I
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Adv
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d Science
s
(
I
J
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Vo
l.
4
,
No
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2
,
J
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n
e
201
5
,
p
p
.
45
~
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Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
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N
:
2
2
5
2
-
8814
IJ
AA
S
Vo
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4
,
No
.
2
,
J
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n
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2
0
1
5
:
45
–
49
46
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m
c
o
n
cr
ete
(
Kea
r
s
le
y
,
et
al.
,
1
9
9
6
)
.
P
o
ly
p
r
o
p
y
le
n
e
f
ib
er
s
ar
e
th
e
m
o
s
t
p
o
p
u
lar
o
f
th
e
s
y
n
t
h
etic
s
.
T
h
e
y
ar
e
ch
e
m
ical
l
y
i
n
er
t,
h
y
d
r
o
p
h
o
b
ic
an
d
lig
h
t
w
ei
g
h
t.
P
o
ly
p
r
o
p
y
le
n
e
f
ib
er
s
ca
n
h
elp
r
ed
u
ce
s
p
a
llin
g
o
f
h
ig
h
s
tr
e
n
g
th
,
lo
w
-
p
e
r
m
ea
b
ilit
y
co
n
cr
ete
ex
p
o
s
ed
to
f
ir
e
in
a
m
o
is
t
co
n
d
itio
n
(
Ko
s
m
atk
a
,
et
al.
,
2
0
0
3
)
.
Na
Ay
u
d
h
y
a
(
2
0
1
1
)
s
tu
d
ied
th
e
co
m
p
r
es
s
i
v
e
an
d
s
p
litt
i
n
g
te
n
s
ile
s
tr
en
g
t
h
o
f
a
u
to
cla
v
ed
ae
r
ated
co
n
cr
ete
(
AA
C
)
co
n
tain
in
g
p
e
r
lite
ag
g
r
eg
ate
a
n
d
p
o
ly
p
r
o
p
y
len
e
f
ib
er
s
u
b
j
ec
ted
to
h
ig
h
te
m
p
er
atu
r
e
s
.
T
h
e
r
esu
lt
s
s
h
o
w
ed
th
a
t
th
e
u
n
h
ea
te
d
co
m
p
r
es
s
iv
e
a
n
d
s
p
litt
i
n
g
ten
s
ile
s
tr
e
n
g
t
h
o
f
A
AC
co
n
tain
in
g
P
P
f
ib
er
w
a
s
n
o
t sig
n
i
f
ica
n
tl
y
h
i
g
h
er
th
a
n
th
o
s
e
co
n
tai
n
i
n
g
n
o
P
P
f
ib
er
.
Fu
r
th
er
m
o
r
e,
th
e
p
r
esen
ce
o
f
P
P
f
ib
er
w
as
n
o
t
m
o
r
e
ef
f
ec
ti
v
e
f
o
r
r
esid
u
al
co
m
p
r
ess
i
v
e
s
tr
en
g
t
h
th
a
n
s
p
litt
i
n
g
te
n
s
i
le
s
tr
en
g
t
h
.
(
Gen
ce
l
,
et
al.
,
2
0
1
1
)
f
o
u
n
d
th
at
t
h
e
ad
d
in
g
o
f
P
P
f
ib
er
s
to
co
n
cr
ete
h
as
d
ec
r
ea
s
ed
th
e
u
n
i
t
w
ei
g
h
t
o
f
co
n
cr
ete
a
n
d
in
cr
ea
s
ed
t
h
e
co
m
p
r
es
s
i
v
e
s
tr
en
g
t
h
o
f
co
n
cr
ete.
Sp
litt
i
n
g
te
n
s
ile
s
tr
en
g
t
h
,
f
le
x
u
r
al
s
tr
en
g
th
a
n
d
m
o
d
u
l
u
s
o
f
elasticit
y
h
av
e
b
ee
n
i
n
cr
ea
s
ed
b
y
P
P
f
ib
er
in
clu
s
io
n
.
2.
M
AT
E
RIAL
S
T
h
e
m
ater
ial
s
u
s
ed
in
t
h
e
p
r
esen
t
w
o
r
k
ar
e:
ce
m
en
t,
s
a
n
d
,
w
ater
,
an
d
f
o
am
a
g
en
t.
Or
d
in
ar
y
P
o
r
tlan
d
ce
m
en
t
(
OP
C
)
t
y
p
e
(
I
)
f
r
o
m
B
ad
o
o
s
h
m
a
n
u
f
ac
tu
r
e
o
f
I
r
a
q
w
as
u
s
ed
i
n
co
n
cr
ete
m
ix
t
u
r
es.
T
h
e
p
h
y
s
ical
ch
ar
ac
ter
is
tic
s
o
f
o
r
d
in
ar
y
P
o
r
tlan
d
ce
m
e
n
t i
s
s
h
o
w
ed
i
n
T
ab
le
1
,
w
h
er
ea
s
co
n
f
o
r
m
ed
to
AST
M
C
1
5
0
.
