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r
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[
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ir
r
ig
atio
n
wate
r
d
e
r
iv
ed
f
r
o
m
s
h
allo
w
(
2
5
-
4
0
m
)
en
g
in
e
tu
b
e
-
wells
,
an
d
th
e
r
est
was
ir
r
ig
ated
b
y
d
ee
p
(
1
0
0
-
1
5
0
m
)
tu
b
e
-
wel
ls
[
1
1
]
,
[
1
2
]
.
Su
ch
ir
r
ig
atio
n
wate
r
d
esire
s
to
b
e
o
f
s
u
itab
le
q
u
ality
.
T
h
e
ch
em
ical
ch
ar
ac
ter
is
tics
o
f
ir
r
ig
atio
n
wate
r
ca
n
af
f
ec
t
p
lan
t
g
r
o
wth
an
d
cr
o
p
q
u
al
ity
d
ir
ec
tly
th
r
o
u
g
h
n
u
t
r
ien
t
s
d
ef
icien
cy
o
r
to
x
icity
,
o
r
in
d
ir
ec
tly
b
y
th
e
d
eg
r
ad
atio
n
o
f
s
o
il
q
u
ality
[
1
3
]
.
T
h
e
b
a
d
q
u
ality
ir
r
ig
atio
n
wate
r
r
ed
u
ce
s
th
e
s
o
il
p
r
o
d
u
ctiv
ity
as
well
as
ch
an
g
es
in
s
o
il
p
h
y
s
ical
an
d
ch
em
ical
p
r
o
p
e
r
ties
.
I
t
also
cr
ea
tes
cr
o
p
to
x
icity
an
d
u
ltima
te
ly
r
ed
u
ce
s
th
e
y
ield
o
f
th
e
c
r
o
p
[
1
4
]
,
[
15]
.
No
w
a
d
ay
,
a
r
s
en
ic
co
n
ta
m
in
atio
n
i
s
a
th
r
ea
t
to
ir
r
ig
atio
n
wate
r
.
B
esid
es,
p
r
esen
tly
g
r
o
u
n
d
wate
r
is
co
n
s
id
er
ed
to
b
e
th
e
o
n
ly
r
eso
u
r
ce
f
o
r
ir
r
i
g
atio
n
wate
r
s
u
p
p
ly
in
th
e
c
o
u
n
tr
y
.
T
h
e
r
ef
o
r
e
,
its
r
atio
n
al
u
s
e
s
h
o
u
ld
en
s
u
r
e
in
ter
m
s
o
f
b
o
th
q
u
ality
a
n
d
q
u
an
tity
[
1
6
]
.
So
,
i
n
f
o
r
m
atio
n
r
eg
ar
d
in
g
ir
r
ig
atio
n
wate
r
q
u
ality
is
im
p
er
ativ
e
to
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
t
h
e
n
ec
ess
ity
o
f
a
g
r
o
-
m
an
a
g
em
en
t f
o
r
lo
n
g
-
ter
m
p
r
o
d
u
ctiv
ity
[
1
7
]
.
Ag
r
icu
ltu
r
al
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t,
lan
d
u
s
e
an
d
cr
o
p
d
i
v
er
s
ity
,
r
ap
i
d
u
r
b
an
izatio
n
an
d
in
d
u
s
tr
ializatio
n
,
an
d
an
th
r
o
p
o
g
en
ic
p
o
llu
tio
n
h
av
e
d
ir
ec
t
o
r
in
d
ir
ec
t
im
p
ac
ts
o
n
g
r
o
u
n
d
wate
r
q
u
ality
.
I
r
r
ig
ated
ag
r
icu
ltu
r
e
m
o
s
tly
d
ep
en
d
s
o
n
g
r
o
u
n
d
wate
r
r
e
s
o
u
r
ce
s
wo
r
ld
wid
e
[
1
8
]
.
T
h
e
s
itu
atio
n
in
B
an
g
lad
esh
co
n
ce
r
n
in
g
wate
r
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
f
o
r
ir
r
ig
atio
n
is
s
im
ilar
to
o
th
er
l
o
wer
-
m
id
d
le
-
in
co
m
e
co
u
n
tr
ies
in
th
e
wo
r
ld
[
1
9
]
.
U
n
f
o
r
t
u
n
ately
,
in
th
e
r
ec
e
n
t
p
ast
d
ec
ad
e
,
ir
r
ig
atio
n
g
r
o
u
n
d
wate
r
u
s
e
b
y
o
p
en
c
a
n
als
h
as
ca
u
s
ed
a
r
ap
id
d
ec
lin
e
in
wate
r
r
eser
v
es
an
d
lev
els
in
m
an
y
r
eg
io
n
s
o
f
B
an
g
lad
esh
[
2
0
]
.
Gr
o
u
n
d
wate
r
r
eso
u
r
ce
is
v
u
ln
er
ab
le
n
o
t
o
n
ly
th
e
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
: 2
2
5
2
-
88
14
I
n
t J Ad
v
Ap
p
l Sci
,
Vo
l.
10
,
No
.
2
,
J
u
n
e
2
0
2
1
:
1
5
6
–
1
7
0
158
o
v
er
ex
p
lo
itatio
n
d
u
r
in
g
ir
r
ig
a
tio
n
,
b
u
t
also
g
e
o
g
en
ic
a
n
d
a
n
th
r
o
p
o
g
en
ic
c
o
n
tam
in
atio
n
.
Qu
ality
o
f
wate
r
is
v
ital
f
o
r
ea
c
h
ty
p
e
o
f
cu
ltiv
ati
o
n
s
in
ce
p
o
o
r
q
u
ality
ir
r
ig
atio
n
wate
r
m
a
y
lead
t
o
a
h
u
g
e
e
co
n
o
m
ic
l
o
s
s
an
d
a
r
ed
u
ctio
n
in
cr
o
p
p
r
o
d
u
ctio
n
.
B
esid
es,
lo
n
g
-
ter
m
ag
r
icu
lt
u
r
al
p
r
o
d
u
ctiv
ity
ca
n
s
u
s
tain
if
ir
r
ig
atio
n
wate
r
q
u
ality
is
p
r
o
p
er
ly
m
o
n
ito
r
e
d
[
2
1
]
.
So
,
th
e
ir
r
ig
atio
n
wate
r
q
u
ality
m
ig
h
t
b
e
in
f
l
u
en
ce
d
b
y
th
e
co
n
ce
n
tr
atio
n
s
o
f
v
ar
i
o
u
s
p
h
y
s
io
ch
em
ical
p
ar
am
eter
s
d
is
s
o
lv
ed
in
wat
er
r
esu
ltin
g
f
r
o
m
wate
r
-
r
o
c
k
in
ter
ac
tio
n
s
an
d
an
th
r
o
p
o
g
en
ic
ac
tiv
ities
.
Ma
n
y
in
v
esti
g
ato
r
s
r
ev
ea
l
ed
th
e
g
r
o
u
n
d
wate
r
q
u
ality
o
f
d
if
f
er
en
t
d
is
tr
icts
o
f
B
an
g
lad
esh
f
o
r
ir
r
ig
atio
n
p
u
r
p
o
s
e
,
an
d
th
ey
wer
e
:
Mr
id
h
a
[
2
2
]
ex
p
lo
r
ed
g
r
o
u
n
d
wate
r
at
Nato
r
e
d
is
tr
ic
t,
Far
id
p
u
r
d
is
tr
ict’
s
g
r
o
u
n
d
wate
r
in
v
esti
g
ated
b
y
I
s
lam
[
2
3
]
,
Qu
d
d
u
s
an
d
Z
am
a
n
[
2
4
]
s
tu
d
ied
th
e
ir
r
ig
atio
n
wa
ter
q
u
ality
o
f
s
o
m
e
s
elec
ted
v
illag
es
o
f
Me
h
e
r
p
u
r
d
is
tr
ict,
T
alu
k
d
er
[
2
5
]
c
o
n
d
u
cted
an
e
x
ten
s
iv
e
s
tu
d
y
o
n
g
r
o
u
n
d
wate
r
o
f
Kis
h
o
r
eg
an
j
d
i
s
tr
ict,
Sar
k
ar
an
d
Hass
an
[
1
6
]
ass
ess
ed
th
e
g
r
o
u
n
d
wate
r
o
f
Pab
n
a
d
is
tr
ict
f
o
r
ir
r
ig
atio
n
,
Sh
ah
id
u
llah
[
2
6
]
a
n
d
Su
ltan
a
[
2
7
]
in
v
esti
g
ated
th
e
g
r
o
u
n
d
w
ater
q
u
ality
in
My
m
e
n
s
in
g
h
a
n
d
Kh
u
ln
a
d
is
tr
ict
s
,
r
esp
ec
tiv
ely
.
R
aih
an
an
d
Alam
[
2
8
]
a
n
aly
ze
d
g
r
o
u
n
d
wate
r
q
u
ality
th
r
o
u
g
h
o
u
t
t
h
e
Su
n
a
m
g
an
j
d
is
tr
ict,
I
s
lam
an
d
Sh
am
s
ad
[
2
9
]
ass
ess
ed
g
r
o
u
n
d
wate
r
q
u
ality
o
f
B
o
g
r
a
d
is
tr
ict,
an
d
R
ah
m
an
[
3
0
]
s
tu
d
ied
g
r
o
u
n
d
wate
r
q
u
ality
o
f
Satk
h
ir
a
d
is
tr
ict
f
o
r
ir
r
ig
atio
n
p
u
r
p
o
s
e.
A
s
tu
d
y
o
n
g
r
o
u
n
d
wate
r
illu
s
tr
ated
th
at
th
e
g
r
o
u
n
d
wate
r
in
co
astal
ar
ea
s
wa
s
n
o
t
s
u
itab
l
e
f
o
r
ir
r
ig
atio
n
p
u
r
p
o
s
es
in
th
e
p
r
e
-
m
o
n
s
o
o
n
s
ea
s
o
n
.
Ho
wev
er
,
it
was
f
o
u
n
d
s
u
itab
le
f
o
r
th
e
m
o
n
s
o
o
n
an
d
p
o
s
t
-
m
o
n
s
o
o
n
s
ea
s
o
n
s
[
3
1
]
.
Qu
ite
a
lo
t
o
f
ir
r
i
g
atio
n
wat
er
q
u
ality
in
d
ex
e
s
ar
e
u
s
u
all
y
f
o
llo
wed
t
o
ass
ess
wate
r
q
u
ality
in
liter
atu
r
e.
I
n
d
ee
d
,
ir
r
ig
atio
n
wate
r
q
u
ality
(
I
W
Q)
in
d
ex
es
ar
e
ex
p
ec
ted
to
d
eliv
er
a
s
i
m
p
le
to
o
l
f
o
r
wate
r
m
an
ag
er
s
an
d
p
o
licy
m
a
k
er
s
o
n
th
e
q
u
ality
an
d
p
o
te
n
tial
u
s
es
o
f
a
g
iv
en
aq
u
if
er
s
y
s
tem
.
