I
nte
rna
t
io
na
l J
o
urna
l o
f
Adv
a
nces in Applie
d Science
s
(
I
J
AAS)
Vo
l.
3
,
No
.
3
,
Sep
tem
b
er
201
4
,
p
p
.
11
2
~
12
1
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8814
112
J
o
ur
na
l ho
m
ep
a
g
e
:
h
ttp
:
//ia
e
s
jo
u
r
n
a
l.c
o
m/o
n
lin
e/in
d
ex
.
p
h
p
/I
J
AAS
Critical I
m
pa
c
t
E
nerg
y
of F
la
t
Nos
e H
a
rd
P
ro
je
ctile
Ca
using
Ea
rly
Scabbin
g
in
Concret
e Slab
Q
a
dir B
ux
a
lia
s
I
m
ra
n L
a
t
if
*
,
Ali A
l
-
Nua
i
m
i
**
,
Ah
m
a
d
J
a
m
ra
h
*
*
D
e
p
a
rt
m
e
n
t
o
f
Civ
il
a
n
d
A
rc
h
it
e
c
tu
ra
l
En
g
in
e
e
rin
g
,
C
o
ll
e
g
e
o
f
En
g
in
e
e
rin
g
,
Un
iv
e
rsity
o
f
Bu
ra
i
m
i
(Uo
B),
Om
a
n
**
De
p
a
rt
m
e
n
t
o
f
Civ
il
a
n
d
A
rc
h
it
e
c
tu
ra
l
En
g
in
e
e
rin
g
,
C
o
ll
e
g
e
o
f
En
g
in
e
e
rin
g
,
S
u
lt
a
n
Qa
b
o
o
s
Un
iv
e
rsit
y
(S
QU
),
Om
a
n
Art
icle
I
nfo
AB
ST
RAC
T
A
r
ticle
his
to
r
y:
R
ec
eiv
ed
J
u
n
1
0
,
2
0
1
4
R
ev
i
s
ed
A
u
g
2
0
,
2
0
1
4
A
cc
ep
ted
A
u
g
2
8
,
2
0
1
4
In
th
is
p
a
p
e
r,
2
D
n
u
m
e
rica
l
si
m
u
latio
n
f
in
it
e
e
lem
e
n
t
a
n
a
ly
sis
h
a
s
b
e
e
n
c
a
rried
o
u
t
f
o
r
c
rit
ica
l
im
p
a
c
t
e
n
e
rg
y
o
f
f
lat
n
o
se
h
a
rd
p
r
o
jec
ti
le ca
u
sin
g
e
a
rl
y
sc
a
b
b
in
g
in
c
o
n
c
re
te
sla
b
,
b
a
se
d
o
n
re
f
lec
ted
stre
ss
w
a
v
e
p
ro
p
a
g
a
ti
o
n
w
it
h
e
las
ti
c
a
ss
u
m
p
ti
o
n
o
f
th
e
c
las
sic
w
a
v
e
e
q
u
a
ti
o
n
,
u
si
n
g
A
B
A
Q
US
so
f
t
w
a
re
.
Nu
m
e
ric
a
l
si
m
u
latio
n
p
re
d
icti
o
n
s
w
e
re
c
o
m
p
a
re
d
w
it
h
e
x
p
e
rime
n
tal
d
a
ta
a
n
d
w
it
h
th
e
w
e
ll
e
sta
b
li
sh
e
d
UMIS
T
,
ND
RC,
L
i
a
n
d
Re
id
f
o
rm
u
lae
a
n
d
f
o
u
n
d
c
o
m
p
a
ra
b
le
a
n
d
re
li
a
b
le.
T
h
e
in
flu
e
n
c
e
o
f
h
a
rd
p
r
o
jec
ti
le
d
iam
e
te
r
w
it
h
f
lat
n
o
se
,
a
n
d
c
o
n
c
re
te
w
a
ll
th
ick
n
e
ss
o
n
c
rit
ica
l
im
p
a
c
t
e
n
e
rg
y
w
a
s
a
lso
in
v
e
stig
a
ted
.
It
w
a
s
f
o
u
n
d
t
h
a
t
th
e
e
ff
e
c
t
o
f
c
rit
ica
l
i
m
p
a
c
t
e
n
e
rg
y
is
d
irec
tl
y
p
ro
p
o
rti
o
n
a
l
t
o
th
e
th
ick
n
e
ss
o
f
c
o
n
c
re
t
e
targ
e
t
a
n
d
in
v
e
rse
l
y
p
ro
p
o
rti
o
n
a
l
to
th
e
d
iam
e
ter o
f
f
lat
n
o
se
h
a
rd
p
ro
j
e
c
ti
le.
K
ey
w
o
r
d
:
C
o
n
cr
ete
C
r
itical
i
m
p
ac
t e
n
er
g
y
Flat
n
o
s
e
Har
d
p
r
o
j
ec
tile
Scab
b
in
g
Si
m
u
latio
n
Co
p
y
rig
h
t
©
201
4
In
s
t
it
u
te o
f
A
d
v
a
n
c
e
d
E
n
g
i
n
e
e
rin
g
a
n
d
S
c
ien
c
e
.
Al
l
rig
h
ts
re
se
rv
e
d
.
C
o
r
r
e
s
p
o
nd
ing
A
uth
o
r
:
Qad
ir
B
u
x
alias I
m
r
a
n
L
ati
f
,
Dep
ar
t
m
en
t o
f
C
i
v
il a
n
d
A
r
c
h
i
tectu
r
al
E
n
g
i
n
ee
r
in
g
,
C
o
lleg
e
o
f
E
n
g
in
ee
r
i
n
g
,
Un
i
v
e
r
s
it
y
o
f
B
u
r
ai
m
i (
Uo
B
)
,
P
.
O.
B
o
x
8
9
0
,
P
.
C
.
5
1
2
,
A
l
-
B
u
r
ai
m
i,
O
m
an
.
E
m
ail:
i
m
r
an
q
az
i3
7
@
g
m
ail.
c
o
m
,
i
m
r
a
n
.
l@
u
o
b
.
ed
u
.
o
m
1.
I
NT
RO
D
UCT
I
O
N
T
h
e
in
v
e
s
ti
g
atio
n
o
f
s
ca
b
b
in
g
p
h
en
o
m
en
o
n
w
a
s
f
ir
s
t
in
tr
o
d
u
ce
d
b
y
[
1
]
.
K
u
m
ar
a
n
d
Da
v
is
(
1
9
5
8
)
an
al
y
s
ed
th
e
s
ca
b
b
in
g
p
h
en
o
m
en
o
n
i
n
ter
m
o
f
w
a
v
e
p
r
o
p
ag
atio
n
e
f
f
ec
t
s
u
s
i
n
g
o
n
e
-
d
i
m
en
s
io
n
a
l
an
al
y
s
i
s
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
[
2
]
.
Hw
a
n
g
a
n
d
Da
v
i
s
(
1
9
6
0
)
ex
ten
d
ed
th
e
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
an
d
i
n
ter
p
r
eted
it
i
n
to
co
n
t
o
u
r
p
lo
ttin
g
m
e
th
o
d
f
o
r
f
u
r
t
h
er
s
t
u
d
ies
o
f
n
o
n
-
li
n
ea
r
m
ater
ia
ls
d
u
e
to
ten
s
ile
r
ef
lectio
n
.
Ho
w
e
v
er
,
s
ca
b
b
in
g
in
m
etal
s
lab
s
is
n
o
r
m
all
y
ass
o
ciate
d
w
it
h
h
i
g
h
s
tr
ain
r
ates
an
d
h
as
b
r
ittl
e
f
ea
tu
r
es
b
e
ca
u
s
e,
t
h
e
d
u
ctilit
y
o
f
th
e
m
eta
l
d
ec
r
ea
s
es
w
it
h
t
h
e
in
cr
ea
s
e
o
f
s
tr
ai
n
r
ate
[
3
]
.
Scab
b
in
g
p
h
e
n
o
m
e
n
a
in
co
n
cr
ete
s
tr
u
ctu
r
es
h
av
e
attr
ac
te
d
lar
g
e
atten
tio
n
d
u
e
to
th
e
g
r
o
w
i
n
g
ap
p
licatio
n
s
o
f
co
n
cr
ete
s
tr
u
ctu
r
es
u
n
d
er
i
m
p
ac
t
an
d
b
last
lo
ad
s
in
b
o
th
civ
il
an
d
m
ilit
ar
y
en
g
i
n
ee
r
in
g
.
Scab
b
in
g
i
s
ca
u
s
ed
b
y
th
e
ten
s
ile
s
tr
es
s
r
ef
lec
ted
f
r
o
m
th
e
i
m
p
ac
t
-
in
d
u
ce
d
co
m
p
r
ess
i
v
e
s
tr
e
s
s
w
a
v
e
o
n
th
e
to
p
an
d
d
is
tal
f
r
ee
s
u
r
f
ac
e
s
o
f
t
h
e
co
n
cr
ete
s
lab
.
H
u
g
h
e
s
(
1
9
8
4
)
attr
ib
u
ted
t
h
e
s
ca
b
b
i
n
g
i
n
a
r
ei
n
f
o
r
ce
d
co
n
cr
ete
to
t
w
o
d
i
f
f
e
r
en
t
m
ec
h
a
n
is
m
s
,
i.e
.
th
e
r
e
f
lecte
d
te
n
s
ile
s
tr
ess
w
a
v
e
a
n
d
th
e
s
h
ea
r
co
n
e
[
4
]
.
Di
n
ic
an
d
P
er
r
y
(
1
9
9
0
)
m
en
tio
n
ed
th
at
s
ca
b
b
in
g
m
a
y
o
cc
u
r
b
ef
o
r
e
s
h
ea
r
p
lu
g
f
o
r
m
atio
n
o
r
as
a
r
esu
lt
o
f
s
h
ea
r
p
lu
g
m
o
v
e
m
e
n
t
[
5
]
.
Ko
j
im
a
(
1
9
9
1
)
an
d
Su
g
an
o
et
al.
,
(
1
9
9
3
)
o
b
s
er
v
ed
th
at
th
e
f
o
r
m
at
io
n
o
f
co
n
e
s
h
ea
r
i
s
clo
s
el
y
as
s
o
ciate
d
w
it
h
th
e
o
cc
u
r
r
en
ce
o
f
s
ca
b
b
in
g
in
co
n
cr
ete
tar
g
et
[
6
]
,
[
7
]
.
Step
h
en
s
o
n
et
a
l.
,
(
1
9
7
8
)
f
o
u
n
d
th
at
th
er
e
ex
is
t
s
a
m
i
n
i
m
al
t
h
ick
n
e
s
s
o
f
th
e
co
n
c
r
ete
tar
g
et
f
o
r
p
r
ev
e
n
ti
n
g
s
ca
b
b
in
g
(
i.e
.
s
ca
b
b
in
g
li
m
i
t)
ag
ai
n
s
t
t
h
e
i
m
p
ac
t
b
y
a
h
ar
d
p
r
o
j
ec
tile [
8
]
.
