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nds
t
he
w
i
l
l
i
ng
ne
s
s
t
o
D
O
D
A
G
or
D
O
D
A
G
s
e
n
ds
t
he
D
I
O c
o
nt
r
ol
m
e
s
s
a
ge
s
t
o a
l
l
t
he
pa
r
t
i
c
i
pa
nt
s
.
T
he
n t
h
e
pa
r
t
i
c
i
pa
nt
n
ode
s
e
n
ds
t
he
D
A
O c
ont
r
ol
m
e
s
s
a
ge
s
w
i
t
h
i
n
t
r
i
c
k
l
e
t
i
m
e
.
F
i
n
a
l
l
y
,
t
h
e
D
O
D
A
G
s
e
n
d
s
t
h
e
D
A
O
-
A
C
K
c
o
n
f
i
r
m
at
i
o
n
m
es
s
ag
es
t
o
al
l
p
a
r
t
i
c
i
p
a
n
t
s
[6
-
7
].
T
he
pr
op
os
e
d
wo
r
k m
a
i
n o
bj
e
c
t
i
ve
i
s
t
o m
a
xi
m
i
z
e
t
he
ne
t
wo
r
k l
i
f
e
t
i
m
e
by
m
i
nim
i
z
i
n
g t
he
no
de
e
ne
r
gy
c
ons
u
m
pti
on.
T
he
c
ont
r
i
b
ut
i
on
o
f
t
hi
s
w
or
k i
s
t
o
i
nt
r
od
uc
e
a
c
om
bi
na
t
i
on
of
E
T
X
,
L
oa
d a
nd
B
D
I
ba
s
e
d c
om
pos
i
t
e
m
e
t
r
i
c
i
n R
P
L
.
T
hi
s
c
om
pos
i
t
e
m
e
t
r
i
c
f
ol
l
ow
s
t
he
m
ini
m
i
z
a
bl
e
pr
o
pe
r
t
y
.
D
O
DA
G s
e
n
ds
D
I
O
c
o
n
t
r
o
l
m
e
s
s
a
g
e
s
t
o
a
l
l
p
a
r
t
i
c
i
p
a
n
t
n
o
d
e
s
.
T
h
e
p
a
r
t
i
c
i
p
a
n
t
n
o
d
e
s
e
l
e
c
t
s
t
h
e
b
e
s
t
p
a
r
e
n
t
f
r
o
m
D
O
D
A
G
r
a
nk
.
T
h
e
r
a
nk
c
a
l
c
u
l
a
t
e
s
f
r
o
m
m
i
n
i
m
u
m
v
a
l
u
e
o
f
t
h
e
c
o
m
p
o
s
i
t
e
m
e
t
r
i
c
i
n
t
h
e
D
O
D
A
G
.
F
i
n
a
l
l
y
,
s
e
n
d
e
r
o
r
pa
r
t
i
c
i
pa
nt
n
o
d
e
s
e
n
ds
t
he
da
t
a
t
o
D
O
D
AG
r
oot
t
owa
r
ds
t
h
e
be
s
t
pa
r
e
nt
i
n
t
he
D
O
D
AG
.
T
h
us
,
i
t
i
m
pr
o
ve
s
t
h
e
pa
c
ke
t
de
l
i
ve
r
y
r
a
t
i
o,
r
e
duc
e
t
he
t
r
a
f
f
i
c
l
oa
d
a
nd
i
m
pr
ove
n
e
t
w
o
r
k
l
i
f
e
t
i
m
e
.
1
.
1
.
P
r
o
b
l
em
S
t
a
t
eme
n
t
RP
L
i
s
d
e
s
i
g
n
e
d
a
n
d
i
m
p
l
e
m
e
n
t
e
d
w
i
t
h
v
a
r
i
a
o
u
s
f
e
a
t
u
r
e
s
s
u
c
h
a
s
d
e
l
a
y
,
s
e
l
f
h
e
a
l
i
n
g
,
l
o
o
p
-
f
r
ee
t
op
ol
o
gy
a
n
d l
oa
d
ba
l
a
nc
e
.
Ne
ve
r
t
he
l
e
s
s
,
t
he
y
a
r
e
n
ot
c
ons
i
de
r
e
d a
t
a
t
im
e
,
t
he
s
e
m
e
t
r
i
c
s
s
uc
h a
s
L
oa
d,
R
e
s
i
dua
l
E
ne
r
gy
a
n
d
L
i
n
k
q
u
a
l
i
t
y
a
n
d
t
h
i
s
i
m
b
a
l
a
n
c
e
i
s
a
s
i
g
n
i
f
i
c
a
n
t
l
i
m
i
t
a
t
i
o
n
i
n
RP
L
.
T
h
i
s
p
r
o
b
l
e
m
c
r
e
a
t
e
s
m
or
e
im
pa
c
t
to d
r
a
i
n t
he
n
o
de
e
ne
r
gy
i
n
ne
a
r
t
o t
he
s
i
nk
n
ode
a
n
d
a
s
we
l
l
a
s
i
nt
e
r
m
e
di
a
t
e
nod
e
.
T
he
pr
o
pos
e
d
r
o
ut
i
ng
pr
ot
oc
ol
(
E
L
-
R
P
L
)
ba
l
a
nc
e
s
t
he
e
ne
r
gy
a
nd
l
oa
d
a
m
ong
t
he
ne
t
wo
r
k
n
ode
s
a
n
d
i
t
a
vo
i
ds
t
he
bot
t
l
e
ne
c
k
i
n
ne
a
r
t
o
t
he
s
i
nk
n
ode
a
n
d
a
l
s
o
i
nt
e
r
m
e
di
a
t
e
node
.