A
t
f
ir
s
t,
Ho
r
to
n
[
3
2
]
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
an
in
teg
r
ate
d
W
QI
s
f
o
r
ass
ess
in
g
wate
r
q
u
ality
.
Si
n
ce
th
en
,
m
a
n
y
wate
r
q
u
ality
i
n
d
ices
r
ep
o
r
ted
b
y
s
ev
er
al
in
v
esti
g
ato
r
s
wo
r
ld
wi
d
e
[
1
9
]
,
[
3
3
]
-
[
3
7
]
,
f
o
r
ex
a
m
p
le,
Simsek
an
d
Gu
n
d
u
z
[
3
8
]
h
av
e
d
e
v
elo
p
ed
a
GI
S
-
b
ased
ir
r
ig
atio
n
wate
r
q
u
ality
(
I
W
Q)
in
d
ex
b
y
co
m
b
i
n
in
g
well
-
k
n
o
wn
h
y
d
r
o
ch
em
ica
l
p
ar
am
eter
s
(
T
DS,
E
C
,
R
SC
,
SA
R
,
an
d
o
t
h
er
s
)
t
o
ass
ess
th
e
ir
r
ig
atio
n
wate
r
q
u
ality
o
f
th
e
Sima
v
Plain
in
T
u
r
k
ey
.
Ash
r
af
[
3
9
]
d
ev
elo
p
e
d
a
GI
S
-
b
ased
ir
r
i
g
a
tio
n
wate
r
in
d
ex
f
o
r
ca
lcu
lat
in
g
SAR
,
R
SC
,
o
r
SS
P
with
o
th
er
p
ar
am
ete
r
s
.
R
o
m
an
elli
et
a
l
.
(
2
0
1
2
)
ass
ess
ed
g
r
o
u
n
d
wate
r
q
u
ality
f
o
r
s
u
itab
ilit
y
o
f
ir
r
ig
atio
n
p
u
r
p
o
s
es
u
s
in
g
th
e
I
W
Q
index
[
40
]
.
T
h
e
in
d
ex
in
teg
r
ate
d
t
h
e
h
y
d
r
o
-
ch
em
ical,
h
y
d
r
o
g
e
o
lo
g
ical,
an
d
to
p
o
g
r
a
p
h
ic
p
ar
am
eter
s
(
E
C
,
SAR
,
R
S
C
,
s
lo
p
s
,
h
y
d
r
a
u
lic
g
r
a
d
ien
t,
an
d
aq
u
if
e
r
th
ick
n
ess
)
.
I
n
th
is
p
ap
er
,
we
tr
y
to
ass
ess
th
e
co
u
n
tr
y
wid
e
ir
r
ig
atio
n
g
r
o
u
n
d
wate
r
q
u
ality
th
r
o
u
g
h
th
e
ca
lcu
latio
n
o
f
v
ar
io
u
s
p
a
r
am
eter
s
s
u
ch
as
s
o
l
u
b
l
e
s
o
d
i
u
m
p
e
r
c
e
n
t
a
g
e
(
S
S
P
)
,
r
e
s
i
d
u
a
l
s
o
d
i
u
m
b
i
c
a
r
b
o
n
a
t
e
(
R
S
C
)
,
K
e
l
l
e
y
’
s
r
a
t
i
o
(
K
R
)
,
p
e
r
m
e
a
b
i
l
i
t
y
i
n
d
e
x
(
P
I
)
,
a
n
d
m
a
g
n
e
s
i
u
m
a
d
s
o
r
p
t
i
o
n
r
a
t
i
o
(
M
A
R
)
.
T
h
u
s
,
th
e
s
tu
d
y
aim
ed
to
ass
es
s
th
e
s
u
itab
il
ity
o
f
ir
r
ig
atio
n
wate
r
in
B
an
g
lad
esh
u
s
in
g
s
ev
er
al
in
d
ices.
B
esid
es
,
co
u
n
tr
y
wid
e
s
o
il
p
er
m
ea
b
ilit
y
,
h
y
d
r
a
u
lic
co
n
d
u
ctiv
ity
o
f
s
o
il
,
s
o
il
class
.
Als
o
ass
ess
ed
b
y
th
is
s
tu
d
y
.
Ho
wev
e
r
,
t
h
e
r
esu
lts
o
f
th
is
s
tu
d
y
p
r
o
v
id
e
a
g
u
id
elin
e
f
o
r
a
n
ag
r
icu
ltu
r
al
m
an
a
g
er
,
h
y
d
r
o
lo
g
is
t,
p
o
licy
m
ak
er
s
,
an
d
wate
r
p
lan
n
er
o
f
a
ce
r
tain
a
q
u
if
e
r
s
y
s
tem
to
tak
e
a
s
u
itab
le
in
itiativ
e
f
o
r
g
r
o
u
n
d
w
ater
q
u
ality
m
an
ag
em
en
t i
n
th
e
s
e
lecte
d
r
eg
io
n
.
2.
ST
UDY
AREA
-
G
E
O
M
O
RP
H
O
L
O
G
Y,
H
YDRO
L
O
G
Y,
AND
WA
T
E
R
T
YP
E
2
.
1
.
G
eo
m
o
rpho
lo
g
y
T
h
e
ch
em
is
tr
y
o
f
g
r
o
u
n
d
wate
r
ty
p
ically
d
ep
en
d
s
o
n
t
h
e
lo
c
al
g
eo
lo
g
ical
s
ettin
g
i
n
aq
u
i
f
e
r
s
.
I
n
th
is
s
ec
tio
n
,
we
d
r
aw
a
p
ictu
r
e
b
r
ief
ly
o
f
t
h
e
aq
u
if
er
g
eo
m
o
r
p
h
o
lo
g
y
o
f
B
an
g
lad
esh
.
T
h
er
e
ar
e
f
o
u
r
m
aj
o
r
p
h
y
s
io
g
r
a
p
h
ic
r
eg
i
o
n
s
,
i.e
.
,
(
i
)
Pleis
to
ce
n
e
co
u
r
ty
ar
d
in
th
e
B
ar
in
d
an
d
Ma
d
h
u
p
u
r
zo
n
es (
ii
)
ter
tiar
y
all
u
v
ial
in
th
e
ea
s
ter
n
an
d
n
o
r
th
e
r
n
h
ill
s
(
iii
)
th
e
d
elta
co
v
er
s
th
e
r
est
o
f
th
e
co
u
n
tr
y
,
an
d
(
iv
)
Ho
lo
ce
n
e
(
r
ec
en
t)
f
lo
o
d
p
lain
s
o
f
th
e
Gan
g
es,
B
r
ah
m
ap
u
tr
a,
a
n
d
Me
g
h
n
a
(
GB
M)
r
iv
er
ex
is
t
at
th
e
s
u
r
f
ac
e
i
n
th
e
co
u
n
tr
y
[
4
1
]
,
[
4
2
]
.
T
h
e
h
y
d
r
o
g
eo
l
o
g
ical
cr
o
s
s
-
s
ec
t
io
n
al
v
iew
o
f
B
an
g
la
d
esh
f
r
o
m
n
o
r
th
to
th
e
s
o
u
th
s
h
o
win
g
th
e
aq
u
if
er
s
y
s
tem
an
d
g
r
o
u
n
d
w
ater
f
lo
w
o
u
tlin
e
s
h
o
w
n
in
Fig
u
r
e
2
.
H
is
to
r
ically
,
ar
o
u
n
d
6
,
0
0
0
y
ea
r
s
ag
o
th
e
s
ea
le
v
el
was
m
u
ch
lo
wer
,
an
d
th
e
m
ai
n
r
iv
er
s
d
iv
id
ed
d
ee
p
ch
an
n
els
s
u
r
r
o
u
n
d
in
g
th
e
B
ar
in
d
an
d
Ma
d
h
u
p
u
r
tr
ac
t
zo
n
e
[4
3
]
.
W
ith
s
o
m
e
Pleis
to
ce
n
e
ter
r
ac
es,
d
eltaic
f
lo
o
d
p
lain
s
co
m
p
r
is
e
th
e
m
ain
p
o
r
tio
n
o
f
th
e
b
asin
an
d
its
s
ed
im
en
ts
co
n
s
is
t
m
o
s
tly
o
f
u
n
co
n
s
o
lid
ated
d
eltaic
d
ep
o
s
its
an
d
allu
v
ial
ex
ce
p
t
f
o
r
t
h
e
m
ix
ed
g
eo
lo
g
y
zo
n
e
o
f
p
r
e
-
q
u
ater
n
ar
y
d
e
p
o
s
its
th
at
co
v
er
th
e
n
o
r
th
-
ea
s
ter
n
a
n
d
s
o
u
th
ea
s
ter
n
m
o
u
n
tain
o
u
s
ar
ea
s
o
f
B
an
g
lad
esh
.
C
o
llected
with
th
e
ter
tiar
y
all
u
v
ial
ar
r
an
g
em
en
ts
th
e
m
ax
im
u
m
d
ep
t
h
o
f
th
e
lay
o
u
t
is
m
o
s
tly
2
0
k
m
[
4
4
]
.
T
h
e
co
u
n
tr
y
h
as
p
r
o
m
is
in
g
h
y
d
r
o
g
eo
lo
g
ic
co
n
d
itio
n
s
an
d
tr
o
p
ica
l
m
o
n
s
o
o
n
wea
th
er
in
d
icate
s
p
o
s
s
ib
le
s
to
r
in
g
o
f
g
r
o
u
n
d
wate
r
i
n
th
e
aq
u
i
f
er
s
.
T
h
e
u
n
co
m
b
in
e
d
n
ea
r
b
y
-
s
u
r
f
ac
e
Pleis
to
ce
n
e
to
r
ec
en
t
es
tu
ar
in
e
an
d
f
lu
v
ial
s
ed
im
en
ts
u
n
d
er
ly
in
g
m
o
s
t
o
f
th
e
co
u
n
tr
y
u
s
u
ally
f
o
r
m
p
r
o
d
u
ctiv
e
aq
u
if
er
s
.
Dee
p
s
em
i
-
co
n
tr
ac
ted
to
th
e
u
n
co
n
tr
ac
te
d
f
lu
v
i
al
-
d
eltaic
d
ep
o
s
it
o
f
Mio
ce
n
e
a
g
e
to
th
e
r
ec
en
t
f
o
r
m
s
of
m
a
n
y
aq
u
if
er
s
.
B
u
t
ex
clu
d
in
g
th
e
Du
p
i
T
ila
s
an
d
s
to
n
e
co
n
s
tr
u
ctio
n
o
f
t
h
e
p
lio
-
Pleis
to
ce
n
e
s
tag
e,
o
th
er
s
ar
e
to
o
d
e
ep
to
co
n
s
id
er
f
o
r
g
r
o
u
n
d
wate
r
with
d
r
awa
l e
x
ce
p
t in
th
e
m
o
u
n
tain
o
u
s
r
eg
i
o
n
(
1
8
% o
f
to
tal
ar
ea
s
)
[
4
3
]
.