Nu
m
er
ical
s
i
m
u
latio
n
is
a
c
o
m
m
o
n
m
eth
o
d
u
s
ed
to
s
t
u
d
y
s
ca
b
b
in
g
p
h
e
n
o
m
e
n
o
n
a
n
d
p
r
o
v
id
e
d
etailed
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
f
o
r
th
e
s
c
ab
b
in
g
p
r
o
ce
s
s
,
w
h
ich
m
i
g
h
t
b
e
u
s
ed
to
i
m
p
r
o
v
e
t
h
e
d
esi
g
n
o
f
co
n
cr
ete
tar
g
e
t.
Ku
s
a
n
o
et
al.
,
(
1
9
9
2
)
an
d
Ma
g
n
ier
a
n
d
Do
n
ze
(
1
9
9
8
)
em
p
l
o
y
ed
d
is
cr
ete
ele
m
e
n
t
m
et
h
o
d
(
DE
M)
to
m
o
d
el
s
ca
b
b
in
g
p
h
en
o
m
en
o
n
an
d
r
ea
s
o
n
ab
l
y
g
o
o
d
ag
r
ee
m
e
n
ts
w
i
th
th
e
s
elec
ted
e
m
p
ir
ical
f
o
r
m
u
l
a
w
er
e
r
ea
ch
ed
[
9
]
,
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IJ
AA
S
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8814
C
r
itica
l I
mp
a
ct
E
n
erg
y
o
f F
la
t
N
o
s
e
Ha
r
d
P
r
o
jectile
C
a
u
s
in
g
E
a
r
ly…
(
Qa
d
ir
B
u
x
a
lia
s
I
mra
n
La
tif
)
113
[
1
0
]
.
L
ep
p
an
en
(
2
0
0
6
)
s
im
u
lated
s
ca
b
b
in
g
p
h
e
n
o
m
e
n
o
n
u
s
i
n
g
s
m
o
o
t
h
p
a
r
ticle
h
y
d
r
o
d
y
n
a
m
ic
(
SP
H)
tech
n
iq
u
e
in
AUT
ODYN
an
d
s
u
cc
es
s
f
u
ll
y
s
h
o
w
ed
th
e
f
o
r
m
atio
n
o
f
s
ca
b
b
in
g
.
Ho
w
e
v
er
,
d
esp
ite
ex
ce
s
s
i
v
e
co
m
p
u
tatio
n
al
r
eso
u
r
ce
s
f
o
r
th
e
n
u
m
er
ical
s
i
m
u
la
tio
n
o
f
a
d
y
n
a
m
ic
f
r
ag
m
e
n
tatio
n
p
r
o
b
lem
,
u
n
ce
r
tain
t
y
in
cr
ea
s
es d
u
e
to
th
e
n
ee
d
s
o
f
m
o
r
e
m
ater
ial
p
ar
a
m
eter
s
[
1
1
]
.
I
n
g
e
n
er
al,
t
h
e
li
m
i
ted
s
t
u
d
ies
h
a
v
e
b
ee
n
f
o
u
n
d
o
n
cr
itical
i
m
p
ac
t
e
n
er
g
y
f
o
r
s
ca
b
b
in
g
p
h
en
o
m
e
n
o
n
.
C
r
itical
i
m
p
ac
t
e
n
er
g
y
is
t
h
e
d
o
m
in
a
n
t
ca
u
s
e
o
f
s
ca
b
b
in
g
i
n
co
n
cr
ete
s
lab
s
[
1
2
]
,
[
1
3
]
.
W
h
en
a
h
ar
d
p
r
o
j
ec
tile
i
m
p
ac
t
w
i
th
co
n
c
r
ete
s
lab
,
t
h
e
cr
itical
i
m
p
ac
t
e
n
er
g
y
o
f
th
e
p
r
o
j
ec
tile
is
t
h
e
m
ai
n
r
ea
s
o
n
t
h
at
m
a
k
es
co
n
cr
ete
s
lab
d
ef
o
r
m
s
[
1
4
]
.
I
n
t
h
is
p
ap
er
,
2
D
FE
n
u
m
er
ical
s
i
m
u
la
tio
n
i
n
v
esti
g
atio
n
h
as
b
ee
n
c
o
n
d
u
cted
b
ased
o
n
s
tr
ess
w
av
e
p
r
o
p
ag
atio
n
an
d
f
r
ee
-
s
u
r
f
ac
e
r
ef
lectio
n
t
h
eo
r
y
o
n
elastic
m
o
d
el.
F
u
r
th
er
m
o
r
e,
t
h
e
i
n
f
lu
e
n
ce
o
f
f
lat
n
o
s
e
h
ar
d
p
r
o
j
ec
tile d
iam
eter
(
d
)
an
d
co
n
cr
ete
th
ick
n
es
s
(
H
)
o
n
cr
itical
i
m
p
ac
t e
n
er
g
y
w
as
also
in
v
esti
g
ated
.
2.
ST
R
E
SS
WAV
E
P
RO
P
AG
A
T
I
O
N
I
N
CO
NCRE
T
E
Ken
n
ed
y
(
1
9
7
6
)
d
escr
ib
ed
s
ca
b
b
in
g
p
h
e
n
o
m
en
o
n
as
t
h
e
ej
ec
tio
n
o
r
p
ee
lin
g
o
f
f
r
ag
m
e
n
t
s
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
d
is
tal
f
r
ee
s
u
r
f
ac
e
o
f
t
h
e
co
n
cr
ete
s
lab
a
f
ter
it
i
s
s
u
b
j
ec
ted
to
p
r
o
jectile
i
m
p
ac
t
o
n
i
ts
f
r
o
n
t
f
ac
e
[
1
5
]
.
Gen
er
all
y
,
s
ca
b
b
i
n
g
m
o
d
e
ca
n
b
e
class
if
ied
in
to
t
w
o
t
y
p
es
[
6
]
,
[
7
]
,
i.e
.
Scab
b
in
g
:
m
ass
iv
e
ej
ec
tio
n
o
f
p
lu
g
o
r
f
r
ag
m
e
n
ts
o
n
t
h
e
d
is
tal
s
id
e
o
f
th
e
tar
g
et
s
h
o
w
n
i
n
Fi
g
u
r
es
1
(
a)
an
d
2
(
a)
o
r
J
u
s
t
(
in
cip
ien
t)
s
ca
b
b
in
g
:
f
o
r
m
atio
n
o
f
p
lu
g
o
r
f
r
a
g
m
e
n
t
s
o
n
t
h
e
d
is
tal
s
id
e
o
f
th
e
tar
g
et
w
i
th
m
i
n
o
r
ej
ec
tio
n
s
s
h
o
w
n
in
Fi
g
u
r
es
1
(
b
)
an
d
2
(
b
)
.
(
a
)
(
b)
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
E
x
p
er
i
m
en
tal
ill
u
s
tr
a
tio
n
o
f
(
a)
s
ca
b
b
in
g
,
(
b
)
j
u
s
t sc
ab
b
in
g
[
7
]
(
a)
(
b
)
Fig
u
r
e
2
.
P
o
s
t
-
ex
p
er
i
m
e
n
tal
o
f
(
a)
s
ca
b
b
in
g
,
(
b
)
j
u
s
t scab
b
in
g
[
6
]
Scab
b
in
g
o
cc
u
r
s
m
ai
n
l
y
d
u
e
t
o
th
e
e
x
ce
s
s
iv
e
r
esu
ltan
t te
n
s
il
e
s
tr
ess
.
I
n
a
o
n
e
-
d
i
m
e
n
s
io
n
al
b
r
ittl
e
r
o
d
,
s
ca
b
b
in
g
m
a
y
o
cc
u
r
w
h
e
n
th
e
r
esu
lta
n
t
ten
s
ile
s
tr
ess
i
s
eq
u
al
o
r
g
r
ea
ter
th
an
t
h
e
ten
s
ile
s
tr
en
g
t
h
o
f
th
e
m
ater
ial.
Fo
r
a
p
an
el
tar
g
et,
t
h
e
f
o
r
m
atio
n
o
f
a
m
a
s
s
i
v
e
p
l
u
g
m
a
y
also
n
ee
d
to
o
v
er
co
m
e
s
h
ea
r
r
e
s
is
ta
n
ce
,
w
h
ic
h
is
clea
r
l
y
s
h
o
w
n
b
y
ex
p
er
i
m
e
n
tal
ev
id
e
n
ce
s
in
[
6
]
,
[
7
]
.
W
h
en
a
co
n
cr
ete
m
e
m
b
er
is
s
u
b
j
ec
ted
to
d
y
n
a
m
ic
lo
ad
in
g
,
a
s
tr
ess
w
a
v
e
w
ill
p
r
o
p
ag
ate
th
r
o
u
g
h
it.
T
h
e
s
tr
es
s
w
av
e
p
r
o
p
ag
ates
i
n
th
e
lo
n
g
it
u
d
in
al
a
n
d
th
e
tr
an
s
v
er
s
e
d
ir
ec
tio
n
s
i
n
th
e
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e
[
1
4
]
,
[
1
6
]
.
B
y
u
s
i
n
g
co
n
s
tit
u
ti
v
e
la
w
s
,
eq
u
ilib
r
i
u
m
an
d
co
m
p
atib
ili
t
y
,
th
e
cla
s
s
ic
w
a
v
e
eq
u
a
tio
n
i
n
o
n
e
d
i
m
e
n
s
io
n
f
o
r
elastic
m
ater
ials
ca
n
b
e
d
er
iv
ed
as s
h
o
w
n
i
n
F
i
g
u
r
e
(
3
)
.
I
n
r
ea
l
s
tr
u
ct
u
r
es
w
h
e
n
th
e
p
r
o
j
ec
tile
h
it
s
th
e
co
n
cr
ete,
t
h
e
co
n
cr
e
te
b
eh
a
v
io
u
r
i
s
f
ar
f
r
o
m
elas
t
ic,
an
d
t
h
e
elastic
w
a
v
e
eq
u
atio
n
s
ar
e
n
o
t
ac
c
u
r
atel
y
v
alid
.
Ho
w
e
v
er
,
t
h
e
el
asti
c
a
s
s
u
m
p
tio
n
o
f
t
h
e
cla
s
s
ic
w
av
e
eq
u
atio
n
illu
s
tr
ates
p
h
en
o
m
e
n
a
f
o
r
co
n
cr
ete
i
n
d
y
n
a
m
ic
lo
ad
i
n
g
[
1
4
]
,
[
1
6
]
.
W
h
en
a
co
m
p
r
ess
iv
e
s
tr
ess
w
av
e
i
n
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
-
8814
IJ
AA
S
Vo
l.
3
,
No
.
