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R
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t
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t
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M
O
D
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N
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TH
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TEM
2
.
1
.
Th
e
H
ea
t
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ra
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er
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ci
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e
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n t
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t
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.
Th
e
t
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er
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t
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n
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ect
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l
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19]
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out
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67
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d
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0
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(
9)
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
S
SN
:
2
252
-
88
14
IJ
A
A
S
V
o
l
.
7
,
N
o
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1
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r
c
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2.
2.
T
h
e
H
e
a
t
T
ra
n
s
f
er
C
o
ef
f
i
ci
en
t
s
A
s
t
he
ot
he
r
m
ode
l
s
,
t
he
pr
e
s
e
nt
o
ne
i
s
b
a
s
e
d o
n m
a
s
s
a
nd e
ne
r
gy
c
o
ns
e
r
va
t
i
o
n l
a
w
s
.
T
he
s
ol
a
r
w
a
t
e
r
he
a
t
e
r
i
s
f
o
r
m
e
d
by
m
a
ny
e
l
e
m
e
nt
s
a
s
s
ho
w
n
i
n
t
a
bl
e
.
2
a
nd
i
n
F
i
g
ur
e
.
1.
Be
f
o
r
e
s
t
a
r
t
i
n
g
,
t
h
e
f
o
l
l
o
w
i
n
g
a
s
s
u
m
p
t
i
o
n
s
a
r
e
m
a
d
e
t
o
s
i
m
p
l
i
f
y
t
h
e
a
n
a
l
y
s
i
s
:
a.
T
h
e
p
h
y
s
i
cal
p
r
o
p
er
t
i
es
a
n
d
t
h
er
m
al
f
l
u
i
d
d
a
t
a
ar
e
b
as
ed
o
n
t
h
e
a
v
er
a
g
e
t
e
m
p
er
at
u
r
e.
b.
I
r
r
a
d
i
a
t
i
o
n
i
s
u
n
i
f
o
r
m
f
o
r
a
l
l
a
r
e
a
o
f
t
h
e
c
o
l
l
e
c
t
o
r
.
c.
T
h
e
am
b
i
en
t
t
em
p
er
at
u
r
e
i
s
t
h
e
s
am
e
ar
o
u
n
d
t
h
e
co
l
l
ect
o
r
.
d.
T
he
t
he
r
m
a
l
e
xc
ha
n
ge
by
c
on
ve
c
t
i
on
be
t
w
e
e
n
t
he
i
ns
ul
a
t
i
o
n
a
nd
a
m
b
i
e
n
t
i
s
n
e
g
l
i
g
i
b
l
e
.
e.
P
r
o
pe
r
t
i
e
s
o
f
m
a
t
e
r
i
a
l
s
a
r
e
i
nde
pe
nde
nt
of
t
e
m
pe
r
a
t
ur
e
.
T
h
us
i
t
i
s
ne
c
e
s
s
a
r
y
t
o de
f
i
ne
s
t
e
p
by
s
t
e
p t
he
s
i
n
g
ul
a
r
he
a
t
f
l
o
w
e
q
ua
t
i
on
s
i
n o
r
d
e
r
t
o f
i
nd t
he
go
ve
r
ni
ng
e
q
u
a
t
i
ons
of
t
he
c
o
l
l
e
c
t
or
s
y
s
t
e
m
.
2.
2.
1.
H
e
a
t
B
a
l
an
c
e
O
f
T
h
e
G
l
as
s
C
ove
r
T
he
e
ne
r
gy
c
o
m
e
s
f
r
om
t
he
s
un
i
n t
he
f
or
m
of
r
a
di
a
t
i
o
n
a
n
d pe
ne
t
r
a
t
e
s
t
he
a
pe
r
t
u
r
e
pl
a
ne
of
t
h
e
s
ol
a
r
c
ol
l
e
c
t
or
.