1
.
2
.
R
P
L
P
r
ot
oc
ol
B
as
e
d
R
e
l
at
e
d
W
or
k
s
I
n
t
h
i
s
s
e
c
t
i
o
n
b
r
i
e
f
l
y
d
i
s
c
u
s
s
e
n
e
r
g
y
e
f
f
i
c
i
e
n
t
RP
L
p
r
o
t
o
c
o
l
i
s
s
u
e
s
i
n
L
L
N
.
T
h
e
c
o
m
p
o
s
i
t
e
m
e
t
r
i
c
i
n
d
i
c
a
t
e
s
t
h
e
c
om
pos
i
t
i
on
of
m
or
e
t
ha
n
one
r
o
ut
i
n
g m
e
t
r
i
c
i
n D
O
D
A
G
.
T
he
c
om
pos
i
t
e
m
e
t
r
i
c
pr
ovi
d
e
s
t
he
r
e
q
ui
r
e
m
e
nt
of
c
o
nve
r
ge
nc
e
,
opt
i
m
a
l
it
y
,
a
nd
l
oo
p
-
f
r
een
es
s
i
n
L
L
N
.
Z
a
ha
r
i
a
di
s
e
t
’
a
l
[
8]
p
r
o
p
os
e
d a
de
s
i
gn
g
ui
de
l
i
ne
f
o
r
r
o
ut
i
ng m
e
t
r
i
c
s
c
o
m
pos
i
t
i
on i
n
L
L
N a
n
d t
hi
s
do
c
um
e
nt
i
s
s
ta
nda
r
di
z
e
d
by
I
E
T
F
.
I
t
i
s
c
l
e
a
r
l
y
s
t
a
t
e
d t
he
pr
ope
r
t
i
e
s
,
r
ul
e
s
a
n
d r
e
q
ui
r
e
m
e
nt
of
c
om
pos
i
t
e
m
e
t
r
i
c
s
i
n L
L
N.
T
he
c
om
pos
i
t
i
on
o
f
t
h
e
p
r
i
m
a
r
y
m
e
t
r
i
c
c
a
n
be
c
o
m
bi
ne
d a
d
di
t
i
ve
a
nd
l
e
xi
c
a
l
m
a
nne
r
.
A
d
d
i
t
i
v
e
p
r
o
p
e
r
t
y
i
s
s
u
i
t
a
b
l
e
f
o
r
c
o
m
p
o
s
i
t
i
o
n
o
f
p
r
i
m
a
r
y
m
e
t
r
i
c
c
o
n
s
i
s
t
s
o
f
e
i
t
h
e
r
m
i
n
i
m
i
z
a
b
l
e
o
r
m
a
xim
i
z
a
ti
on
pr
o
pe
r
t
y
.
F
uz
z
y
l
ogi
c
i
s
s
ui
t
a
bl
e
f
or
c
om
pos
i
t
i
on o
f
s
i
ngl
e
m
e
t
r
i
c
c
ons
i
s
t
s
o
f
bot
h m
i
nim
i
z
a
bl
e
a
n
d
m
a
x
i
m
i
z
a
t
i
o
n
.
L
e
x
i
c
o
g
r
a
p
h
i
c
p
r
o
p
e
r
t
y
i
s
s
u
i
t
a
b
l
e
f
o
r
c
o
m
p
o
s
i
t
i
o
n
o
f
s
i
n
g
l
e
m
e
t
r
i
c
a
n
d
i
t
i
s
i
n
s
p
e
ct
ed
f
i
r
s
t
m
e
t
r
i
c
a
n
d
o
n
l
y
i
f
p
o
s
s
i
b
l
e
p
a
t
h
h
a
v
e
e
q
u
a
l
v
a
l
u
e
t
h
e
n
i
t
c
o
n
s
i
d
e
r
s
t
h
e
n
e
x
t
m
e
t
r
i
c
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
c
om
pos
i
t
i
on.
O
an
a
I
o
v
a et
’
al
[
9
]
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
ex
p
ect
e
d
l
i
f
et
i
m
e (
E
L
T
)
as
r
o
u
t
i
n
g
m
e
t
r
i
c an
d
i
t
es
t
i
m
at
es
t
h
e
bot
t
l
e
ne
c
k o
f
t
he
ne
t
wo
r
k n
o
de
.
I
t
m
a
i
nl
y
f
o
c
u
s
e
d
on
ne
t
w
o
r
k
h
ol
e
s
ne
a
r
t
he
s
i
n
k
no
d
e
.
I
t
i
s
c
o
ns
i
de
r
e
d t
he
f
a
c
t
o
r
s
s
u
c
h
a
s
t
r
a
f
f
i
c
a
n
d
l
i
n
k
r
e
l
i
a
b
i
l
i
t
y
.
E
L
T
m
e
t
r
i
c
a
v
o
i
d
s
t
h
e
e
a
r
l
y
n
o
d
e
b
a
t
t
e
r
y
d
e
p
l
e
t
i
o
n
d
u
r
i
n
g
t
h
e
d
a
t
a
t
r
a
ns
m
i
s
s
i
on
a
nd
ne
t
w
o
r
k
hol
e
s
ne
a
r
s
i
nk
n
o
de
.