3
,
Sep
tem
b
er
2
0
1
4
:
11
2
–
12
1
114
co
n
cr
ete
is
p
r
o
p
ag
at
in
g
it
w
il
l
r
ef
lect
at
t
h
e
b
o
u
n
d
ar
y
.
I
f
th
e
b
o
u
n
d
ar
y
is
air
,
t
h
e
r
ef
lecte
d
s
tr
ess
w
i
ll
b
e
eq
u
al
to
th
e
i
n
cid
en
t
s
tr
es
s
b
u
t
w
it
h
o
p
p
o
s
ite
s
ig
n
.
T
h
is
m
ea
n
s
t
h
at
th
e
r
e
f
lecte
d
w
a
v
e
w
i
ll
p
r
o
p
ag
ate
as
a
ten
s
ile
w
a
v
e,
s
i
n
ce
co
n
cr
ete
i
s
v
er
y
w
ea
k
i
n
ten
s
io
n
;
th
e
r
e
f
lect
ed
w
av
e
ca
n
ca
u
s
e
s
ca
b
b
i
n
g
.
T
h
e
r
ef
lecte
d
an
d
tr
an
s
m
itted
s
tr
e
s
s
w
a
v
es a
m
p
li
tu
d
es a
n
d
v
elo
cities d
ep
en
d
o
n
th
e
co
n
cr
ete
[
1
4
]
,
[
1
6
]
.
Fig
u
r
e
3
.
Stre
s
s
w
a
v
e
p
r
o
p
ag
atio
n
in
a
f
r
ee
b
o
u
n
d
ar
y
co
n
cr
e
te
s
lab
o
n
i
m
p
ac
t o
f
h
ar
d
p
r
o
j
e
ctile
[
1
4
]
,
[
16]
3.
NUM
E
RICAL
S
I
M
UL
AT
I
O
N
A
2
-
Di
m
e
n
s
io
n
al
a
-
s
y
m
m
etr
i
c
n
u
m
er
ical
s
i
m
u
lat
io
n
w
as
c
o
n
d
u
cted
u
s
i
n
g
A
B
A
QU
S
f
i
n
ite
ele
m
en
t
s
o
f
t
w
ar
e
p
ac
k
a
g
e
o
n
ex
p
er
i
m
en
tal
d
ata
o
f
B
ain
b
r
id
g
e
(
1
9
8
8
)
an
d
L
i
a
n
d
R
eid
(
2
0
0
6
)
[
1
7
]
,
[
1
8
]
.
A
tten
tio
n
s
ar
e
p
aid
o
n
th
e
ea
r
l
y
s
ta
g
e
o
f
th
e
co
m
p
r
ess
i
v
e
s
tr
e
s
s
w
a
v
e
p
r
o
p
ag
atio
n
in
co
n
cr
ete
s
la
b
f
o
llo
w
i
n
g
a
lo
ca
l
i
m
p
ac
t b
y
a
h
ar
d
p
r
o
j
ec
tile,
an
d
th
e
r
ef
lec
tio
n
s
o
f
t
h
e
co
m
p
r
e
s
s
i
v
e
s
tr
e
s
s
w
a
v
e
o
n
th
e
f
r
ee
d
is
tal
s
u
r
f
ac
e
o
f
t
h
e
co
n
cr
ete
s
lab
ca
u
s
i
n
g
ea
r
l
y
s
c
ab
b
in
g
.
T
h
e
s
i
m
u
lat
io
n
s
t
u
d
y
w
a
s
co
n
d
u
cted
f
o
r
r
eq
u
ir
ed
cr
itical
i
m
p
ac
t
e
n
er
g
y
o
f
f
la
t
n
o
s
e
h
ar
d
p
r
o
j
ec
tile
ca
u
s
in
g
ea
r
l
y
s
ca
b
b
in
g
i
n
co
n
cr
et
e
s
lab
.
Fu
r
t
h
er
m
o
r
e,
t
h
e
e
f
f
ec
t
o
f
d
ia
m
eter
o
f
f
la
t
n
o
s
e
h
ar
d
p
r
o
j
ec
tile,
an
d
ef
f
e
ct
o
f
t
h
ic
k
n
e
s
s
o
f
co
n
cr
ete
s
l
ab
o
n
cr
itical
i
m
p
ac
t
e
n
er
g
y
r
eq
u
ir
ed
to
ca
u
s
i
n
g
ea
r
l
y
s
ca
b
b
in
g
w
er
e
also
an
al
y
s
ed
.
3
.
1
.
Ana
ly
s
is
Co
de
T
h
e
Dy
n
a
m
ic
An
al
y
s
i
s
u
s
i
n
g
A
B
A
QUS
/Ex
p
licit
co
d
e
d
ep
en
d
s
o
n
:
I
n
er
tia
e
f
f
ec
t,
a
n
d
d
ir
ec
t
in
te
g
r
atio
n
s
y
s
te
m
.
T
h
e
d
ir
ec
t
in
te
g
r
atio
n
s
y
s
te
m
is
m
ai
n
l
y
u
s
ed
in
n
o
n
-
li
n
ea
r
d
y
n
a
m
ic
a
n
al
y
s
is
.
T
h
e
s
ig
n
i
f
ica
n
c
e
o
f
d
ir
ec
t
in
te
g
r
atio
n
d
y
n
a
m
ic
s
is
t
h
at,
th
e
g
lo
b
al
eq
u
atio
n
s
o
f
m
o
t
io
n
o
f
s
y
s
te
m
m
u
s
t
b
e
in
te
g
r
ated
th
r
o
u
g
h
ti
m
e.
I
n
A
B
A
QU
S/Ex
p
lic
it,
th
e
d
ir
ec
t
-
i
n
teg
r
atio
n
d
y
n
a
m
ic
u
s
es
t
h
e
ce
n
tr
al
-
d
i
f
f
er
e
n
ce
o
p
er
ato
r
.
T
h
e
d
is
p
lace
m
e
n
ts
an
d
v
elo
cities
ar
e
ca
lcu
lated
in
-
ter
m
s
o
f
q
u
a
n
titi
e
s
at
th
e
b
eg
in
n
in
g
o
f
an
in
cr
e
m
e
n
t,
t
h
e
g
lo
b
al
m
as
s
a
n
d
s
tiff
n
es
s
m
atr
ices
d
o
n
o
t
n
e
ed
b
e
f
o
r
m
ed
a
n
d
in
v
er
ted
.
T
h
e
s
ize
o
f
th
e
ti
m
e
in
cr
e
m
e
n
t
in
an
ex
p
lici
t
d
y
n
a
m
ic
a
n
al
y
s
is
is
li
m
ited
,
b
ec
au
s
e
th
e
ce
n
tr
al
-
d
i
f
f
er
e
n
ce
o
p
er
ato
r
is
o
n
l
y
co
n
d
itio
n
all
y
s
tab
le.
T
h
e
s
tab
ilit
y
li
m
it
f
o
r
th
e
ce
n
tr
al
-
d
i
f
f
er
en
ce
m
et
h
o
d
,
(
th
e
lar
g
est
ti
m
e
in
cr
e
m
e
n
t
th
at
ca
n
b
e
tak
en
w
it
h
o
u
t
t
h
e
m
et
h
o
d
g
en
er
ati
n
g
lar
g
e,
r
ap
id
ly
g
r
o
w
in
g
er
r
o
r
s
)
is
clo
s
el
y
r
elate
d
to
th
e
ti
m
e
r
eq
u
ir
ed
f
o
r
a
s
tr
es
s
w
a
v
e
to
cr
o
s
s
t
h
e
s
m
all
est
ele
m
en
t
d
i
m
e
n
s
io
n
i
n
t
h
e
m
o
d
el.
T
h
u
s
,
t
h
e
ti
m
e
i
n
cr
e
m
e
n
t
in
an
ex
p
licit
d
y
n
a
m
ic
a
n
al
y
s
is
w
h
i
ch
ca
n
b
e
v
er
y
s
h
o
r
t
if
t
h
e
m
esh
co
n
tai
n
s
s
m
all
ele
m
e
n
ts
o
r
if
th
e
s
tr
ess
w
a
v
e
s
p
ee
d
in
t
h
e
m
ater
ial
i
s
v
er
y
h
ig
h
.
I
n
t
h
e
L
ag
r
a
n
g
ian
d
escr
ip
tio
n
,
t
h
e
n
u
m
er
ical
m
e
s
h
d
i
s
to
r
ts
w
it
h
th
e
m
ater
ial
m
o
v
e
m
en
t.
Du
r
i
n
g
t
h
e
L
ag
r
a
n
g
ian
p
h
a
s
e
o
f
th
e
ti
m
e
in
cr
e
m
e
n
t
n
o
d
es
ar
e
ass
u
m
e
d
to
b
e
tem
p
o
r
ar
il
y
f
i
x
ed
w
i
th
i
n
t
h
e
m
a
ter
ial,
an
d
ele
m
e
n
ts
d
ef
o
r
m
w
it
h
th
e
m
at
er
ial
[
1
4
]
,
[
1
9
]
.
3
.
2
.
M
o
del D
ev
elo
p
m
ent
T
h
e
n
u
m
b
er
s
o
f
s
i
m
u
latio
n
s
h
av
e
b
ee
n
ca
r
r
ied
o
u
t
o
n
p
lai
n
co
n
cr
ete
s
lab
s
i
m
p
ac
ted
w
it
h
f
lat
n
o
s
e
h
ar
d
p
r
o
j
ec
tile
in
n
o
r
m
al
d
ir
e
ctio
n
.
Fo
r
t
h
e
e
x
p
la
n
atio
n
,
o
n
e
o
f
t
h
e
s
i
m
u
la
tio
n
s
i
s
d
escr
ib
ed
in
d
etail.
T
h
e
co
n
cr
ete
s
lab
h
a
v
in
g
t
h
ic
k
n
e
s
s
o
f
(
H
=
6
0
0
m
m
)
,
3
6
.
0
MP
a
u
n
co
n
f
in
ed
co
m
p
r
es
s
i
v
e
s
tr
es
s
(
f
c
)
,
an
d
2
8
.
0
GP
a
y
o
u
n
g
’
s
m
o
d
u
l
u
s
(
E
)
i
s
m
o
d
elled
as
a
n
ela
s
tic
b
o
d
y
(
b
ase
d
o
n
elast
ic
s
ec
t
io
n
o
f
t
h
e
s
tr
ess
-
s
tr
ai
n
c
u
r
v
e
as
s
h
o
w
n
i
n
Fig
u
r
e
4
)
w
it
h
9
6
0
lin
ea
r
tr
ia
n
g
u
lar
e
le
m
e
n
t
s
(
T
y
p
e
C
A
X3
)
b
y
s
tr
u
c
tu
r
al
m
e
s
h
in
g
tec
h
n
iq
u
e.