Ho
w
e
ve
r
,
a
p
a
r
t
of
t
hi
s
r
a
di
a
t
i
on i
s
r
e
f
l
e
c
t
e
d ba
c
k t
o t
he
s
ky
,
a
not
he
r
c
om
pone
nt
i
s
a
bs
o
r
b
e
d
b
y
t
h
e
g
l
a
z
i
n
g
a
n
d
t
h
e
r
e
s
t
i
s
t
r
a
n
s
m
i
t
t
e
d
t
hr
o
ug
h t
he
gl
a
z
i
ng a
n
d
r
e
a
c
h
e
s
t
he
a
bs
or
be
r
pl
a
t
e
a
s
s
ho
r
t
w
a
ve
r
a
di
a
t
i
o
n.
T
he
e
qua
t
i
o
n
1
2
e
x
pr
e
s
s
e
d
t
he
he
a
t
ba
l
a
nc
e
i
n
t
hi
s
e
l
e
m
e
nt
.
[
]
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)(
(
)
)(
.
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)
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)
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)
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,
,
,
,
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g
p
p
g
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abs
g
r
g
am
out
cv
gr
ound
g
r
g
s
ky
s
ky
g
r
g
g
g
T
T
h
h
T
T
h
h
T
T
h
G
S
dt
dT
Cp
m
−
+
−
−
+
+
−
+
=
−
−
−
−
a
(
12
)
2.
2.
2.
H
e
a
t
B
a
l
an
c
e
of
t
h
e
A
b
s
or
b
e
r
T
he
a
bs
or
be
r
r
e
c
e
i
ve
s
e
n
e
r
gy
c
om
i
ng f
r
om
t
he
s
u
n t
hr
ou
g
h
gl
a
s
s
c
o
ve
r
by
r
a
di
a
t
i
on e
x
c
ha
n
ge
wi
t
h
gl
a
s
s
a
nd
a
t
t
h
e
s
a
m
e
t
im
e
t
r
a
ns
f
e
r
r
e
d t
hi
s
e
ne
r
gy
i
nt
o t
he
f
l
ui
d.
K
no
w
i
n
g t
ha
t
a
pa
r
t
o
f
e
ne
r
gy
t
r
a
ns
f
e
r
r
e
d i
s
l
os
t
be
c
a
us
e
o
f
t
he
he
a
t
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xc
ha
nge
w
i
t
h
c
o
ve
r
a
n
d
w
i
t
h i
ns
ul
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t
i
on
by
c
o
n
ve
c
t
i
on a
nd
c
o
n
d
uc
t
i
on
r
e
s
pe
c
t
i
ve
ly
a
s
s
how
n
in
t
he
e
qu
a
tio
n
13.
[
]
)
(
)
(
)
)(
(
)
(
)
(
,
,
,
,
p
in
s
in
s
p
cd
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fm
f
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p
p
p
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h
T
T
h
T
T
h
h
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S
dt
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Cp
m
−
−
−
+
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+
−
=
−
−
−
−
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t
a
(
13
)
2.
2.
3.
H
e
a
t
B
a
l
an
c
e
of
t
h
e
F
l
u
i
d
I
n t
hi
s
m
ode
l
,
t
he
e
xc
ha
n
ge
s
e
xi
s
t
e
d
o
nl
y
by
f
o
r
c
e
d
c
o
nve
c
t
i
o
n
be
t
w
e
e
n a
bs
o
r
be
r
a
nd
t
he
w
a
t
e
r
(
w
or
ki
n
g
f
l
ui
d)
a
s
i
t
’
s
s
h
ow
n
i
n
t
he
f
ol
l
o
w
i
n
g
e
q
ua
t
i
on:
)
(
S
)
(
,
f
p
f
p
cv
f
f
T
T
h
dt
dT
Cp
V
−
=
−
ρ
(
14
)
2.
2.
4.