T
ab
le
1
.
P
h
y
s
ical
c
h
ar
ac
ter
is
ti
cs o
f
ce
m
e
n
t.
T
e
st
R
e
su
l
t
s
A
S
T
M
C
1
5
0
l
i
mi
t
s
I
n
i
t
i
a
l
se
t
t
i
n
g
t
i
me
(
mi
n
u
t
e
s)
225
N
o
t
l
e
ss t
h
a
n
4
5
mi
n
.
N
o
t
mo
r
e
t
h
a
n
3
7
5
mi
n
.
F
i
n
e
n
e
ss (Bl
a
i
n
e
m
2
/
k
g
)
310
M
i
n
.
2
8
0
m
2
/
k
g
C
o
mp
r
e
ssi
v
e
st
r
e
n
g
t
h
o
f
5
0
mm
c
u
b
i
c
mo
r
t
a
r
sp
e
c
i
me
n
(
M
P
a
)
3
d
a
y
s
7
d
a
y
s
22
29
M
i
n
.
1
2
M
P
a
M
i
n
.
1
9
M
P
a
T
h
e
f
in
e
a
g
g
r
e
g
ate
w
as
n
at
u
r
a
l r
iv
er
s
an
d
w
a
s
s
u
p
p
lied
f
r
o
m
th
e
Ka
n
h
a
s
h
r
e
g
io
n
; t
h
e
g
r
ad
in
g
l
i
m
it is
ac
co
r
d
in
g
to
AST
MC 3
3
as s
h
o
w
n
i
n
T
ab
le
2
.
T
h
e
s
p
ec
if
ic
g
r
av
it
y
an
d
f
i
n
e
n
es
s
m
o
d
u
l
u
s
o
f
s
an
d
ar
e
2
.
6
1
an
d
2
.
7
,
r
esp
ec
tiv
el
y
.
Fo
a
m
a
g
e
n
t
w
as
u
s
ed
to
o
b
tain
li
g
h
t
w
e
ig
h
t
f
o
a
m
ed
co
n
cr
ete.
T
h
e
t
y
p
e
o
f
f
o
a
m
a
g
en
t
(
NE
OP
OR
)
(
le
y
co
C
h
e
m
L
E
Y
DE
G
m
b
H
Ger
m
an
y
)
i
s
a
n
o
r
g
an
ic
m
a
ter
ial,
w
h
ic
h
h
as
n
o
ch
e
m
ical
r
ea
ctio
n
b
u
t
s
er
v
es
s
o
lel
y
as
w
r
ap
p
in
g
m
ater
ial
f
o
r
th
e
air
to
b
e
i
n
d
u
ce
d
in
t
h
e
co
n
cr
ete.
T
h
e
f
o
a
m
in
g
ag
e
n
t
h
a
s
to
b
e
d
ilu
ted
in
4
0
p
ar
ts
o
f
w
ater
b
ef
o
r
e
u
s
in
g
it
ac
co
r
d
in
g
to
t
h
e
m
a
n
u
f
ac
t
u
r
er
.
P
o
ly
p
r
o
p
y
len
e
f
ib
er
s
(
GF)
w
er
e
ad
d
ed
to
th
e
lig
h
t
w
ei
g
h
t f
o
a
m
ed
co
n
cr
ete,
th
e
p
r
o
p
er
ties
o
f
p
o
ly
p
r
o
p
y
len
e
f
ib
er
s
ar
e
s
h
o
wn
in
T
ab
le
3
.
T
ab
le
2
.
Gr
a
d
in
g
o
f
f
i
n
e
ag
g
r
e
g
ate.
S
i
e
v
e
N
o
.
(
mm
)
P
a
ssi
n
g
(
%)
A
S
T
M
C
3
3
l
i
mi
t
s
N
o
.
4
(
4
.
7
5
)
100
95
-
100
N
o
.
8
(
2
.
3
6
)
81
80
-
100
N
o
.
1
6
(
1
.
1
8
)
66
50
-
85
N
o
.
3
0
(
0
.
6
)
52
25
-
60
N
o
.
5
0
(
0
.
3
)
25
5
-
30
N
o
.
1
0
0
(
0
.
1
5
)
7
0
-
10
T
ab
le
3
.
P
r
o
p
er
ties
o
f
p
o
ly
p
r
o
p
y
le
n
e
f
ib
er
s
F
i
b
r
e
p
r
o
p
e
r
t
i
e
s
P
o
l
y
p
r
o
p
y
l
e
n
e
f
i
b
e
r
s
F
i
b
r
e
l
e
n
g
t
h
4
5
mm
A
sp
e
c
t
r
a
t
i
o
45
S
p
e
c
i
f
i
c
g
r
a
v
i
t
y
0
.
