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I
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SN
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252
-
88
14
IJ
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he
l
ps
t
o o
bt
a
i
n b
e
t
t
e
r
r
out
i
n
g.
Al
l
t
he
n
e
igh
bor
ing
no
d
e
s
f
a
c
i
l
i
t
a
t
e
i
n
m
a
k
i
n
g
t
h
e
f
o
r
w
a
r
d
i
n
g
d
e
c
i
s
i
o
n
i
n
s
u
i
t
a
b
l
e
w
a
y
w
i
t
h
o
u
t
s
n
o
o
p
i
n
g
w
i
t
h
t
h
e
i
nf
or
m
a
t
i
on r
e
l
a
t
e
d t
o
t
o
pol
o
gy
.
T
he
be
ne
f
i
t
of
G
P
S
R
i
s
t
ha
t
i
t
ke
e
ps
t
h
e
c
u
r
r
e
nt
l
y
e
xi
s
t
i
ng l
oc
a
t
i
on
of
t
he
f
o
r
wa
r
di
n
g no
de
.
T
hi
s
c
a
n h
e
l
ps
t
o s
e
n
d
t
h
e
pa
c
ke
t
i
n s
h
o
t
t
i
m
e i
n
t
er
v
al
an
d
al
s
o
r
e
d
u
c
e t
h
e
d
i
s
t
an
ce
a
m
o
n
g
de
s
t
i
na
t
i
o
n
no
de
s
.
M
or
e
o
ve
r
,
t
he
r
e
a
r
e
s
om
e
de
m
e
r
i
t
s
a
s
we
l
l
.
I
n t
hi
s
G
P
S
R
p
r
ot
oc
ol
,
f
e
w
t
o
pol
ogi
e
s
r
e
s
ul
t
s
i
n de
c
r
e
a
s
i
n
g t
he
pa
c
ke
t
f
r
om
m
ovi
ng t
o s
pe
c
i
f
i
c
r
a
n
ge
f
r
o
m
t
he
de
s
t
i
na
t
i
on
[
4]
.
A
l
s
o,
t
hi
s
pr
ot
o
c
o
l
w
i
l
l
n
o
t
w
o
r
k i
f
t
he
r
e
w
i
l
l
no ne
a
r
e
s
t
ne
i
gh
b
or
p
r
e
s
e
nt
t
o de
s
t
i
na
t
i
on.
G
P
S
R
i
s
not
a
p
pr
o
pr
i
a
t
e
f
or
t
h
os
e
a
d
-
ho
c
ne
t
w
or
ks
w
he
r
e
no
de
s
a
r
e
m
ovi
ng
hi
g
hl
y
a
nd t
h
e
n
ode
w
i
l
l
be
una
bl
e
t
o m
a
i
nt
a
i
n it
s
one
ho
p
ne
i
g
h
bo
r
’
s
i
nf
or
m
a
t
i
on a
s
t
he
ot
he
r
n
od
e
c
a
n m
ov
e
ou
t
of
i
t
s
c
ove
r
a
ge
a
r
e
a
or
r
a
n
ge
be
c
a
us
e
of
t
he
hi
g
he
r
m
obi
l
i
t
y
of
d
y
n
am
i
c
n
o
d
es
.
I
t
ca
n
r
es
u
l
t
i
n
l
o
s
s
o
f
d
at
a
p
ack
et
s
.
2.
LI
TER
A
TU
R
E
R
EV
I
E
W
I
n [
1]
ge
o A
O
D
V
r
o
ut
i
ng
pr
ot
oc
ol
ha
s
b
e
e
n p
r
o
p
os
e
d.
T
hi
s
p
r
o
p
os
e
d p
r
ot
oc
ol
i
s
s
im
i
l
a
r
w
i
t
h
l
oc
a
t
i
on a
i
de
d
r
o
ut
i
n
g w
hi
c
h
de
pl
oy
s
GP
S
c
oo
r
di
na
t
e
s
t
o r
e
duc
e
t
he
a
r
e
a
of
s
e
a
r
c
h
w
hi
c
h i
s
ut
i
l
i
z
e
d t
hr
o
u
gh
t
he
m
e
a
ns
o
f
di
s
c
o
ve
r
y
p
r
oc
e
s
s
.