H
e
a
t
B
a
l
a
nc
e
o
f
t
he
I
n
s
ul
a
t
i
o
n
T
he
he
a
t
e
xc
ha
n
ge
c
onc
e
r
n
i
ng t
hi
s
e
l
e
m
e
nt
i
s
t
hos
e
be
t
w
e
e
n t
he
a
bs
o
r
be
r
a
nd i
ns
ul
a
t
i
o
n by
c
on
d
uc
t
i
on (
in
s
abs
cd
h
−
,
)
,
a
l
s
o be
t
we
e
n i
ns
ul
a
t
i
o
n a
n
d a
m
bi
e
nt
by
r
a
di
a
t
i
on (
gr
ound
in
s
r
h
−
,
)
a
s
i
l
l
u
s
t
r
a
t
e
i
n
t
h
e
f
o
l
l
o
w
i
n
g
e
q
u
a
t
i
o
n
:
[
]
)
)(
(
)
(
)
(
,
,
in
s
am
gr
ound
in
s
r
p
in
s
in
s
abs
cd
in
s
in
s
T
T
h
T
T
h
S
dt
dT
Cp
m
−
+
−
=
−
−
(
15
)
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IJ
A
A
S
I
S
S
N
:
225
2
-
88
14
E
x
pe
r
i
me
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nd
M
ode
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(
Ouh
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)
89
2.
3.
P
erf
o
rm
a
n
ces
o
f
S
o
l
a
r
C
o
l
l
ect
o
r
T
h
e t
h
er
m
al
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce o
f
s
o
l
ar
co
l
l
ect
o
r
s
can
b
e d
et
e
r
m
i
n
ed
b
y
t
h
e d
et
ai
l
s
an
al
y
s
i
s
o
f
t
h
e o
p
t
i
cal
an
d
t
h
er
m
al
ch
ar
act
e
r
i
s
t
i
c
s
o
f
t
h
e
c
o
l
l
e
c
t
o
r
m
a
t
e
r
i
a
l
s
a
n
d
c
o
l
l
e
c
t
o
r
d
e
s
i
g
n
(
t
h
e
o
r
e
t
i
c
a
l
m
o
d
e
l
i
n
g
)
o
r
b
y
e
xpe
r
i
m
e
nt
a
l
pe
r
f
o
r
m
a
nc
e
t
e
s
t
e
d u
n
de
r
di
f
f
e
r
e
nt
we
a
t
he
r
c
o
ndi
t
i
o
ns
(
e
x
pe
r
i
m
e
nt
a
l
va
l
i
da
t
i
on
)
.
S
ol
a
r
co
l
l
ect
o
r
s
ca
n
b
e t
es
t
ed
b
y
t
w
o
b
as
i
c m
et
h
o
d
s
:
u
n
d
er
s
t
ead
y
-
s
t
at
e co
n
d
i
t
i
o
n
s
o
r
u
s
i
n
g
a
d
y
n
a
m
i
c
t
e
s
t
pr
oc
e
du
r
e
w
hi
c
h
a
do
pt
e
d
t
hi
s
w
or
k.
T
h
e
c
o
l
l
e
c
t
o
r
e
f
f
i
c
i
e
n
c
y
i
s
g
i
v
e
n
b
y
t
h
e
f
o
l
l
o
w
i
n
g
e
q
u
a
t
i
o
n
:
S
G
T
T
C
m
Q
Q
i
f
p
u
)
(
0
−
=
=
η
(
16
)
A
l
s
o,
a
nd
a
c
c
o
r
di
ng
t
o
E
N
12
97
5
[
15]
f
o
r
F
P
C
s
,
t
h
e
ef
f
i
ci
en
cy
cu
r
v
e
ca
n
b
e
w
r
i
t
t
en
as
:
G
T
a
G
T
a
2
2
1
0
)
(
)
(
∆
−
∆
−
=
η
η
(
17
)
w
h
er
e
:
0
η
:
O
p
t
i
c
ef
f
i
ci
en
cy
1
a
a
nd
2
a
:
ar
e
t
h
e
c
o
ef
f
i
ci
en
t
o
f
t
h
e
l
os
s
e
s
a
c
c
o
r
d
i
ng
t
o
E
N
12
9
7
5
s
t
a
nda
r
d
.
G
:
G
l
o
b
a
l
s
o
l
a
r
r
a
d
i
a
t
i
o
n
(
W
m
-
2
).
T
∆
:
T
h
e
t
e
m
p
e
ra
t
u
re
d
i
f
fe
re
n
c
e
(K
).
3.
ME
T
H
O
DS
A
ND
M
AT
E
RI
AL
S
3
.
1
.
