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Stu
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p
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p
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b
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m
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it
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d
en
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cr
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th
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p
r
o
b
lem
s
m
o
r
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ef
f
ec
ti
v
el
y
[
1
]
.
Fu
r
t
h
er
m
o
r
e,
it
is
s
aid
th
at
f
o
r
s
tu
d
en
t
s
to
h
a
v
e
k
n
o
w
led
g
e
o
r
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
is
n
o
t
en
o
u
g
h
to
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ab
le
to
s
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lv
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p
r
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b
lem
s
a
n
d
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m
ak
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d
ec
is
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li
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e.
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h
u
s
,
th
e
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
r
eq
u
ir
e
cr
itical
t
h
i
n
k
in
g
s
k
il
ls
.
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ll
co
lle
g
e
g
r
ad
u
ates
ar
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ex
p
ec
ted
to
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o
m
e
cr
itica
l
th
i
n
k
er
s
,
w
h
o
ca
n
m
a
k
e
co
m
p
lex
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ec
is
io
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s
q
u
ick
l
y
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ac
t
et
h
icall
y
,
r
esp
ec
t
o
th
er
p
eo
p
le’
s
id
ea
s
,
an
d
ad
ap
t
to
ch
an
g
es
[
2
]
.
T
h
is
s
itu
a
tio
n
s
h
o
w
s
t
h
at
h
a
v
i
n
g
cr
i
tical
th
i
n
k
in
g
s
k
ill
s
is
n
ec
e
s
s
ar
y
f
o
r
s
t
u
d
en
ts
to
f
a
ce
th
e
c
h
alle
n
g
e
s
o
f
t
h
e
2
1
s
t
ce
n
tu
r
y
.
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h
er
ef
o
r
e,
s
t
u
d
en
t
s
n
ee
d
to
b
e
eq
u
ip
p
ed
w
it
h
cr
itical
t
h
i
n
k
in
g
s
k
ill
s
in
th
eir
lear
n
i
n
g
ac
tiv
it
y
.
C
r
itical
t
h
i
n
k
in
g
is
a
co
m
p
l
ex
co
n
ce
p
t
co
n
s
i
s
ti
n
g
o
f
m
u
lti
-
d
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m
e
n
s
io
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a
l
co
n
s
tr
u
ct
io
n
s
in
v
o
lv
i
n
g
co
g
n
iti
v
e
s
k
ills
a
n
d
a
f
f
ec
tiv
e
d
is
p
o
s
itio
n
s
.
C
r
itical
t
h
i
n
k
in
g
is
a
co
m
p
le
x
co
n
ce
p
t
i
n
cl
u
d
in
g
co
m
p
le
x
ac
ti
v
it
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an
d
m
e
n
tal
p
r
o
ce
s
s
es
w
h
ic
h
ar
e
n
o
t
ea
s
y
to
b
e
d
escr
ib
ed
an
d
m
ea
s
u
r
ed
[
3
]
.
So
m
e
e
x
p
er
ts
alr
ea
d
y
d
ef
in
ed
t
h
e
cr
itical
th
i
n
k
i
n
g
.
C
r
itical
t
h
i
n
k
in
g
i
s
t
h
e
ab
ilit
y
to
g
iv
e
a
r
ea
s
o
n
i
n
an
o
r
g
an
ized
w
a
y
a
n
d
to
ev
al
u
ate
t
h
e
q
u
alit
y
o
f
a
r
ea
s
o
n
s
y
s
te
m
a
tic
all
y
.
C
r
itical
t
h
i
n
k
i
n
g
i
s
t
h
e
a
b
ilit
y
to
a
n
al
y
ze
an
d
e
v
al
u
ate
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
,
r
aise
i
m
p
o
r
tan
t
q
u
es
tio
n
s
,
f
o
r
m
u
lat
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p
r
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b
lem
s
clea
r
l
y
,
g
at
h
er
an
d
ass
ess
r
elev
a
n
t
in
f
o
r
m
a
tio
n
,
u
s
e
ab
s
tr
ac
t
id
ea
s
,
th
i
n
k
o
p
en
l
y
,
an
d
co
m
m
u
n
ica
te
ef
f
ec
ti
v
el
y
w
i
th
o
t
h
er
p
eo
p
le
[
4
]
.
C
r
itical
th
in
k
i
n
g
as
t
h
e
k
in
d
o
f
t
h
i
n
k
in
g
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
J
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R
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2252
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8822
S
tu
d
en
ts
'
C
r
itica
l Th
in
kin
g
I
m
p
r
o
ve
men
t Th
r
o
u
g
h
P
DE
ODE
a
n
d
S
TAD
.
.
.
.
(
Ta
b
ith
a
S
r
i H
a
r
ta
ti
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.
)
111
in
v
o
l
v
ed
in
s
o
l
v
i
n
g
p
r
o
b
le
m
s
,
d
r
aw
i
n
g
co
n
cl
u
s
io
n
s
,
ca
lcu
la
tin
g
th
e
p
o
s
s
ib
ilit
ies
an
d
m
ak
in
g
a
d
ec
is
io
n
[
5
]
.