Mo
s
t
o
f
th
e
g
r
o
u
n
d
wate
r
ex
tr
ac
tio
n
f
o
r
ir
r
ig
atio
n
o
r
d
o
m
esti
c
p
u
r
p
o
s
es
in
th
e
B
ar
in
d
an
d
Ma
d
h
u
p
u
r
u
p
lan
d
ar
ea
s
ar
e
f
r
o
m
th
e
Du
p
i
T
ila
aq
u
if
er
s
.
T
h
e
f
lo
o
d
p
lain
s
o
f
th
e
ac
tiv
e/in
ac
tiv
e
d
elta
p
lain
an
d
th
e
m
ajo
r
r
iv
er
s
o
f
th
e
GB
M
d
elta
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J Ad
v
Ap
p
l Sci
I
SS
N:
2
2
5
2
-
8
8
1
4
Gro
u
n
d
w
a
ter s
u
ita
b
ilit
y
fo
r
ir
r
ig
a
ted
a
g
r
icu
ltu
r
e
in
a
llu
v
ia
l
B
en
g
a
l d
elta
…
(
Md
.
S
h
a
jed
u
l
I
s
la
m)
159
co
m
p
lex
o
cc
u
p
ies
a
b
o
u
t
8
2
%
o
f
t
h
e
co
u
n
tr
y
ar
ea
[
7
]
.
T
h
e
g
eo
lo
g
ical
s
tu
d
ies
in
d
icate
d
t
h
at
th
e
b
u
lk
o
f
t
h
e
b
est
aq
u
if
er
s
o
cc
u
r
s
f
r
o
m
3
0
to
1
3
0
m
d
e
p
th
[4
1
]
.
T
h
ese
a
llu
v
ial
d
ep
o
s
its
ar
e
cy
clic
s
ed
im
en
t
o
f
ty
p
ically
m
ed
iu
m
to
f
in
e
s
an
d
,
clay
,
s
ilt,
an
d
s
ilts
to
n
e.
T
h
e
s
ep
ar
ate
la
y
er
s
ca
n
n
o
t
tr
ac
e
f
o
r
lo
n
g
d
is
tan
ce
s
,
v
er
tically
o
r
h
o
r
izo
n
tally
[
7
]
,
[
4
5
]
.
R
ain
an
d
f
lo
o
d
wate
r
a
r
e
th
e
p
r
in
cip
al
s
o
u
r
ce
s
o
f
g
r
o
u
n
d
wat
er
r
ec
h
ar
g
e
in
B
an
g
lad
esh
.
N
u
m
b
er
s
o
f
s
tu
d
ies f
o
r
ec
ast th
at
v
ast g
r
o
u
n
d
wate
r
-
f
ed
ir
r
ig
atio
n
w
o
u
ld
p
r
o
lo
n
g
n
et
r
ec
h
ar
g
e
i
n
ar
ea
s
wh
er
e
s
o
il p
r
o
p
e
r
ties
an
d
s
u
r
f
ac
e
lith
o
lo
g
y
ar
e
g
o
o
d
p
er
m
ea
b
le
th
at
f
av
o
r
r
ec
h
ar
g
e
[
6
]
,
[
4
6
]
,
[
4
7
]
.
T
h
e
s
tu
d
y
p
r
o
jecte
d
ar
ea
wis
e
an
n
u
al
u
s
ab
le
an
d
p
o
ten
tial
r
ec
h
ar
g
e
b
etwe
en
1
8
3
to
1
2
8
7
m
m
an
d
1
3
5
t
o
1
9
1
0
m
m
,
r
esp
ec
tiv
ely
.
T
h
e
ap
p
r
o
x
im
atio
n
s
o
f
n
et
r
ec
h
ar
g
e
in
B
an
g
lad
esh
h
av
e
in
cr
ea
s
ed
f
r
o
m
1
3
2
m
m
/y
r
o
v
er
a
p
er
io
d
f
r
o
m
1
9
7
5
to
1
9
8
0
to
a
b
o
u
t
1
9
0
m
m
/y
r
f
o
r
th
e
p
er
io
d
o
f
2
0
0
2
to
2
0
0
7
[
4
7
]
.
R
ec
en
t
p
ast
s
tu
d
ies
co
n
f
i
r
m
ed
th
at
th
e
r
atio
o
f
g
r
o
u
n
d
wate
r
r
ec
h
ar
g
e
a
n
d
a
b
s
tr
ac
tio
n
in
th
e
c
o
u
n
tr
y
g
r
a
d
u
al
ly
d
o
wn
f
all.
Fig
u
r
e
2
.
Ma
p
o
f
B
en
g
al
d
elta
p
lain
(
B
DP)
2
.
2
.
H
y
dro
g
eo
lo
g
y
Ver
y
p
r
o
d
u
ctiv
e
aq
u
if
er
s
o
cc
u
r
u
n
d
er
n
ea
th
b
o
th
t
h
e
Pleis
to
ce
n
e
ter
r
ac
es
a
n
d
Ho
lo
ce
n
e
f
l
o
o
d
p
lain
s
,
th
e
s
h
allo
west
u
s
u
ally
en
c
o
u
n
ter
ed
with
in
1
5
to
4
5
m
o
f
th
e
s
u
r
f
ac
e.
I
n
B
an
g
lad
esh
,
m
o
s
t
s
h
allo
w
ir
r
ig
atio
n
wate
r
wells
ar
e
less
th
an
5
0
m
d
ee
p
.
Gen
er
ally
,
5
0
–
7
5
%
o
f
t
h
e
s
eq
u
en
ce
ca
n
ef
f
ec
tiv
ely
d
e
v
elo
p
to
th
is
d
e
p
th
[4
6
]
.
Salin
e
g
r
o
u
n
d
wate
r
is
p
r
esen
t
in
p
ar
ts
o
f
th
e
co
astal
ar
ea
an
d
s
o
m
e
in
lan
d
zo
n
es
[
4
8
]
.
I
n
t
h
e
co
astal
zo
n
es,
f
r
esh
wate
r
aq
u
if
er
s
ar
e
en
co
u
n
ter
ed
eith
e
r
with
in
th
e
f
ir
s
t
2
0
m
o
r
b
elo
w
ab
o
u
t
1
0
0
–
1
5
0
m
d
ep
th
.
An
eq
u
al
d
ee
p
er
a
q
u
if
er
is
also
ex
p
lo
ited
at
s
o
m
e
to
wn
s
in
t
h
e
n
o
r
th
o
f
th
e
co
astal
zo
n
e
[
4
9
]
,
f
o
llo
win
g
an
aq
u
itar
d
,
wh
ic
h
is
p
r
esen
t in
p
lace
s
b
u
t seem
s
n
o
t to
b
e
lo
ca
l
ly
ex
ten
s
iv
e.
2
.
3
.
Wa
t
er
qu
a
lity
I
n
th
e
r
e
g
io
n
o
f
B
DP,
b
ef
o
r
e
t
h
e
d
etec
tio
n
o
f
ar
s
en
ic
co
n
ta
m
in
atio
n
,
th
e
p
h
y
s
io
-
c
h
em
ical
q
u
ality
o
f
g
r
o
u
n
d
wate
r
u
n
d
er
n
ea
t
h
th
e
Ho
lo
ce
n
e
f
lo
o
d
p
lain
s
was
th
o
u
g
h
t
to
b
e
co
m
m
o
n
ly
g
o
o
d
,
alth
o
u
g
h
t
h
e
s
h
allo
w
g
r
o
u
n
d
wate
r
is
v
u
ln
er
a
b
le
to
co
n
tam
in
atio
n
b
y
s
o
m
e
ess
en
tial
an
d
n
o
n
-
ess
en
tial
m
etals
an
d
m
ic
r
o
b
es
[
50
]
.
C
alciu
m
an
d
ir
o
n
wer
e
k
n
o
wn
as
an
ex
ten
s
iv
e
n
u
is
an
ce
,
an
d
s
altin
ess
a
co
n
s
tr
ain
t
in
th
e
s
h
allo
w
lay
er
o
f
th
e
co
astal
ar
ea
.
B
esid
es,
ar
s
en
ic,
th
e
Dep
ar
tm
en
t
o
f
Pu
b
lic
He
alth
E
n
g
in
ee
r
i
n
g
(
DPHE
)
id
e
n
tifie
d
Mn
an
d
B
as
co
m
m
o
n
,
n
at
u
r
ally
o
cc
u
r
r
in
g
i
n
g
r
ed
ien
ts
,
p
r
esen
t
in
p
lace
s
a
b
o
v
e
th
e
W
HO
g
u
id
elin
es
f
o
r
p
o
tab
le
wate
r
(
0
.
5
m
g
/l
in
b
o
th
ca
s
es
)
[
4
9
]
.
B
u
t
th
ese
elem
en
ts
ar
e
g
o
o
d
f
o
r
ir
r
i
g
atio
n
wate
r
.
T
h
e
g
r
o
u
n
d
wate
r
ty
p
e
o
f
B
an
g
lad
esh
is
m
o
s
tly
C
a
-
Mg
-
HC
O
3
ac
co
m
p
lis
h
ed
with
h
ig
h
m
in
er
als (
E
C
: 5
0
0
–
2
0
0
0
µS/c
m
)
an
d
Na
-
C
l ty
p
e
wate
r
ad
jac
en
t
to
th
e
co
astal
ar
ea
s
.
T
h
is
co
n
tr
asts
wi
th
g
r
o
u
n
d
wate
r
f
r
o
m
th
e
s
an
d
y
a
q
u
if
er
o
f
Du
p
i
T
ila
u
n
d
er
n
ea
th
t
h
e
Pleis
to
ce
n
e,
wh
ich
is
g
en
er
ally
o
f
t
h
e
Na
-
HC
O
3
ty
p
e
an
d
h
a
s
f
ewe
r
m
in
e
r
als
(
E
C
:
3
0
0
–
6
0
0
µS/cm
)
[
50
]
.
Gr
o
u
n
d
wate
r
u
n
d
er
n
ea
th
th
e
H
o
lo
ce
n
e
f
lo
o
d
p
la
in
s
in
th
e
co
u
n
tr
y
is
co
n
s
id
er
e
d
b
y
h
ig
h
b
icar
b
o
n
ate
lo
ad
s
,
with
HC
O
3
-
u
s
u
ally
p
r
esen
t
in
m
o
r
e
th
an
a
h
u
n
d
r
e
d
m
g
/L.
I
t
is
m
o
s
tly
an
o
x
ic
an
d
m
o
s
tly
h
as a
s
tr
o
n
g
ly
r
ed
u
cin
g
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
t,
n
ea
r
b
y
t
o
th
e
e
x
ten
t o
f
m
eth
a
n
o
g
e
n
esis
[
5
1
]
.
I
n
th
is
ar
ea
,
ar
s
en
ic
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
: 2
2
5
2
-
88
14
I
n
t J Ad
v
Ap
p
l Sci
,
Vo
l.
10
,
No
.