9
g
/
c
m
3
M
o
d
u
l
u
s o
f
e
l
a
st
i
c
i
t
y
6
G
P
a
T
e
n
si
l
e
S
t
r
e
n
g
t
h
6
5
0
M
P
a
C
h
e
mi
c
a
l
R
e
si
st
a
n
c
e
Ex
c
e
l
l
e
n
t
r
e
si
st
a
n
c
e
t
o
A
c
i
d
A
l
k
a
l
i
S
h
a
p
e
C
r
i
mp
e
d
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IJ
AA
S
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8814
Lig
h
tw
eig
h
t Co
n
crete
R
ein
fo
r
ce
d
w
ith
P
o
lyp
r
o
p
ylen
e
F
i
b
ers
(
A
li J
ih
a
d
Ha
ma
d
)
47
3.
M
I
X
P
RO
P
O
RT
I
O
N
T
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
r
tio
n
o
f
th
e
m
ix
tu
r
e
w
ith
w
as
1
:2
.
2
5
(
ce
m
en
t
:
s
an
d
)
.
T
h
e
am
o
u
n
t
o
f
ce
m
en
t
4
8
5
k
g
/m
3
an
d
w
ater
ce
m
en
t
r
atio
w
as
0
.
4
8
w
ith
f
o
am
ag
en
t
1
k
g
/m
3
.
I
n
itially
ce
m
en
t
an
d
s
an
d
w
er
e
m
ix
ed
ac
co
r
d
in
g
to
th
e
m
ix
p
r
o
p
o
r
tio
n
.
T
h
en
,
w
ater
w
as
ad
d
ed
to
p
r
ep
ar
e
m
o
r
tar
.
B
ef
o
r
e
ad
d
in
g
f
o
am
ag
en
t,
f
o
am
ag
en
t
w
as
d
ilu
ted
in
4
0
p
ar
ts
o
f
w
ater
ac
co
r
d
in
g
to
m
an
u
f
ac
tu
r
er
(
ley
co
C
h
em
L
E
YDE
Gm
b
H
Ger
m
an
y
)
,
h
is
w
ater
is
co
n
s
id
er
ed
as
a
p
ar
t
o
f
to
tal
w
ater
o
f
th
e
m
ix
.
Fo
am
p
r
o
d
u
ce
d
b
y
u
s
in
g
a
m
ix
er
,
w
h
ich
f
o
r
m
in
g
th
e
f
o
am
ac
co
r
d
in
g
to
th
e
p
r
e
-
f
o
am
in
g
m
eth
o
d
.
L
astl
y
,
th
e
f
o
am
w
as
ad
d
ed
to
th
e
m
o
r
tar
an
d
th
e
f
lo
w
o
f
th
e
b
atch
w
as
m
ea
s
u
r
ed
b
y
u
s
in
g
f
lo
w
tab
le
ac
co
r
d
in
g
to
A
ST
M
C
1
4
3
7
an
d
A
ST
M
C
2
3
0
.
Gr
ad
u
ally
ad
d
ed
th
e
p
o
ly
p
r
o
p
y
len
e
f
ib
er
s
to
th
e
m
ix
.
P
o
ly
p
r
o
p
y
len
e
f
ib
er
s
ar
e
in
co
r
p
o
r
ated
in
d
if
f
er
en
t
p
r
o
p
o
r
tio
n
s
o
f
v
o
lu
m
e
f
r
ac
tio
n
as
s
h
o
w
n
in
T
ab
le
4
.
T
h
e
m
ix
s
h
o
u
ld
h
av
e
a
u
n
if
o
r
m
d
is
p
er
s
io
n
o
f
th
e
f
ib
er
s
in
o
r
d
er
to
p
r
ev
en
t
s
eg
r
eg
atio
n
o
r
b
allin
g
o
f
th
e
f
ib
er
s
d
u
r
in
g
m
ix
in
g
.
Mo
s
t
b
allin
g
o
cc
u
r
s
d
u
r
in
g
th
e
f
ib
er
ad
d
itio
n
p
r
o
ce
s
s
.
I
n
cr
ea
s
e
o
f
asp
ec
t
r
atio
,
v
o
lu
m
e
p
er
ce
n
tag
e
o
f
f
ib
er
,
an
d
s
ize
an
d
q
u
an
tity
o
f
co
ar
s
e
ag
g
r
eg
ate
w
ill
in
ten
s
if
y
th
e
b
allin
g
ten
d
en
cies
an
d
d
ec
r
ea
s
e
th
e
w
o
r
k
ab
ilit
y
Hass
an
(
2
0
1
2
)
;
W
af
a,
(
1
9
9
0
)
.
T
ab
le
4
.
Vo
lu
m
e
tr
ic
f
r
ac
tio
n
s
o
f
p
o
ly
p
r
o
p
y
le
n
e
f
ib
er
s
*
.
M
i
x
N
o
.
M0
M1
M2
M3
M4
M5
P
P
F
(
%)
0
.
0
0
.
1
0
.
2
0
.
3
0
.
4
0
.