Fu
r
t
h
er
m
o
r
e,
it
is
s
aid
t
h
at
t
h
e
cr
itical
t
h
i
n
k
i
n
g
i
n
cl
u
d
es
a
s
i
m
p
le
e
x
p
lan
atio
n
,
b
u
i
ld
in
g
b
a
s
ic
s
k
ill
s
,
m
a
k
in
g
a
co
n
clu
s
io
n
,
g
iv
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n
g
m
o
r
e
ex
p
l
an
atio
n
,
a
n
d
s
etti
n
g
s
tr
ateg
ie
s
an
d
tactics.
A
cc
o
r
d
in
g
to
B
lo
o
m
'
s
ta
x
o
n
o
m
y
,
cr
itical
th
i
n
k
in
g
o
cc
u
r
s
w
h
e
n
s
tu
d
en
t
s
ca
n
p
er
f
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at
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h
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le
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al
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s
y
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th
e
s
izi
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d
ev
al
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ati
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[
4
].
C
r
itical
t
h
i
n
k
in
g
s
k
ills
m
u
s
t
b
e
g
iv
e
n
to
s
t
u
d
en
t
s
.
L
ec
t
u
r
er
s
,
as
o
n
e
c
o
m
p
o
n
en
t
o
f
th
e
e
d
u
c
a
ti
o
n
p
r
o
v
i
d
e
r
a
t
th
e
u
n
iv
e
r
s
i
ty
l
ev
e
l
,
a
r
e
r
e
s
p
o
n
s
i
b
l
e
f
o
r
e
q
u
i
p
p
in
g
th
e
u
n
i
v
e
r
s
ity
g
r
a
d
u
a
te
s
w
i
t
h
c
r
i
t
i
ca
l
th
in
k
in
g
s
k
i
l
ls
[
6
].
I
t
i
s
ess
e
n
tia
l
th
a
t
cr
itical
th
in
k
i
n
g
s
k
ill
s
s
h
o
u
ld
b
e
tau
g
h
t
in
s
ch
o
o
l
b
ec
au
s
e
t
h
es
e
s
k
il
ls
ar
e
n
ee
d
ed
b
y
s
t
u
d
en
t
s
to
b
e
s
u
cc
es
s
f
u
l
in
th
eir
li
v
es
[
7
]
.
T
h
u
s
,
it
i
s
n
ec
ess
ar
y
to
h
a
v
e
a
lear
n
i
n
g
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
th
a
t
e
q
u
i
p
s
th
e
s
tu
d
en
ts
w
ith
c
r
it
i
c
al
th
i
n
k
i
n
g
s
k
i
ll
s
.
T
h
u
s
,
t
h
e
co
m
p
o
n
e
n
t
s
o
f
cr
itica
l
t
h
in
k
i
n
g
s
h
o
u
ld
b
e
p
r
esen
t
i
n
t
h
e
lear
n
in
g
p
r
o
ce
s
s
,
i
n
a
n
e
f
f
o
r
t
t
o
eq
u
ip
t
h
e
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
w
it
h
cr
iti
ca
l
th
in
k
i
n
g
s
k
ill
s
.
A
s
u
r
v
e
y
i
n
2
0
1
3
o
n
lear
n
in
g
ac
tiv
itie
s
co
n
d
u
cted
b
y
lectu
r
e
r
s
in
B
io
lo
g
y
E
d
u
ca
tio
n
St
u
d
y
P
r
o
g
r
a
m
o
f
Un
ir
o
w
T
u
b
an
,
E
ast
J
av
a,
I
n
d
o
n
esia
s
h
o
w
ed
t
h
a
t
6
.
7
%
o
f
lect
u
r
er
s
s
tated
6
s
t
u
d
en
ts
s
till
h
ad
d
i
f
f
ic
u
lt
y
i
n
u
s
i
n
g
t
h
eir
cr
itical
t
h
in
k
i
n
g
s
k
ill
s
,
a
n
d
8
3
.
3
%
o
f
lectu
r
er
s
ex
p
r
es
s
ed
t
h
at
i
n
t
h
e
lear
n
i
n
g
p
r
o
ce
s
s
t
h
e
s
t
u
d
en
t
s
d
id
n
o
t
d
o
m
in
a
te
t
h
e
lear
n
i
n
g
ac
ti
v
itie
s
[
6
]
.
T
h
is
s
u
g
g
e
s
ted
th
a
t
th
e
s
t
u
d
en
t
s
’
c
r
itica
l
th
i
n
k
i
n
g
s
k
i
lls
h
ad
n
o
t
b
ee
n
o
p
ti
m
al
l
y
e
m
p
o
w
er
ed
.
Mo
s
t
o
f
t
h
e
lear
n
in
g
ac
t
iv
i
ties
w
er
e
s
ti
ll
te
ac
h
er
-
ce
n
ter
ed
.