2
,
J
u
n
e
2
0
2
1
:
1
5
6
–
1
7
0
160
co
n
ce
n
tr
atio
n
is
v
er
y
h
ig
h
(
5
0
-
1
0
0
0
µ
g
/L)
co
m
b
in
ed
wi
th
a
h
ig
h
d
is
s
o
lv
ed
ir
o
n
p
r
e
s
en
t
at
a
r
an
g
e
o
f
5
-
1
0
m
g
/L.
Ma
n
g
a
n
ese
u
s
u
ally
ex
ce
ed
s
0
.
5
m
g
/l.
Nitr
ate
an
d
Su
lp
h
ate
co
n
ce
n
tr
atio
n
is
n
o
r
m
ally
lo
w
b
elo
w
th
e
Ho
lo
ce
n
e
f
lo
o
d
p
lain
s
,
m
o
s
tly
less
th
an
ab
o
u
t
5
m
g
/L
[
52
]
,
[
53
]
.
T
h
ese
ch
em
ical
ch
ar
ac
ter
is
tics
r
ef
lect
th
e
co
n
d
itio
n
s
o
f
g
r
o
u
n
d
wate
r
q
u
a
lity
as we
ll a
s
ir
r
ig
atio
n
wate
r
q
u
ality
.
3.
M
E
T
H
O
DS A
ND
M
A
T
E
R
I
AL
S
T
h
o
u
g
h
o
u
t
t
h
e
r
ev
iew
p
r
o
ce
s
s
,
we
u
s
ed
s
ec
o
n
d
ar
y
d
ata
f
r
o
m
s
ev
er
al
p
u
b
lis
h
ed
a
r
ticles
an
d
r
ep
o
r
ts
.
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
s
ea
r
ch
ed
Go
o
g
le
S
ch
o
lar
,
Sco
p
u
s
,
W
eb
o
f
Scien
ce
,
Pu
b
Me
d
,
a
n
d
o
t
h
er
d
atab
a
s
es
f
o
r
p
u
b
licatio
n
s
ac
r
o
s
s
2
5
y
ea
r
s
an
d
d
ated
1
9
9
5
to
2
0
2
0
.
T
h
e
f
o
llo
win
g
te
r
m
s
wer
e
s
ea
r
ch
ed
u
s
in
g
t
h
e
b
o
o
lean
o
p
er
at
o
r
s
‘
an
d
’
an
d
‘
o
r
’
:
(
a)
B
en
g
al
d
elta
p
lain
,
(
b
)
g
e
o
ch
em
is
tr
y
o
f
g
r
o
u
n
d
wate
r
i
n
B
an
g
lad
esh
,
(
c)
ir
r
ig
atio
n
wate
r
q
u
ality
,
(
d
)
I
W
Q
in
d
ex
,
(
e
)
g
eo
lo
g
ical
f
o
r
m
atio
n
o
f
B
e
n
g
a
l
b
asin
,
a
n
d
(
f
)
wate
r
class
.
Prim
ar
ily
,
we
wer
e
id
en
tifie
d
o
v
er
1
5
0
p
u
b
lis
h
ed
p
ap
er
s
an
d
r
ep
o
r
ts
,
b
u
t
f
in
ally
in
clu
d
ed
1
2
0
ar
ticles
in
th
e
h
ig
h
im
p
ac
t
jo
u
r
n
al.
Her
e,
we
f
o
llo
w
th
e
PR
I
SMA
Statem
en
t
f
o
r
ev
er
y
ev
en
t
o
f
in
clu
s
io
n
an
d
ex
cl
u
s
io
n
cr
ite
r
ia.
E
x
tr
ac
ted
d
ata
ar
e
in
clu
d
ed
in
a
t
ab
le
an
d
ass
es
s
ed
th
e
ir
r
ig
atio
n
wate
r
q
u
ality
,
s
o
il
p
er
m
ea
b
ilit
y
,
an
d
s
o
il
class
o
f
B
an
g
lad
esh
th
r
o
u
g
h
th
e
t
ab
le.
Fo
r
th
ese
p
u
r
p
o
s
es,
v
ar
io
u
s
well
-
r
ec
o
g
n
ized
i
n
d
ex
es
an
d
t
h
eo
r
ies
f
o
r
i
r
r
ig
atio
n
wate
r
q
u
ality
ev
o
l
u
tio
n
wer
e
u
s
ed
.
3
.
1
.
I
rr
ig
a
t
io
n wa
t
er
qu
a
lity
ind
ex
(
I
WQ
index
)
T
h
e
I
W
Q
in
d
ex
is
p
r
ep
a
r
ed
b
ased
o
n
th
e
lin
ea
r
c
o
r
r
elatio
n
o
f
f
o
u
r
s
ets
o
f
ir
r
ig
atio
n
wate
r
q
u
alit
y
p
ar
am
eter
s
th
at
ar
e
co
n
n
ec
t
ed
to
f
o
r
m
a
s
in
g
le
in
d
e
x
v
alu
e
to
ass
ess
th
e
ir
r
ig
atio
n
wate
r
q
u
ality
in
B
an
g
lad
esh
.
Acc
o
r
d
in
g
to
th
e
g
u
id
in
g
p
r
in
cip
l
e
o
f
f
er
ed
b
y
Ay
er
s
an
d
W
estco
t
[
3
3
]
,
f
o
u
r
ca
teg
o
r
ies
o
f
ir
r
ig
atio
n
wate
r
q
u
ality
p
ar
am
eter
s
,
f
o
r
i
n
s
tan
ce
,
d
e
f
in
ite
io
n
to
x
icity
,
p
er
m
ea
b
ilit
y
h
az
ar
d
,
s
alin
ity
th
r
ea
t,
a
n
d
a
s
s
o
ciate
d
ef
f
ec
t
ar
e
d
esig
n
ated
T
ab
le
1
.
Simsek
an
d
Gu
n
d
u
z
[
3
8
]
wer
e
d
esig
n
ate
d
d
etailed
s
tan
d
ar
d
m
ea
s
u
r
es
f
o
r
ir
r
ig
atio
n
wate
r
q
u
ality
in
d
e
x
es.
All
p
ar
am
ete
r
s
a
r
e
g
iv
en
a
weig
h
t
f
ac
to
r
T
ab
le
2
&
T
a
b
le
3
f
r
o
m
th
e
4
(
h
ig
h
est)
an
d
1
(
l
o
we
s
t)
p
o
in
ts
in
th
e
m
eth
o
d
.
Am
o
n
g
th
o
s
e
4
f
ac
to
r
s
,
s
alin
ity
p
er
il
is
th
e
m
o
s
t
v
ital
f
ac
to
r
,
an
d
th
e
h
ig
h
est
p
r
io
r
ity
(
weig
h
t
=
4
)
,
wh
e
r
ea
s
th
e
ass
o
ciate
d
ef
f
ec
ts
o
n
s
en
s
itiv
e
cr
o
p
s
ar
e
th
e
least
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
f
ac
to
r
in
th
e
ass
es
s
m
en
t
o
f
ir
r
ig
atio
n
wate
r
q
u
alit
y
.
T
h
e
r
est
o
f
th
e
two
p
ar
am
eter
s
s
u
ch
as
p
er
m
ea
b
ilit
y
h
az
ar
d
an
d
d
e
f
in
ite
io
n
to
x
icity
r
ated
in
d
ec
l
in
in
g
o
r
d
e
r
alo
n
g
with
im
p
o
r
tan
ce
f
o
r
ir
r
ig
atin
g
wate
r
q
u
ality
.
T
h
e
ir
r
ig
atio
n
wate
r
q
u
ality
in
d
e
x
is
m
ea
s
u
r
ed
b
y
th
e
u
s
in
g
(
1
)
an
d
(
2
)
:
=
∑
4
=
1
(
1
)
w
h
er
e,
i
=
in
cr
em
e
n
tal
in
d
e
x
,
an
d
G
=
co
n
tr
i
b
u
tio
n
o
f
ea
ch
o
n
e
o
f
th
e
f
o
u
r
h
az
ar
d
g
r
o
u
p
s
th
at
ar
e
v
ital
to
ass
es
s
th
e
q
u
ality
o
f
s
p
ec
if
ic
ir
r
ig
atio
n
wate
r
r
eso
u
r
ce
; a
n
d
G
ca
n
b
e
ca
lcu
lated
b
y
:
=
∑
(
)
=
1
(
2
)
h
er
e,
k
=
in
c
r
em
en
tal
in
d
ex
;
N
=
to
tal
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
p
ar
am
eter
s
f
o
r
th
e
an
aly
s
is
;
w
=
weig
h
t
v
alu
e
o
f
th
e
ca
teg
o
r
y
; a
n
d
r
=
r
atin
g
v
alu
e
o
f
in
d
iv
i
d
u
ally
p
a
r
am
eter
as g
i
v
en
in
T
a
b
le
2
an
d
T
ab
le
3.
T
ab
le
1
.
C
lass
if
icatio
n
o
f
ir
r
ig
atio
n
wate
r
q
u
ality
s
tan
d
a
r
d
s
(
ac
co
r
d
in
g
to
,
a
y
e
r
s
an
d
w
estc
o
t [
3
3
]
)
P
o
t
e
n
t
i
a
l
p
r
o
b
l
e
m
i
n
i
r
r
i
g
a
t
i
o
n
P
a
r
a
me
t
e
r
s
U
n
i
t
s
G
r
a
d
e
o
f
r
e
st
r
i
c
t
i
o
n
o
n
u
se
N
o
n
e
S
l
i
g
h
t
t
o
m
o
d
e
r
a
t
e
S
e
v
e
re
S
a
l
i
n
i
t
y
(
e
f
f
e
c
t
s w
a
t
e
r
a
v
a
i
l
a
b
i
l
i
t
y
f
o
r
c
r
o
p
)
TD
S
mg
/
L
<
4
5
0
4
5
0
–
2
0
0
0
>
2
0
0
0
EC
μS/
c
m
<
7
0
0
7
0
0
–
3
0
0
0
>
3
0
0
0
P
e
r
mea
b
i
l
i
t
y
(
e
f
f
e
c
t
s ra
t
e
o
f
w
a
t
e
r
i
n
f
i
l
t
r
a
t
i
o
n
i
n
t
o
s
o
i
l
)
S
A
R
=
0
–
3
%
EC
:
>
7
0
0
7
0
0
–
200
<
2
0
0
S
A
R
=
3
–
6
%
EC
:
>
1
2
0
0
1
2
0
0
–
3
0
0
<
3
0
0
S
A
R
=
6
–
12
%
EC
:
>
1
9
0
0
1
9
0
0
–
5
0
0
<
5
0
0
S
A
R
=
1
2
–
20
%
EC
:
>
2
9
0
0
2
9
0
0
–
1
3
0
0
<
1
3
0
0
S
A
R
=
2
0
–
40
%
EC
:
>
5
0
0
0
5
0
0
0
–
2
9
0
0
<
2
9
0
0
S
p
e
c
i
f
i
c
i
o
n
s
t
o
x
i
c
i
t
y
(
e
f
f
e
c
t
s
sen
s
i
t
i
v
e
t
y
p
e
c
r
o
p
s)
S
o
d
i
u
m
mEq
/
L
<
3
.