G
l
o
ba
l
A
l
g
o
r
i
t
hm
B
ecau
s
e o
f
t
h
e co
m
p
l
ex
i
t
y
s
t
r
u
ct
u
r
e
a
nd
m
ult
i
pl
i
c
i
ty
of
e
qua
t
i
ons
of
o
ur
m
ode
l
,
t
h
e
m
e
t
hod o
f
R
un
ge
-
K
u
t
t
a
4
t
h
or
de
r
[
20
]
w
a
s
a
dop
te
d
f
o
r
s
o
l
v
i
n
g
n
u
m
e
r
i
c
a
l
l
y
t
h
e
f
o
l
l
o
w
i
n
g
s
y
s
t
e
m
e
o
f
e
q
u
a
t
i
o
n
:
(
18
)
T
he
F
i
g
ur
e
1
s
ho
ws
t
he
gl
o
ba
l
a
l
g
o
r
i
t
h
m
f
ol
l
ow
i
ng
t
o
r
un
a
nd
s
ol
ve
n
um
e
r
i
c
a
l
y
t
he
s
y
s
t
e
m
e
(
1
8)
.
a.
Bl
o
c
k
I
:
Ca
l
c
u
l
a
t
i
o
n
o
f
t
h
e
s
o
l
a
r
r
a
d
i
a
t
i
o
n
I
n
t
hi
s
s
t
e
p,
w
e
a
da
pt
e
d
t
he
m
ode
l
o
f
P
e
r
r
i
n
de
B
r
i
c
ha
m
ba
u
t
[
16,
17]
a
s
m
e
nt
i
one
d
p
r
e
vi
ous
l
y
.
I
n
t
he
be
gi
nni
ng
w
e
i
np
ut
t
he
pa
r
a
m
e
t
e
r
s
of
L
o
ngi
t
u
de
,
l
a
t
i
t
ude
,
da
y
num
be
r
a
nd
n
um
be
r
o
f
t
he
m
ont
h
f
o
r
c
a
l
c
ul
a
t
i
ng
de
c
l
i
na
t
i
on
a
n
gl
e
a
nd
ho
ur
a
ngl
e
,
a
nd
c
o
ns
e
q
ue
nt
l
y
t
he
i
nc
i
de
nc
e
a
n
gl
e
(
i
)
a
nd
t
he
hi
gh
of
s
un
(
h
)
ar
e
cal
cu
l
at
ed
,
af
t
er
t
h
i
s
s
t
ep
w
e
i
n
p
u
t
t
h
e
co
ef
f
i
ci
en
t
s
ex
p
o
s
e
d
i
n
t
ab
l
e.
2
,
i
n
t
h
e
en
d
o
f
t
h
i
s
p
ar
t
w
e
h
av
e
b
een
c
a
l
c
u
l
a
t
e
d
t
h
e
g
l
o
b
a
l
s
o
l
a
r
r
a
d
i
a
t
i
o
n
.
b.
Bl
o
c
k
I
I
:
Ca
l
c
u
l
a
t
i
o
n
o
f
T
h
e
t
h
e
r
m
a
l
p
e
r
f
o
r
m
a
n
c
e
I
n
p
ut
t
i
ng t
he
p
hy
s
i
c
s
p
r
o
pe
r
t
i
e
s
(
S
pe
c
i
f
i
c
he
a
t
a
t
c
ons
t
a
nt
pr
e
s
s
ur
e
,
w
i
n
d s
p
e
e
d,
t
he
r
m
a
l
c
o
ndu
c
tiv
ity
a
n
d
v
ol
um
e
de
n
s
i
t
y
)
of
wa
t
e
r
,
t
he
ge
om
e
t
r
i
c
p
ar
am
et
er
s
ex
p
o
s
ed
o
f
t
h
e
s
y
s
t
e
m
.
A
f
t
e
r
t
h
i
s
s
t
e
p
o
f
t
h
i
s
p
r
o
g
r
am
s
t
ar
t
s
t
o
cal
c
u
l
at
e
t
h
e
al
l
t
y
p
e
h
eat
co
ef
f
i
c
i
e
n
t
s
(
h
,
h
,
h
cd
cv
r
)
by
a
da
pt
i
ng
t
he
f
or
m
ul
a
s
e
xp
os
e
d
pr
e
vi
o
us
l
y
.
