
i
l
m
s
.
W
h
ile
t
h
e
m
ec
h
an
is
m
o
f
th
ese
e
f
f
ec
ts
is
n
o
t
f
u
ll
y
u
n
d
er
s
to
o
d
,
it
m
a
y
ar
is
e
f
r
o
m
s
p
i
n
d
ep
en
d
en
t
s
ca
tte
r
in
g
at
i
n
ter
f
ac
es
b
et
w
ee
n
d
o
m
ai
n
s
o
r
w
ith
in
a
n
in
d
iv
id
u
al
d
o
m
ai
n
.
4
.
2
.
I
-
V
Cha
ra
ct
er
is
t
ics
f
o
r
F
ro
nt
I
llu
m
ina
t
io
n
M
o
de
T
h
e
r
esu
lts
o
f
I
-
V
ch
ar
ac
ter
is
t
ics
f
o
r
f
r
o
n
t
s
id
e
s
o
lar
ce
ll
ill
u
m
in
at
io
n
m
o
d
e
ar
e
s
h
o
w
n
i
n
Fig
u
r
e
5.
W
ith
o
u
t
m
a
g
n
e
tic
f
ield
,
th
e
I
-
V
ch
ar
ac
ter
i
s
tics
u
n
d
er
illu
m
i
n
atio
n
g
i
v
e
n
o
r
m
al
v
al
u
es
o
f
th
e
cu
r
v
e.
T
h
e
v
alu
e
s
o
f
th
e
p
h
o
to
cu
r
r
en
t
h
a
v
e
n
o
r
m
al
o
p
en
cir
cu
it
p
o
s
iti
o
n
,
w
h
ich
is
s
u
itab
le
f
o
r
th
e
s
o
lar
ce
ll
ar
ea
an
d
t
y
p
e.
W
h
en
a
m
a
g
n
etic
f
ield
i
s
ap
p
lied
,
w
e
g
et
a
s
li
g
h
tl
y
lo
w
er
I
-
V
cu
r
v
e.
T
h
e
s
h
o
r
t
cir
cu
it
cu
r
r
en
t
I
sc
an
d
th
e
o
p
en
cir
cu
it
v
o
lta
g
e
V
oc
ar
e
n
ea
r
3
1
.
5
m
A
a
n
d
5
1
0
m
V,
r
e
s
p
ec
tiv
el
y
.
T
h
ese
v
al
u
es
ar
e
r
elate
d
to
th
e
w
h
ite
lig
h
t
s
o
u
r
ce
w
h
ic
h
is
a
h
a
lo
g
en
tu
n
g
s
te
n
la
m
p
o
f
5
0
m
W
/c
m
2
.
On
t
h
e
o
th
er
h
an
d
,
u
n
d
er
a
m
ag
n
etic
f
ield
o
f
2
0
0
m
T
,
b
o
th
I
sc
an
d
V
oc
sl
ig
h
tl
y
d
ec
r
ea
s
e
as s
h
o
w
n
i
n
Fi
g
u
re
6.
Fig
u
r
e
5
.
I
-
V
ch
ar
ac
ter
is
tic
s
o
f
a
n
+
pp
+
Si s
o
lar
ce
ll
w
it
h
a
n
d
w
ith
o
u
t
m
a
g
n
etic
f
iel
d
(
s
y
m
b
o
ls
)
an
d
w
it
h
A
N
N
s
i
m
u
latio
n
i
n
f
r
o
n
t ill
u
m
in
atio
n
m
o
d
e
(
cu
r
v
e)
Fig
u
r
e
6
.
I
sc
an
d
V
oc
u
n
d
er
m
a
g
n
et
ic
f
ie
ld
,
B
(
m
T
)
,
f
o
r
a
Si s
o
lar
ce
ll
o
f
ar
ea
1
.
8
c
m
2
at
r
o
o
m
te
m
p
er
atu
r
e
1
7
0
C
T
h
e
I
sc
u
n
d
er
2
0
0
m
T
d
ec
r
ea
s
ed
b
y
0
.
7
m
A
(
i.e
.
2
.