5
*
P
er
ce
n
tag
e
s
o
f
p
o
l
y
p
r
o
p
y
le
n
e
f
ib
er
s
ta
k
e
n
b
y
to
tal
v
o
lu
m
e
o
f
co
n
cr
ete
4.
E
XP
E
R
I
M
E
NT
A
L
WO
RK
T
h
e
m
o
u
ld
s
o
f
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m
cu
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w
er
e
u
s
ed
f
o
r
test
in
g
th
e
co
m
p
r
ess
iv
e
s
tr
en
g
th
o
f
lig
h
tw
eig
h
t
f
o
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ed
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n
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ete
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r
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0
-
3
.
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h
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er
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o
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eter
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m
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r
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s
tr
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e
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lin
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er
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o
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ld
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m
d
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d
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m
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s
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eter
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ile
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ag
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o
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th
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er
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u
s
ed
to
d
eter
m
in
e
th
e
s
p
litt
in
g
ten
s
ile
s
tr
en
g
th
.
T
h
e
f
r
esh
d
en
s
ity
f
o
r
all
m
ix
es
m
ea
s
u
r
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d
r
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o
r
d
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s
h
o
w
n
in
T
ab
le
5
.
T
h
e
d
r
y
d
en
s
ity
o
f
h
ar
d
en
ed
lig
h
tw
eig
h
t
f
o
am
ed
co
n
cr
ete
w
as
d
o
n
e
ac
co
r
d
in
g
to
A
ST
M
C
6
4
2
.
5.
RE
SU
L
T
S AN
D
D
I
SCU
SS
I
O
N
5
.
1
.
F
lo
w
a
bli
t
y
T
h
e
f
lo
w
ab
ilit
y
w
as
m
ea
s
u
r
ed
ac
co
r
d
in
g
to
A
ST
M
C
1
4
3
7
,
th
e
f
lo
w
f
o
r
m
ix
es
o
f
lig
h
tw
eig
h
t
f
o
am
ed
co
n
cr
ete
r
ein
f
o
r
ce
d
w
ith
r
ein
f
o
r
ce
d
w
ith
p
o
ly
p
r
o
p
y
len
e
f
ib
er
s
w
er
e
v
ar
ied
d
ep
en
d
in
g
o
n
v
o
lu
m
e
f
r
ac
tio
n
o
f
f
ib
er
s
.
T
h
e
f
lo
w
v
ar
ied
b
etw
ee
n
(
1
2
8
-
1
1
9
%),
as
s
h
o
w
n
in
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
T
h
i
s
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
illu
s
tr
ates
th
at
th
e
f
lo
w
ab
ilit
y
r
ed
u
ce
s
w
ith
th
e
in
cr
ea
s
e
o
f
f
ib
er
s
Nev
ille
an
d
B
r
o
o
k
s
(
2
0
1
0
)
.
th
e
f
lo
w
w
as
ab
o
u
t
1
2
8
%
f
o
r
m
ix
M0
,
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d
f
lo
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r
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ce
d
w
ith
th
e
in
cr
ea
s
e
o
f
p
o
ly
p
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o
p
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len
e
f
ib
er
s
.
T
h
u
s
,
th
e
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s
e
o
f
0
.
5
%
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f
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ly
p
r
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er
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r
ed
u
ce
d
th
e
f
lo
w
to
1
1
9
%.
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
E
f
f
ec
t
o
f
p
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ly
p
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p
y
len
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f
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er
s
o
n
th
e
f
lo
w
ab
ilit
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o
f
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h
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h
t
f
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am
ed
co
n
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ete
5
.
2
.
Dry
D
ens
it
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T
h
e
d
r
y
d
en
s
ity
in
cr
ea
s
ed
w
ith
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o
ly
p
r
o
p
y
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e
f
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er
s
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n
ten
t.
T
h
e
d
r
y
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en
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ity
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ce
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ix
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d
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r
y
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ity
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o
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ix
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ith
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itio
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1
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3
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4
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d
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0
,
1
6
9
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,
1
7
0
0
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d
1
7
0
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k
g
/m
3
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
-
8814
IJ
AA
S
Vo
l.
4
,
No
.
2
,
J
u
n
e
2
0
1
5
:
45
–
49
48
5
.
3
.
Co
m
press
iv
e
S
t
re
ng
t
h
T
h
e
co
m
p
r
ess
iv
e
s
tr
en
g
th
o
f
lig
h
tw
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t
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am
ed
co
n
cr
ete
in
co
r
p
o
r
ated
w
ith
d
if
f
er
en
t
p
er
ce
n
tag
e
o
f
p
o
ly
p
r
o
p
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len
e
f
ib
er
s
as
0
.
0
%,
0
.
1
%,
0
.
2
%,
0
.
3
%,
0
.
4
%
an
d
0
.
5
%
v
o
lu
m
e
f
r
ac
tio
n
.