G
e
oA
O
D
V
i
s
us
e
d t
o
dy
n
a
m
i
c
a
l
ly
di
s
t
r
ibut
e
t
he
pos
i
t
i
on
da
t
a
be
t
w
e
e
n t
he
no
de
s
i
n t
he
n
e
t
wo
r
k
.
A
l
s
o,
i
n t
hi
s
w
o
r
k
,
p
e
r
f
or
m
a
nc
e
o
f
pr
o
pos
e
d
pr
ot
oc
ol
i
s
c
om
pa
r
e
d
w
i
t
h ot
he
r
L
A
R
,
A
O
D
V
r
o
ut
i
ng
p
r
ot
oc
ol
.
I
n
[
2
]
l
oc
a
t
i
on
a
i
de
d
pr
ot
oc
ol
ha
s
be
e
n
p
r
op
os
e
d.
T
he
p
r
o
p
os
e
d
a
pp
r
oa
c
h
i
s
ut
i
l
i
z
i
ng
t
he
p
os
i
t
i
on i
nf
or
m
a
t
i
on i
n
or
de
r
t
o e
n
h
a
nc
e
t
he
r
o
ut
i
ng
pr
ot
oc
ol
p
e
r
f
or
m
a
nc
e
f
o
r
a
ny
ki
nd
of
a
d
-
hoc
ne
t
w
or
k.
T
he
pr
o
pos
e
d
p
r
ot
oc
ol
r
e
duc
e
s
t
he
a
r
e
a
of
s
e
a
r
c
h
by
ut
i
l
i
z
i
ng t
h
e
pos
i
t
i
o
n
da
t
a
.
T
he
pr
o
pos
e
d
pr
ot
oc
ol
m
ove
s
i
n t
he
di
r
e
c
t
i
on
whe
r
e
t
he
f
i
na
l
no
d
e
i
s
s
u
pp
os
e
d t
o be
l
oc
a
t
e
d.
A
l
s
o
,
l
oc
a
t
i
on a
i
de
d r
out
i
n
g
m
odi
f
i
e
s
t
he
p
r
oc
e
s
s
o
f
f
i
ndi
ng t
he
r
o
ut
e
,
s
o t
ha
t
o
nl
y
t
h
o
s
e
n
ode
s
w
i
l
l
r
e
br
oa
dc
a
s
t
t
he
r
e
q
ue
s
t
m
e
s
s
a
ge
t
ha
t
b
el
o
n
g
s
t
o
t
h
e
s
ear
ch
ar
ea
.
D
u
e
t
o
t
h
i
s
,
r
o
u
t
i
n
g
m
es
s
ag
e
ar
e
r
e
d
u
ces
.
S
he
n e
t
a
l
.
[
3]
pr
opo
s
e
d
L
o
c
a
t
i
o
n
-
ba
s
e
d E
f
f
i
c
i
e
nt
R
out
i
n
g
p
r
ot
oc
ol
ha
s
be
e
n
pr
e
s
e
nt
e
d
.
T
h
e
pr
o
pos
e
d
pr
ot
o
c
ol
di
vi
de
s
t
he
ne
t
w
or
k
f
i
e
l
d
i
nt
o
s
e
pa
r
a
t
e
z
o
ne
s
a
nd
a
r
bi
t
r
a
r
i
l
y
s
e
l
e
c
t
s
t
he
no
de
w
hi
c
h
m
a
y
a
c
t
as
i
n
t
er
m
ed
i
at
e r
el
ay
n
o
d
es
an
d
t
h
es
e
n
o
d
e
s
m
ak
es
n
o
n
t
r
aceab
l
e a
n
o
n
y
m
ous
r
o
ut
e
.