2
%)
w
h
i
l
e
th
e
co
r
r
esp
o
n
d
in
g
v
al
u
e
f
o
r
V
oc
s
h
o
w
s
a
r
ed
u
ctio
n
b
y
1
.
9
3
%.
Fig
u
r
e
5
an
d
6
s
h
o
w
t
h
at
u
n
d
er
m
a
g
n
et
ic
f
ield
,
t
h
e
ill
u
m
i
n
atio
n
I
–
V
ch
ar
ac
ter
is
tics
cu
r
v
e
o
f
n
+p
p
+
s
i
n
g
le
cr
y
s
tal
s
ilico
n
s
o
lar
ce
l
l
s
lig
h
tl
y
f
all
s
w
h
er
e
V
oc
d
ec
r
ea
s
e
s
i
n
a
d
if
f
er
en
t
b
eh
a
v
io
u
r
i
n
co
m
p
ar
is
o
n
to
I
sc
.
I
sc
lin
ea
r
l
y
d
ec
r
ea
s
es
w
h
ile
V
oc
d
o
es
n
o
t.
I
-
V
ch
ar
ac
ter
is
tic
s
s
i
m
u
latio
n
,
u
n
d
er
m
ag
n
etic
f
ield
,
f
o
r
f
r
o
n
t
ill
u
m
i
n
atio
n
m
o
d
e
is
p
r
esen
ted
u
s
i
n
g
E
as
y
N
N
-
p
lu
s
s
o
f
t
w
ar
e
(
a
s
s
h
o
w
n
i
n
Fig
u
r
e
5
)
[
2
0
]
.
T
h
e
ap
p
licatio
n
o
f
m
a
g
n
et
ic
f
ield
r
esu
lt
s
i
n
d
eg
r
ad
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o
f
b
o
t
h
t
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e
f
f
icien
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d
t
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f
ill
f
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to
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v
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es.
I
t
is
o
b
s
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v
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th
at
w
h
ile
th
e
s
o
lar
ce
ll
ef
f
icie
n
c
y
a
n
d
th
e
f
i
ll
f
ac
to
r
ar
e
1
3
.
2
%
an
d
7
4
%,
r
e
s
p
ec
tiv
el
y
,
w
it
h
o
u
t
m
ag
n
etic
f
ield
,
th
e
y
ar
e
1
2
.
2
7
% a
n
d
7
1
.
8
%,
r
esp
ec
tiv
el
y
,
w
i
th
m
a
g
n
etic
f
ield
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IJ
AA
S
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2252
-
8814
Ma
g
n
etic
F
ield
E
ffect
o
n
t
h
e
E
lectrica
l Ch
a
r
a
cteri
s
tics
o
f a
Mo
n
o
crys
ta
llin
e
n
+
pp
+
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ilico
n
…
(
M.
E
l
-
A
a
s
s
er
)
201
5.
CO
NCLUS
I
O
N
W
ith
o
u
t
ap
p
ly
in
g
m
ag
n
etic
f
ield
,
th
e
d
ar
k
I
–
V
ch
ar
ac
te
r
is
tic
f
o
r
a
s
in
g
le
cr
y
s
tallin
e
s
ilico
n
s
o
lar
ce
ll
o
f
n
+p
p
+
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e
y
ield
s
a
s
tan
d
ar
d
cu
r
v
e
o
f
s
em
ico
n
d
u
cto
r
d
io
d
e.
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w
ev
er
,
u
n
d
er
m
ag
n
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ield
,
th
e
d
ar
k
f
o
r
w
ar
d
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–
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ch
ar
ac
ter
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tics
s
u
s
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a
lar
g
e
v
ar
iatio
n
,
w
h
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e
a
d
r
o
p
o
f
th
e
s
o
lar
ce
ll
cu
r
r
en
t
an
d
v
o
ltag
e
p
r
o
f
iles
o
cc
u
r
s
.
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n
d
ar
k
r
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s
e
d
ir
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tio
n
,
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o
th
cu
r
r
en
t
an
d
v
o
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e
in
cr
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s
e
u
p
to
a
m
ax
im
u
m
an
d
th
en
d
ec
r
ea
s
e.