T
h
e
lear
n
i
n
g
ac
tiv
itie
s
w
h
ic
h
s
till
ce
n
ter
o
n
th
e
teac
h
er
s
o
r
th
e
lectu
r
er
s
ca
n
n
o
t
d
ev
elo
p
th
e
s
tu
d
en
t
s
’
t
h
i
n
k
in
g
s
k
ills
.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e,
it
w
as
r
eq
u
ir
ed
to
m
a
k
e
a
b
r
ea
k
th
r
o
u
g
h
o
n
th
e
lear
n
i
n
g
ac
tiv
ities
w
h
ic
h
e
m
p
h
a
s
ized
o
n
th
e
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
’
cr
i
tical
th
i
n
k
in
g
s
k
ill
s
.
Stu
d
e
n
ts
’
th
i
n
k
i
n
g
ca
n
b
e
i
m
p
r
o
v
ed
b
y
u
s
i
n
g
lear
n
in
g
[
8
]
.
T
h
e
d
ev
elo
p
m
e
n
t
o
f
cr
itica
l
th
in
k
i
n
g
s
k
il
ls
i
s
b
est
d
o
n
e
i
n
r
elatio
n
to
th
e
p
ar
ticu
lar
co
n
ten
t
o
r
w
it
h
i
n
a
k
n
o
w
led
g
e
d
o
m
ai
n
[
2
]
.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e,
th
e
teac
h
i
n
g
o
f
cr
itical
t
h
i
n
k
in
g
s
k
il
l
s
h
o
u
ld
b
e
in
teg
r
ated
i
n
t
o
th
e
m
a
ter
ial
o
f
all
s
t
u
d
y
p
r
o
g
r
a
m
s
i
n
v
ar
io
u
s
d
is
cip
lin
es.
An
y
teac
h
i
n
g
m
et
h
o
d
s
th
at
tr
ai
n
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
to
th
in
k
cr
iticall
y
,
cr
ea
t
i
v
el
y
,
a
n
d
s
y
s
te
m
atica
l
l
y
n
ee
d
to
b
e
u
s
ed
b
y
lectu
r
er
s
eit
h
er
s
i
m
u
lta
n
eo
u
s
l
y
o
r
in
te
g
r
ated
in
to
a
lear
n
in
g
s
u
b
j
ec
t [
9
]
.
On
e
o
f
lear
n
in
g
s
u
b
j
ec
ts
in
B
io
lo
g
y
E
d
u
ca
tio
n
St
u
d
y
P
r
o
g
r
a
m
in
th
e
Un
i
v
er
s
i
t
y
o
f
P
GR
I
R
o
n
g
g
o
la
w
e
T
u
b
an
,
E
ast
J
av
a,
I
n
d
o
n
es
ia
is
th
e
Nu
tr
itio
n
an
d
Hea
lt
h
.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e,
cr
itical
th
in
k
i
n
g
s
k
ills
e
m
p
o
w
er
m
en
t n
ee
d
s
to
b
e
d
o
n
e
in
t
h
is
lear
n
in
g
.
T
h
e
im
p
le
m
e
n
tatio
n
o
f
cr
itical
th
i
n
k
i
n
g
n
ee
d
s
to
b
e
ac
h
iev
ed
th
r
o
u
g
h
lear
n
i
n
g
s
tr
ateg
ie
s
.
L
ea
r
n
i
n
g
to
d
ev
elo
p
th
e
em
p
o
w
er
m
e
n
t
o
f
cr
itical
th
i
n
k
i
n
g
s
k
ills
c
an
b
e
ac
h
iev
ed
th
r
o
u
g
h
co
n
s
tr
u
cti
v
i
s
t
lear
n
i
n
g
s
tr
ateg
ie
s
,
o
n
e
o
f
w
h
ich
i
s
co
o
p
era
tive
lea
r
n
in
g
[1
0
]
.
C
o
o
p
er
ativ
e
lear
n
in
g
is
a
p
ed
ag
o
g
ic
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
to
en
co
u
r
ag
e
cr
itica
l
th
i
n
k
i
n
g
an
d
ca
n
b
e
ef
f
ec
ti
v
el
y
u
s
ed
in
lectu
r
e
s
[
4
]
.
C
o
n
s
tr
u
ct
iv
is
t
lear
n
i
n
g
p
lace
s
e
m
p
h
a
s
is
o
n
th
e
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
f
i
n
d
in
g
i
n
f
o
r
m
atio
n
an
d
b
u
ild
i
n
g
th
e
ir
o
w
n
k
n
o
w
led
g
e
b
y
th
e
m
s
el
v
es,
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
r
esu
lt
s
o
f
t
h
eir
f
i
n
d
in
g
s
,
an
d
t
h
eir
p
r
ev
io
u
s
ex
p
er
ien
ce
.
T
h
i
s
i
s
co
n
s
is
ten
t
w
it
h
th
e
co
n
s
tr
u
cti
v
is
t
t
h
eo
r
y
t
h
at
p
r
io
r
itizes
n
e
w
k
n
o
w
led
g
e
b
u
ilt
o
n
p
r
io
r
k
n
o
w
led
g
e.