T
h
e
f
r
o
n
t s
u
r
f
ac
e
o
f
a
f
u
ll
y
c
la
m
p
e
d
co
n
cr
ete
s
lab
is
i
m
p
ac
ted
b
y
a
f
lat
n
o
s
e
r
ig
id
p
r
o
j
ec
tile o
f
3
0
5
m
m
in
d
ia
m
eter
h
av
i
n
g
m
ass
3
0
0
k
g
,
i
m
p
ac
ted
w
it
h
1
4
3
m
/s
ec
v
elo
cit
y
is
m
o
d
elled
as
a
r
ig
id
b
o
d
y
w
it
h
d
is
cr
ete
r
ig
id
lin
ea
r
lin
e
ele
m
en
ts
w
it
h
to
tal
2
0
lin
ea
r
lin
e
ele
m
e
n
t
s
(
T
y
p
e
R
A
X2
)
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IJ
AA
S
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8814
C
r
itica
l I
mp
a
ct
E
n
erg
y
o
f F
la
t
N
o
s
e
Ha
r
d
P
r
o
jectile
C
a
u
s
in
g
E
a
r
ly…
(
Qa
d
ir
B
u
x
a
lia
s
I
mra
n
La
tif
)
115
Fig
u
r
e
4
.
Un
iax
ial
b
eh
a
v
io
u
r
o
f
co
n
cr
ete
m
ater
ial
T
h
e
m
ec
h
a
n
ical
p
r
o
p
er
ties
o
f
co
n
cr
ete
s
lab
s
an
d
m
is
s
ile
ar
e
p
r
esen
ted
in
T
ab
le
1
f
o
r
cr
itic
al
i
m
p
ac
t
en
er
g
y
an
al
y
s
is
,
an
d
t
h
e
ef
f
ec
t
o
f
d
ia
m
eter
o
f
f
lat
n
o
s
e
h
ar
d
p
r
o
j
ec
tile,
an
d
ef
f
ec
t o
f
t
h
ic
k
n
ess
o
f
co
n
cr
ete
s
lab
o
n
cr
itical
i
m
p
ac
t e
n
er
g
y
r
eq
u
i
r
ed
to
ca
u
s
e
ea
r
ly
s
ca
b
b
in
g
.
T
ab
le
1
.
Me
ch
an
ical
P
r
o
p
er
tie
s
o
f
C
o
n
cr
ete
a
n
d
P
r
o
j
ec
tile
C
o
n
c
r
e
t
e
F
l
a
t
N
o
se
H
a
r
d
P
r
o
j
e
c
t
i
l
e
T
h
i
c
k
n
e
ss
(
mm
)
U
n
c
o
n
f
i
n
e
d
C
o
mp
r
e
ssi
v
e
S
t
r
e
n
g
t
h
F
c
(
M
P
a
)
H/
d
R
a
t
i
o
D
i
a
.
o
f
P
r
o
j
e
c
t
i
l
e
d
(
mm
)
M
a
ss
o
f
P
r
o
j
e
c
t
i
l
e
M
(
k
g
)
S
t
r
i
k
i
n
g
V
e
l
o
c
i
t
y
V
s
(
m/
s)
5
0
.
8
–
600
2
4
.
1
5
-
4
6
.
6
0
.
6
9
–
1
4
.
8
6
1
7
.
5
–
305
0
.
9
2
–
309
2
8
.
9
8
–
4
2
7
Fig
u
r
e
5
.
Fin
ite
ele
m
e
n
t
m
o
d
e
l
A
d
is
to
r
tio
n
co
n
tr
o
l
is
ap
p
lied
to
av
o
id
d
is
p
r
o
p
o
r
tio
n
al
d
is
to
r
tio
n
o
f
ele
m
en
ts
in
t
h
e
tar
g
et
m
es
h
.
T
h
e
in
ter
ested
s
i
m
u
la
tio
n
t
i
m
e
is
c
alcu
lated
b
ased
o
n
th
e
r
ef
lecti
n
g
ti
m
e
o
f
th
e
i
m
p
ac
t
-
i
n
d
u
ce
d
co
m
p
r
ess
i
v
e
s
tr
es
s
w
a
v
e
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
d
is
ta
l
f
r
ee
s
u
r
f
ac
e
o
f
t
h
e
tar
g
et,
i.e
.
c
H
t
c
H
2
,
w
h
er
e
H
is
t
h
e
le
n
g
t
h
o
f
t
h
e
t
ar
g
et
th
ic
k
n
e
s
s
an
d
E
c
is
th
e
elastic
s
tr
ess
w
av
e
s
p
ee
d
in
t
h
e
tar
g
et,
(
E
)
an
d
(
)
ar
e
Y
o
u
n
g
’
s
m
o
d
u
l
u
s
an
d
d
en
s
it
y
o
f
t
h
e
tar
g
et
[
1
4
]
.
4.
RE
SU
L
T
S
A
ND
D
I
SCU
SS
I
O
N
Fo
r
v
alid
atio
n
p
u
r
p
o
s
e,
co
r
r
esp
o
n
d
in
g
p
r
ed
ictio
n
s
b
ased
o
n
n
u
m
er
ical
s
i
m
u
lat
io
n
,
UM
I
ST
,
NDRC
,
L
i a
n
d
R
eid
f
o
r
m
u
lae
co
m
p
ar
e
d
w
it
h
ex
p
er
i
m
en
ta
l d
ata
o
f
B
ain
b
r
id
g
e
[
1
7
]
,
[
1
8
]
.
4
.
1
.
Crit
ica
l Im
pa
ct
E
nerg
y
T
h
e
v
is
u
a
lized
r
esu
lt
s
h
o
w
s
t
h
at
th
e
m
o
d
el
clea
r
l
y
p
r
o
v
id
es
l
o
ad
in
g
i
n
th
e
f
o
r
m
o
f
s
tr
ai
n
s
/
s
tr
ess
es
i
n
th
e
co
n
cr
ete
s
lab
d
u
e
to
th
e
p
r
o
j
ec
tile
im
p
ac
t.
Fig
u
r
e
6
(
a
-
d
)
s
h
o
w
s
n
ice
p
r
o
p
ag
atio
n
o
f
i
m
p
ac
t
-
i
n
d
u
ce
d
co
m
p
r
es
s
i
v
e
s
tr
es
s
w
a
v
e
a
n
d
its
s
u
p
er
p
o
s
itio
n
w
i
th
th
e
r
ef
lecte
d
te
n
s
ile
s
tr
es
s
w
a
v
e
f
r
o
m
th
e
f
r
ee
d
i
s
ta
l
s
u
r
f
ac
e
in
co
n
cr
ete
s
lab
.
T
h
e
w
a
v
e
f
r
o
n
t is ap
p
r
o
x
i
m
atel
y
a
p
lan
e.
T
h
e
r
ef
lecte
d
ten
s
i
le
s
tr
ess
is
s
u
p
er
i
m
p
o
s
ed
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
-
8814
IJ
AA
S
Vo
l.
3
,
No
.
3
,
Sep
tem
b
er
2
0
1
4
:
11
2
–
12
1
116
to
th
e
in
co
m
i
n
g
co
m
p
r
ess
i
v
e
s
tr
ess
to
p
r
o
d
u
ce
a
r
eg
io
n
o
f
n
et
te
n
s
ile
s
tr
es
s
.
W
h
en
t
h
e
n
et
ten
s
ile
s
tr
es
s
is
eq
u
al
to
o
r
g
r
ea
ter
t
h
an
th
e
t
en
s
ile
s
tr
e
n
g
t
h
o
f
t
h
e
co
n
cr
et
e,
ten
s
i
le
f
ailu
r
e
o
cc
u
r
s
at
th
o
s
e
lo
ca
tio
n
s
,
w
h
ich
s
u
b
s
eq
u
en
t
l
y
lead
to
th
e
o
cc
u
r
r
en
ce
o
f
s
ca
b
b
in
g
.
Fig
u
r
e
6
(
a)
.
C
o
m
p
r
ess
iv
e
w
a
v
e
p
r
o
p
ag
atio
n
in
a
x
-
s
y
m
m
etr
ic
2
D
s
i
m
u
latio
n
p
r
o
b
lem
f
o
r
o
cc
u
r
r
e
n
ce
s
ca
b
b
in
g
at
ti
m
e
6
.
0
7
e
-
05s
Fig
u
r
e
6
(
b
)
.
C
o
m
p
r
ess
i
v
e
w
a
v
e
p
r
o
p
ag
atio
n
in
a
x
-
s
y
m
m
etr
ic
2
D
s
i
m
u
latio
n
p
r
o
b
lem
f
o
r
o
cc
u
r
r
en
ce
s
ca
b
b
in
g
at
ti
m
e
1
.
8
2
e
-
0
4
s
.
Fig
u
r
e
6
(
c)
.
R
ef
lectio
n
o
f
te
n
s
ile
s
tr
es
s
w
av
e
f
r
o
m
d
is
tal
s
u
r
f
ac
e
p
lacin
g
o
v
er
co
m
p
r
ess
i
v
e
w
a
v
e
p
r
o
p
ag
atio
n
in
ax
-
s
y
m
m
etr
ic
2
D
s
i
m
u
latio
n
p
r
o
b
lem
f
o
r
o
cc
u
r
r
en
ce
s
ca
b
b
in
g
at
ti
m
e
2
.
4
3
e
-
0
4s
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IJ
AA
S
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8814
C
r
itica
l I
mp
a
ct
E
n
erg
y
o
f F
la
t
N
o
s
e
Ha
r
d
P
r
o
jectile
C
a
u
s
in
g
E
a
r
ly…
(
Qa
d
ir
B
u
x
a
lia
s
I
mra
n
La
tif
)
117
Fig
u
r
e
6
(
d
)
.
T
en
s
ile
s
tr
ess
w
a
v
e
f
r
o
m
d
i
s
tal
s
u
r
f
ac
e
b
ec
a
m
e
eq
u
al
to
th
e
te
n
s
ile
s
tr
en
g
th
o
f
co
n
cr
ete
ca
u
s
i
n
g
s
ca
b
b
in
g
at
d
is
ta
l f
ac
e
i
n
ax
-
s
y
m
m
etr
ic
2
D
s
i
m
u
latio
n
p
r
o
b
le
m
f
o
r
o
cc
u
r
r
e
n
ce
s
ca
b
b
i
n
g
at
ti
m
e
3
.
0
3
e
-
04s
Fig
u
r
e
7
s
h
o
w
s
th
e
ti
m
e
h
i
s
to
r
y
o
f
i
m
p
ac
t
en
er
g
y
f
o
r
o
cc
u
r
r
en
ce
o
f
cr
itical
i
m
p
ac
t
en
er
g
y
i
n
t
h
r
ee
s
tag
e
s
.