I
–
V
ch
ar
ac
ter
is
tics
cu
r
v
e
in
f
r
o
n
t
illu
m
in
atio
n
m
o
d
e
h
as
s
h
o
w
n
a
s
lig
h
t
d
r
o
p
in
th
e
s
o
lar
ce
ll
p
h
o
to
cu
r
r
en
t
an
d
p
h
o
to
v
o
ltag
e
p
r
o
f
iles
w
h
en
a
m
ag
n
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f
ield
is
ap
p
lied
.
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r
eo
v
er
,
th
e
s
h
o
r
t
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it
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r
r
en
t
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d
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en
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v
o
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e
ar
e
d
eg
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ad
ed
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C
o
n
s
eq
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en
tly
,
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e
f
ill
f
ac
to
r
an
d
th
e
ef
f
icien
cy
o
f
th
e
s
o
lar
ce
ll
d
eg
r
ad
e
w
h
en
a
m
ag
n
etic
f
ield
is
ap
p
lied
.
RE
F
E
RE
NCES
[1
]
Ch
o
p
ra
K
.
L
.
,
e
t
a
l
,
,
“
T
h
in
-
F
il
m
S
o
lar Cells:
A
n
Ov
e
rv
ie
w
,
"
Pro
g
.
Ph
o
t
o
v
o
lt
:
Res
.
A
p
p
l.
,
2
0
0
4
,
Vo
l.
1
2
,
p
p
.
6
9
–
9
2
.
[2
]
Ha
n
d
y
R.
,
“
T
h
e
o
re
ti
c
a
l
A
n
a
l
y
sis
o
f
th
e
S
e
ries
Re
sista
n
c
e
o
f
a
S
o
lar
Ce
ll
,
”
S
o
li
d
-
S
ta
te
El
e
c
tro
n
ics
,
1
9
6
7
,
V
o
l.
1
0
,
No
.
8
,
p
p
.
7
6
5
-
7
7
5
.
[3
]
W
o
lf
M.,
e
t
a
l.
,
“
S
e
ries
Re
sista
n
c
e
E
ff
e
c
ts
o
n
S
o
lar
Ce
ll
M
e
a
su
re
m
e
n
ts,
”
Ad
v
.
En
e
rg
y
Co
n
v
e
rs
io
n
,
1
9
6
3
,
V
o
l.
3
,
pp.
4
5
5
-
4
7
9
.
[4
]
F
a
n
g
C.
R.
,
e
t
a
l.
,
“
A
Tw
o
Di
m
e
n
sio
n
a
l
A
n
a
l
y
sis
o
f
S
h
e
e
t
Re
sista
n
c
e
a
n
d
Co
n
tac
t
Re
sista
n
c
e
e
ffe
c
ts
in
S
o
lar
Ce
ll
s,”
1
3
t
h
IEE
E
PV
S
C
,
1
9
7
8
,
p
p
.
1
3
0
6
-
1
3
1
1
.
[5
]
De
b
S.,
e
t
a
l.
,
“
M
a
g
n
e
ti
c
f
ield
a
ss
isted
b
o
n
d
i
n
g
o
f
p
re
fa
b
rica
ted
g
ri
d
to
a
Cu
2
S
-
C
d
S
so
lar
c
e
ll
”
,
El
e
c
tro
n
ics
L
e
tt
e
rs
,
1
9
8
4
,
Vo
l.
2
0
,
No
.
6
,
p
p
.
2
5
9
-
2
6
1
.
[6
]
S
h
a
k
y
a
P
.
,
e
t
a
l.
,
“
T
h
e
e
ff
e
c
t
o
f
a
p
p
li
e
d
m
a
g
n
e
ti
c
f
ield
o
n
p
h
o
to
c
u
rre
n
t
g
e
n
e
ra
ti
o
n
in
p
o
ly
-
3
-
h
e
x
y
lt
h
io
p
h
e
n
e
:
[6
,
6
]
-
p
h
e
n
y
l
C6
1
-
b
u
ty
ric
a
c
id
m
e
th
y
l
e
ste
r
p
h
o
to
v
o
l
taic
d
e
v
ice
s
,
”
J
.