F
ur
t
he
r
m
or
e
,
i
t
c
onc
e
a
l
t
h
e
d
at
a
r
ecei
v
er
b
et
w
ee
n
s
e
v
er
al
r
ecei
v
er
s
t
o
m
ak
e
s
t
r
o
n
g
er
d
es
t
i
n
at
i
o
n
an
d
s
o
u
r
ce
am
b
i
g
u
i
t
y
s
af
et
y
.
I
n
[
4
]
,
a
no
ve
l
r
out
i
n
g
s
c
he
m
e
de
pe
n
di
n
g o
n G
P
S
R
r
o
ut
i
ng
pr
ot
o
c
ol
ha
s
be
e
n
pr
e
s
e
nt
e
d
.
T
he
s
im
ul
a
t
i
on ha
s
be
e
n
ex
ecu
t
e
d
b
y
us
i
ng V
A
N
E
T
M
obi
S
i
m
.
T
he
c
om
pa
r
i
s
on h
a
s
be
e
n
pr
e
s
e
n
t
e
d a
m
ong t
h
e
pr
o
pos
e
d p
r
ot
o
c
ol
a
n
d
A
O
D
V
o
n
ne
t
wo
r
k
s
i
m
ul
a
t
or
NS
2.
T
he
r
e
s
u
l
t
de
m
ons
t
r
a
t
e
s
t
ha
t
t
he
p
r
o
p
o
s
e
d
G
P
S
R
r
o
ut
i
ng
s
c
he
m
e
pe
r
f
o
r
m
s
b
et
t
er
i
n
t
er
m
s
o
f
en
d
t
o
en
d
d
el
ay
an
d
p
ac
k
et
d
el
i
v
er
y
r
at
i
o
.
O
LS
R
a
nd
D
S
DV
p
r
ot
oc
ol
s
ha
ve
be
e
n
pr
e
s
e
nt
e
d
i
n
[
5]
.
F
o
r
s
i
m
ul
a
t
i
on
p
ur
p
os
e
s
,
ne
t
w
or
k
s
i
m
ul
a
t
or
3
a
n
d
80
2.
1
1p
s
t
a
n
da
r
d
a
n
d
T
w
o
R
a
y
G
r
o
un
d
P
r
o
p
a
ga
t
i
o
n
L
os
s
M
o
de
l
a
r
e
us
e
d.
T
h
e
pe
r
f
or
m
a
nc
e
i
s
c
om
pa
r
e
d
by
a
l
r
e
a
dy
e
xi
s
t
i
n
g
p
r
ot
oc
ol
a
n
d
r
e
s
ul
t
de
m
ons
t
r
a
t
e
d
t
ha
t
t
h
e
pr
o
po
s
e
d O
L
S
R
pr
ot
oc
o
l
i
s
be
t
t
e
r
.
I
n
t
h
i
s
a
n
a
l
y
s
i
s
[
6
]
,
i
t
i
n
v
o
l
v
e
s
t
h
e
t
w
o
t
yp
e
s
o
f
M
A
C
/
P
HY
s
pe
c
i
f
i
c
a
t
i
o
ns
t
ha
t
i
s
I
E
E
E
8
0
2
.
1
1g
a
nd
t
he
I
E
E
E
80
2.
1
1a
.
I
n
t
he
f
i
r
s
t
e
xpe
r
i
m
e
nt
a
l
de
s
i
gn,
s
i
gna
l
s
t
r
e
ngt
h
ha
s
be
e
n
c
a
l
c
ul
a
t
e
d
w
hi
c
h
i
s
pr
o
duc
e
d
by
a
na
l
y
z
e
d
de
vi
ces
.
T
h
e
s
eco
n
d
d
e
s
i
g
n
i
l
l
u
s
t
r
at
es
t
h
e
q
u
al
i
t
y
o
f
s
er
v
i
ce
o
f
V
2
V
c
om
m
uni
c
a
t
i
ons
of
t
he
s
e
de
vi
c
e
s
.