F
u
r
th
er
m
o
r
e,
t
h
is
t
h
eo
r
y
e
x
p
lai
n
s
t
h
at
t
h
e
lear
n
i
n
g
p
r
o
ce
s
s
al
w
a
y
s
co
n
n
ec
t
s
th
e
p
r
io
r
k
n
o
w
led
g
e
w
it
h
th
e
m
at
er
ial
b
ein
g
lear
n
ed
[1
1
]
.
J
o
h
n
De
w
e
y
f
o
u
n
d
th
a
t
r
ea
l
lear
n
in
g
co
m
es
f
r
o
m
e
x
p
er
ien
ce
s
o
th
at
k
n
o
w
led
g
e
is
g
a
in
ed
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
atio
n
o
f
ex
p
er
ien
ce
[1
2
]
.
I
n
co
n
s
tr
u
cti
v
is
t
lear
n
i
n
g
,
th
e
lectu
r
er
ac
ts
a
s
a
f
ac
ilit
ato
r
wh
o
g
u
id
es
a
n
d
d
ir
ec
ts
s
t
u
d
en
t
s
to
co
n
s
tr
u
ct
t
h
eir
o
w
n
k
n
o
w
led
g
e.
T
h
e
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
w
i
ll
b
ec
o
m
e
ac
ti
v
e
i
n
lear
n
i
n
g
,
t
h
e
y
w
il
l
b
e
s
o
ciall
y
co
ll
ab
o
r
ativ
e,
an
d
th
e
y
co
o
p
er
ate
w
ith
pe
er
s
s
o
th
at
th
e
y
g
ai
n
a
d
ee
p
er
u
n
d
er
s
ta
n
d
in
g
o
f
t
h
e
k
n
o
w
led
g
e.
T
h
i
s
s
u
g
g
e
s
ts
th
a
t
t
h
e
lear
n
in
g
b
ec
o
m
es
s
t
u
d
en
ts
-
ce
n
ter
ed
.
C
r
itical
th
i
n
k
i
n
g
s
k
ill
s
ca
n
b
e
d
ev
elo
p
ed
th
r
o
u
g
h
s
t
u
d
en
t
-
ce
n
ter
ed
lear
n
in
g
[1
3
]
.
I
n
th
is
le
ar
n
in
g
,
th
e
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
w
il
l
r
elate
th
eir
k
n
o
w
led
g
e
w
it
h
th
eir
ev
er
y
d
a
y
li
f
e.
T
h
is
lear
n
i
n
g
i
s
ca
lled
as
co
n
tex
t
u
al
lear
n
in
g
.
C
o
n
te
x
t
u
al
lear
n
i
n
g
i
s
ap
p
r
o
p
r
iate
to
b
e
im
p
le
m
e
n
ted
in
th
e
s
u
b
j
ec
t
o
f
Nu
tr
itio
n
an
d
Hea
lth
b
ec
au
s
e
th
i
s
co
u
r
s
e
co
n
tai
n
s
co
n
ce
p
ts
r
ela
ted
to
ev
er
y
d
a
y
li
f
e.
C
o
n
te
x
t
u
al
lear
n
in
g
i
s
ab
le
to
d
ev
e
lo
p
s
tu
d
en
ts
'
cr
itica
l
th
i
n
k
i
n
g
s
k
ill
s
,
b
y
r
elatin
g
t
h
e
m
ater
ial
lear
n
ed
i
n
th
e
s
ch
o
o
l
w
it
h
t
h
e
co
n
te
x
t o
f
e
v
er
y
d
a
y
l
i
f
e
[1
4
].
On
e
o
f
t
h
e
lear
n
i
n
g
s
tr
ate
g
ies
u
s
i
n
g
th
e
co
n
s
tr
u
c
tiv
is
t
lear
n
i
n
g
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
is
P
r
ed
ict
-
Di
s
cu
s
s
-
E
xp
la
in
-
Ob
s
erve
-
Dis
cu
s
s
-
E
xp
la
in
(
P
DE
ODE
)
.
T
h
e
P
r
ed
ict
-
Dis
cu
s
s
-
E
xp
la
in
-
Ob
s
erve
-
Dis
cu
s
s
-
E
xp
la
in
(
P
DE
ODE
)
s
tr
ateg
y
w
a
s
f
ir
s
t
in
tr
o
d
u
ce
d
b
y
Sav
an
d
e
r
-
R
an
n
e
an
d
K
o
la
r
i
in
2
0
0
3
,
an
d
w
as
a
m
o
d
if
ic
a
tio
n
o
f
th
e
P
r
ed
ict
-
Ob
s
erve
-
E
xp
la
in
(
P
OE
)
s
tr
ate
g
y
[
1
2
]
.
T
h
e
m
o
d
if
icat
io
n
o
f
P
DE
ODE
c
o
n
s
is
t
s
o
f
ad
d
it
io
n
al
le
ar
n
in
g
a
ctiv
it
ies
th
at
c
r
e
at
e
an
atm
o
s
p
h
e
r
e
th
at
s
u
p
p
o
r
ts
d
is
cu
s
s
i
o
n
,
an
d
t
h
e
ex
is
t
en
ce
o
f
a
d
iv
e
r
s
ity
o
f
v
iew
p
o
in
ts
[1
1
].