A
l
i
H
a
s
s
a
n
e
t
’
a
l
[
4
]
p
r
o
p
o
s
e
d
a
n
i
m
pr
o
ve
d
r
out
i
n
g
m
e
t
r
i
c
s
f
o
r
R
P
L
p
r
ot
oc
ol
i
n
L
L
N.
T
hi
s
c
om
pos
i
t
e
m
e
t
r
i
c
ba
s
e
d
o
n t
he
c
om
bi
na
t
i
on
o
f
r
e
s
i
d
ua
l
e
ne
r
gy
(
R
E
S
)
,
e
x
pe
c
t
e
d t
r
a
n
s
m
i
s
s
i
on c
ou
nt
(
E
T
X
)
a
n
d
ba
t
t
e
r
y
d
e
p
l
e
t
i
o
n
i
n
d
e
x
(
BD
I
)
.
I
t
i
m
p
r
o
v
e
s
t
h
e
n
e
t
w
o
r
k
l
i
f
e
t
i
m
e
a
n
d
r
e
d
u
c
e
s
t
h
e
b
a
t
t
e
r
y
d
e
p
l
e
t
i
on.
H
ow
e
ve
r
,
t
hi
s
w
o
r
k
i
s
n
o
t
g
i
v
e
n
t
h
e
p
r
e
f
e
r
e
n
c
e
s
t
o
l
i
n
k
q
u
a
l
i
t
y
(
E
T
X
)
.
P
a
t
r
i
c
k
-
O
l
i
v
i
er
K
am
g
u
eu
et
’
al
[
1
0
]
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
a f
u
zzy
i
n
f
e
r
en
ce m
e
ch
an
i
s
m
b
as
e
d
co
m
p
o
s
i
t
e
m
e
t
r
i
c
.
T
hi
s
c
om
pos
i
t
e
m
e
t
r
i
c
ba
s
e
d
on t
he
c
om
bi
na
t
i
o
n o
f
de
l
a
y
,
E
T
X
a
n
d r
e
s
i
d
ua
l
e
ne
r
gy
.
I
t
m
a
i
nl
y
c
onc
e
nt
r
a
t
e
d o
n q
ua
l
i
t
y
of
s
e
r
vi
c
e
i
n L
L
N
.
I
t
m
i
nim
i
z
e
s
t
he
e
ne
r
gy
c
on
s
u
m
pti
on a
n
d i
m
pr
o
ve
s
t
he
q
ua
l
i
t
y
of
s
er
v
i
ce.
P
a
n
a
g
i
o
t
i
s
K
a
r
k
a
z
i
s
e
t
’
a
l
[
1
1
]
e
v
a
l
u
a
t
e
d
t
h
e
r
o
u
t
i
n
g
m
e
t
r
i
c
c
o
m
p
o
s
i
t
i
o
n
t
o
i
m
p
r
o
v
e
t
h
e
Q
u
a
l
i
t
y
o
f
S
e
r
vi
c
e
(
Qo
S
)
i
n L
L
N
.
I
t
f
oc
us
e
d
on
t
hr
e
e
t
hi
n
gs
.
a
)
.
i
t
i
nt
r
o
d
uc
e
d
a
c
om
pos
i
t
e
m
e
t
r
i
c
f
r
om
t
he
s
i
n
gl
e
m
e
t
r
i
c
s
uc
h a
s
R
e
m
a
ini
n
g e
ne
r
gy
(
R
E
)
,
E
x
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s
a
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Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IJ
A
A
S
I
S
S
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:
225
2
-
88
14
E
ne
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do
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d
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[
12
,
13]
.
F
ig
ur
e
1.
L
o
w
P
o
w
e
r
a
n
d
L
os
s
y
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e
t
w
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y
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M
ode
l
3.
TH
E
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R
O
P
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ED
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R
P
L
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L
I
n t
hi
s
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pe
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pos
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t
e
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out
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e
t
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E
L
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P
L
).
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L
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L
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s
a
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pos
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t
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t
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e
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s
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om
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n
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t
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on
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l
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t
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t
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x
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nd
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xpe
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t
e
d t
r
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ns
m
i
s
s
i
on c
o
unt
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).
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E
L
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P
L
,
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a
c
h
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d
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i
s
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e
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3.
1.
M
e
t
ri
cs
o
f
I
n
t
eres
t
3.
1.
1.
Ex
p
e
c
t
e
d
Tr
a
n
s
m
i
s
s
i
o
n
C
o
u
n
t
(
ET
X
)
E
x
pe
c
t
e
d T
r
a
n
s
m
i
s
s
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on C
ou
n
t
i
s
a
li
nk m
e
tr
i
c
a
nd i
t
i
s
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d t
o pr
e
di
c
t
t
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l
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nk qu
a
l
i
t
y
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s
e
d o
n
t
r
a
ns
m
i
s
s
i
on
a
nd
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nc
l
u
di
n
g
r
e
t
r
a
ns
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i
s
s
i
on.
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he
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X
m
et
r
i
c
f
o
r
m
u
l
a
cal
cu
l
at
es
f
r
o
m
E
q
u
at
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n
(
1
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an
d
(
2
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.
Li
n
k
ET
X
L
i
nk E
T
X
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r
d a
nd r
e
ve
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s
e
da
t
a
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y
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l
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nk
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he
f
or
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d da
t
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d
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ve
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d
f
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nt
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a
b
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l
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t
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at
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at
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s
f
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l
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at
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e r
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en
t
.
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ev
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s
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d
at
a d
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d
r
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ep
r
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t
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h
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a
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cces
s
f
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l
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ec
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p
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en
t
[
1
4
]
.