I
t
is
c
l
ea
r
th
at
th
e
i
m
p
ac
t
en
er
g
y
at
th
e
in
i
tial
s
tag
e
co
m
p
r
es
s
i
v
e
s
tr
es
s
w
a
v
e
p
r
o
p
ag
ates
in
to
co
n
cr
ete
tar
g
et
p
h
a
s
e
o
n
e,
f
o
llo
w
ed
b
y
r
ef
lectio
n
o
f
ten
s
ile
s
tr
ess
w
a
v
e
f
r
o
m
d
i
s
tal
f
ac
e
o
f
co
n
cr
et
e,
p
h
ase
t
w
o
.
At
t
h
e
en
d
,
w
h
e
n
t
h
e
n
et
ten
s
ile
s
tr
e
s
s
b
ec
o
m
e
s
eq
u
al
to
o
r
g
r
ea
te
r
th
a
n
t
h
e
te
n
s
ile
s
tr
e
n
g
th
o
f
t
h
e
co
n
cr
ete,
te
n
s
ile
f
ail
u
r
e
o
cc
u
r
s
in
co
n
cr
ete
ca
u
s
in
g
s
ca
b
b
in
g
at
d
is
tal
f
ac
e.
Fig
u
r
e
7
.
T
im
e
h
i
s
to
r
y
o
f
i
m
p
ac
t e
n
er
g
y
f
r
o
m
co
m
p
r
ess
i
v
e
w
a
v
e
p
r
o
p
ag
atio
n
to
r
ef
lectio
n
o
f
ten
s
i
le
s
tr
es
s
w
a
v
e
f
r
o
m
d
is
tal
s
u
r
fa
ce
u
n
til
o
cc
u
r
r
en
ce
o
f
s
ca
b
b
in
g
T
h
e
n
u
m
er
ical
s
i
m
u
latio
n
r
es
u
lts
ex
a
m
i
n
ed
f
o
r
th
e
p
r
ed
ictio
n
o
f
m
i
n
i
m
u
m
r
eq
u
ir
ed
cr
iti
ca
l
i
m
p
ac
t
en
er
g
y
o
f
f
la
t
n
o
s
e
h
ar
d
m
is
s
il
e
to
s
ca
b
b
th
e
co
n
cr
ete
tar
g
et.
T
h
e
r
esu
lts
o
b
tain
ed
f
r
o
m
n
u
m
er
ical
s
i
m
u
lat
io
n
s
ar
e
r
elativ
el
y
clo
s
e
to
th
e
e
x
p
er
i
m
en
tal
d
ata
an
d
o
th
er
w
ell
estab
lis
h
ed
f
o
r
m
u
lae
s
u
c
h
as
UM
I
ST
,
NDRC
,
L
i
an
d
R
eid
.
I
n
ca
s
e
o
f
(
0
.
6
9
≤
H/d
≤
3
.
0
)
,
it
w
a
s
f
o
u
n
d
t
h
at
t
h
e
n
u
m
er
ical
s
i
m
u
latio
n
r
es
u
lt
s
ar
e
m
o
s
t
ac
cu
r
at
e
(
clo
s
est
to
ex
p
er
ie
m
en
tal
d
ata
)
f
o
llo
w
ed
b
y
ND
R
C
,
L
i
an
d
R
eid
,
an
d
UM
I
S
T
p
r
ed
ictio
n
s
.
I
t
ca
n
b
e
a
r
g
u
ed
th
at
UM
I
ST
,
NDRC
L
i a
n
d
R
eid
f
o
r
m
u
lae
p
r
o
d
u
ce
d
u
n
d
er
p
r
ed
ictio
n
r
esu
lts
w
i
th
i
n
t
h
is
r
an
g
e.
I
n
ca
s
e
o
f
(
3
.
0
≤
H/d
≤
6
.
0
)
s
im
u
latio
n
r
es
u
lt
s
ar
e
clo
s
er
as
c
o
m
p
ar
ed
to
ex
p
er
ie
m
en
ta
l
d
ata.
Am
o
n
g
UM
I
ST
,
NDR
C
,
L
i
a
n
d
R
eid
f
o
r
m
u
lae,
L
i
a
n
d
R
eid
f
o
r
m
u
l
a
p
r
ed
icts
clo
s
er
r
esu
lts
f
o
llo
w
ed
b
y
ND
R
C
a
n
d
UM
I
ST
r
esp
ec
tiv
el
y
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
-
8814
IJ
AA
S
Vo
l.
3
,
No
.
3
,
Sep
tem
b
er
2
0
1
4
:
11
2
–
12
1
118
Fig
u
r
e
8
(
a)
.
T
h
e
r
esu
lts
o
f
n
e
w
l
y
d
ev
elo
p
ed
f
o
r
m
u
lae
an
d
n
u
m
er
ica
l si
m
u
latio
n
s
co
m
p
ar
ed
w
it
h
UM
I
ST
,
NDR
C
an
d
L
i a
n
d
R
eid
p
r
ed
ictio
n
s
(
0
.
6
9
≤
H/d
≤
3
.
0
)
Fig
u
r
e
8
(
b
)
.
T
h
e
r
esu
lts
o
f
n
e
w
l
y
d
ev
elo
p
ed
f
o
r
m
u
lae
an
d
Nu
m
er
ical
s
i
m
u
latio
n
s
co
m
p
a
r
is
o
n
w
it
h
UM
I
ST
,
NDR
C
an
d
L
i a
n
d
R
eid
f
o
r
m
u
lae
p
r
ed
ictio
n
s
w
i
th
i
n
t
h
e
r
an
g
e
o
f
(
3
.
0
≤
H/d
≤
6
.
0
)
Fig
u
r
e
8
(
c)
.
T
h
e
r
esu
lts
o
f
n
e
w
l
y
d
ev
elo
p
ed
f
o
r
m
u
lae
an
d
n
u
m
er
ica
l si
m
u
latio
n
s
co
m
p
ar
ed
w
it
h
UM
I
ST
,
NDR
C
an
d
L
i a
n
d
R
eid
f
o
r
m
u
lae
p
r
ed
ictio
n
s
(
0
.
6
9
≤
H/d
≤
6
.
0
)
C
i
r
i
t
i
c
a
l
I
m
p
a
c
t
E
n
e
r
g
y
f
o
r
S
c
a
b
b
i
n
g
0
.
6
9
≤
H
/
d
≤
3
.
0
0
1
2
3
0
.
0
0
0
.
5
0
1
.
0
0
1
.
5
0
2
.
0
0
2
.
5
0
3
.
0
0
3
.
5
0
H
/
d
E
/
F
c
d
3
E
x
p
e
r
i
m
e
n
t
a
l
R
e
su
l
t
s
U
M
I
S
T
N
D
R
C
L
i
a
n
d
R
e
i
d
f
o
r
m
u
l
a
N
u
m
e
r
i
ca
l
S
i
m
u
l
a
t
i
o
n
C
i
r
i
t
i
c
a
l
I
m
p
a
c
t
E
n
e
r
g
y
f
o
r
S
c
a
b
b
i
n
g
3
.
0
≤
H
/
d
≤
6
.
0
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
3
.
0
0
3
.
5
0
4
.
0
0
4
.
5
0
5
.
0
0
5
.
5
0
6
.
0
0
6
.
5
0
H
/
d
E
/
F
c
d
3
E
x
p
e
r
i
m
e
n
t
a
l
R
e
su
l
t
s
U
M
I
S
T
N
D
R
C
L
i
a
n
d
R
e
i
d
f
o
r
m
u
l
a
N
u
m
e
r
i
ca
l
S
i
m
u
l
a
t
i
o
n
C
i
r
i
t
i
c
a
l
I
m
p
a
c
t
E
n
e
r
g
y
f
o
r
S
c
a
b
b
i
n
g
0
.
6
9
≤
H
/
d
≤
6
.
0
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
0
.
0
0
1
.
0
0
2
.
0
0
3
.
0
0
4
.
0
0
5
.
0
0
6
.
0
0
7
.
0
0
H
/
d
E
/
F
cd
3
E
x
p
e
r
i
m
e
n
t
a
l
R
e
su
l
t
s
U
M
I
S
T
N
D
R
C
L
i
a
n
d
R
e
i
d
f
o
r
m
u
l
a
N
u
m
e
r
i
ca
l
S
i
m
u
l
a
t
i
o
n
R
e
su
l
t
s
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IJ
AA
S
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8814
C
r
itica
l I
mp
a
ct
E
n
erg
y
o
f F
la
t
N
o
s
e
Ha
r
d
P
r
o
jectile
C
a
u
s
in
g
E
a
r
ly…
(
Qa
d
ir
B
u
x
a
lia
s
I
mra
n
La
tif
)
119
C
o
m
p
ar
is
o
n
w
i
th
o
t
h
er
estab
lis
h
ed
f
o
r
m
u
lae
s
h
o
w
s
t
h
at
t
h
e
UM
I
ST
f
o
r
m
u
lae
p
r
ed
ict
th
e
lo
w
est
v
alu
e
s
o
f
t
h
e
cr
it
ical
i
m
p
ac
t
en
er
g
y
f
o
r
s
ca
b
b
in
g
co
m
p
ar
ed
w
i
th
o
th
er
f
o
r
m
u
lae.
T
h
e
p
r
ed
icted
r
esu
lts
ar
e
co
n
s
is
ten
tl
y
lo
w
er
th
a
n
th
e
ex
p
er
i
m
e
n
tal
r
es
u
lts
.
W
ith
in
th
e
r
an
g
e
o
f
(
0
.
6
9
≤
H/d
≤
6
.
0
)
,
am
o
n
g
all
s
i
m
u
lat
io
n
s
r
es
u
lts
ar
e
m
o
r
e
ac
cu
r
ate,
f
o
llo
w
ed
b
y
L
i
an
d
R
eid
f
o
r
m
u
la
an
d
NDR
C
p
r
ed
ict
g
o
o
d
r
esu
lts
as
co
m
p
ar
ed
to
UM
I
ST
f
o
r
m
u
la.
I
t is o
b
s
er
v
ed
t
h
at
t
h
e
s
i
m
u
lati
o
n
r
es
u
lts
ar
e
co
n
s
is
ten
t
l
y
clo
s
er
to
ex
p
er
i
m
en
ta
l
r
esu
lt
s
an
d
p
r
o
d
u
ce
d
a
s
i
m
ilar
g
en
er
al
tr
en
d
o
f
ex
p
er
i
m
e
n
tal
r
esu
lts
in
t
h
e
w
h
o
le
r
an
g
e
o
f
ex
p
er
i
m
e
n
tal
d
a
ta
p
r
esen
ted
in
Fig
u
r
e
8
(
a,
b
,
c)
.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e,
n
u
m
er
ical
s
i
m
u
la
tio
n
is
co
n
s
er
v
ativ
e
a
n
d
r
eliab
le
as
co
m
p
ar
ed
to
UM
I
ST
,
NDRC
,
L
i a
n
d
R
eid
f
o
r
m
u
lae
w
it
h
i
n
its
l
i
m
itatio
n
s
at
lo
w
er
i
m
p
ac
t
v
elo
citie
s
.