0
3
.
0
–
9
.
0
>
9
.
0
B
o
r
o
n
mg
/
L
<
0
.
7
0
.
7
–
3
.
0
>
3
.
0
C
h
l
o
r
i
d
e
mg
/
L
<
140
1
4
0
–
350
>
3
5
0
M
i
s
c
e
l
l
a
n
e
o
u
s
e
f
f
e
c
t
s (eff
e
c
t
s
v
u
l
n
e
r
a
b
l
e
c
r
o
p
s)
B
i
c
a
r
b
o
n
a
t
e
mg
/
L
<
9
0
90
–
5
0
0
>
5
0
0
pH
–
N
o
r
mal
r
a
n
g
e
:
6
.
5
–
8
.
4
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J Ad
v
Ap
p
l Sci
I
SS
N:
2
2
5
2
-
8
8
1
4
Gro
u
n
d
w
a
ter s
u
ita
b
ilit
y
fo
r
ir
r
ig
a
ted
a
g
r
icu
ltu
r
e
in
a
llu
v
ia
l
B
en
g
a
l d
elta
…
(
Md
.
S
h
a
jed
u
l
I
s
la
m)
161
T
ab
le
2
.
C
atalo
g
u
in
g
f
o
r
I
W
Q
in
d
ex
p
ar
am
eter
s
(
ac
co
r
d
in
g
to
,
a
y
er
s
an
d
w
estco
t [
3
3
]
)
H
a
z
a
r
d
W
e
i
g
h
t
P
a
r
a
me
t
e
r
R
a
n
g
e
R
a
t
i
n
g
S
u
i
t
a
b
i
l
i
t
y
S
a
l
i
n
i
t
y
h
a
z
a
r
d
4
El
e
c
t
r
i
c
a
l
c
o
n
d
u
c
t
i
v
i
t
y
(
μS/
c
m)
EC
<
7
0
0
3
H
i
g
h
7
0
0
≤
E
C
≤
3
0
0
0
2
Me
d
i
u
m
EC
>
3
0
0
0
1
L
o
w
To
t
a
l
d
i
ss
o
l
v
e
d
s
o
l
i
d
s
(
mg
/
L)
TD
S
<
4
5
0
3
H
i
g
h
4
5
0
≤
TD
S
≤
2
0
0
0
2
Me
d
i
u
m
TD
S
>
2
0
0
0
1
L
o
w
P
e
r
mea
b
i
l
i
t
y
a
n
d
I
n
f
i
l
t
r
a
t
i
o
n
h
a
z
a
r
d
3
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e
e
T
a
b
.
4
a
n
d
5
a
f
o
r
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t
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l
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p
e
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o
n
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o
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c
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t
y
2
S
o
d
i
u
m a
d
s
o
r
p
t
i
o
n
r
a
t
i
o
(
%)
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A
R
<
3
.
0
3
H
i
g
h
3
.
0
≤
S
A
R
≤
9
.
0
2
Me
d
i
u
m
S
A
R
>
9
.
0
1
L
o
w
B
o
r
o
n
(
mg
/
L)
B
<
0
.
7
3
H
i
g
h
0
.
7
≤
B
≤
3
.
0
2
Me
d
i
u
m
B
>
3
.
0
1
L
o
w
C
h
l
o
r
i
d
e
(
m
g
/
L)
C
l
<
1
4
0
3
H
i
g
h
1
4
0
≤
C
l
≤
3
5
0
2
Me
d
i
u
m
C
l
>
3
5
0
1
L
o
w
A
sso
r
t
e
d
e
f
f
e
c
t
s t
o
sen
s
i
t
i
v
e
c
r
o
p
1
B
i
c
a
r
b
o
n
a
t
e
(
m
g
/
L)
H
C
O
3
<
9
0
3
H
i
g
h
9
0
≤
H
C
O
3
≤
5
0
0
2
Me
d
i
u
m
H
C
O
3
>
5
0
0
1
L
o
w
pH
7
.
0
≤
p
H
≤
8
.
0
3
H
i
g
h
6
.
5
≤
p
H
<
7
.
0
a
n
d
8
.
0
<
p
H
≤
8
.
5
2
Me
d
i
u
m
p
H
<
6
.
5
o
r
p
H
>
8
.
5
1
L
o
w
T
ab
le
3
.
C
lass
if
icatio
n
f
o
r
in
f
i
ltra
tio
n
an
d
p
er
m
ea
b
ilit
y
h
az
a
r
d
S
A
R
(
%)
R
a
t
i
n
g
S
u
i
t
a
b
i
l
i
t
y
<
3
3
–
6
6
–
12
12
–
20
>
2
0
EC
>
7
0
0
>
1
2
0
0
>
1
9
0
0
>
2
9
0
0
>
5
0
0
0
3
H
i
g
h
7
0
0
–
200
1
2
0
0
–
3
0
0
1
9
0
0
–
5
0
0
2
9
0
0
–
1
3
0
0
5
0
0
0
–
2
9
0
0
2
Me
d
i
u
m
<
2
0
0
<
3
0
0
<
5
0
0
<
1
3
0
0
<
2
9
0
0
1
L
o
w
3
.
2
.
M
et
ho
ds
f
o
r
hy
dro
g
eo
chem
ica
l a
nd
wa
t
er
qu
a
lity
ev
a
lua
t
io
n
I
n
th
e
ag
r
icu
ltu
r
al
s
ec
to
r
,
u
tili
za
tio
n
o
f
b
ad
wate
r
q
u
ality
ca
n
m
ak
e
f
o
u
r
t
y
p
es
o
f
p
r
o
b
lem
s
s
u
ch
as
to
x
icity
h
az
ar
d
,
wate
r
im
p
er
m
ea
b
ilit
y
,
s
alin
ity
h
az
ar
d
,
an
d
m
is
ce
llan
eo
u
s
[
3
3
]
.
W
ater
q
u
ality
ass
ess
m
en
t
o
f
ir
r
ig
atio
n
,
th
er
e
ar
e
f
o
u
r
m
o
s
t
co
m
m
o
n
cr
iter
ia
lik
e
E
C
o
r
T
DS;
r
esid
u
al
s
o
d
iu
m
ca
r
b
o
n
ate
(
R
S
C
)
;
s
o
d
iu
m
ad
s
o
r
p
tio
n
r
atio
(
SAR
)
;
co
n
ce
n
tr
atio
n
o
f
s
o
m
e
i
o
n
s
lik
e
Na
+
,
HC
O
3
-
/C
O
3
2
-
,
an
d
C
l
-
[5
4
]
,
[
5
5
]
.
Fo
r
th
e
p
r
esen
t
ir
r
ig
atio
n
wate
r
q
u
ality
ass
ess
m
en
t
b
esid
es
th
e
s
ep
ar
ate
c
h
e
m
ical
p
ar
am
eter
s
,
th
e
f
o
llo
wi
n
g
p
a
r
am
eter
s
h
av
e
b
ee
n
co
n
s
id
er
ed
.
T
o
ass
ess
co
u
n
tr
y
wid
e
wate
r
q
u
ality
f
o
r
ir
r
ig
atio
n
th
e
f
o
llo
win
g
p
ar
am
et
er
s
wer
e
ca
lcu
lated
an
d
th
e
r
esu
lts
ar
e
in
cl
u
d
ed
i
n
T
ab
le
5
an
d
T
ab
le
6:
a.
T
h
e
to
tal
h
ar
d
n
ess
(
T
H)
in
p
p
m
[
5
5
]
-
[
5
7
]
was d
eter
m
in
e
d
b
y
as
(
3
)
.
=
2
.
497
2
+
+
4
.
115
2
+
(
3
)
b.
T
o
ass
es
s
th
e
wate
r
q
u
ality
f
o
r
ir
r
ig
atio
n
,
th
e
alk
ali
o
r
s
o
d
iu
m
h
az
ar
d
s
tated
b
y
th
e
s
o
d
iu
m
ad
s
o
r
p
tio
n
r
atio
(
SAR
)
is
ex
ten
s
iv
ely
u
s
ed
[
1
9
]
,
[
5
8
]
.
I
f
wate
r
s
am
p
le
s
with
h
ig
h
Na
+
an
d
lo
w
C
a
2+
co
n
ce
n
tr
atio
n
,
th
e
io
n
ex
ch
a
n
g
e
co
m
p
lex
m
ay
b
ec
o
m
e
s
atu
r
ated
with
Na
+
wh
ich
ab
o
lis
h
es
th
e
s
o
il
ar
ch
itectu
r
e
[
5
6
]
.
T
h
e
SAR
v
alu
e
o
f
ir
r
ig
atio
n
wate
r
ca
lcu
lates
th
e
r
elat
iv
e
p
r
o
p
o
r
ti
o
n
o
f
Na
+
to
C
a
2+
an
d
Mg
2+
[
5
9
]
,
an
d
Acc
o
r
d
in
g
t
o
R
ich
ar
d
s
[
6
0
]
,
s
o
d
iu
m
a
d
s
o
r
p
t
io
n
r
atio
(
SAR
)
is
ex
p
r
ess
ed
as (
4
)
:
=
+
√
(
2
+
+
2
+
)
/
2
(
4
)
w
h
er
e
,
Na
+
,
C
a
2+
an
d
Mg
2+
ar
e
ex
p
r
ess
ed
as
th
e
co
n
ce
n
t
r
atio
n
s
(
m
E
q
/L)
o
f
Na,
C
a,
an
d
Mg
io
n
s
in
wate
r
,
r
esp
ec
tiv
ely
[
3
3
]
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
: 2
2
5
2
-
88
14
I
n
t J Ad
v
Ap
p
l Sci
,
Vo
l.
10
,
No
.
2
,
J
u
n
e
2
0
2
1
:
1
5
6
–
1
7
0
162
c.
So
lu
b
le
s
o
d
iu
m
p
er
ce
n
ta
g
e
(
SS
P)
o
r
%Na
was
u
s
ed
to
ev
alu
ate
th
e
s
o
d
iu
m
h
az
ar
d
in
i
r
r
ig
atio
n
wate
r
.
T
o
d
d
[
5
6
]
estab
lis
h
ed
SS
P o
r
%Na
as
(
5
)
:
%
=
(
+
+
+
)
×
100
(
2
+
+
2
+
+
+
+
+
)
(
5
)
d.
T
h
e
r
esid
u
al
s
o
d
iu
m
ca
r
b
o
n
a
te
(
R
SC
)
is
ca
lcu
lated
tak
in
g
th
e
alk
alin
e
e
ar
th
s
(
C
a
an
d
Mg
)
an
d
wea
k
ac
id
s
(
H
2
CO
3
)
as
(
6
)
[
5
5
]
,
[
6
1
]
:
=
(
3
2
−
+
3
−
)
−
(
2
+
+
2
+
)
(
6
)
e.