T
h
e l
i
n
k
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T
X
cal
cu
l
at
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f
r
om
E
qua
t
i
o
n
(
1
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.
dr
df
Ni
ETX
*
1
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(
=
(
1)
R
o
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te
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q
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at
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o
n
∑
=
=
n
i
Ni
ETX
Px
ETX
1
)
(
)
(
(
2
)
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
S
SN
:
2
252
-
88
14
IJ
A
A
S
V
o
l
.
7
,
N
o
.
3
,
S
e
p
t
em
b
er
201
8
:
255
–
2
64
2
58
3.
1.
2.
L
oa
d
N
e
t
w
or
k da
t
a
t
r
a
f
f
i
c
i
s
a
n a
m
ou
nt
o
f
da
t
a
t
r
a
ns
f
e
r
a
c
r
os
s
t
he
ne
t
w
o
r
k a
t
gi
ve
n a
m
ount
of
t
i
m
e
.
L
oa
d
b
al
an
ce i
s
a t
ech
n
i
q
u
e a
n
d
i
t
i
s
u
s
ed
t
o
b
al
an
ce t
h
e t
r
af
f
i
c acr
o
s
s
n
e
t
w
o
r
k
.
I
t
i
s
m
a
i
n
l
y
c
o
n
c
e
n
t
r
a
t
e
d
o
n
num
be
r
o
f
c
hi
l
d p
r
e
s
e
nt
i
n e
a
c
h pa
r
e
nt
no
de
[
1
5]
.
T
he
pa
r
t
i
c
i
pa
nt
n
ode
s
e
l
e
c
t
s
t
he
pa
r
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n
t
nod
e
ba
s
e
d o
n l
e
s
s
num
be
r
of
c
hi
l
d a
c
c
um
ul
a
t
e
d
pa
r
e
nt
n
o
de
i
n t
he
DO
D
AG
.
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he
t
r
a
f
f
i
c
l
oa
d c
a
l
c
ul
a
t
e
s
f
r
om
e
qua
t
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on
(
3)
a
n
d
(4
).
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f
t
he
n
um
be
r
o
f
c
hi
l
dr
e
n
i
nc
r
e
a
s
e
s
i
n a
p
a
r
e
nt
n
ode
i
n
t
he
DO
D
A
G
,
E
L
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P
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re
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n
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c
t
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AG
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a.
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o
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al
c
u
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a
t
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h
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oa
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n
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L
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,
l
o
a
d
o
f
P
a
t
h
(
x
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c
a
l
c
u
l
a
t
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s
b
a
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d
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m
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l
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t
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f
f
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c
o
r
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h
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l
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t
.
∑
=
=
n
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M
d
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a
ffic
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a
Node
x
Pa
th
L
oad
1
)
(
_
))
(
(
(
3)
b.
To
c
a
l
c
u
l
a
t
e
t
h
e
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o
d
e
T
r
a
ff
i
c
I
n
E
L
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,
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ode
t
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a
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f
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nt
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ren
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d
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1
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)
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_
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4)
3.
1.
2.
B
a
tte
r
y
De
p
l
e
ti
o
n
I
n
d
e
x
(B
D
I
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at
t
er
y
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ep
l
et
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o
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n
d
ex
(
B
D
I
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i
n
d
i
cat
es
t
h
at
h
o
w
m
u
ch
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e
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cen
t
a
g
e
o
f
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er
g
y
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p
l
et
ed
f
r
o
m
b
at
t
er
y
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e
s
e
nt
i
n
t
he
no
de
.
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he
r
e
s
i
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e
ne
r
gy
c
a
l
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ul
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t
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s
f
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om
ini
t
i
a
l
e
ne
r
gy
a
nd r
e
m
a
i
ni
ng e
ne
r
gy
of
t
he
n
ode
[
4]
.
T
h
e
r
es
i
d
u
al
e
n
er
g
y
cal
cu
l
at
e
s
f
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o
m
eq
u
at
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o
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(
5
)
.
in
itia
l
rema
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n
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g
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E
E
=
)
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(
5)
T
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r
e
s
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l
e
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gy
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s
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r
e
m
a
i
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ne
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i
n
t
he
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de
M
i
a
nd
i
t
i
s
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e
pr
e
s
e
nt
e
d
i
n
t
e
r
m
s
o
f
0
t
o
1
.
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he
B
D
I
c
a
l
c
u
l
a
t
i
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n
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s
c
a
l
c
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l
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t
e
d
f
r
o
m
E
q
u
a
t
i
o
n
(
6
)
.
))
(
1
(
)
(
Mi
RER
Mi
B
DI
−
=
(
6)
T
he
B
DI
f
ol
l
o
ws
t
h
e
pu
d
uc
t
i
ve
r
ul
e
a
n
d
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D
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of
P
a
t
h
P
x
c
a
l
c
ul
a
t
e
s
f
r
om
E
qua
t
i
o
n
(
7
)
.
∏
=
=
n
i
Mi
B
DI
Px
B
DI
1
)
(
)
(
(
7)
3.
2.
O
b
j
e
c
t
i
v
e
F
unc
t
i
o
n
(
O
F
E
L
)
In
D
O
D
A
G
,
t
h
e
p
a
re
n
t
s
e
l
e
c
t
i
o
n
i
s
b
a
s
e
d
o
n
DO
D
AG
ra
n
k
.