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o
m
p
r
ess
iv
e
s
tr
en
g
th
in
cr
ea
s
es
w
ith
th
e
in
cr
ea
s
e
o
f
p
o
ly
p
r
o
p
y
len
e
f
ib
er
s
,
w
h
ile
th
e
co
m
p
r
ess
iv
e
s
tr
en
g
th
d
ec
r
ea
s
ed
at
0
.
5
%
p
o
ly
p
r
o
p
y
len
e
f
ib
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s
b
u
t
n
o
t
less
th
an
r
ef
er
en
ce
m
ix
.
Fig
.
2
s
h
o
w
s
th
e
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
b
etw
ee
n
th
e
co
m
p
r
ess
iv
e
s
tr
en
g
th
at
ag
e
2
8
d
ay
s
an
d
p
er
ce
n
tag
e
o
f
p
o
ly
p
r
o
p
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f
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s
.
I
t
ca
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o
b
s
er
v
ed
0
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2
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ly
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r
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p
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f
ib
er
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g
iv
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th
e
h
ig
h
est
co
m
p
r
ess
iv
e
s
tr
en
g
th
2
1
.
7
MP
a.
Fig
u
r
e
2
.
R
elatio
n
s
h
ip
b
et
w
ee
n
th
e
co
m
p
r
es
s
i
v
e
s
tr
e
n
g
t
h
at
2
8
d
ay
s
an
d
p
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ce
n
ta
g
e
o
f
p
o
ly
p
r
o
p
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le
n
e
f
ib
er
s
5
.
4
.
Sp
litt
ing
T
ens
ile
Str
eng
t
h
T
h
e
s
p
litt
in
g
ten
s
ile
s
tr
en
g
th
in
cr
ea
s
ed
w
ith
th
e
p
er
ce
n
tag
e
in
cr
ea
s
e
o
f
p
o
ly
p
r
o
p
y
len
e
f
ib
er
s
.
T
h
e
h
ig
h
est
s
p
litt
in
g
ten
s
ile
v
alu
e
o
b
tain
ed
b
y
th
e
m
ax
im
u
m
v
o
lu
m
e
f
r
ac
tio
n
o
f
p
o
ly
p
r
o
p
y
len
e
f
ib
er
s
(
0
.
5
%)
ad
d
ed
to
th
e
lig
h
tw
eig
h
t
f
o
am
ed
co
n
cr
ete.
T
h
e
in
cr
ea
s
e
o
f
s
p
litt
in
g
ten
s
ile
s
tr
en
g
th
o
f
th
e
lig
h
tw
eig
h
t
f
o
am
ed
co
n
cr
ete
r
ein
f
o
r
ce
d
w
ith
p
o
ly
p
r
o
p
y
len
e
f
ib
er
s
at
2
8
d
ay
s
w
as
u
p
to
2
6
%
w
it
h
0
.
5
%
p
o
ly
p
r
o
p
y
len
e
f
ib
er
s
(
M5
)
co
m
p
ar
ed
w
ith
th
e
r
ef
er
en
ce
m
ix
(
M0
)
.
T
h
e
in
co
r
p
o
r
atio
n
o
f
0
.
1
%,
0
.
2
%,
0
.
3
%
an
d
0
.
4
%
p
o
ly
p
r
o
p
y
len
e
f
ib
er
s
in
cr
ea
s
es
th
e
s
p
litt
in
g
ten
s
ile
s
tr
en
g
th
b
y
ab
o
u
t
5
%,
1
4
%,
1
9
%
an
d
2
3
%,
r
esp
ec
tiv
ely
,
co
m
p
ar
ed
w
ith
r
ef
er
en
ce
m
ix
(
M0
)
.
Fig
u
r
e
3
s
h
o
w
s
th
e
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
b
etw
ee
n
p
o
ly
p
r
o
p
y
len
e
f
ib
er
s
p
er
ce
n
tag
es
w
ith
s
p
litt
in
g
ten
s
ile
s
tr
en
g
th
at
ag
e
2
8
d
ay
s
.
Fig
u
r
e
3
.
R
elatio
n
s
h
ip
b
et
w
ee
n
p
er
ce
n
tag
e
o
f
p
o
l
y
p
r
o
p
y
le
n
e
f
ib
er
s
w
it
h
s
p
litt
i
n
g
ten
s
ile
s
tr
en
g
t
h
6.
CO
NCLU
SI
O
N
Fro
m
th
e
d
ata
in
th
is
s
tu
d
y
,
s
o
m
e
co
n
clu
s
io
n
s
ca
n
b
e
d
r
aw
n
as f
o
llo
w
s
:
1.
T
h
e
f
lo
w
ab
ilit
y
o
f
lig
h
tw
eig
h
t
f
o
am
ed
co
n
cr
ete
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
r
ed
u
ce
s
w
ith
th
e
in
cr
ea
s
e
o
f
p
o
ly
p
r
o
p
y
len
e
f
ib
er
s
p
er
ce
n
tag
es.