Gu
p
ta
[
6
2
]
ex
p
r
ess
ed
r
esid
u
al
s
o
d
iu
m
b
icar
b
o
n
ate
(
R
SB
C
)
as
(
7
)
:
=
3
−
−
2
+
(
7
)
f.
Do
n
ee
n
[
6
3
]
d
ef
in
ed
p
er
m
ea
b
i
lity
in
d
ex
(
PI)
as
(
8
)
:
=
+
√
3
−
(
+
+
2
+
+
2
+
)
×
100
(
8
)
g.
Ma
g
n
esiu
m
ad
s
o
r
p
tio
n
r
atio
(
MA
R
)
also
r
ec
o
g
n
iz
ed
as m
ag
n
esiu
m
h
az
ar
d
was c
alcu
lated
[
5
5
]
as
(
9
)
:
=
(
2
+
×
100
)
(
2
+
+
2
+
)
(
9
)
h.
L
astl
y
,
Kelley
’
s
r
atio
(
KR
)
[
6
4
]
d
escr
ib
ed
as
(
10
)
.
=
+
(
2
+
+
2
+
)
(
1
0
)
All
io
n
ic
p
ar
a
m
eter
c
o
n
ce
n
tr
atio
n
s
ar
e
in
m
E
q
/L.
All
th
e
s
e
p
ar
am
eter
s
an
d
in
d
iv
id
u
al
p
h
y
s
ico
-
ch
em
ical
p
ar
am
eter
s
h
av
e
co
m
p
ar
ed
with
n
atio
n
al
an
d
in
t
er
n
atio
n
al
s
tan
d
ar
d
s
to
ass
ess
th
e
g
r
o
u
n
d
wate
r
s
u
itab
ilit
y
f
o
r
ir
r
ig
atio
n
.
T
h
e
v
alu
es
o
f
all
th
e
ab
o
v
e
p
ar
a
m
eter
s
o
f
co
u
n
tr
y
wid
e
g
r
o
u
n
d
wate
r
s
am
p
les
ar
e
r
ep
o
r
ted
in
T
ab
le
5
an
d
T
ab
le
6
.
4.
RE
SU
L
T
S
AND
D
I
SCU
SS
I
O
N
I
n
B
an
g
lad
esh
,
g
r
o
u
n
d
wate
r
is
th
e
m
ain
s
o
u
r
ce
o
f
ir
r
i
g
atio
n
,
wh
ich
is
ar
o
u
n
d
3
0
to
4
0
%
o
f
n
e
t
till
ab
le
lan
d
[
1
0
]
,
[
6
5
]
.
T
h
e
g
r
o
u
n
d
wate
r
c
o
n
tr
ib
u
tio
n
to
t
h
e
wh
o
le
ir
r
ig
ated
z
o
n
e
in
cr
ea
s
ed
ex
p
r
ess
iv
ely
f
r
o
m
4
1
%
in
1
9
8
3
to
8
6
%
in
2
0
0
2
[
6
6
]
-
[
6
8
]
.
Sev
er
al
s
tu
d
ies
illu
s
tr
ated
th
at
th
e
o
v
er
ex
p
lo
itat
io
n
o
f
g
r
o
u
n
d
wate
r
an
d
o
t
h
er
an
t
h
r
o
p
o
g
e
n
ic
ac
tiv
ities
ar
e
th
e
ca
u
s
e
o
f
g
r
o
u
n
d
wate
r
lev
el
an
d
q
u
ality
d
e
g
r
ad
atio
n
.
T
h
e
wate
r
class
u
s
ed
f
o
r
ir
r
i
g
atio
n
is
v
ital
f
o
r
th
e
y
ield
an
d
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
cr
o
p
s
,
p
r
o
tectio
n
o
f
th
e
h
y
d
r
o
lo
g
ical
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
t,
an
d
p
r
eser
v
atio
n
o
f
s
o
il
p
r
o
d
u
ctiv
ity
.
T
h
e
p
h
y
s
ical
an
d
m
ec
h
an
ical
p
r
o
p
er
t
ies
o
f
th
e
s
o
il,
s
o
il
p
er
m
ea
b
ilit
y
,
an
d
ex
.
s
o
il
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e
(
ag
g
r
eg
atio
n
al
s
tab
ilit
y
)
ar
e
v
er
y
s
en
s
o
r
ial
to
th
e
ty
p
e
o
f
tr
an
s
f
e
r
ab
le
ch
em
ical
co
n
s
titu
en
t p
r
esen
t i
n
ir
r
ig
atio
n
wate
r
.
T
h
e
p
H,
Na
h
az
ar
d
,
s
alin
ity
h
az
ar
d
,
s
o
m
e
tr
ac
e
elem
en
ts
,
b
icar
b
o
n
ate,
an
d
ca
r
b
o
n
ate
in
c
o
n
n
ec
tio
n
with
th
e
Mg
an
d
C
a
co
n
te
n
t,
to
x
ic
an
io
n
,
f
r
ee
C
l,
an
d
n
u
tr
ien
ts
ar
e
th
e
m
o
s
t
cr
u
cial
f
ac
t
o
r
s
to
r
eg
u
late
th
e
s
u
itab
ilit
y
o
f
wate
r
u
s
e
in
ir
r
ig
atio
n
[
6
9
]
.
B
esid
es,
ac
co
r
d
i
n
g
to
Mic
h
ae
l
[
5
4
]
,
R
ag
h
u
n
ath
[
5
5
]
,
Ma
tth
ess
[
7
0
]
,
an
d
Gu
y
[
7
1
]
th
e
ag
r
icu
ltu
r
e
wate
r
q
u
ality
is
d
ec
id
e
d
b
y
th
e
4
m
o
s
t
a
d
m
is
s
ib
le
cr
iter
ia
s
u
ch
as
T
DS
o
r
E
C
,
th
e
lev
el
o
f
ce
r
tain
s
p
ec
if
ic
ele
m
en
ts
lik
e
Na,
K,
Mg
,
C
a,
C
l
an
d
/ o
r
B
r
co
n
te
n
ts
; th
e
r
elativ
e
q
u
an
tity
o
f
Na
to
o
th
er
ca
tio
n
,
d
en
o
ted
b
y
s
o
d
iu
m
ad
s
o
r
p
tio
n
r
atio
(
SAR
)
;
an
d
r
esid
u
al
s
o
d
i
u
m
ca
r
b
o
n
a
te
an
d
b
icar
b
o
n
ate
(
R
SC
&
R
SB
C
)
.
Ap
ar
t
f
r
o
m
t
h
ese,
o
th
er
m
ea
s
u
r
es
lik
e
th
e
p
r
esen
ce
o
f
s
o
il
h
a
r
d
p
a
n
,
th
e
d
ep
th
o
f
th
e
wate
r
lay
er
,
C
aCO3
lev
el
in
th
e
s
o
il,
K
an
d
NO3
io
n
s
h
av
e
in
f
lu
en
ce
d
th
e
a
p
p
r
o
p
r
iaten
ess
o
f
ir
r
ig
atio
n
wate
r
in
d
ir
e
ctly
[
5
4
]
.
B
esid
es,
Ma
tt
h
ess
[
7
0
]
an
d
Ay
er
s
an
d
W
estco
t
[
3
3
]
d
escr
ib
ed
th
at
p
o
o
r
-
q
u
ality
ir
r
ig
atio
n
wate
r
cr
ea
tes
4
ty
p
es
o
f
p
r
o
b
l
em
s
;
s
p
ec
if
ic
io
n
to
x
icity
(
af
f
ec
ts
s
en
s
it
iv
e
cr
o
p
s
)
,
s
alin
ity
(
ef
f
ec
ts
cr
o
p
wate
r
av
ailab
ilit
y
)
,
wate
r
p
er
m
ea
b
ili
ty
(
ef
f
ec
ts
p
en
etr
atio
n
r
ate
o
f
wate
r
in
to
th
e
s
o
il),
a
n
d
m
is
ce
llan
eo
u
s
[
7
1
]
,
[
7
2
]
.
T
h
e
v
alu
es o
f
i
n
clu
d
in
g
p
r
e
v
io
u
s
ly
d
is
cu
s
s
ed
p
ar
am
eter
s
,
o
th
er
p
ar
am
eter
s
s
u
ch
as
s
o
lu
b
le
s
o
d
iu
m
p
er
ce
n
tag
e
(
SS
P),
r
esid
u
al
s
o
d
iu
m
b
icar
b
o
n
ate
(
R
SC
)
,
Kelley
’
s
r
atio
(
KR
)
,
p
er
m
ea
b
ilit
y
in
d
ex
(
PI)
,
an
d
m
a
g
n
esiu
m
ad
s
o
r
p
tio
n
r
atio
(
MA
R
)
o
f
co
u
n
tr
y
wid
e
ir
r
ig
atio
n
g
r
o
u
n
d
w
ater
s
am
p
les
h
av
e
in
clu
d
ed
i
n
T
ab
le
5
.
Als
o
,
th
e
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J Ad
v
Ap
p
l Sci
I
SS
N:
2
2
5
2
-
8
8
1
4
Gro
u
n
d
w
a
ter s
u
ita
b
ilit
y
fo
r
ir
r
ig
a
ted
a
g
r
icu
ltu
r
e
in
a
llu
v
ia
l
B
en
g
a
l d
elta
…
(
Md
.
S
h
a
jed
u
l
I
s
la
m)
163
lim
its
o
f
s
o
m
e
im
p
o
r
tan
t
in
d
ices
f
o
r
r
atin
g
wate
r
q
u
alit
y
an
d
its
s
u
itab
ilit
y
f
o
r
ir
r
ig
atio
n
p
u
r
p
o
s
es
ar
e
p
r
esen
ted
in
T
a
b
le
4.
T
ab
le
4
.
L
im
its
o
f
im
p
o
r
ta
n
t p
ar
am
eter
in
d
ices f
o
r
r
atin
g
g
r
o
u
n
d
wate
r
q
u
ality
f
o
r
ir
r
ig
atio
n
u
s
e
C
a
t
e
g
o
r
y
(
W
a
t
e
r
c
l
a
s
s
)
I
r
r
i
g
a
t
i
o
n
w
a
t
e
r
q
u
a
l
i
t
y
i
n
d
i
c
e
s
D
e
g
r
e
e
o
n
r
e
s
t
r
i
c
t
i
o
n
o
n
u
s
e
E
C
,
(
µ
S
/
c
m
)
S
A
R
(
%
)
S
S
P
(
m
e
/
L
)
R
S
C
(
m
e
/
L
)
P
I
(
%
)
M
A
R
(
%
)
T
D
S
(
m
g
/
L
)
S
a
l
i
n
i
t
y
(
m
g
/
L
)
Ⅰ
<
7
0
0
<
1
0
<
2
0
-
>
7
5
-
-
-
E
x
c
e
l
l
e
n
t
Ⅱ
700
-
3
0
0
0
10
-
18
20
-
40
˂
1
.