P
DE
O
DE
h
as
s
ix
s
te
p
s
m
ad
e
u
p
o
f
co
m
p
o
n
en
ts
th
at
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
cr
i
tic
al
th
in
k
in
g
in
lea
r
n
in
g
,
n
a
m
e
l
y
,
P
r
ed
ictin
g
(
P
)
,
D
is
cu
s
s
in
g
(
D
)
,
E
x
p
la
in
in
g
(
E
)
,
O
b
s
er
v
in
g
(
O
)
D
is
cu
s
s
i
n
g
(
D)
,
E
x
p
la
in
in
g
(
E
)
.
T
h
e
r
o
le
o
f
th
e
le
ctu
r
e
r
in
th
e
P
D
E
OD
E
s
t
r
at
eg
y
is
to
ch
allen
g
e
th
e
s
tu
d
en
ts
an
d
t
o
o
r
g
an
ize
th
e
d
is
cu
s
s
i
o
n
.
I
n
ad
d
i
ti
o
n
,
th
e
le
ctu
r
er
als
o
ask
s
q
u
es
ti
o
n
s
t
o
in
v
est
ig
at
e
a
n
d
en
s
u
r
e
th
at
th
e
s
tu
d
en
ts
m
ak
e
th
ei
r
o
b
s
e
r
v
ati
o
n
s
ca
r
ef
u
lly
an
d
p
r
o
p
e
r
ly
,
an
d
to
tr
y
to
en
s
u
r
e
th
at
th
e
t
ar
g
e
t
ed
c
o
n
ce
p
ts
h
av
e
b
ee
n
a
ch
iev
ed
[1
1
].
T
h
e
P
DE
ODE
s
tr
ateg
y
i
s
an
i
m
p
o
r
tan
t
s
tr
ateg
y
b
ec
a
u
s
e
it
ca
n
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
th
e
d
is
cu
s
s
io
n
a
n
d
th
e
d
iv
er
s
it
y
o
f
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
’
p
er
s
p
ec
tiv
es,
s
o
th
at
it
ca
n
h
elp
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
m
a
k
e
s
e
n
s
e
o
f
th
e
e
x
p
er
ien
ce
o
f
e
v
er
y
d
a
y
li
f
e
[
1
5
]
.
T
h
u
s
,
it
s
h
o
w
s
th
at
P
DE
ODE
is
a
co
n
te
x
t
u
a
l
lear
n
in
g
.
P
DE
ODE
ca
n
e
f
f
ec
tiv
e
l
y
m
a
k
e
t
h
e
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
u
n
d
er
s
ta
n
d
e
v
er
y
d
a
y
s
it
u
atio
n
s
an
d
c
h
a
n
g
es
i
n
t
h
e
co
n
ce
p
t
o
f
co
n
d
e
n
s
at
io
n
,
lear
n
in
g
b
ec
o
m
es
m
ea
n
i
n
g
f
u
l
a
n
d
s
tu
d
e
n
t
-
ce
n
ter
ed
[
1
5
]
.
T
h
u
s
,
it
ca
n
b
e
u
s
ed
to
e
m
p
o
w
er
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
’
cr
itical
t
h
i
n
k
i
n
g
s
k
ill
s
.
P
DE
OD
E
s
h
o
w
s
v
ar
io
u
s
c
o
m
p
o
n
en
ts
o
f
cr
iti
c
al
th
in
k
in
g
,
n
am
ely
an
aly
zin
g
,
co
m
p
a
r
in
g
,
c
o
n
t
r
a
s
tin
g
,
c
o
m
m
u
n
icatin
g
an
d
c
r
iti
ci
z
in
g
th
e
r
esu
l
ts
o
f
th
e
d
is
cu
s
s
i
o
n
.
T
h
u
s
,
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
-
8822
I
J
E
R
E
Vo
l.
6
,
No
.
2
,
J
u
n
e
20
1
7
:
1
1
0
–
1
1
7
112
P
DE
O
DE
c
an
b
e
u
s
e
d
as a
lea
r
n
in
g
s
tr
ateg
y
to
em
p
o
w
er
s
tu
d
en
ts
’
c
r
i
tic
al
th
in
k
in
g
s
k
ills
.
I
n
ad
d
it
io
n
,
it
c
r
ea
te
s
a
g
o
o
d
a
tm
o
s
p
h
er
e
in
th
e
c
lass
r
o
o
m
,
th
e
co
o
p
e
r
at
io
n
b
etw
ee
n
m
e
m
b
er
s
o
f
g
r
o
u
p
s
b
o
th
d
u
r
in
g
g
r
o
u
p
d
is
cu
s
s
i
o
n
s
an
d
d
u
r
in
g
cl
ass
r
o
o
m
d
is
cu
s
s
i
o
n
s
.