I
n
t
he
e
n
d
of
t
hi
s
s
t
e
p
w
e
h
a
ve
a
da
pt
e
d t
he
n
um
e
r
i
c
a
l
m
e
t
ho
d i
n
o
r
de
r
t
o
r
e
s
ol
ve
t
he
s
y
s
t
e
m
of
di
f
f
e
r
e
nt
i
a
l
e
qua
t
i
o
ns
a
n
d
c
on
s
e
q
ue
nt
l
y
t
he
t
he
r
m
a
l
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ces
(
u
Q
;
η
)
a
r
e
cal
cu
l
at
ed
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
S
SN
:
2
252
-
88
14
IJ
A
A
S
V
o
l
.
7
,
N
o
.
1
,
Ma
r
c
h
20
18
:
8
6
–
96
90
F
i
gure
1.
G
l
oba
l
a
l
gor
i
t
hm
o
f
s
o
l
v
i
n
g
t
h
e
s
y
s
t
e
m
o
f
e
q
u
a
t
i
o
n
3.
2.
E
x
p
eri
men
t
a
l
S
et
-
u
p
T
h
e ex
p
e
r
i
m
en
t
al
ap
p
ar
at
u
s
i
s
l
o
cat
ed
o
n
t
h
e
t
er
r
ace r
o
o
f
o
f
t
h
e L
ab
o
r
at
o
r
y
o
f
E
n
er
g
y
o
f
t
h
e H
i
g
h
e
r
S
c
h
ool
of
T
e
c
hni
c
a
l
E
duc
a
t
i
on
,
R
a
ba
t
(
L
a
t
i
t
ude
:
3
4 °
0'
47"
N
;
L
on
gi
t
ude
:
6 °
4
9'
57"
0;
A
l
t
i
t
ude
4
6 m
)
.
I
n
d
i
r
e
c
t
S
W
H
s
y
s
t
e
m
w
i
t
h
f
o
r
c
e
d
c
i
r
c
u
l
a
t
i
o
n
c
o
n
s
i
s
t
s
o
f
2
m
2
F
P
C
,
a 3
0
0
L
h
o
t
w
at
er
t
an
k
h
eat
ed
o
n
l
y
b
y
s
ol
a
r
e
ne
r
gy
a
nd
wi
t
h a
n a
ut
om
a
t
e
d s
ub
-
s
y
s
t
e
m
t
h
a
t
c
o
n
t
r
o
l
l
e
d
h
o
t
w
a
t
e
r
.
I
n
t
h
i
s
e
x
p
e
r
i
m
e
n
t
,
t
h
e
t
a
n
k
h
e
a
t
s
c
o
n
t
i
n
u
o
u
s
l
y
i
n
t
h
r
e
e
d
a
y
s
i
n
M
a
y
a
n
d
D
e
c
e
m
b
e
r
,
w
i
t
h
o
u
t
e
m
p
t
i
e
d
t
h
e
t
a
n
k
.
W
e
p
r
e
f
e
r
r
e
d
t
o
c
o
l
l
e
c
t
d
a
t
a
e
ve
r
y
f
i
f
t
e
e
n
m
i
nut
e
s
d
ur
i
n
g
t
he
da
y
f
r
om
S
u
nr
i
s
e
t
o
s
u
ns
e
t
.
S
o
l
a
r
w
a
t
e
r
h
e
a
t
i
n
g
s
y
s
t
e
m
c
o
n
s
i
s
t
s
o
f
a
h
o
t
w
a
t
e
r
s
t
o
r
a
ge
t
a
n
k (
F
i
g
ur
e
.
2
.
b
),
c
o
n
t
r
ol
uni
t
,
pum
p
s
t
a
t
i
o
n
(
F
i
g
u
r
e
.
2
.
c
),
a
n
d
f
l
a
t
p
l
a
t
e
c
o
l
l
e
c
t
o
r
(
F
i
g
u
r
e
.
2
.
a
)
.
T
he
F
P
C
e
m
pl
oy
e
d i
n t
hi
s
s
t
u
dy
w
a
s
s
out
h f
a
c
i
n
g
a
n
d
i
n
c
l
i
n
e
d
a
t
4
0
°
.