2
5
25
-
75
˂
5
0
>
2
0
0
0
˂
4
5
0
G
o
o
d
Ⅲ
>
3
0
0
0
18
-
26
40
-
80
1
.
2
5
-
2
.
5
˂
2
5
-
450
-
2000
450
-
2
0
0
0
F
a
i
r
Ⅳ
-
>
2
6
>
8
0
>
2
.
5
-
-
˂
4
5
0
>
2
0
0
0
P
o
o
r
o
r
R
e
j
e
c
t
i
o
n
R
e
f
.
U
C
C
C
[
7
3
]
F
i
p
p
s
[
7
1
]
W
i
l
c
o
x
[
7
4
]
G
u
p
t
a
a
n
d
G
u
p
t
a
[
6
2
]
H
e
m
[
5
7
]
G
u
p
t
a
a
n
d
G
u
p
t
a
[
6
2
]
B
a
u
d
e
r
[
1
7
]
U
C
C
C
[
7
3
]
T
h
e
T
H,
T
DS,
an
d
E
C
p
o
o
led
v
alu
e
o
f
g
r
o
u
n
d
wate
r
o
f
1
1
d
if
f
er
e
n
t
Dis
tr
icts
o
f
B
an
g
lad
esh
ar
e
p
r
esen
ted
in
T
ab
le
6
.
Sev
er
al
r
ep
o
r
ts
s
h
o
wed
th
at
th
e
s
alin
ity
in
tr
u
s
io
n
in
th
e
co
astal
g
r
o
u
n
d
wate
r
o
f
B
an
g
lad
esh
m
ak
es
it
u
n
f
it
f
o
r
ir
r
ig
atio
n
p
u
r
p
o
s
es
[
1
6
]
,
[
3
0
]
,
[
3
1
]
,
[
7
2
]
,
[
7
5
]
-
[
7
7
]
.
Ag
ain
,
m
o
s
t
s
h
allo
w
aq
u
if
er
’
s
wate
r
,
in
clu
d
in
g
th
e
co
astal
r
eg
io
n
,
o
f
6
0
d
is
tr
icts
o
u
t
o
f
6
4
co
n
tam
in
ate
d
with
ar
s
en
ic
[
7
]
,
[
7
8
]
an
d
th
at
u
s
ed
f
o
r
ir
r
ig
atio
n
.
I
t
h
a
s
b
ee
n
esti
m
ated
th
at
y
ea
r
ly
ar
s
en
ic
in
p
u
t
with
ir
r
ig
atio
n
wate
r
is
ar
o
u
n
d
4
.
4
k
g
/h
a
in
th
e
p
ad
d
y
f
ield
[
7
9
]
an
d
in
r
ice
g
r
ain
s
,
ar
s
en
i
c
is
f
o
u
n
d
ab
o
v
e
0
.
0
1
7
m
g
/
g
m
[
8
0
]
.
E
C
an
d
T
DS
ar
e
s
ig
n
if
ican
t in
co
n
s
id
er
in
g
th
e
ir
r
ig
atio
n
wate
r
q
u
ality
as v
ar
io
u
s
to
x
ic
s
o
lid
m
ater
ials
m
ay
em
b
ed
in
th
e
wate
r
,
wh
ich
ca
u
s
es
d
am
ag
in
g
th
e
p
lan
ts
[
7
0
]
.
R
eg
ar
d
in
g
th
e
d
e
g
r
ee
o
f
r
estrictio
n
u
s
e,
T
DS
c
o
n
ce
n
tr
atio
n
<
4
5
0
,
450
-
2
0
0
0
,
an
d
>2
0
0
0
m
g
/L
r
ep
r
esen
t
th
e
ag
r
icu
ltu
r
e
wat
er
as
‘
n
o
n
e’
,
‘
s
lig
h
t
to
m
o
d
e
r
ate’
,
an
d
‘
s
ev
er
e’
r
esp
ec
tiv
ely
wh
ich
ar
e
p
r
esen
ted
in
T
ab
le
4
[
7
3
]
.
Acc
o
r
d
i
n
g
to
th
e
wate
r
q
u
ality
in
d
ices
,
th
e
s
o
u
th
zo
n
e
is
class
if
ied
as
‘
s
lig
h
t
to
m
o
d
er
ate’
an
d
‘
s
ev
er
e’
a
n
d
b
o
th
n
o
r
th
an
d
ce
n
ter
ar
ea
s
as
‘
n
o
n
e’
an
d
‘
s
lig
h
t
t
o
m
o
d
er
ate.
Salin
ity
is
th
e
d
is
s
o
lv
ed
s
alt
c
o
n
ten
t
o
f
a
wate
r
b
o
d
y
.
I
t
is
u
s
ed
to
d
esig
n
ate
th
e
lev
els
o
f
d
is
s
im
ilar
s
alts
s
u
ch
as Na
C
l,
Mg
SO
4
,
C
aSO
4
,
an
d
b
icar
b
o
n
ates.
T
h
e
c
o
n
ce
n
tr
atio
n
o
f
ch
l
o
r
in
e
is
s
tr
aig
h
t p
r
o
p
o
r
tio
n
al
to
s
alin
ity
,
wh
ich
cr
ea
tes
f
r
o
m
th
e
d
is
s
o
ciatio
n
o
f
v
ar
io
u
s
ch
lo
r
in
ated
.
B
esid
es
,
Na
an
d
T
DS
ar
e
o
th
er
v
er
y
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
p
ar
a
m
eter
s
th
at
ca
n
u
s
e
t
o
d
etec
t
th
e
i
n
f
lu
en
ce
o
f
g
r
o
u
n
d
wate
r
s
alin
ity
a
n
d
m
ajo
r
co
m
p
o
n
e
n
t
lo
ad
s
.
Did
er
-
Ul
r
e
p
o
r
te
d
th
a
t
in
th
e
ca
s
e
o
f
g
r
o
u
n
d
wate
r
o
f
Kh
u
ln
a
d
is
tr
ict
,
Na
+
an
d
C
l
-
ar
e
s
tr
o
n
g
ly
p
o
s
itiv
ely
co
r
r
elate
d
with
T
DS
(
r
=
0
.
8
7
an
d
0
.
8
9
r
esp
ec
tiv
ely
)
[
8
1
]
.
T
h
e
y
also
s
tated
th
at
all
o
th
er
p
ar
am
eter
s
i.e
.
,
Na
+
Ca
++
,
Mg
++
,
an
d
K
+
also
well
co
r
r
elate
d
with
C
l
-
(
r
=0
.
9
0
,
0
.
8
8
,
0
.
8
7
,
a
n
d
0
.
0
.
7
6
r
esp
ec
tiv
ely
)
s
o
,
th
ey
o
r
ig
in
a
ted
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
s
am
e
s
o
u
r
ce
s
.
A
co
u
n
tr
y
wid
e
s
tu
d
y
s
h
o
wed
th
at
Acc
o
r
d
in
g
to
W
HO
cla
s
s
if
icat
io
n
o
f
g
r
o
u
n
d
wate
r
b
ased
o
n
T
DS,
1
2
%
o
f
th
e
s
am
p
le
f
all
in
ex
ce
llen
t,
2
3
%
ar
e
g
o
o
d
,
4
6
%
ar
e
f
air
,
0
7
% p
o
o
r
,
an
d
1
2
% f
all
s
in
th
e
u
n
ac
ce
p
tab
le
ca
te
g
o
r
y
Fig
u
r
e
3
[8
2
]
.
T
h
e
v
alu
es
o
f
all
ir
r
ig
atio
n
wate
r
q
u
ali
ty
p
ar
am
eter
s
a
r
e
s
h
o
wn
in
Fig
u
r
e
4
an
d
T
ab
le
5
an
d
T
ab
le
6
.
B
o
x
p
lo
t
in
d
icate
s
th
at
th
e
E
C
v
alu
e
is
twice
th
an
T
H
v
al
u
e
in
m
o
s
t
o
f
th
e
s
am
p
lin
g
s
ites
F
ig
u
r
e
4
.
I
n
th
e
co
astal
ar
ea
s
,
th
e
E
C
,
as
we
ll
as
T
DS
v
alu
es
,
ar
e
v
er
y
h
ig
h
r
ath
er
th
an
t
h
e
o
th
er
p
a
r
t
o
f
th
e
co
u
n
tr
y
.
T
h
e
h
ig
h
er
v
alu
e
o
f
E
C
an
d
T
H
i
n
th
e
g
r
o
u
n
d
wate
r
s
am
p
les
p
o
s
e
a
th
r
ea
t
to
cr
o
p
p
r
o
d
u
ctio
n
in
th
e
s
tu
d
y
a
r
ea
.
R
S
B
C
an
d
R
SC
v
alu
es
o
f
th
e
co
u
n
tr
y
wid
e
g
r
o
u
n
d
wate
r
ar
e
alm
o
s
t
th
e
s
am
e,
in
d
icatin
g
th
e
h
ig
h
er
v
alu
e
o
f
C
a
an
d
HC
O
3
-
.
T
h
e
S
AR
,
SS
P,
PI,
MA
R
,
an
d
KI
v
alu
es
ar
e
s
h
o
wn
in
th
e
b
o
x
p
lo
t.
T
h
e
b
o
x
p
lo
ts
Fig
u
r
e
4
s
h
o
w
th
at
th
e
as
s
ess
m
en
t
o
f
m
ea
n
,
m
ed
ian
,
m
in
im
u
m
,
an
d
m
ax
im
u
m
v
alu
es
o
f
SAR
,
SS
P,
an
d
Na%
in
d
icate
s
im
ilar
v
alu
es in
th
e
s
tu
d
ied
s
am
p
les.
E
C
an
d
to
tal
h
ar
d
n
ess
ar
e
th
e
im
p
o
r
ta
n
t
p
a
r
am
eter
s
th
at
ar
e
r
elate
d
to
g
r
o
u
n
d
wate
r
s
alin
ity
an
d
f
r
esh
n
ess
.
Acc
o
r
d
in
g
t
o
W
HO
[
8
2
]
s
alin
ity
h
az
ar
d
b
ased
o
n
E
C
v
alu
e
h
as
b
ee
n
class
if
ied
in
to
f
o
u
r
g
r
o
u
p
s
;
lo
w
s
alin
ity
h
az
ar
d
,
m
ed
iu
m
s
alin
ity
h
az
ar
d
,
h
ig
h
s
alin
i
ty
h
a
za
r
d
,
an
d
v
e
r
y
h
ig
h
s
alin
ity
h
a
za
r
d
.
W
ilco
x
dr
e
w
th
e
class
if
icatio
n
o
f
E
C
as
ex
c
ellen
t,
g
o
o
d
,
f
air
,
an
d
p
o
o
r
ca
t
eg
o
r
ies.
T
h
e
s
tu
d
y
s
h
o
wed
th
a
t
ab
o
u
t
1
2
,
5
3
,
2
5
,
an
d
1
0
%
o
f
wate
r
f
ell
in
to
ex
ce
llen
t,
g
o
o
d
,
f
air
,
an
d
p
o
o
r
ca
teg
o
r
ies,
r
esp
ec
tiv
ely
Fig
u
r
e
3
[
7
4
]
.