T
h
e
D
OD
A
G
ra
n
k
c
a
l
c
u
l
a
t
e
s
fr
o
m
M
i
n
ho
p
r
a
nk
i
nc
r
e
a
s
e
a
nd
o
b
je
c
t
i
ve
f
u
nc
t
i
o
n.
T
he
o
bje
c
t
i
ve
f
u
nc
t
i
on
t
a
ke
s
i
nt
o
a
c
c
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nt
t
he
f
o
llow
ing
is
s
ue
s
s
u
c
h
a
s
l
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op
f
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e
e
ne
s
s
,
da
t
a
l
oa
d i
n
up
wa
r
d
a
n
d
do
w
nw
a
r
d
r
o
u
t
i
ng a
nd
bot
t
l
e
ne
c
k
ne
a
r
s
i
n
k
no
de
.
T
he
pr
op
os
e
d
EL
-
R
P
L
i
s
e
v
al
u
at
ed
t
h
e
p
e
r
f
o
r
m
an
ce an
d
f
i
n
e t
u
n
e
d
t
h
e w
ei
g
h
t
v
al
u
es
.
M
o
r
eo
v
er
,
i
t
p
r
o
v
i
d
es
t
h
e
b
et
t
er
ef
f
i
ci
en
cy
,
w
h
er
e t
h
e
w
ei
g
h
t
va
l
ue
s
a
r
e
w
1,
w
2
a
n
d
w
3=
1/
3.
m
i
n
O
F
(
LB
,
B
DI
,
ETX
)
=
w1
×
Loa
d
(
P
i
)
+
w2
×
B
DI
(
P
i
)
+
w3
×
ETX
(
P
i
)
(
8
)
3.
2.
R
an
k
Cal
c
u
l
at
i
on
I
n
EL
-
R
P
L
,
D
O
D
A
G r
a
nk c
a
l
c
ul
a
t
e
s
f
r
om
pa
r
e
nt
r
a
nk a
n
d r
a
nk i
nc
r
e
a
s
e
va
l
ue
.
T
he
r
a
nk i
nc
r
e
a
s
e
cal
cu
l
at
es
f
r
o
m
s
t
ep
v
al
u
e a
n
d
M
i
nH
o
pR
a
nk
I
nc
r
e
a
s
e
.
T
he
M
i
nH
o
pR
a
nk
I
nc
r
e
a
s
e
de
f
a
ul
t
va
l
ue
i
s
2
56
[
7]
.
T
he
s
t
e
p va
l
ue
c
a
l
c
ul
a
t
e
s
f
r
om
obje
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t
i
v
e
f
unc
t
i
on a
n
d i
t
i
s
d
e
not
e
d i
n E
q
u
a
t
i
on (
8)
.
T
he
r
a
n
k c
a
l
c
ul
a
t
e
s
f
r
om
E
qu
a
tio
n
(
9
-
12)
.
S
t
ep
=
w1
×
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d
(
Pi
)
+
w2
×
B
DI
(
Pi
)
+
w3
×
ETX
(
Pi
)
(
9)
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IJ
A
A
S
I
S
S
N
:
225
2
-
88
14
E
ne
r
gy
an
d
L
o
ad
A
w
a
r
e
R
out
i
ng
P
r
ot
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ol
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o
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nt
e
r
ne
t
of
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h
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ngs
(
S
.
Sa
nk
ar
)
2
59
F
ix
ed
_
Po
i
n
t
or
R
an
k
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i
n
c
r
e
a
s
e
=
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t
ep
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nH
o
p
R
a
nk
Inc
re
a
s
e
(
10
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R
a
nk
(
N
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=
R
an
k
(
P
a
r
e
n
t
_
No
de
)
+
R
a
nk
_
i
n
cr
e
a
s
e
(
8)
F
i
n
a
l
l
y
,
t
h
e
Ra
n
k
c
a
l
c
u
l
a
t
i
o
n
b
a
s
e
d
o
n
t
h
e
b
e
l
o
w
e
q
u
a
t
i
o
n
(
1
2
)
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a
nk
(
N
)
=
fl
oor
(
Ra
n
k
(
N
)
/
Mi
nH
o
p
R
a
nk
Inc
re
a
s
e
)
(
8)
F
o
r In
s
t
a
n
c
e
,
w
e
ha
ve
c
on
s
i
de
r
e
d 6 n
o
de
s
i
n t
he
DO
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G a
n
d e
a
c
h n
o
de
c
o
nt
a
i
ns
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o
a
d,
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D
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a
n
d
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T
X
o
f
va
l
ue
.
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e
c
ons
i
de
r
e
d t
ha
t
r
o
ot
no
de
a
s
“
A
”
a
n
d
i
t
s
r
a
nk a
s
1.
F
ol
l
ow
e
d by
,
c
a
l
c
ul
a
t
e
t
he
r
a
nk
of
N
o
de
“
B
a
n
d
C
”
ba
s
e
d
o
n t
he
f
i
xe
d
p
oi
nt
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l
ue
a
nd
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t
e
p va
l
ue
.
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de
“
B
a
nd C
”
a
r
e
bot
t
l
e
ne
c
k
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b
ecau
s
e i
t
i
s
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ear
t
o
s
i
n
k
n
o
d
e.
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L
-
R
P
L
ba
l
a
nc
e
s
t
he
l
oa
d
a
nd e
ne
r
gy
i
n t
he
ne
t
w
o
r
k
s
.
S
o i
t
a
voi
ds
t
he
e
a
r
l
y
ba
t
t
e
r
y
de
pl
e
t
i
on t
ha
n
ot
he
r
s
im
i
l
a
r
R
P
L
pr
ot
oc
ol
.