T
h
e
least
v
alu
e
o
f
f
lo
w
is
1
1
9
%
w
ith
th
e
u
s
e
o
f
0
.
5
%
o
f
p
o
ly
p
r
o
p
y
len
e
f
ib
er
s
.
2.
T
h
e
d
r
y
d
en
s
ity
o
f
lig
h
tw
eig
h
t
f
o
am
ed
co
n
cr
ete
in
cr
ea
s
ed
w
ith
ad
d
itio
n
p
o
ly
p
r
o
p
y
len
e
f
ib
er
s
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IJ
AA
S
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8814
Lig
h
tw
eig
h
t Co
n
crete
R
ein
fo
r
ce
d
w
ith
P
o
lyp
r
o
p
ylen
e
F
i
b
ers
(
A
li J
ih
a
d
Ha
ma
d
)
49
3.
T
h
e
ad
d
itio
n
o
f
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ly
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r
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p
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len
e
f
ib
er
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to
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eig
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f
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co
n
cr
ete
en
h
an
ce
d
co
m
p
r
ess
iv
e
s
tr
en
g
th
.
4.
T
h
e
s
p
litt
in
g
ten
s
ile
s
tr
en
g
th
o
f
lig
h
tw
eig
h
t
f
o
am
ed
co
n
cr
ete
in
cr
ea
s
ed
w
ith
th
e
in
cr
ea
s
e
o
f
p
o
ly
p
r
o
p
y
len
e
f
ib
er
s
p
er
ce
n
tag
es
in
th
e
m
ix
es.
T
h
e
h
ig
h
est
p
er
ce
n
tag
e
in
cr
ea
s
e
in
s
p
litt
in
g
ten
s
ile
s
tr
en
g
th
w
as
2
6
% f
o
r
0
.
5
% p
o
ly
p
r
o
p
y
len
e
f
ib
er
s
.
ACK
NO
WL
E
DG
E
ME
NT
S
T
h
is
w
o
r
k
w
as
f
u
n
d
ed
in
th
e
lab
o
r
ato
r
y
o
f
th
e
Mo
s
u
l
tech
n
ical
co
lleg
e.
Gr
ea
t
th
an
k
s
ar
e
ex
ten
d
ed
to
th
e
s
taf
f
o
f
b
u
ild
in
g
an
d
co
n
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tr
u
ctio
n
en
g
in
ee
r
in
g
d
ep
ar
tm
en
t,
an
d
to
th
e
s
taf
f
o
f
tech
n
ical
en
g
in
ee
r
in
g
w
o
r
k
s
h
o
p
f
o
r
th
eir
ap
p
licab
le
ass
is
tan
ce
.
RE
F
E
R
E
NC
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S
[1
]
A
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-
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,
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[2
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:
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A
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M
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1
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,
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tes
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.
01
,
2
0
1
0
.
[4
]
A
S
T
M
C
2
3
0
,
"
S
tan
d
a
rd
sp
e
c
if
ica
ti
o
n
f
o
r
f
lo
w
tab
le
f
o
r
u
se
in
tes
ts
o
f
h
y
d
ra
u
li
c
c
e
m
e
n
t"
,
An
n
u
a
l
b
o
o
k
o
f
A
S
T
M
sta
n
d
a
rd
s
,
Vo
l.
0
4
,
No
.
0
1
,
2
0
1
0
.
[5
]
A
S
T
M
C
4
9
6
,
"
S
tan
d
a
rd
tes
t
m
e
t
h
o
d
f
o
r
sp
l
it
ti
n
g
ten
sile stren
g
th
o
f
c
y
li
n
d
rica
l
c
o
n
c
re
te sp
e
c
ime
n
s"
,
An
n
u
a
l
b
o
o
k
o
f
AS
T
M
sta
n
d
a
rd
s
,
Vo
l.
0
4
,
No
.
02
,
2
0
0
7
.
[6
]
A
S
T
M
C
6
4
2
,
"
S
tan
d
a
rd
tes
t
m
e
t
h
o
d
f
o
r
d
e
n
sity
,
a
b
so
rp
ti
o
n
,
a
n
d
v
o
id
s i
n
h
a
rd
e
n
e
d
c
o
n
c
re
te"
,
An
n
u
a
l
b
o
o
k
o
f
AS
T
M
sta
n
d
a
rd
s
,
V
o
l.
0
4
,
No
.
02
,
2
0
0
9
.
[7
]
BS
EN
1
2
3
9
0
-
3
,
'
T
e
stin
g
h
a
rd
e
n
e
d
c
o
n
c
re
te,
P
a
rt
3
:
Co
m
p
re
s
siv
e
stre
n
g
th
o
f
tes
t
sp
e
c
i
m
e
n
s”
,
BS
I,
L
o
n
d
o
n
,
UK
,
2
0
1
0
.
[8
]
B
y
u
n
K.