Dis
cu
s
s
io
n
m
et
h
o
d
is
an
ef
f
ec
ti
v
e
s
ti
m
u
lu
s
f
o
r
d
ev
elo
p
in
g
cr
itical
th
i
n
k
in
g
s
k
il
ls
.
T
h
e
d
is
cu
s
s
io
n
is
a
n
ef
f
ec
ti
v
e
w
a
y
t
o
d
ev
elo
p
cr
itical
th
in
k
i
n
g
s
k
i
lls
[
1
6
]
.
B
esid
es,
it
ap
p
ea
r
s
to
h
av
e
co
o
p
er
ativ
e
le
ar
n
in
g
.
T
h
u
s
,
P
DE
ODE
i
s
i
n
c
lu
d
ed
in
co
n
s
tr
u
cti
v
is
t
lear
n
in
g
w
it
h
co
o
p
er
ativ
e
lear
n
in
g
t
y
p
e,
s
o
th
at
it c
a
n
i
m
p
r
o
v
e
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
’
cr
it
ical
t
h
i
n
k
i
n
g
.
Us
in
g
P
DE
ODE
s
tr
ateg
y
to
i
m
p
r
o
v
e
s
t
u
d
en
t
s
’
lear
n
in
g
at
t
h
e
p
r
o
g
r
a
m
o
f
E
n
v
ir
o
n
m
en
t T
ec
h
n
iq
u
e
ca
n
b
e
d
o
n
e
th
r
o
u
g
h
a
r
esear
c
h
pr
o
j
ec
t
[1
7
]
.
Ho
w
e
v
er
,
th
e
u
s
e
o
f
P
DE
OD
E
h
as
s
o
m
e
w
ea
k
n
ess
e
s
.
B
ec
au
s
e
t
h
e
lect
u
r
er
s
ar
e
n
o
t
i
n
v
o
l
v
ed
in
t
h
e
lear
n
in
g
i
n
th
e
f
ir
s
t
s
tep
,
s
t
u
d
en
ts
w
h
o
ar
e
n
o
t
f
a
m
il
iar
w
ith
i
n
d
ep
en
d
en
t
-
lear
n
in
g
w
ill
h
a
v
e
s
o
m
e
d
if
f
ic
u
ltie
s
.
An
o
th
er
w
ea
k
n
ess
r
elate
s
to
t
h
e
d
is
c
u
s
s
io
n
g
r
o
u
p
d
iv
is
io
n
s
.
T
h
e
co
m
p
o
s
itio
n
o
f
d
is
c
u
s
s
i
o
n
g
r
o
u
p
m
e
m
b
er
s
w
a
s
n
o
t
s
et,
s
o
th
at
it
ten
d
s
to
cr
ea
te
an
im
b
alan
ce
a
m
o
n
g
th
e
g
r
o
u
p
m
e
m
b
er
s
,
d
is
tu
r
b
in
g
th
e
s
o
cia
l
in
ter
ac
tio
n
a
m
o
n
g
f
r
ien
d
s
.
T
o
o
v
er
co
m
e
th
i
s
,
t
h
e
r
esear
ch
e
r
co
m
b
i
n
ed
th
e
P
DE
ODE
s
tr
ateg
y
w
it
h
St
u
d
en
t
T
ea
m
s
A
c
h
iev
e
m
e
n
t
Di
v
is
io
n
(
S
TAD
)
.
Stu
d
en
t
T
ea
m
s
A
ch
i
ev
e
m
e
n
t
Di
v
is
io
n
(
S
TAD
)
is
o
n
e
o
f
th
e
s
i
m
p
le
s
t
m
o
d
el
s
o
f
co
o
p
er
ativ
e
lear
n
i
n
g
t
h
at
e
m
p
h
a
s
izes
i
n
ter
ac
tio
n
a
m
o
n
g
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
to
m
o
ti
v
ate
e
ac
h
o
th
er
a
n
d
h
e
lp
ea
ch
o
th
er
in
m
a
s
ter
in
g
t
h
e
s
u
b
j
ec
t
m
atter
,
to
ac
h
ie
v
e
a
co
m
m
o
n
g
o
al.
T
h
e
s
elec
t
io
n
o
f
co
o
p
er
ativ
e
lear
n
i
n
g
s
tr
ateg
ie
s
in
th
e
co
u
r
s
e
o
f
Nu
t
r
itio
n
an
d
Hea
lth
w
as
n
ec
ess
ar
y
b
ec
a
u
s
e
th
e
co
u
r
s
e
o
f
N
u
tr
it
io
n
an
d
Hea
lth
s
ti
ll
h
ad
m
an
y
d
if
f
ic
u
lt
co
n
ce
p
ts
.
T
h
ese
d
if
f
icu
l
t
co
n
ce
p
ts
ca
n
b
e
s
o
lv
ed
b
y
c
o
o
p
er
atio
n
in
th
e
p
ee
r
g
r
o
u
p
d
is
cu
s
s
io
n
.