4
.
2
.
E
f
f
ec
t
o
f
P
r
o
j
ec
t
ile
Dia
m
et
er
(
d)
o
n
Crit
ica
l I
m
pa
ct
E
ner
g
y
f
o
r
E
a
rly
Sca
b
bing
T
h
e
ef
f
ec
t
o
f
d
ia
m
eter
o
f
f
lat
n
o
s
e
h
ar
d
p
r
o
j
ec
tile
w
as
s
tu
d
ied
o
n
cr
itical
i
m
p
ac
t
en
er
g
y
f
o
r
ea
r
l
y
s
ca
b
b
in
g
.
T
h
e
in
f
lu
e
n
ce
o
f
d
ia
m
eter
o
f
p
r
o
j
ec
tile
o
n
th
e
r
eq
u
ir
ed
cr
itical
im
p
ac
t
en
er
g
y
f
o
r
s
ca
b
b
in
g
o
f
co
n
cr
ete
tar
g
et
w
as
an
al
y
s
ed
w
it
h
th
e
h
e
lp
o
f
n
u
m
er
ical
s
i
m
u
latio
n
,
w
h
ile
k
ee
p
in
g
al
l
o
th
er
p
ar
a
m
eter
s
a
n
d
p
r
o
p
er
ties
o
f
co
n
cr
ete
s
lab
a
n
d
p
r
o
j
ec
tile
s
a
m
e.
T
w
o
s
i
m
u
l
atio
n
s
h
a
v
e
b
ee
n
ca
r
r
ied
o
u
t
t
o
ex
p
lo
r
e
th
e
e
f
f
ec
t
o
f
d
if
f
er
e
n
t
d
ia
m
eter
s
2
0
0
m
m
an
d
3
0
0
m
m
o
f
p
r
o
j
ec
tile
w
i
t
h
3
0
0
k
g
m
as
s
at
v
elo
cit
y
o
f
1
0
0
m
/
s
ec
,
an
d
2
4
0
k
g
m
as
s
at
v
elo
cit
y
o
f
7
2
m
/
s
ec
r
esp
ec
tiv
el
y
.
Fig
u
r
e
9
an
d
1
0
co
m
p
ar
e
th
e
s
i
m
u
lated
r
esu
lt
s
o
f
th
e
ef
f
ec
t
o
f
d
iam
eter
o
f
p
r
o
j
ec
tile
o
n
i
m
p
ac
t
en
er
g
y
f
o
r
s
ca
b
b
in
g
.
I
t
i
s
cle
ar
l
y
s
h
o
w
n
t
h
at
t
h
e
g
r
ea
ter
d
i
a
m
eter
o
f
f
lat
n
o
s
e
h
ar
d
p
r
o
jectiles
r
eq
u
ir
e
s
le
s
s
i
m
p
ac
t
en
er
g
y
a
n
d
ti
m
e
f
o
r
o
cc
u
r
r
en
ce
o
f
s
ca
b
b
in
g
in
co
n
cr
ete
tar
g
et.
On
t
h
e
o
t
h
er
h
a
n
d
s
m
all
d
ia
m
eter
o
f
f
lat
n
o
s
e
h
ar
d
p
r
o
j
ec
tiles
r
e
q
u
ir
es
m
o
r
e
i
m
p
ac
t
en
er
g
y
a
n
d
ti
m
e
f
o
r
o
cc
u
r
r
en
ce
o
f
s
ca
b
b
in
g
in
co
n
cr
ete
tar
g
et
as
co
m
p
ar
ed
to
th
e
lar
g
e
d
ia
m
eter
o
f
p
r
o
j
ec
tile.
I
n
ca
s
e
o
f
ea
r
l
y
s
ca
b
b
in
g
,
it
s
h
o
w
s
t
h
at
th
e
i
m
p
ac
t
e
n
er
g
y
is
in
v
er
s
el
y
p
r
o
p
o
r
tio
n
al
to
th
e
d
ia
m
eter
o
f
f
lat
n
o
s
e
h
ar
d
m
i
s
s
i
le.
Fig
u
r
e
9
.
T
h
e
s
i
m
u
la
tio
n
r
es
u
l
ts
o
f
ef
f
ec
t o
f
d
ia
m
eter
o
n
i
m
p
ac
t e
n
er
g
y
f
o
r
s
ca
b
b
in
g
at
1
0
0
m
/s
ec
Fig
u
r
e
1
0
.
T
h
e
s
i
m
u
latio
n
r
es
u
lts
o
f
ef
f
ec
t o
f
d
ia
m
eter
o
n
i
m
p
ac
t e
n
er
g
y
f
o
r
s
ca
b
b
in
g
at
7
2
m
/
s
ec
4
.
3
.
E
f
f
ec
t
o
f
Co
ncre
t
e
Sla
b
T
hi
c
kn
es
s
(
H
)
o
n
Crit
ica
l I
m
pa
ct
E
ne
rg
y
f
o
r
E
a
rly
Sca
bb
i
ng
Fig
u
r
e
1
1
.
T
h
e
s
i
m
u
latio
n
r
es
u
lts
o
f
ef
f
ec
t o
f
tar
g
et
th
ic
k
n
e
s
s
(
H)
o
n
i
m
p
ac
t e
n
er
g
y
f
o
r
s
ca
b
b
in
g
at
1
0
0
m
/s
ec
Fig
u
r
e
1
2
.
T
h
e
s
i
m
u
latio
n
r
es
u
lts
o
f
ef
f
ec
t o
f
tar
g
et
th
ic
k
n
e
s
s
(
H)
o
n
i
m
p
ac
t e
n
er
g
y
f
o
r
s
ca
b
b
in
g
at
7
2
m
/
s
ec
E
ffe
c
t
o
f
D
i
a
m
e
te
r
o
f
Pr
o
j
e
c
ti
l
e
o
n
I
m
p
a
c
t
E
n
e
r
g
y
fo
r
Sc
a
b
b
i
n
g
0
.
0
0
E
+
0
0
2
.
0
0
E
+
0
5
4
.
0
0
E
+
0
5
6
.
0
0
E
+
0
5
8
.
0
0
E
+
0
5
1
.
0
0
E
+
0
6
1
.
2
0
E
+
0
6
1
.
4
0
E
+
0
6
1
.
6
0
E
+
0
6
0
0
.
0
0
0
2
0
.
0
0
0
4
0
.
0
0
0
6
0
.
0
0
0
8
0
.
0
0
1
T
i
m
e
I
m
p
a
c
t
E
n
e
r
g
y
3
0
0
m
m
d
i
a
@
1
0
0
m
/
s
e
c
2
0
0
m
m
d
i
a
@
1
0
0
m
/
s
e
c
E
ffe
c
t
o
f
D
i
a
m
e
te
r
o
f
Pr
o
j
e
c
ti
l
e
o
n
I
m
p
a
c
t
E
n
e
r
g
y
fo
r
Sc
a
b
b
i
n
g
0
100000
200000
300000
400000
500000
600000
700000
0
0
.
0
0
0
1
0
.
0
0
0
2
0
.
0
0
0
3
0
.
0
0
0
4
0
.
0
0
0
5
0
.
0
0
0
6
0
.
0
0
0
7
T
i
m
e
I
m
p
a
c
t
E
n
e
r
g
y
3
0
0
m
m
d
i
a
@
7
2
m
/
s
e
c
2
0
0
m
m
d
i
a
@
7
2
m
/
s
e
c
E
f
f
e
c
t
o
f
T
a
r
g
e
t
T
h
i
c
k
n
e
s
s
(
H
)
o
n
I
m
p
a
c
t
E
n
e
r
g
y
f
o
r
S
c
a
b
b
i
n
g
0
.
0
0
E
+
0
0
2
.
0
0
E
+
0
5
4
.
0
0
E
+
0
5
6
.
0
0
E
+
0
5
8
.
0
0
E
+
0
5
1
.
0
0
E
+
0
6
1
.
2
0
E
+
0
6
1
.
4
0
E
+
0
6
1
.
6
0
E
+
0
6
0
0
.
0
0
0
1
0
.
0
0
0
2
0
.
0
0
0
3
0
.
0
0
0
4
0
.
0
0
0
5
0
.
0
0
0
6
0
.
0
0
0
7
0
.
0
0
0
8
0
.
0
0
0
9
Ti
m
e
I
m
pa
c
t
E
ne
r
gy
6
0
0
m
m
@
1
0
0
m
/
s
e
c
4
0
0
m
m
@
1
0
0
m
/
s
e
c
E
f
f
e
c
t
o
f
T
a
r
g
e
t
T
h
i
c
k
n
e
s
s
(
H
)
o
n
I
m
p
a
c
t
E
n
e
r
g
y
f
o
r
S
c
a
b
b
i
n
g
0
100000
200000
300000
400000
500000
600000
700000
0
0
.
0
0
0
1
0
.
0
0
0
2
0
.
0
0
0
3
0
.
0
0
0
4
0
.
0
0
0
5
0
.
0
0
0
6
0
.
0
0
0
7
Ti
m
e
I
m
pa
c
t
E
ne
r
gy
6
0
0
m
m
@
7
2
m
/
s
e
c
4
0
0
m
m
@
7
2
m
/
s
e
c
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
-
8814
IJ
AA
S
Vo
l.
3
,
No
.
3
,
Sep
tem
b
er
2
0
1
4
:
11
2
–
12
1
120
T
h
e
ef
f
ec
t
s
o
f
tar
g
et
t
h
ic
k
n
e
s
s
(
H)
o
f
co
n
cr
ete
al
s
o
h
a
v
e
i
n
f
lu
e
n
ce
o
n
i
m
p
ac
t
e
n
er
g
y
f
o
r
s
ca
b
b
in
g
.
B
y
m
ai
n
tai
n
i
n
g
a
ll
o
th
er
p
ar
am
eter
s
s
a
m
e,
t
w
o
s
i
m
u
la
tio
n
s
w
er
e
ca
r
r
ied
o
u
t
to
ex
p
lo
r
e
t
h
e
ef
f
ec
t
o
f
tar
g
et
th
ic
k
n
e
s
s
(
H)
o
f
6
0
0
m
m
a
n
d
4
0
0
m
m
o
f
p
r
o
j
ec
tile a
t
v
elo
cit
y
o
f
1
0
0
m
/
s
ec
,
an
d
7
2
m
/s
ec
r
es
p
ec
tiv
el
y
.
Fig
u
r
e
1
1
an
d
1
2
co
m
p
ar
e
th
e
s
i
m
u
lated
r
es
u
lts
o
f
tar
g
et
th
ic
k
n
e
s
s
(
H)
at
H
=
6
0
0
m
m
an
d
H
=
4
0
0
m
m
r
esp
ec
ti
v
el
y
.