T
he
s
t
udy
i
n [
7]
a
na
l
y
z
e
s
t
he
de
l
a
y
i
n t
he
d
e
l
i
ve
r
y
t
he
i
nf
or
m
a
t
i
on o
nl
y
f
o
r
t
he
p
ur
p
os
e
of
r
oa
ds
i
de
uni
t
(
R
S
U
)
de
pl
oy
m
e
nt
i
n V
AN
E
T
ne
t
wo
r
k.
Al
s
o i
n t
hi
s
pa
pe
r
,
a
m
od
e
l
ha
s
be
e
n de
s
i
gne
d w
hi
c
h
he
l
ps
t
o
e
xpl
a
i
n t
he
r
e
l
a
t
i
on a
m
ong
d
e
l
a
y
a
nd
de
pl
o
ym
e
nt
di
s
t
a
nc
e
be
t
w
e
e
n r
oa
ds
i
de
ne
i
gh
b
or
u
n
i
t
s
.
F
ur
t
he
r
m
or
e
,
t
he
de
s
i
g
ne
d m
ode
l
c
ons
i
de
r
s
t
he
s
pe
e
d
of
ve
hi
c
l
e
,
i
t
s
de
ns
i
t
y
a
nd s
om
e
ot
he
r
pa
r
a
m
e
t
e
r
s
.
T
he
c
o
r
r
e
c
t
ne
s
s
a
nd
accu
r
acy
o
f
t
h
e p
r
o
p
o
s
e
d
m
o
d
el
i
s
co
n
f
i
r
m
ed
an
d
t
h
e e
f
f
ect
s
s
e
v
er
al
p
ar
am
et
er
s
o
n
t
h
e av
e
r
a
g
e d
el
ay
ar
e
i
n
v
e
s
t
i
g
a
t
e
d
t
h
r
o
u
g
h
s
i
m
u
l
a
t
i
o
n
r
e
s
u
l
t
s
.
I
n
[
8]
,
ne
w
s
c
h
e
m
e
ha
s
be
e
n
pr
e
s
e
nt
e
d
w
hi
c
h i
s
de
pe
n
ds
o
n t
he
pr
e
di
c
t
i
o
n o
f
ve
l
oc
i
t
y
a
nd s
e
l
e
c
t
i
ve
fo
rwa
r
d
i
n
g
.
T
h
e s
en
d
e
r
ch
o
i
ces
t
h
e b
es
t
can
d
i
d
at
e w
h
i
ch
w
i
l
l
r
eb
r
o
a
d
cas
t
t
h
e m
es
s
ag
e t
o
o
t
h
er
v
eh
i
cl
e
.
I
n t
hi
s
t
e
c
hni
que
,
l
o
w o
ve
r
he
a
d
ha
s
be
e
n
ge
ne
r
a
t
e
d
.
T
hi
s
w
or
k p
r
op
os
e
d a
b
r
oa
dc
a
s
t
i
ng a
l
g
or
i
t
h
m
f
o
r
V
A
N
E
T
s
.
T
he
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F
o
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n
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IJ
A
A
S
I
S
S
N
:
225
2
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88
14
A
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pr
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16:
17:
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19:
20:
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
S
SN
:
2
252
-
88
14
IJ
A
A
S
V
o
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.
7
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76
4.
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a
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1
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s
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on M
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r
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c
IEE
E 8
0
2
.1
1
An
ten
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n
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ectio
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al
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ten
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a
Nu
m
b
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m
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50 s
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E
S
U
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A
ND
DI
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C
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I
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he
p
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op
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d m
e
t
hod
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s
im
pl
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e
nt
e
d us
i
n
g t
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ne
t
w
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k s
i
m
ul
a
t
or
ns
2.
35
.