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he
n
o
de
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D a
n
d E
”
c
a
l
c
ul
a
t
e
s
t
he
r
a
n
k.
T
he
pa
r
t
i
c
i
pa
nt
no
de
“
F
”
wa
nt
s
t
o j
o
i
n
i
n
t
h
e
e
x
i
s
t
i
n
g
D
O
D
A
G
a
n
d
i
t
h
a
s
t
w
o
p
o
s
s
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b
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l
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t
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e
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e
i
t
h
e
r
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o
r
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A
c
c
o
r
d
i
n
g
t
o
E
L
-
R
P
L
,
t
he
D
O
D
AG
c
om
put
e
s
t
he
r
a
n
k
a
n
d
i
t
i
s
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c
i
de
d
t
o
s
e
l
e
c
t
no
de
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”
a
s
pa
r
e
nt
n
ode
.
F
i
g
ur
e
2
.
R
a
nk
c
a
c
u
l
a
t
i
o
n
r
e
p
r
e
s
e
n
t
i
o
n
T
h
e
p
r
op
os
e
d
E
L
-
RP
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r
a
n
k
c
a
l
c
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l
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t
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o
n
p
ro
c
e
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s
d
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sc
u
sse
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n
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w
t
h
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ab
l
e
1
.
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ab
l
e
1
.
E
L=
R
P
L
Ra
n
k
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l
c
u
l
a
t
i
o
n
P
r
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c
e
s
s
No
d
e I
d
Fix
ed
Po
in
t Valu
e
Step
Valu
e
R
an
k
in
cr
eas
e
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an
k
A
256
68.
64
324
R
=
f
l
oor
(
324/
256)
=
1
B
546.
32
34.
32
290.
32
R
=
f
l
oor
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546.
3
2/
25
6)
=
2
C
537.
41
25.
41
281.
41
R
=
f
l
oor
(
537.
4
1/
25
6)
=
2
D
842.
25
39.
93
295.
93
R
=
f
l
oor
(
842.
2
5/
25
6)
=
3
E
842.
25
39.
93
295.
93
R
=
f
l
oor
(
842.
2
5/
25
6)
=
3
3.
2.
P
a
ren
t
S
e
l
ect
i
o
n
P
r
o
ces
s
I
n
D
O
D
A
G
,
r
e
que
s
t
pr
oc
e
s
s
i
s
c
a
r
r
i
e
d
o
ut
i
n t
w
o wa
y
s
.
i
)
.
t
he
pa
r
t
i
c
i
pa
nt
no
de
s
e
nds
t
h
e
DO
DA
G
In
fo
rm
a
t
i
o
n
S
o
l
i
c
i
l
i
s
a
t
i
o
n
(D
IS
) m
e
s
s
a
g
e
t
o
DO
DA
G
.
i
i
).
DO
D
A
G
s
e
n
d
s
t
h
e
DO
D
A
G
In
f
o
rm
a
t
i
o
n
O
b
j
e
c
t
(
D
I
O
)
m
e
s
s
a
ge
t
o a
l
l
pa
r
t
i
c
i
p
a
nt
n
ode
i
n
pe
r
i
odi
c
m
a
nne
r
.
I
f
t
he
pa
r
t
i
c
i
pa
nt
n
ode
a
c
c
e
pt
s
D
I
O
r
e
q
ue
s
t
a
nd i
t
w
a
nt
s
t
o
joi
n i
n t
he
e
xi
s
t
i
n
g
DO
D
A
G
,
i
t
s
e
nds
t
he
D
A
O
c
ont
r
ol
m
es
s
ag
e t
o
t
h
e
p
ar
e
n
t
n
o
d
e i
n
D
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G
.
F
i
n
a
l
l
y
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t
h
e
D
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D
A
G
s
e
n
d
s
t
h
e
D
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A
d
v
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e
m
e
n
t
O
b
j
e
c
t
-
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c
kn
owl
e
dge
m
e
nt
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A
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-
A
CK
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t
o
t
h
e
r
es
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ect
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v
e
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ar
t
i
ci
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an
t
n
o
d
e.
T
h
e
n
,
t
h
e r
eq
u
es
t
an
d
r
e
s
p
o
n
s
e b
as
e
d
o
n
t
h
e t
r
i
ck
l
e t
i
m
er
i
n
t
er
v
al
.
I
f
t
h
e
t
r
i
ck
l
e
t
i
m
e ex
p
i
r
es
,
t
h
e
D
O
D
A
G
r
es
en
d
s
t
h
e
D
I
O
c
o
n
t
r
o
l
m
es
s
ag
es
t
o
al
l
p
ar
t
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ci
p
an
t
n
o
d
es
an
d
t
h
e
p
r
o
ces
s
i
s
c
a
r
r
i
e
d
o
ut
t
he
a
bo
ve
i
n
t
he
s
a
m
e
.
T
he
pa
r
e
nt
s
e
l
e
c
t
i
on
a
l
go
r
i
t
h
m
i
s
gi
ve
n
b
e
l
ow
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
S
SN
:
2
252
-
88
14
IJ
A
A
S
V
o
l
.
7
,
N
o
.