T
h
u
s
,
a
n
e
w
s
tr
ate
g
y
i
s
n
ee
d
ed
,
th
at
i
s
,
th
e
co
m
b
in
atio
n
b
et
w
ee
n
P
DE
ODE
an
d
ST
A
D.
T
h
e
co
m
b
i
n
atio
n
o
f
P
DE
OD
E
an
d
S
TAD
is
ex
p
ec
ted
to
i
m
p
r
o
v
e
t
h
e
o
u
tco
m
e
o
f
th
e
P
DE
ODE
s
tr
ateg
y
.
T
h
e
co
m
b
i
n
atio
n
o
f
P
DE
ODE
an
d
S
TAD
is
h
er
e
in
a
f
ter
ca
lled
P
DE
ODE
S
TAD
Stra
teg
y
(
P
r
ed
ict
-
Dis
cu
s
s
-
E
xp
la
in
-
Ob
s
erve
-
Dis
cu
s
s
-
E
xp
la
in
-
S
t
u
d
e
n
t
-
T
e
a
m
-
A
c
h
i
e
v
e
m
e
n
t
-
D
i
v
i
s
i
o
n
)
.
T
h
e
P
DE
ODE
S
TAD
Stra
teg
y
i
s
a
s
tr
ateg
y
t
h
at
i
n
v
o
lv
es
t
h
e
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
p
er
f
o
r
m
i
n
g
a
m
i
x
o
f
lear
n
in
g
ac
ti
v
it
ies
i
n
d
ep
en
d
en
tl
y
a
n
d
lear
n
in
g
i
n
a
g
r
o
u
p
.
I
t
h
as
elev
en
s
tep
s
,
n
a
m
el
y
,
clas
s
p
r
esen
tatio
n
,
p
r
ed
ictio
n
s
,
g
r
o
u
p
d
i
v
is
io
n
s
,
d
is
c
u
s
s
io
n
,
ex
p
lan
atio
n
,
o
b
s
er
v
atio
n
,
d
is
c
u
s
s
io
n
,
ex
p
la
n
atio
n
,
q
u
izze
s
/te
s
ts
,
as
s
ess
m
e
n
ts
,
a
n
d
r
e
w
ar
d
.
T
h
er
e
h
av
e
b
ee
n
s
ev
er
al
ty
p
e
s
o
f
r
es
ea
r
ch
o
n
th
e
u
s
e
o
f
PDEO
D
E
le
ar
n
in
g
s
t
r
at
eg
y
.
I
n
d
ic
at
e
th
at
P
D
E
OD
E
lea
r
n
in
g
s
t
r
a
teg
y
is
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
in
in
cr
ea
s
in
g
th
e
s
tu
d
en
ts
’
co
n
ce
p
t
g
ain
in
g
an
d
c
o
n
ce
p
t
ch
an
g
e
o
n
th
e
m
ater
ial
o
f
E
v
a
p
o
r
ati
o
n
s
o
th
a
t
it
ca
n
r
e
d
u
ce
m
is
co
n
ce
p
ti
o
n
[1
1
]
.
T
h
e
u
s
e
o
f
P
D
E
ODE
w
ith
v
is
u
aliza
t
io
n
an
d
in
ter
ac
t
io
n
h
as
a
p
o
s
it
iv
e
ef
f
ec
t
o
n
s
tu
d
en
ts
’
lea
r
n
in
g
r
es
u
lts
an
d
l
ea
r
n
in
g
s
itu
ati
o
n
,
i
n
cr
e
ases
s
tu
d
en
ts
’
m
o
tiv
atio
n
,
im
p
r
o
v
es
le
ar
n
in
g
,
ac
h
i
ev
es
a
d
e
ep
er
u
n
d
e
r
s
t
an
d
in
g
,
an
d
im
p
r
o
v
es
s
tu
d
en
t
s
’
co
n
f
id
en
ce
[
1
2
]
.
T
h
er
e
w
as
a
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
in
cr
ea
s
e
in
th
e
c
o
n
ce
p
t
m
as
ter
y
o
f
Nu
tr
iti
o
n
an
d
He
alt
h
co
u
r
s
e
af
t
er
th
e
im
p
lem
en
tatio
n
o
f
P
D
E
OD
E
l
ea
r
n
in
g
s
tr
at
eg
y
o
f
th
e
s
tu
d
en
t
s
o
f
B
i
o
l
o
g
y
E
d
u
ca
t
io
n
s
tu
d
y
p
r
o
g
r
am
in
Un
ir
o
w
T
u
b
an
[
1
8
]
.
Fu
r
th
e
r
m
o
r
e
,
PDEO
D
E
le
ar
n
in
g
s
tr
ateg
y
h
as
an
ef
f
ec
t
o
n
c
o
n
ce
p
t
m
aster
y
an
d
r
e
ten
ti
o
n
o
f
Nu
tr
it
io
n
an
d
Hea
lth
c
o
u
r
s
es
o
f
th
e
s
tu
d
en
ts
w
ith
d
if
f
er
en
t
ac
a
d
em
ic
a
b
i
liti
es
in
B
i
o
l
o
g
y
E
d
u
c
ati
o
n
Un
i
r
o
w
T
u
b
an
[
19
]
.