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he
V
e
hi
c
ul
a
r
A
d
hoc
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t
wo
r
k
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nvi
r
o
nm
e
nt
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s
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r
e
a
t
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d a
nd
pe
r
f
or
m
a
nc
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n
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pr
o
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s
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om
pa
r
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d
w
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pr
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oc
ol
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pa
r
a
m
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ke
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t
w
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k
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c
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y r
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tio a
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i
gu
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o
4 s
ho
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r
a
p
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pa
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s
on
be
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w
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n t
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s
e
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on t
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r
f
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r
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e
s
a
c
c
or
di
n
gt
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t
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num
be
r
of
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de
s
.
F
ig
ur
e
2.
E
n
d
t
o
E
n
d
D
e
l
a
y
F
ig
ur
e
3
.
P
a
c
k
e
t
D
e
l
i
v
e
r
y
Ra
t
i
o
F
ig
ur
e
4.
T
h
r
o
ug
h
put
o
f
t
he
N
e
t
w
or
k
6.
C
O
N
CL
U
S
I
O
N
T
he
pa
pe
r
t
r
i
e
s
t
o p
r
e
s
e
nt
a
c
om
pa
r
a
t
i
ve
a
na
l
y
s
i
s
of
e
x
i
s
t
i
ng A
O
DV
a
nd
GP
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p
r
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ol
a
n
d
im
pr
o
ve
d
GP
S
R
pr
ot
oc
ol
i
n t
e
r
m
s
of
t
he
i
r
p
e
r
f
or
m
a
nc
e
.
A
VA
NE
T
e
n
vi
r
onm
e
nt
w
a
s
c
r
e
a
t
e
d a
n
d v
e
hi
c
ul
a
r
m
ove
m
e
nt
we
r
e
s
im
ul
a
t
e
d.
T
he
a
bo
ve
di
s
c
u
s
s
e
d
pr
ot
oc
ol
s
w
e
r
e
us
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f
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r
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om
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uni
c
a
t
i
on
a
nd
t
he
pe
r
f
or
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a
nc
e
of
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s
y
s
t
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m
wa
s
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na
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e
d
.
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o
r
a
s
i
m
i
l
a
r
e
n
vi
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e
nt
,
i
t
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s
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ou
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d
t
ha
t
t
he
i
m
pr
ove
d
GP
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p
r
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r
f
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r
m
s
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h
e
r
t
wo
pr
ot
oc
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s
i
n
t
e
r
m
s
of
t
hr
o
ug
h
put
,
n
e
t
w
or
k
d
e
l
a
y
a
nd
pa
c
k
e
t
de
l
i
ve
r
y
r
a
t
i
o.
T
hi
s
en
co
u
r
ag
es
u
s
t
o f
u
r
t
he
r
e
x
pl
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r
e
t
he
p
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o
p
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pr
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ve
d
GP
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.
I
n
f
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,
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b
r
i
d p
r
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s
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n be
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ve
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a
nd t
he
t
r
a
d
i
t
i
ona
l
a
l
g
o
r
i
t
h
m
s
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IJ
A
A
S
I
S
S
N
:
225
2
-
88
14
A
n
I
m
pr
ov
e
d
G
r
e
e
dy
P
ar
am
e
t
e
r
St
at
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l
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s
s
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n
V
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i
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H
oc
N
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t
w
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k
(
Ka
v
i
t
a
)
77
R
EF
ER
E
N
C
ES
[1]
H
na
t
y
s
hi
n
,
V
a
s
i
l
,
M
a
l
i
k A
hm
e
d,
Re
m
o Coc
c
o
,
a
nd D
a
n U
rba
no
.
"
A
c
om
pa
ra
t
i
ve
s
t
ud
y
of
l
oc
a
t
i
o
n a
i
d
e
d rou
t
i
ng
prot
oc
ol
s
for
M
A
N
E
T
.
"
In
W
i
r
e
l
e
s
s
D
ay
s
(
WD
)
,
2011 IF
IP
, p
p
. 1
-
3.
IE
E
E
,
2011
.