T
h
e
h
o
t
w
a
t
e
r
t
a
n
k
w
a
s
i
n
s
t
a
l
l
e
d
i
n
s
i
d
e
t
h
e
l
a
b
o
r
a
t
o
r
y
w
h
i
l
e
t
h
e
F
P
C w
a
s
s
e
t
u
p
i
n
t
h
e
bui
l
di
ng
pl
a
nt
r
o
om
.
T
he
s
ol
a
r
c
i
r
c
ui
t
s
c
ons
i
s
t
e
d
o
f
t
w
o
t
y
p
e
s
of
pi
pe
s
.
T
h
e
f
i
r
s
t
o
ne
i
s
a
4.
7
m
of
c
o
ppe
r
pi
pe
t
y
pe
whi
c
h i
s
of
18 m
m
di
a
m
e
t
e
r
(
i
ns
i
de
)
a
nd
2
2 m
m
di
a
m
e
t
e
r
(
out
s
i
d
e
)
t
ha
t
c
om
e
s
f
r
om
t
he
t
a
nk f
ol
l
owe
d
by
a
2
6 m
of
c
a
out
c
ho
uc
pi
p
e
t
y
pe
t
o
F
P
C
w
i
t
h
19
m
m
dia
m
e
t
e
r
(
i
ns
i
de
)
a
n
d
2
3 m
m
dia
m
e
t
e
r
(
o
ut
s
i
d
e
)
.
I
n
or
de
r
t
o
m
i
nim
i
z
e
t
he
l
os
s
e
s
o
f
he
a
t
,
w
e
opt
e
d
f
or
us
i
n
g
A
r
m
a
f
l
e
x
wi
t
h
2
6
m
m
of
di
a
m
e
te
r
(
o
ut
s
i
de
)
s
e
t
up
a
s
i
n
s
u
l
a
t
i
o
n
f
o
r
a
l
l
p
i
p
e
f
i
t
t
i
n
g
s
.
T
h
e
s
o
l
a
r
c
i
r
c
u
i
t
p
i
p
e
l
e
n
g
t
h
s
u
p
p
l
y
a
n
d
r
e
t
u
r
n
w
e
r
e
4
m
of
c
op
pe
r
a
n
d
25
m
of
c
a
out
c
ho
uc
.
T
he
c
ol
l
e
c
t
i
n
g s
y
s
t
e
m
c
ons
i
s
t
e
d o
f
D
i
e
t
r
i
s
o
l
E
CO
2
.
1
f
l
a
t
p
l
a
t
e
c
o
l
l
e
c
t
o
r
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88
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IJ
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IJ
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8.
a
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
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SN
:
2
252
-
88
14
IJ
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8.
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R
EF
ER
E
N
C
ES
[1]
K
a
l
ogi
rou S
A
(
2004)
“
S
ol
a
r t
h
e
r
m
a
l
c
o
l
l
e
c
t
ors
a
nd
a
ppl
i
c
a
t
i
on
s
”
P
rogre
s
s
i
n
E
ne
rg
y
a
nd Co
m
bus
t
i
on S
c
i
e
n
c
e
30:
231
–
295.
do
i
:
10.
1016
/
j
.
pe
c
s
.
2004.
02.
001
[2]
D
uffi
e
J
A
,
Be
c
k
m
a
n W
A
,
W
ore
k W
M
(1994)
“
S
ol
a
r e
ngi
ne
e
ri
n
g of t
he
rm
a
l
pro
c
e
s
s
e
s
”
,
2nd e
d
.
J
our
nal
of
Sol
a
r
E
n
er
g
y E
n
g
i
n
eer
i
n
g
116:
67
.
do
i
:
10.
1115/
1.
29300
68
[3]
Cl
os
e
D
J
(196
7)
“
A d
e
si
gn a
pproa
c
h
for s
ol
a
r proc
e
s
s
e
s
”
S
ol
a
r E
n
e
rg
y 11:
112
–
122.
d
oi
:
10.
1016
/
003
8
-
092x(67)90051
-
5
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.