3
,
S
e
p
t
em
b
er
201
8
:
255
–
2
64
2
60
P
a
ren
t
S
el
ec
t
i
o
n
A
l
g
o
ri
t
h
m
1
:
I
np
ut
2:
N
ode
N
,
P
a
r
e
nt
N
ode
I
D,
S
e
n
de
r
N
ode
_P
a
r
e
nt
I
D
,
Be
s
t
P
a
r
e
n
t
_
Ra
n
k
=
∞
;
3
:
O
ut
pu
t
4
:
P
re
fe
r
re
d
_
P
a
r
e
n
t
(
N
)
5:
fo
r
P
re
fe
rre
d
_
P
a
re
n
t
∈
P
a
r
e
n
t
_
L
i
s
t
do
6:
R
a
n
k
(
N
o
d
e
)
←
R
a
n
k
(
P
a
re
n
t
_
N
o
d
e
)
+
R
a
n
k
_
I
n
c
re
a
s
e
;
7:
R
an
k
_
I
n
c
r
eas
e
←
S
t
e
p
+M
i
n
H
o
p
R
a
n
k
I
n
c
r
e
as
e;
8:
S
t
ep
= w
1
×
Lo
a
d
(P
i
)
+
w
2
×
B
D
I
(P
i
)
+
w
3
×
E
T
X
(P
i
);
9:
If
B
e
s
t
P
ar
en
t
_
R
a
n
k
>
=
P
r
ef
er
e
d
_
P
ar
e
n
t
R
an
k
(
P
)
t
h
en
10:
B
es
t
P
ar
en
t
_
R
an
k
←
P
r
ef
e
r
ed
_
P
ar
e
n
t
R
an
k
(
P
)
;
11:
e
nd
i
f
12:
en
d
13:
w
h
i
l
e
P
r
e
f
e
r
e
d
_
P
a
r
e
n
t
Ra
n
k
(
P
)
=
Be
s
t
P
a
r
e
n
t
_
Ra
n
k
do
14:
S
e
n
de
r
N
ode
_P
a
r
e
nt
I
D
←
P
r
e
f
e
r
r
e
d_
P
a
r
e
nt
N
ode
I
D
;
15:
en
d
4.
P
E
R
F
O
R
MA
NC
E
E
V
A
L
U
AT
I
O
N
W
e
c
o
n
d
u
c
t
e
d
t
h
e
s
i
m
u
l
a
t
i
o
n
o
f
E
L
-
R
P
L
a
nd
i
t
i
s
a
n a
dv
a
nc
e
m
e
nt
of
t
h
e
s
t
a
n
da
r
d
ve
r
s
i
on
o
f
R
P
L
pr
ot
oc
ol
.
E
L
-
R
P
L
f
ol
l
o
ws
t
he
a
d
di
t
i
ve
p
r
ope
r
t
y
a
nd i
t
i
s
e
va
l
ua
t
e
d t
h
e
pe
r
f
o
r
m
a
nc
e
i
n t
e
r
m
s
of
ne
t
w
o
r
k
l
i
fe
t
i
m
e
,
n
u
m
b
e
r
o
f
p
a
re
n
t
c
h
a
nge
s
,
r
e
m
a
i
ning
ba
t
t
e
r
y
po
w
e
r
,
pa
c
ke
t
de
l
i
ve
r
y
r
a
t
i
o,
nu
m
be
r
of
pa
r
e
nt
c
ha
n
ge
s
a
n
d e
nd
-
t
o
-
e
n
d
de
l
a
y
.
T
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Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
S
SN
:
2
252
-
88
14
IJ
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C
ES
[1]
A.
Al
-
F
u
q
ah
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. G
u
i
zan
i
,
M
.
M
oha
m
m
a
di
,
M
.
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l
e
dha
ri
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M
.
A
y
y
a
s
h,
Int
e
rn
e
t
of t
hi
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:
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s
urve
y
on e
n
a
bl
i
ng
t
e
c
hno
l
ogi
e
s
,
pr
ot
oc
ol
s
,
a
nd
a
ppl
i
c
a
t
i
ons
,
IE
E
E
C
om
m
uni
c
a
t
i
ons
S
urve
y
s
&
T
u
t
or
i
a
l
s
17
(2015)
,
2
347
-
76.
[2]
S
a
nka
r,
S
.
,
a
nd
P
.
S
ri
ni
va
s
a
n
,
Int
e
rne
t
O
f T
hi
ngs
(Iot
):
A
S
urve
y
O
n E
m
po
w
er
i
n
g
T
s
e
ch
n
o
l
o
g
i
es
, R
es
ear
c
h
O
pport
uni
t
i
e
s
A
nd A
ppl
i
c
a
t
i
ons
,
Int
e
rn
a
t
i
on
a
l
J
ourna
l
of
P
ha
rm
a
c
y
&
T
e
c
hnol
og
y
8
(2016),
2611
7
-
26141.
[3]
G
a
ddour,
O
l
fa
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A
ni
s
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,
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nd M
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s
33 (20
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s
s
a
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l
i
,
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a
l
e
h A
l
s
hom
ra
ni
,
A
bdul
ra
hm
a
n A
l
t
a
l
hi
,
a
nd S
ye
d A
hs
a
n,
Im
prove
d rout
i
ng m
e
t
ri
c
s
for e
ne
rg
y
c
ons
t
ra
i
n
e
d i
nt
e
r
c
onne
c
t
e
d d
e
vi
c
e
s
i
n l
ow
-
pow
e
r
a
nd l
os
s
y
n
e
t
w
or
ks
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ourna
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c
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bha
ns
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nd
y
op
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dh
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a
y
.