Ph
y
s.:
Co
n
d
e
n
s.
M
a
tt
e
r,
2
0
0
8
,
V
o
l
.
20,
No
.
4
5
,
p
p
.
1
-
4
.
[7
]
Ka
li
n
o
w
sk
i
J.,
e
t
a
l.
,
“
M
a
g
n
e
ti
c
f
ield
e
ffe
c
ts
o
n
e
m
issio
n
a
n
d
c
u
rre
n
t
in
A
lq
3
-
b
a
se
d
e
lec
tro
lu
m
in
e
sc
e
n
t
d
io
d
e
s
,
”
Ch
e
m.
P
h
y
s.
L
e
tt
.
,
2
0
0
3
,
Vo
l.
3
8
0
,
N
o
.
5
-
6,
p
p
.
7
1
0
-
7
1
5
.
[8
]
S
e
ra
fe
tt
in
E.,
e
t
a
l.
,
“
T
h
e
b
e
h
a
v
io
u
r
o
f
a
t
y
p
ica
l
sin
g
le
-
c
r
y
sta
l
S
i
so
lar
c
e
ll
u
n
d
e
r
h
ig
h
i
n
ten
sity
o
f
e
lec
tri
c
f
ield
,
”
S
o
l
a
r E
n
e
rg
y
M
a
ter
ia
ls
&
S
o
la
r
Ce
ll
s,
2
0
0
6
,
V
o
l
.
9
0
,
N
o
.
5
,
pp.
5
8
2
–
5
8
7
.
[9
]
Die
n
g
A
.
,
e
t
a
l.
,
“
M
a
g
n
e
ti
c
F
iel
d
Ef
f
e
c
t
o
n
t
h
e
El
e
c
tri
c
a
l
P
a
ra
m
e
ters
o
f
a
P
o
ly
c
r
y
sta
ll
in
e
S
il
ic
o
n
S
o
lar
Ce
ll
,
”
Res
e
a
rc
h
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
A
p
p
li
e
d
S
c
ie
n
c
e
s,
En
g
in
e
e
rin
g
a
n
d
T
e
c
h
n
o
lo
g
y
,
2
0
1
1
,
V
o
l.
3
,
No
.
7
,
p
p
.
6
0
2
-
6
1
1
.
[1
0
]
S
o
ik
a
E.,
e
t
a
l.
,
“
M
a
g
n
e
ti
c
f
ield
m
e
a
su
re
m
e
n
ts
a
n
d
n
u
m
e
rica
l
si
m
u
latio
n
o
f
th
e
c
u
rre
n
t
d
istr
ib
u
ti
o
n
in
th
e
e
m
it
ter
re
g
io
n
o
f
so
lar ce
ll
s
,
”
J
o
u
r
n
a
l
o
f
M
a
g
n
e
ti
sm
a
n
d
M
a
g
n
e
ti
c
M
a
ter
i
a
ls
,
2
0
0
4
,
Vo
l.
2
7
2
–
2
7
6
,
p
p
.
6
6
7
–
6
6
8
.
[1
1
]
M
e
ll
H.,
e
t
a
l.
,
“
In
f
lu
e
n
c
e
o
f
a
m
a
g
n
e
ti
c
f
ield
o
n
th
e
c
h
a
rg
e
tran
sp
o
rt
i
n
a
m
o
rp
h
o
u
s
sili
c
o
n
p
h
o
t
o
v
o
lt
a
ic
d
io
d
e
s,”
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
No
n
-
Cry
sta
ll
i
n
e
S
o
li
d
s
,
1
9
8
0
,
V
o
l
.
3
5
-
3
6
,
N
o
.
2,
p
p
.
7
6
1
-
7
6
6
.
[1
2
]
Ha
m
d
y
M
.
A
.
,
e
t
a
l.
,
“
T
h
e
E
ffe
c
t
o
f
th
e
Dio
d
e
Id
e
a
li
ty
F
a
c
to
r
o
n
t
h
e
Ex
p
e
rim
e
n
tal
De
ter
m
in
a
ti
o
n
o
f
S
e
ries
Re
sista
n
c
e
o
f
S
o
lar Cells,”
S
o
l
a
r
C
e
ll
s
,
1
9
8
7
,
V
o
l
.