[2]
K
o,
Y
oung‐Ba
e
,
a
nd
N
i
t
i
n
H
.
V
a
i
d
y
a
.
"
L
oc
a
t
i
on‐A
i
de
d
Rout
i
ng
(L
A
R)
i
n
m
obi
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a
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ho
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V
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rm
a
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s
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a
s
,
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nd A
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K
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J
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"
E
ffe
c
t
i
ve
P
e
rform
a
nc
e
of L
oc
a
t
i
o
n A
i
de
d Rout
i
ng
P
rot
oc
ol
on
Ra
ndom
W
a
l
k (RW
) M
obi
l
i
t
y
M
ode
l
us
i
ng
Con
s
t
a
nt
Bi
t
R
a
t
e
(
CBR).
"
Int
e
r
nat
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u,
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i
l
i
,
Z
hi
z
h
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a
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ui
j
i
ng S
hi
.
"
A
n i
m
prove
d
G
P
S
R
rout
i
ng s
t
ra
t
e
g
y
i
n V
A
N
E
T
.
"
In
W
i
re
l
e
ss
Com
m
uni
c
at
i
ons
,
Ne
t
wor
k
i
ng an
d Mobi
l
e
Com
p
ut
i
ng (
Wi
CO
M)
,
2012 8t
h Int
e
r
nat
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E
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S
pa
ho,
E
vj
ol
a
,
M
a
kot
o Ike
da
,
L
e
ona
rd Ba
r
ol
l
i
,
F
a
t
os
X
ha
f
a
,
M
uha
m
m
a
d Y
ouna
s
,
a
nd
M
a
kot
o T
a
ki
z
a
w
a
.
"
P
e
rform
a
nc
e
of
O
L
S
R a
nd D
S
D
V
P
rot
oc
ol
s
i
n a
V
A
N
E
T
S
c
e
na
ri
o
:
E
v
a
l
ua
t
i
on U
s
i
ng CA
V
E
N
E
T
a
nd
N
S
3.
"
In
B
r
oadband,
Wi
r
e
l
e
s
s
Com
put
i
ng,
Com
m
uni
c
at
i
on and
A
pp
l
i
c
at
i
ons
(
B
WCCA
)
,
2012 Se
v
e
n
t
h Int
e
r
nat
i
ona
l
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e
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e
nc
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on
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E
E
E
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T
out
ouh,
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a
m
a
l
,
a
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n
ri
que
A
l
ba
.
"
L
i
ght
c
o
m
m
odi
t
y
de
vi
c
e
s
for bui
l
di
ng
ve
hi
c
u
l
a
r
a
d ho
c
ne
t
w
orks
:
A
n
ex
p
er
i
m
en
t
al
s
t
u
d
y
."
A
d H
oc
Ne
t
wor
k
s
37 (2016):
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511.
[7]
W
a
ng,
Y
u,
J
un
Z
he
ng,
a
nd N
a
t
h
a
l
i
e
M
i
t
t
on
.
"
D
e
l
i
ve
r
y
D
e
l
a
y
A
na
l
y
s
i
s
for Roa
ds
i
de
U
ni
t
D
e
pl
o
ym
e
nt
i
n V
e
hi
c
ul
a
r
A
d H
oc
N
e
t
w
or
ks
w
i
t
h Int
e
rm
i
t
t
e
nt
Conn
e
c
t
i
vi
t
y"
(2016).
[8]
Y
a
ng,
J
i
a
nj
un
,
a
nd Z
ongm
i
ngF
e
i
.
"
Broa
dc
a
s
t
i
ng w
i
t
h pre
di
c
t
i
on
a
nd s
e
l
e
c
t
i
ve
forw
a
rd
i
ng i
n ve
hi
c
ul
a
r
ne
t
w
orks
.
"
Int
e
r
nat
i
onal
j
our
na
l
of
di
s
t
r
i
but
e
d s
e
ns
or
ne
t
wor
k
s
2
013 (2013).
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