I
t
w
as
o
b
s
er
v
ed
th
at
th
e
lo
w
er
co
n
cr
et
e
th
ic
k
n
ess
r
eq
u
ir
es
le
s
s
i
m
p
a
ct
en
er
g
y
a
n
d
ti
m
e
f
o
r
s
ca
b
b
in
g
o
f
co
n
cr
ete
tar
g
e
ts
as
co
m
p
ar
ed
to
h
i
g
h
er
tar
g
e
t
th
ic
k
n
es
s
.
I
t
co
n
cl
u
d
es
t
h
at
t
h
e
i
m
p
ac
t
e
n
er
g
y
i
s
d
ir
ec
tl
y
p
r
o
p
o
r
tio
n
al
to
th
e
th
ick
n
e
s
s
o
f
co
n
cr
ete
tar
g
et
(
H)
.
5.
CO
NCLU
SI
O
N
A
n
u
m
er
ical
s
i
m
u
latio
n
s
tu
d
y
w
as
co
n
d
u
cted
to
p
r
ed
ict
th
e
ea
r
l
y
s
tag
e
o
f
t
h
e
s
ca
b
b
in
g
o
cc
u
r
r
en
ce
ca
u
s
ed
b
y
t
h
e
r
ef
lecte
d
ten
s
il
e
w
a
v
e.
T
h
e
i
n
f
l
u
en
ce
o
f
t
h
e
r
elativ
e
tar
g
et
th
ick
n
es
s
(
H/
d
)
,
o
v
er
th
e
cr
itica
l
i
m
p
ac
t
en
er
g
ies
o
f
o
cc
u
r
r
en
c
e
s
ca
b
b
in
g
h
as
b
ee
n
e
x
p
lo
r
ed
b
y
co
m
p
ar
i
n
g
n
u
m
er
ical
s
i
m
u
latio
n
r
e
s
u
l
ts
w
it
h
w
ell
e
s
tab
lis
h
ed
f
o
r
m
u
lae
(
e.
g
:
UM
I
ST
,
NDRC
,
L
i
a
n
d
R
eid
)
an
d
w
it
h
e
x
p
er
i
m
e
n
tal
r
e
s
u
lt
s
.
Ge
n
er
all
y
,
t
h
e
n
u
m
er
ical
s
i
m
u
latio
n
p
r
o
d
u
ce
d
en
co
u
r
ag
i
n
g
p
r
ed
ictio
n
w
h
i
ch
is
co
n
s
is
te
n
t
a
n
d
f
o
llo
w
s
a
g
en
er
al
tr
en
d
o
f
ex
p
er
i
m
e
n
tal
r
es
u
lts
a
s
co
m
p
ar
ed
to
L
i
an
d
R
eid
,
UM
I
ST
an
d
NDRC
f
o
r
m
u
lae,
at
l
o
w
er
r
elativ
e
tar
g
et
th
ic
k
n
e
s
s
a
n
d
lo
w
i
m
p
ac
t
v
el
o
cit
y
.
T
h
e
ef
f
ec
t
o
f
f
lat
n
o
s
e
p
r
o
j
ec
tile
d
ia
m
eter
(
d
)
an
d
t
ar
g
et
t
h
ick
n
es
s
(
H)
w
er
e
in
v
es
tig
a
ted
;
it
w
as
f
o
u
n
d
th
at
th
e
g
r
ea
ter
d
iam
e
ter
o
f
f
lat
n
o
s
e
h
ar
d
p
r
o
j
ec
tiles
r
eq
u
ir
es
less
i
m
p
ac
t
en
er
g
y
f
o
r
o
cc
u
r
r
en
ce
o
f
s
ca
b
b
in
g
i
n
co
n
cr
ete
tar
g
et.
O
n
th
e
o
th
er
h
a
n
d
s
m
all
d
ia
m
ete
r
o
f
f
lat
n
o
s
e
h
ar
d
p
r
o
j
ec
tiles
r
eq
u
ir
es
m
o
r
e
i
m
p
ac
t
en
er
g
y
f
o
r
o
cc
u
r
r
en
ce
o
f
s
ca
b
b
in
g
i
n
co
n
cr
ete
tar
g
et
a
s
co
m
p
ar
ed
to
th
e
lar
g
e
d
ia
m
eter
o
f
p
r
o
j
ec
tile.
I
n
ca
s
e
o
f
e
f
f
ec
t
o
f
tar
g
et
t
h
i
ck
n
e
s
s
(
H)
co
n
cr
ete
r
esp
o
n
s
e
is
o
p
p
o
s
ite
to
th
e
ef
f
ec
t
o
f
f
lat
n
o
s
e
p
r
o
j
ec
tile
d
ia
m
eter
,
it
is
o
b
s
er
v
ed
t
h
at
t
h
e
lo
w
er
co
n
cr
ete
th
ick
n
es
s
r
eq
u
ir
es
les
s
i
m
p
ac
t
en
er
g
y
f
o
r
s
ca
b
b
in
g
o
f
co
n
cr
e
te
tar
g
ets
as
co
m
p
ar
ed
to
h
ig
h
er
tar
g
et
t
h
ic
k
n
e
s
s
.
I
t
ca
n
b
e
c
o
n
clu
d
ed
th
at
t
h
e
i
m
p
ac
t
en
er
g
y
is
d
ir
ec
tl
y
p
r
o
p
o
r
tio
n
al
to
th
e
th
ick
n
ess
o
f
co
n
cr
ete
tar
g
et
(
H)
,
an
d
in
v
er
s
el
y
p
r
o
p
o
r
tio
n
al
to
th
e
(
d
)
d
iam
eter
o
f
f
lat
n
o
s
e
h
ar
d
p
r
o
j
ec
tile.
ACK
NO
WL
E
D
G
E
M
E
NT
S
T
h
e
au
th
o
r
s
w
o
u
ld
li
k
e
to
t
h
a
n
k
Un
iv
er
s
it
y
T
u
n
H
u
s
s
ei
n
O
n
n
Ma
la
y
s
ia
(
UT
HM
)
f
o
r
s
u
p
p
o
r
tin
g
t
h
is
r
esear
ch
th
r
o
u
g
h
I
n
ter
n
a
tio
n
al
Stu
d
en
t
s
Sc
h
o
lar
s
h
ip
s
.
RE
F
E
R
E
NC
E
S
[1
]
Ho
p
k
in
so
n
D.
B.
,
“
A
M
e
th
o
d
f
o
r
m
e
a
su
rin
g
th
e
p
re
ss
u
re
in
th
e
d
e
to
n
a
ti
o
n
o
f
h
ig
h
e
x
p
lo
siv
e
o
r
b
y
i
m
p
a
c
t
o
f
b
u
ll
e
ts
,
”
P
h
il
.
T
ra
n
s.
Ro
y
.
S
o
c
.,
1
9
1
4
.
[2
]
Ku
m
a
r
S.
,
e
t
a
l.
,
“
El
a
stic
-
p
las
ti
c
a
n
a
l
y
sis
o
f
sc
a
b
b
in
g
in
m
a
teria
l
s
,
”
J
.
Fra
n
k
li
n
In
st
.,
1
9
5
8
,
V
o
l.
265
,
No
.
5
,
p
p
.
371
-
3
8
3
.
[3
]
Hw
a
n
g
S
.
Y.,
e
t
a
l
.
,
“
G
ra
p
h
ica
l
a
n
a
ly
sis
o
f
th
e
f
o
rm
a
ti
o
n
o
f
sh
o
c
k
f
ro
n
ts
in
m
a
teria
ls
,
”
J
.
M
e
c
h
.
Ph
y
s.
S
o
l
id
s,
1
9
6
0
,
V
o
l
.
8
,
p
p
.
52
-
6
5
.
[4
]
Hu
g
h
e
s
G.
“
Ha
rd
m
issile i
m
p
a
c
t
o
n
re
i
n
f
o
rc
e
d
c
o
n
c
re
te
,
”
J
.
Nu
c
.
E
n
g
.
De
s
.
,
1
9
8
4
,
V
o
l.
7
7
,
p
p
.
2
3
–
3
5
.
[5
]
Din
ic
G.
,
e
t
a
l
.
,
“
S
h
e
a
r
p
lu
g
f
o
rm
a
ti
o
n
in
c
o
n
c
re
te
sla
b
s
su
b
jec
ted
to
h
a
rd
im
p
a
c
t
,
”
J
.
En
g
.
Fra
c
.
M
e
c
h
.,
1
9
9
0
,
V
o
l
.
35
,
N
o
.
1
-
3
,
p
p
.
3
4
3
-
3
5
0
.
[6
]
Ko
ji
m
a
I.
,
“
A
n
e
x
p
e
rime
n
tal
stu
d
y
o
n
lo
c
a
l
b
e
h
a
v
io
u
r
o
f
re
in
f
o
rc
e
d
c
o
n
c
re
te
sla
b
s
to
m
issile
i
m
p
a
c
t
,
”
J
.
Nu
c
.
En
g
.
De
s.
,
1
9
9
1
,
Vo
l.
1
3
0
,
p
p
.
1
2
1
–
1
3
2
.
[7
]
S
u
g
a
n
o
T
.
,
e
t
a
l.
,
“
L
o
c
a
l
d
a
m
a
g
e
to
re
n
f
o
rc
e
d
c
o
n
c
re
te
stru
c
tu
re
s
c
a
u
se
d
b
y
i
m
p
a
c
t
o
f
a
ir
c
ra
f
t
e
n
g
in
e
m
iss
il
e
s
P
a
rt
1
.
T
e
st p
ro
g
ra
m
,
m
e
th
o
d
a
n
d
re
su
lt
s
,
”
Nu
c
.
E
n
g
.
De
s.
,
1
9
9
3
,
Vo
l.
1
4
0
,
p
p
.
3
8
7
-
4
0
5
.
[8
]
S
tep
h
e
n
s
o
n
A
.
E.
,
e
t
a
l
.,
“
F
u
ll
sc
a
le t
o
rn
a
d
o
-
m
issile im
p
a
c
t
tes
t
,
”
Nu
c
l.
E
n
g
.
De
s.
,
1
9
7
8
,
V
o
l.
4
6
,
p
p
.
1
2
3
-
1
4
3
.
[9
]
Ku
sa
n
o
N.,
e
t
a
l
.
,
“
I
m
p
u
lsiv
e
lo
c
a
l
d
a
m
a
g
e
a
n
a
l
y
se
s
o
f
c
o
n
c
re
te
st
ru
c
tu
re
b
y
th
e
d
isti
n
c
t
e
lem
e
n
t
m
e
th
o
d
,
”
J
.
Nu
c
.
En
g
.
De
s.
,
1
9
9
2
,
Vo
l.
1
3
8
,
p
p
.
105
-
1
1
0
.
[1
0
]
M
a
g
n
ier
S
.
A.
,
e
t
a
l
.