2
0
,
N
o
.
2
,
pp.
1
1
9
-
1
2
6
.
[1
3
]
A
b
e
rle,
A
.
G
.
,
e
t
a
l.
,
“
A
N
e
w
M
e
th
o
d
f
o
r
Ac
c
u
ra
te
M
e
a
su
re
m
e
n
ts
o
f
th
e
L
u
m
p
e
d
S
e
ries
R
e
sista
n
c
e
o
f
S
o
lar
Ce
ll
s
”
2
3
rd
IEE
E
PV
S
C
,
1
9
9
3
,
p
p
.
1
3
3
-
1
3
9
.
[1
4
]
IEE
E
S
t
d
1
2
7
2
,
“
Re
c
o
m
m
e
n
d
e
d
P
ra
c
ti
c
e
f
o
r
Qu
a
li
f
ica
ti
o
n
o
f
P
h
o
t
o
v
o
lt
a
i
c
(
P
V
)
M
o
d
u
les
,
”
1
9
9
6
.
[1
5
]
Kin
g
D.
L
.
,
e
t
a
l.
,
“
P
VSIM
:
A
S
im
u
latio
n
P
ro
g
ra
m
f
o
r
P
h
o
to
v
o
l
taic
Ce
ll
s,
M
o
d
u
les
,
a
n
d
A
rra
y
s,”
2
5
th
IEE
E
PV
S
C
,
1
9
9
6
,
p
p
.
1
2
9
5
-
1
2
9
7
.
[1
6
]
M
a
d
o
u
g
o
u
S
.
,
e
t
a
l.
,
“
I
-
V
C
h
a
r
a
c
teristics
f
o
r
Bif
a
c
i
a
l
S
il
ico
n
S
o
lar
Ce
ll
u
n
d
e
r
a
M
a
g
n
e
ti
c
F
ie
ld
,
”
Ad
v
a
n
c
e
d
M
a
ter
ia
ls
Res
e
a
rc
h
,
2
0
0
7
,
Vo
l.
1
8
-
1
9
,
p
p
.
3
0
3
-
3
1
2
.
[1
7
]
V
o
n
He
lm
o
lt
R.
,
e
t
a
l.
,
“
G
ian
t
Ne
g
a
ti
v
e
M
a
g
n
e
to
re
sista
n
c
e
in
P
e
ro
v
sk
it
e
li
k
e
L
a
2/3
Ba
1/3
M
n
O
x
F
e
rro
m
a
g
n
e
ti
c
F
il
m
s,”
Ph
y
s.
Rev
.
L
e
tt
.
1
9
9
3
,
Vo
l.
7
1
,
No
.
1
4
,
p
p
.
2
3
3
1
-
2
3
3
3
.
[1
8
]
Ch
a
h
a
ra
K.,
e
t
a
l.
,
“
M
a
g
n
e
t
o
re
sista
n
c
e
in
M
a
g
n
e
ti
c
M
a
n
g
a
n
e
se
Ox
id
e
w
it
h
In
tri
n
sic
A
n
ti
f
e
rro
m
a
g
n
e
ti
c
S
p
in
S
tru
c
tu
re
,
”
A
p
p
l.
P
h
y
s.
L
e
tt
.
1
9
9
3
,
Vo
l.
6
3
,
No
.
1
4
,
p
p
.
1
9
9
0
-
1
9
9
2
.
[1
9
]
Jin
S
.
,
e
t
a
l.
,
“
T
h
o
u
sa
n
d
f
o
ld
Ch
a
n
g
e
in
Re
sistiv
it
y
in
M
a
g
n
e
to
re
s
isti
v
e
L
a
-
Ca
-
Mn
-
O
F
il
m
s
,
”
S
c
ien
c
e
,
1
9
9
4
,
V
o
l.
2
6
4
,
No
.
5
1
5
7
,
p
p
.
4
1
3
-
4
1
5
.
[2
0
]
ww
w
.
e
a
s
y
n
n
.
c
o
m
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