"
Int
e
rf
e
re
nc
e
a
w
a
r
e
e
n
e
rg
y
e
ffi
c
i
e
n
t
m
ul
t
i
pa
t
h rout
i
ng i
n
m
ul
t
i
hop w
i
re
l
e
s
s
ne
t
w
orks
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"
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ou
rna
l
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i
gh S
pe
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d N
e
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6.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
S
SN
:
2
252
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88
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IJ
A
A
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V
o
l
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7
,
N
o
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3
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2
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2
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ri
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t
hi
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e
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au
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el
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an
t
e d
e O
l
i
v
e
i
r
a, an
d
J
e
an
-
P
hi
l
i
ppe
V
a
s
s
e
ur,
A
pe
rform
a
nc
e
e
v
a
l
ua
t
i
on s
t
ud
y
of
rpl
:
Rout
i
ng pro
t
oc
ol
for
l
ow
pow
e
r a
nd l
os
s
y
n
e
t
w
orks
,
Inform
a
t
i
on
S
c
i
e
nc
e
s
a
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y
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t
e
m
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an
d
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i
ng P
rot
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a
ha
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"
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i
gn
gu
i
de
l
i
n
e
s
for
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i
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e
t
ri
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i
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N
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Iova
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a
na
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a
br
i
c
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h
e
ol
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y
re
,
a
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hom
a
s
N
oe
l
.
"
Im
provi
ng t
he
ne
t
w
ork l
i
fe
t
i
m
e
w
i
t
h e
ne
rg
y
-
b
a
l
a
nc
i
ng rout
i
ng:
A
ppl
i
c
a
t
i
on t
o
R
P
L
.
"
W
i
re
l
e
s
s
a
n
d M
obi
l
e
N
e
t
w
o
rki
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r
e
nc
e
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N
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h
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IE
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K
am
g
u
eu
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at
r
i
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l
i
v
i
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t
a
l
.
E
ne
rg
y
-
b
as
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e
t
ri
c
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L
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i
s
s
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IN
RIA
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K
a
rka
z
i
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a
na
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H
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a
m
br
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Ioa
nni
s
a
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T
he
odore
,
D
e
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i
gn of pri
m
a
r
y
a
nd c
om
pos
i
t
e
rout
i
ng m
e
t
ri
c
s
for RP
L
-
c
om
pl
i
a
nt
W
i
re
l
e
s
s
S
e
ns
or N
e
t
w
orks
,
T
e
l
e
c
om
m
uni
c
a
t
i
ons
a
nd M
ul
t
i
m
e
di
a
(T
E
M
U
),
Int
e
rn
a
t
i
on
a
l
Confe
re
nc
e
on
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E
E
E
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0
1
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k
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an
ag
i
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t
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s
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H
el
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am
b
r
o
s
, P
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o
an
n
i
s
an
d
Z
. T
h
eo
d
o
r
e,
D
es
i
g
n
o
f
p
r
i
m
ar
y
an
d
co
m
p
o
s
i
t
e
rout
i
ng m
e
t
ri
c
s
for RP
L
-
c
om
pl
i
a
nt
W
i
re
l
e
s
s
S
e
ns
or N
e
t
w
orks
,
T
el
eco
m
m
u
n
i
cat
i
o
n
s
an
d
M
u
l
t
i
m
ed
i
a (
T
E
M
U
)
,
Int
e
rna
t
i
ona
l
Co
nfe
re
nc
e
on
. I
E
E
E
, 2
0
1
2
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[12]
K
i
m
,
H
y
ung
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S
i
n,
e
t
a
l
.
"
L
o
a
d
ba
l
a
n
c
i
ng und
e
r
he
a
v
y
t
ra
ffi
c
i
n RP
L
rout
i
ng
prot
oc
ol
for
l
ow
pow
e
r a
nd l
os
s
y
ne
t
w
orks
.
"
IE
E
E
T
r
ans
ac
t
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ons
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[13]
Z
hu,
Y
a
nm
i
n,
e
t
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"
O
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o
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i
ng re
l
a
y
s
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o
nne
c
t
e
d i
ndoor s
e
ns
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t
w
orks
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"
J
our
nal
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Com
m
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e
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s
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hi
gh
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t
hroug
hput
pa
t
h m
e
t
r
i
c
for m
ul
t
i
-
hop w
i
re
l
e
s
s
rout
i
ng,
W
i
r
e
l
e
ss Ne
t
wo
r
k
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9
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434.
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M.
Qa
se
m
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Al
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uba
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ni
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B.
G
ha
l
e
b
a
nd W
.
G
ha
ri
bi
.
,
A
ne
w
e
ffi
c
i
e
nt
obj
e
c
t
i
v
e
func
t
i
on for rout
i
ng i
n
Int
e
rne
t
of
T
hi
n
gs
pa
ra
di
gm
,
S
t
a
nda
rds
for Com
m
uni
c
a
t
i
ons
a
nd
N
e
t
w
orki
ng (C
S
CN
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E
E
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nfe
re
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e
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l
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a
zr
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t
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er
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o
r
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ce
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at
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e
rl
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unke
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ri
k
s
s
on,
N
.
F
i
nne
a
nd T
.
V
oi
gt
,
Cr
os
s
-
l
e
ve
l
s
e
ns
or
ne
t
w
ork s
i
m
ul
a
t
i
on w
i
t
h
c
oo
j
a
,
L
oc
a
l
c
om
put
e
r
ne
t
w
orks
,
pro
c
e
e
di
ngs
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t
I
E
E
E
c
onf
e
re
n
c
e
on
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IE
E
E
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