J.,
e
t
a
l
.
,
“
De
v
e
lo
p
m
e
n
t
o
f
stru
c
tu
ra
l
li
g
h
tw
e
ig
h
t
f
o
a
m
e
d
c
o
n
c
re
te u
si
n
g
p
o
ly
m
e
r
f
o
a
m
a
g
e
n
t”
.
IC
P
IC
-
98
.
[9
]
F
o
u
a
d
H.
F.,
e
t
a
l
.
,
“
S
ig
n
if
ica
n
c
e
o
f
T
e
sts
a
n
d
P
ro
p
e
rti
e
s
o
f
Co
n
c
re
te
a
n
d
C
o
n
c
re
te
-
M
a
k
in
g
M
a
teria
ls
”
,
stp
1
6
9
d
,
A
S
T
M
In
tern
a
ti
o
n
a
l
,
2
0
0
6
.
[1
0
]
G
e
li
m
K.
A.
M.
,
“
M
e
c
h
a
n
ica
l
An
d
P
h
y
sic
a
l
P
ro
p
e
rti
e
s
Of
F
l
y
A
s
h
F
o
a
m
e
d
Co
n
c
re
te”
,
M
a
ste
r
d
isse
rtatio
n
,
F
a
c
u
lt
y
o
f
Civ
il
a
n
d
E
n
v
iro
n
m
e
n
tal
En
g
in
e
e
rin
g
Un
iv
e
rsit
y
T
u
n
Hu
ss
e
in
O
n
n
M
a
lay
sia
,
2
0
1
1
.
[1
1
]
G
e
n
c
e
l
O.,
e
t
a
l
.
,
"
M
e
c
h
a
n
ica
l
p
ro
p
e
rti
e
s
o
f
se
lf
-
c
o
m
p
a
c
ti
n
g
c
o
n
c
re
te
re
in
f
o
rc
e
d
w
it
h
p
o
ly
p
ro
p
y
len
e
f
ib
e
rs"
,
M
a
ter
ia
ls
Res
e
a
rc
h
In
n
o
v
a
ti
o
n
s
,
V
o
l
.
1
5
, N
o
.
3
,
p
p
.
2
1
6
-
2
2
5
,
2
0
1
1
.
[1
2
]
Ha
ss
a
n
S
.
A
.
,
“
Eff
e
c
t
o
f
e
lev
a
ted
tem
p
e
ra
tu
re
s
o
n
b
o
n
d
stre
n
g
th
o
f
ste
e
l
re
in
f
o
rc
e
m
e
n
t
a
n
d
c
o
n
c
re
t
e
e
n
h
a
n
c
e
d
w
it
h
d
isc
re
te ca
rb
o
n
f
ib
e
rs”
,
J
o
u
r
n
a
l
o
f
En
g
in
e
e
rin
g
a
n
d
De
v
e
lo
p
me
n
t
,
V
o
l
.
1
6
,
N
o
.
4
,
p
p
.
30
-
46
,
2
0
1
2
.
[1
3
]
Ke
a
rsle
y
E
.
P
.
,
“
T
h
e
u
se
o
f
f
o
a
m
e
d
c
o
n
c
re
te
f
o
r
a
ff
o
rd
a
b
le
d
e
v
e
lo
p
m
e
n
t
in
th
ird
w
o
rld
c
o
u
n
tri
e
s
”
,
In
:
Dh
ir
RK,
M
c
Ca
rth
y
M
J,
e
d
it
o
rs.
A
p
p
ro
p
ria
te co
n
c
re
te t
e
c
h
n
o
lo
g
y
.
L
o
n
d
o
n
:
E
&
F
N S
p
o
n
,
p
p
.
2
3
3
-
2
4
3
,
1
9
9
6
.
[1
4
]
Ko
sm
a
t
k
a
S.
H.,
e
t
a
l
.
,
“
De
sig
n
A
n
d
Co
n
tro
l
Of
Co
n
c
re
te
M
ix
tu
re
s
”
,
F
o
u
rtee
n
th
e
d
i
ti
o
n
,
P
o
rtl
a
n
d
Ce
m
e
n
t
A
s
so
c
iatio
n
,
U
n
it
e
d
S
tate
s o
f
Am
e
rica
,
2
0
0
3
.
[1
5
]
M
e
h
ta
P
.
K
.
,
a
n
d
M
o
n
teir
o
P
.
J.
M
.
,
“
Co
n
c
re
te:
M
icr
o
stru
c
tu
re
,
P
r
o
p
e
rti
e
s
a
n
d
M
a
teria
ls
”
,
T
h
ird
e
d
i
ti
o
n
,
Ne
w
Yo
rk
:
M
c
G
ra
w
-
Hill
,
2
0
0
6
.
[1
6
]
Na
m
b
iar
E.
K.K.
a
n
d
Ra
m
a
m
u
rth
y
K.