,
“
Nu
m
e
rica
l
si
m
u
latio
n
s
o
f
i
m
p
a
c
ts
u
sin
g
a
d
isc
re
te
e
l
e
m
e
n
t
m
e
th
o
d
,
”
J
.
M
e
c
h
.
Co
h
e
s
-
Frict.
M
a
ter
.
,
1
9
9
8
,
V
o
l
.
3
,
p
p
.
2
5
7
-
2
7
6
.
[1
1
]
L
e
p
p
a
n
e
n
J.
,
“
Co
n
c
re
te
su
b
jec
ted
to
p
ro
jec
ti
le
a
n
d
f
ra
g
m
e
n
t
i
m
p
a
c
ts:
M
o
d
e
ll
in
g
o
f
c
ra
c
k
so
f
ten
in
g
a
n
d
stra
in
ra
te
d
e
p
e
n
d
e
n
c
y
in
ten
sio
n
,
”
In
t.
J
.
Im
p
a
c
t
E
n
g
.
,
2
0
0
6
,
Vo
l.
3
2
,
p
p
.
1
8
2
8
-
1
8
4
1
.
[1
2
]
Ra
h
m
a
n
I.
A
.
,
e
t
a
l
.,
“
S
im
u
latio
n
S
tu
d
y
o
n
Eff
e
c
t
o
f
d
ia
m
e
ter
a
n
d
CRH
Ra
ti
o
o
f
Og
i
v
e
No
se
H
a
rd
M
issile
o
n
Re
q
u
ired
Cr
it
ica
l
Im
p
a
c
t
En
e
rg
y
f
o
r
P
e
n
e
trati
o
n
o
f
Co
n
c
re
te
T
a
r
g
e
ts
,
”
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
I
n
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
Rev
iew
o
n
mo
d
e
ll
i
n
g
a
n
d
S
imu
l
a
ti
o
n
s (
IRE
M
OS
)
,
2
0
1
1
,
V
o
l
.
4
,
No
.
3
,
p
p
.
1
3
7
3
-
1
3
8
1
.
[1
3
]
Ra
h
m
a
n
I.
A
.
A
.
,
e
t
a
l
.
,
“
Em
p
ir
ic
a
l
F
o
rm
u
la
P
re
d
ictio
n
o
n
Crit
i
c
a
l
I
m
p
a
c
t
En
e
rg
y
f
o
r
S
c
a
b
b
in
g
P
h
e
n
o
m
e
n
a
o
n
Co
n
c
re
te S
tru
c
t
u
re
s
,
”
Ap
p
li
e
d
Ph
y
sic
s R
e
se
a
rc
h
AP
R
,
2
0
1
0
,
V
o
l.
2
,
No
.
2
,
p
p
.
1
9
2
–
1
9
7
.
[1
4
]
Im
r
a
n
L
a
ti
f
Q.
B.
A
.
,
e
t
a
l.
,
“
Im
p
a
c
t
En
e
rg
y
f
o
r
L
o
c
a
l
Da
m
a
g
e
o
f
Ha
rd
P
ro
jec
ti
le
o
n
Co
n
c
re
te
S
l
a
b
(
P
e
n
e
tratio
n
,
S
c
a
b
b
in
g
a
n
d
P
e
rf
o
ra
ti
o
n
o
f
Co
n
c
re
te
S
lab
–
Im
p
a
c
t
En
g
in
e
e
rin
g
)
,
”
M
o
n
o
g
ra
m
b
o
o
k
,
L
a
p
L
a
m
b
e
rt
P
u
b
li
sh
e
r
,
2
0
1
2
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IJ
AA
S
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8814
C
r
itica
l I
mp
a
ct
E
n
erg
y
o
f F
la
t
N
o
s
e
Ha
r
d
P
r
o
jectile
C
a
u
s
in
g
E
a
r
ly…
(
Qa
d
ir
B
u
x
a
lia
s
I
mra
n
La
tif
)
121
[1
5
]
Ke
n
n
e
d
y
R.
P
.
,
“
A
re
v
ie
w
o
f
p
ro
c
e
d
u
re
s
f
o
r
th
e
a
n
a
l
y
sis
a
n
d
d
e
sig
n
o
f
c
o
n
c
re
te
stru
c
tu
re
s
to
re
sist
m
i
ss
il
e
i
m
p
a
c
t
e
ffe
c
ts
,
”
J.
Nu
c
.
En
g
.
De
s.
,
1
9
7
6
,
V
o
l
.
3
7
,
p
p
.
1
8
3
-
2
0
3
.
[1
6
]
L
e
p
p
a
n
e
n
J.,
“
C
o
n
c
re
te
S
tr
u
c
tu
re
s
S
u
b
jec
ted
t
o
F
ra
g
m
e
n
t
Im
p
a
c
ts
(D
y
n
a
m
ic
Be
h
a
v
io
u
r
a
n
d
M
a
teria
l
M
o
d
e
ll
i
n
g
)
,
”
T
h
e
sis
f
o
r
Do
c
to
r
o
f
P
h
il
o
s
o
p
h
y
,
D
e
p
a
rt
m
e
n
t
o
f
S
tru
c
tu
ra
l
En
g
in
e
e
rin
g
a
n
d
M
e
c
h
a
n
ics
Co
n
c
r
e
te
S
tru
c
tu
re
s,
Ch
a
lm
e
rs Un
iv
e
rsit
y
o
f
T
e
c
h
n
o
lo
g
y
,
2
0
0
4
.
[1
7
]
Ba
in
b
ri
d
g
e
P
.
,
“
W
o
rld
Im
p
a
c
t
Da
ta
–
S
.
R.
D
.,”
Im
p
a
c
t
Da
tab
a
se
V
e
rsio
n
P
re
3
i,
1
9
8
8
.
[1
8
]
Li
Q.
M
.
,
e
t
a
l
.
,
“
Crit
ica
l
im
p
a
c
t
e
n
e
rg
ies
f
o
r
sc
a
b
b
in
g
a
n
d
p
e
rf
o
ra
ti
o
n
o
f
c
o
n
c
re
te
targ
e
t,
”
J
.
Nu
c
.
E
n
g
.
De
s.
,
2
0
0
6
,
V
o
l
.
2
3
6
,
p
p
.
1
1
4
0
-
1
1
4
8
.
[1
9
]
Hib
b
it
t
,
e
t
a
l
.
,
“
I
n
c
.
A
BAQ
US/
EXP
L
ICIT
On
li
n
e
Us
e
r’s M
a
n
u
a
l
,”
V
e
rsio
n
6
.
4
.
,
2
0
0
5
.
B
I
O
G
RAP
H
I
E
S
O
F
AUTH
O
RS
Dr
.
Q
a
d
ir
B
u
x
a
li
a
s
I
m
r
a
n
L
a
tif
w
a
s
b
o
rn
a
t
Na
w
a
b
sh
a
h
,
o
n
0
8
t
h
o
f
Oc
to
b
e
r
1
9
8
2
.
He
d
id
h
is
b
a
c
h
e
lo
r
d
e
g
re
e
in
Civ
il
E
n
g
in
e
e
rin
g
f
ro
m
Qu
a
id
-
e
-
Aw
a
m
Un
iv
e
rsit
y
o
f
En
g
in
e
e
rin
g
S
c
ien
c
e
a
n
d
T
e
c
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
(QU
ES
T
,
Na
w
a
b
sh
a
h
,
S
i
n
d
h
,
P
a
k
istan
(
2
0
0
4
)
,
a
n
d
c
o
m
p
lete
d
h
is
P
h
D
i
n
Civ
il
En
g
in
e
e
rin
g
a
t
T
h
e
Un
iv
e
rsit
y
Tu
n
Hu
ss
e
in
On
n
M
a
lay
sia
(UTH
M
)
(2
0
1
2
)
.
He
w
o
rk
e
d
w
it
h
P
riv
a
te
E
n
g
in
e
e
rin
g
Co
n
su
lt
a
n
t
f
ir
m
s
f
o
r
F
o
u
r
(
4
)
y
e
a
rs.
Cu
rre
n
tl
y
w
o
rk
in
g
a
s
A
s
sista
n
t
P
r
o
f
e
ss
o
r
a
t
Un
iv
e
rsity
o
f
Bu
ra
im
i
(u
o
b
)
Om
a
n
.
T
h
e
re
se
a
r
c
h
in
tere
st
is
in
P
r
o
tec
ti
v
e
T
e
c
h
n
o
lo
g
y
,
I
m
p
a
c
t
En
g
in
e
e
rin
g
,
M
o
d
e
ll
in
g
a
n
d
S
im
u
latio
n
,
S
tru
c
tu
ra
l
Dy
n
a
m
ic
s,
F
EA
,
S
u
sta
in
a
b
le
En
g
i
n
e
e
ri
n
g
.
He
is
a
n
a
c
ti
v
e
re
se
a
rc
h
e
r
a
n
d
h
a
s
p
ro
d
u
c
e
d
o
v
e
r
1
2
tec
h
n
ica
l
p
a
p
e
rs
d
u
ri
n
g
P
h
D.
Dr.
Qa
d
ir
B
u
x
a
li
a
s
I
m
ra
n
Latif
h
a
s
p
ro
fe
ss
io
n
a
l
m
e
m
b
e
rsh
ip
w
it
h
P
a
k
istan
En
g
in
e
e
rin
g
Co
u
n
c
il
(
P
EC)
a
n
d
w
it
h
In
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
A
ss
o
c
iat
io
n
o
f
En
g
in
e
e
rs
(IA
EN
G).
In
tern
a
ti
o
n
a
l
A
ss
o
c
iatio
n
o
f
P
r
o
te
c
ti
v
e
S
tru
c
tu
re
s (IA
P
S
)
As
so
c
.
Pro
f.
Dr
.
Ali
Al
M
u
a
i
m
i
is
a
n
As
so
c
iate
P
ro
f
e
ss
o
r
in
De
p
a
rtm
e
n
t
o
f
Civ
il
a
n
d
A
rc
h
it
e
c
tu
ra
l
En
g
in
e
e
rin
g
,
a
t
S
u
lt
a
n
Qa
b
o
o
s
Un
iv
e
rsty
,
O
m
a
n
.
He
o
b
tai
n
e
d
h
is
P
h
D
f
ro
m
G
las
g
o
w
Un
iv
e
rsit
y
UK
,
h
is
M
S
c
.
a
n
d
B
En
g
.
(Civ
il
)
f
ro
m
th
e
Un
iv
e
rsit
y
o
f
S
o
u
th
e
r
n
Ca
li
f
o
rn
ia
USA
.
Pro
f.
Dr
.
Ahm
e
d
J
a
m
r
a
h
is
a
n
De
a
n
o
f
Co
ll
e
g
e
o
f
En
g
in
e
e
rin
g
a
t
Un
iv
e
rsity
o
f
Bu
ra
im
i
(u
o
b
)
O
m
a
n
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.