T
h
e
s
p
atial
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
o
f
g
r
o
u
n
d
wate
r
s
h
o
wed
th
e
h
i
g
h
E
C
v
alu
es
r
a
n
g
e
f
r
o
m
2
0
0
0
to
5
0
0
0
µS/cm
in
th
e
co
astal
r
eg
io
n
o
f
B
an
g
lad
esh
[
r
e
f
.
2
3
:
Kh
u
ln
a
d
is
tr
ict;
8
4
:
Sath
k
h
ir
a
d
is
tr
ic
t;
7
2
:
Patu
a
k
h
ali
d
is
tr
ict
]
.
I
n
c
o
n
tr
ast,
h
a
r
d
n
ess
is
an
im
p
o
r
tan
t
p
a
r
am
eter
f
o
r
d
eter
m
in
in
g
th
e
s
u
itab
ilit
y
o
f
g
r
o
u
n
d
wate
r
f
o
r
d
o
m
esti
c,
in
d
u
s
tr
ial,
an
d
ag
r
icu
ltu
r
al
u
s
es
[
9
2
]
.
I
t
is
d
ef
in
ed
as
th
e
s
u
m
o
f
th
e
c
o
n
ce
n
tr
atio
n
o
f
th
eir
i
o
n
ex
p
r
ess
ed
in
m
g
/L
o
f
C
aCO
3
.
T
h
e
class
if
icatio
n
o
f
th
e
g
r
o
u
n
d
wate
r
b
ased
o
n
h
ar
d
n
ess
is
p
r
esen
ted
in
Fig
u
r
e
3
[
9
3
]
.
Acc
o
r
d
in
g
l
y
,
6
2
%
o
f
s
am
p
les ar
e
s
o
f
t a
n
d
8
% f
all
i
n
th
e
v
er
y
h
a
r
d
ca
teg
o
r
y
.
T
h
e
v
alu
e
o
f
ir
r
i
g
atio
n
wate
r
q
u
ality
p
ar
a
m
eter
s
s
u
ch
as
SAR
,
SS
P,
R
S
C
,
R
S
B
C
,
MA
R
,
an
d
KR
o
f
1
1
d
i
f
f
er
en
t
Dis
tr
icts
in
B
an
g
lad
esh
ar
e
s
h
o
wn
i
n
T
ab
le
5
.
W
ater
p
er
m
ea
b
ilit
y
o
f
s
o
il
is
a
n
im
p
o
r
tan
t f
ac
to
r
i
n
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
: 2
2
5
2
-
88
14
I
n
t J Ad
v
Ap
p
l Sci
,
Vo
l.
10
,
No
.
2
,
J
u
n
e
2
0
2
1
:
1
5
6
–
1
7
0
164
th
e
f
er
tili
ty
r
ate
o
f
cu
ltiv
ab
le
lan
d
.
Per
m
ea
b
ilit
y
p
r
o
b
lem
o
cc
u
r
r
e
d
wh
en
th
e
u
s
u
al
p
er
c
o
latio
n
r
ate
o
f
s
o
il
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
r
e
d
u
ce
d
an
d
h
a
m
p
er
s
m
o
is
tu
r
e
s
u
p
p
ly
to
cr
o
p
s
,
wh
ich
is
ac
co
u
n
tab
le
f
o
r
th
e
two
m
o
s
t
wate
r
q
u
ality
f
ac
to
r
s
as
th
e
s
alin
ity
o
f
wate
r
an
d
its
Na
co
n
ten
t
r
e
lativ
e
to
C
a
an
d
Mg
[
1
6
]
.
Hig
h
s
alin
ity
in
cr
ea
s
es
p
er
m
ea
b
ilit
y
r
ate
in
wate
r
a
n
d
lo
w
s
alin
ity
o
r
wate
r
with
h
ig
h
a
Na
to
C
a
r
atio
(
Na:
C
a)
d
ec
r
ea
s
es
in
f
iltra
tio
n
[3
3
]
.
B
alan
ce
o
f
s
o
m
e
ca
tio
n
s
an
d
an
io
n
s
o
r
co
m
p
a
r
ativ
e
p
r
o
p
o
r
tio
n
s
o
f
o
th
er
d
if
f
er
e
n
t
ca
tio
n
s
well
-
d
ef
in
ed
b
y
S
AR
,
SS
P,
R
S
C
,
R
S
B
C
,
MA
R
,
an
d
KR
.
ar
e
also
in
d
ica
to
r
s
o
f
in
f
iltra
tio
n
p
r
o
b
lem
s
.
A
lar
g
e
p
r
o
p
o
r
tio
n
o
f
Na
in
s
o
il
with
ch
lo
r
id
e
a
n
d
c
ar
b
o
n
ate
o
r
s
u
lf
ate
n
am
ed
s
ali
n
e
o
r
al
k
ali
s
o
ils
,
r
esp
ec
tiv
ely
[
3
0
.
5
6
]
.
Per
ce
n
t
o
f
Na
(
SS
P)
in
wate
r
r
ea
cts
w
ith
s
o
il
to
d
ec
r
ea
s
e
s
o
il
p
er
m
ea
b
ilit
y
an
d
its
f
r
eq
u
en
t
u
s
e
m
ak
es
th
e
s
o
il
im
p
er
m
ea
b
le,
wh
er
ea
s
h
ig
h
Na
lead
s
to
g
r
o
w
o
f
alk
ali
s
o
il
[
5
5
]
.
Hig
h
Na
s
atu
r
ati
o
n
also
ca
u
s
es
C
a
d
ef
icie
n
cy
.
I
n
co
n
tr
ast,
th
e
p
r
esen
ce
o
f
C
a
an
d
/o
r
Mg
s
alt
i
n
ir
r
ig
atio
n
wate
r
ch
ec
k
s
th
e
b
ad
ef
f
ec
ts
o
f
Na
b
y
in
cr
ea
s
in
g
th
e
p
er
m
ea
b
ilit
y
o
f
th
e
s
o
il
[
9
4
]
.
Fig
u
r
e
5
s
h
o
ws
th
at
co
n
ce
r
n
in
g
SAR
,
SS
P,
R
SB
C
,
an
d
MRI
3
1
-
6
4
%
o
f
wate
r
s
am
p
les
ar
e
v
er
y
g
o
o
d
in
p
o
s
itio
n
,
wh
e
r
ea
s
5
-
2
0
%
ar
e
v
er
y
p
o
o
r
o
r
r
ejec
ted
f
o
r
th
e
u
s
es
o
f
ir
r
ig
atio
n
p
u
r
p
o
s
es.
Fig
u
r
e
3.
C
o
u
n
tr
y
wid
e
(
s
elec
t
ed
1
1
Dis
tr
icts
)
E
C
,
T
DS,
an
d
t
o
tal
h
ar
d
n
ess
s
tatu
s
o
f
g
r
o
u
n
d
wate
r
B
esid
es,
s
altwa
ter
d
is
s
o
lv
es
an
d
leac
h
es
m
o
s
t o
f
t
h
e
s
o
lu
b
le
m
in
er
als,
i
n
clu
d
in
g
C
a
a
n
d
Mg
f
r
o
m
th
e
to
p
s
o
il
[
3
3
]
.
So
d
iu
m
co
n
ten
t,
co
m
p
a
r
e
t
o
C
a
a
n
d
M
g
lo
a
d
,
u
s
u
ally
k
n
o
w
n
as
SAR
im
p
a
cts
th
e
p
e
n
etr
atio
n
r
ate
o
f
wate
r
an
d
s
o
,
lo
w
SAR
is
at
all
tim
es
d
esira
b
le.
I
n
th
e
m
ax
im
u
m
s
am
p
les,
SAR
v
alu
es
r
an
g
ed
b
elo
w
1
an
d
clas
s
if
ied
as
e
x
ce
llen
t
ac
co
r
d
in
g
to
th
e
co
n
d
itio
n
s
s
et
b
y
UC
C
C
ex
ce
p
t
f
o
r
th
e
c
o
a
s
tal
ar
ea
s
[7
3
]
a
n
d
T
o
d
d
[
5
6
]
,
w
h
ich
s
h
o
wed
in
T
ab
le
5
.
Hen
ce
,
r
en
d
er
in
g
to
SAR
,
th
e
g
r
o
u
n
d
wate
r
test
ed
was
s
u
itab
le
f
o
r
cr
o
p
p
r
o
d
u
ctio
n
.
B
esid
es
,
th
e
PI
v
a
lu
e
o
f
wate
r
with
7
5
%
o
r
m
o
r
e
(
>7
5
%)
an
d
KR
v
alu
e
with
less
th
an
1
(
˂1
)
ar
e
s
u
itab
le
f
o
r
ir
r
ig
atio
n
.
T
ab
le
5
s
h
o
ws
th
at
th
e
PI
an
d
KR
v
al
u
es
ar
e
g
o
o
d
in
th
e
p
o
s
itio
n
e
x
ce
p
t
in
th
e
co
astal
ar
ea
s
.
C
o
n
ce
r
n
in
g
,
Mg
:
C
a
an
d
Na:
C
a
v
alu
e
s
,
m
a
x
im
u
m
wate
r
s
am
p
les
h
av
e
g
o
o
d
p
er
m
ea
b
ilit
y
ch
ar
ac
ter
is
tics
an
d
th
e
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
o
n
Haz
ar
d
C
lass
es
ar
e
al
m
o
s
t
ac
ce
p
tab
le
f
o
r
ir
r
ig
atio
n
T
ab
le
6
.
T
h
e
s
am
p
les
o
f
th
e
co
astal
r
eg
i
o
n
(
Kh
u
ln
a
,
Satk
h
ir
a,
an
d
Patu
ak
h
ali)
ar
e
d
eter
m
i
n
ed
as
h
ig
h
s
alin
ity
(
C
3
)
an
d
h
ig
h
/m
ed
iu
m
s
o
d
iu
m
h
az
a
r
d
(
S2
o
r
S2
)
i.e
.
,
t
h
e
h
az
a
r
d
c
lass
es
ar
e
C
3
S2
,
C
2
S2
,
o
r
C
2
S3
T
ab
le
6
.
T
h
e
s
u
itab
ilit
y
an
aly
s
is
an
d
th
e
to
t
al
v
alu
e
o
f
th
e
in
d
ex
o
f
ir
r
ig
a
tio
n
wate
r
q
u
ality
ar
e
p
r
esen
t
ed
in
T
ab
le
7
.
T
h
e
v
alu
es g
iv
en
in
t
h
e
T
ab
le
ar
e
o
b
tain
ed
b
y
ass
ig
n
in
g
d
if
f
er
en
t
r
atin
g
f
ac
to
r
s
(
i.e
.
,
1
,
2
,
an
d
3
)
to
ea
ch
p
ar
a
m
eter
with
o
u
t c
h
an
g
in
g
its
weig
h
tin
g
co
ef
f
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.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
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