,
"
A
ir
-
v
o
id
c
h
a
ra
c
teriz
a
ti
o
n
o
f
f
o
a
m
c
o
n
c
re
te
"
,
Ce
m
e
n
t
a
n
d
c
o
n
c
re
te
re
se
a
rc
h
,
V
o
l
.
3
7
, N
o
.
2
,
p
p
.
2
2
1
–
2
3
0
,
2
0
0
7
.
[1
7
]
Na
Ay
u
d
h
y
a
B.
I.
,
"
Co
m
p
re
ss
iv
e
a
n
d
sp
li
tt
i
n
g
ten
sile
stre
n
g
th
o
f
a
u
to
c
lav
e
d
a
e
ra
ted
c
o
n
c
re
te
(
AA
C)
c
o
n
tain
i
n
g
p
e
rli
te
a
g
g
re
g
a
t
e
a
n
d
p
o
ly
p
ro
p
y
len
e
f
ib
e
r
su
b
jec
ted
to
h
ig
h
te
m
p
e
ra
tu
re
s
"
,
S
o
n
g
k
la
n
a
k
a
ri
n
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
S
c
ien
c
e
T
e
c
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
,
V
o
l.
3
3
,
N
o
.
5
,
p
p
.
5
5
5
-
5
6
3
,
2
0
1
1
.
[1
8
]
Ne
v
il
l
e
A.
M.
,
a
n
d
Br
o
o
k
s
J.
J.,
“
Co
n
c
re
te T
e
c
h
n
o
lo
g
y
”
,
S
e
c
o
n
d
e
d
it
io
n
,
P
e
a
rs
o
n
E
d
u
c
a
ti
o
n
,
2
0
1
0
,
p
p
.
3
3
9
-
3
4
0
.
[1
9
]
Ne
v
il
le
A
.
M
.
,
“
P
ro
p
e
rti
e
s o
f
Co
n
c
re
te
”
,
F
o
u
rth
a
n
d
F
i
n
a
l
Ed
it
io
n
,
P
re
n
ti
c
e
Ha
ll
,
p
p
.
7
1
1
-
7
1
3
,
2
0
0
0
.
[2
0
]
Ow
e
n
s
P
.
,
e
t
a
l
.
,
“
A
d
v
a
n
c
e
d
Co
n
c
re
te T
e
c
h
n
o
lo
g
y
P
ro
c
e
ss
e
s
”
,
El
se
v
ier L
t
d
,
2
0
0
3
.
[2
1
]
Ra
m
a
m
u
rth
y
K.,
e
t
a
l
.
,
“
A
c
la
ss
if
ic
a
ti
o
n
o
f
stu
d
ies
o
n
p
r
o
p
e
r
ti
e
s
o
f
f
o
a
m
c
o
n
c
re
te”
,
Ce
m
e
n
t
a
n
d
Co
n
c
re
te
Co
m
p
o
sites
,
V
o
l.
3
1
,
p
p
.
3
8
8
-
3
9
6
,
2
0
0
9
.
[2
2
]
S
u
laim
a
n
S.
H.
,
"
W
a
ter
p
e
r
m
e
a
b
il
it
y
a
n
d
c
a
rb
o
n
a
ti
o
n
o
n
f
o
a
m
e
d
c
o
n
c
re
te"
,
M
a
ste
r
th
e
sis,
Un
iv
e
rs
it
y
T
u
n
Hu
ss
e
in
On
n
M
a
lay
sia
,
2
0
1
1
.
[2
3
]
W
a
lra
v
e
n
J.
,
"
S
e
lf
-
Co
mp
a
c
ti
n
g
C
o
n
c
re
te
in
th
e
Ne
t
h
e
rla
n
d
s
"
,
P
ro
c
e
e
d
in
g
s
o
f
th
e
f
irst
n
o
rth
a
m
e
ri
c
a
n
c
o
n
f
e
re
n
c
e
o
n
th
e
d
e
sig
n
a
n
d
u
se
o
f
se
lf
-
c
o
n
so
li
d
a
ti
n
g
c
o
n
c
re
te,
Ev
a
n
st
o
n
,
USA
,
p
p
.
3
5
5
-
360
,
2
0
0
2
.
[2
4
]
Zu
lk
a
rn
a
in
F.
,
a
n
d
Ra
m
li
,
M
.
,
"
P
e
rf
o
rm
a
n
c
e
o
f
f
o
a
m
e
d
c
o
n
c
re
te
m
i
x
d
e
sig
n
w
it
h
sili
c
a
f
u
m
e
f
o
r
g
e
n
e
ra
l
h
o
u
si
n
g
c
o
n
stru
c
ti
o
n
"
,
E
u
ro
p
e
a
n
jo
u
rn
a
l
o
f
tec
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
a
n
d
a
d
v
a
n
c
e
d
e
n
g
i
n
e
e
rin
g
re
se
a
rc
h
, N
o
.
2
,
p
p
.
1
8
-
28
,
2
0
1
1
.
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