H
o
w
ev
er
,
th
e
r
e
h
as
n
o
t
b
e
en
an
y
r
esea
r
ch
o
n
th
e
im
p
lem
en
tatio
n
o
f
th
e
P
DE
ODE
S
TA
D
le
ar
n
in
g
s
tr
a
teg
y
,
th
e
c
o
m
b
in
at
io
n
o
f
P
DE
O
DE
an
d
S
T
A
D
,
o
n
s
tu
d
en
ts
’
cr
iti
ca
l
th
in
k
in
g
s
k
ills
.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e
,
th
is
p
r
e
-
ex
p
e
r
im
en
tal
r
es
ea
r
ch
w
as
co
n
d
u
ct
ed
to
in
v
esti
g
a
te
w
h
eth
er
o
r
n
o
t
th
er
e
w
as
an
im
p
r
o
v
em
en
t
in
th
e
s
tu
d
en
ts
’
cr
i
tic
al
th
in
k
in
g
s
k
ills
o
n
th
e
Nu
tr
it
io
n
an
d
H
ea
l
th
C
o
u
r
s
e
af
ter
th
ey
w
er
e
tau
g
h
t
u
s
in
g
t
h
e
P
DE
ODE
S
TAD
lear
n
in
g
s
tr
ate
g
y
.
T
h
e
p
r
o
b
lem
o
f
t
h
is
r
esear
c
h
w
a
s
th
at
t
h
e
i
m
p
le
m
e
n
tatio
n
o
f
lear
n
i
n
g
s
tr
ateg
ie
s
u
s
ed
to
d
a
y
h
ad
n
o
t
b
ee
n
ab
le
to
em
p
o
w
er
s
t
u
d
en
t
s
’
cr
itical
t
h
in
k
i
n
g
s
k
ills
o
p
ti
m
all
y
.
T
h
e
s
o
lu
tio
n
w
as
b
y
i
m
p
le
m
e
n
ti
n
g
a
n
e
w
s
tr
ateg
y
,
P
DE
ODE
ST
A
D
lea
r
n
in
g
s
tr
ateg
y
.
T
h
i
s
w
a
s
a
co
m
b
i
n
atio
n
of
P
DE
ODE
a
n
d
ST
A
D
lear
n
i
n
g
s
tr
ateg
ie
s
.
P
DE
ODE
s
tr
ateg
y
w
a
s
b
ased
o
n
co
n
s
tr
u
cti
v
i
s
ts
,
s
o
th
at
it c
o
u
ld
in
cr
ea
s
e
s
tu
d
e
n
t
s
’
cr
itica
l th
in
k
i
n
g
.
Ho
w
e
v
er
,
it
s
til
l
h
ad
s
o
m
e
w
e
ak
n
e
s
s
e
s
.
T
h
u
s
,
it
w
a
s
co
m
b
i
n
ed
w
it
h
ST
A
D
s
tr
at
eg
y
as
a
s
o
lu
tio
n
.
ST
AD
is
a
f
o
r
m
o
f
co
o
p
er
ativ
e
lear
n
i
n
g
s
tr
ateg
y
w
h
ic
h
,
w
h
e
n
co
m
b
i
n
ed
w
it
h
P
DE
ODE
,
ca
n
i
m
p
r
o
v
e
th
e
q
u
a
lit
y
o
f
lear
n
in
g
an
d
e
n
h
a
n
ce
s
t
u
d
en
t
s
’
cr
itical
t
h
i
n
k
in
g
s
k
ill
s
.
P
DE
ODE
ST
A
D
s
tr
ate
g
y
h
as
ele
v
en
s
tep
s
,
n
a
m
el
y
class
p
r
ese
n
tatio
n
,
p
r
ed
ic
tio
n
s
,
g
r
o
u
p
d
iv
i
s
io
n
s
,
d
is
cu
s
s
io
n
,
ex
p
lan
atio
n
,
o
b
s
er
v
atio
n
,
d
is
c
u
s
s
io
n
,
e
x
p
lan
atio
n
,
q
u
izze
s
/te
s
ts
,
a
s
s
e
s
s
m
e
n
ts
,
a
n
d
r
e
w
ar
d
.
P
r
o
b
lem
-
s
o
lv
i
n
g
is
g
iv
e
n
b
y
i
m
p
le
m
en
t
in
g
t
h
e
P
DE
ODE
ST
AD
s
tr
ateg
y
to
i
m
p
r
o
v
e
cr
itical
th
i
n
k
i
n
g
s
k
ill
w
h
ic
h
is
i
n
te
g
r
ated
w
i
th
N
u
tr
itio
n
an
d
H
ea
lth
C
o
u
r
s
e.
T
h
e
P
DE
ODE
ST
A
D
s
tr
ateg
y
ca
n
b
e
u
s
ed
as
an
alter
n
a
tiv
e
f
o
r
lectu
r
er
s
as
an
e
f
f
o
r
t
to
i
m
p
r
o
v
e
s
t
u
d
en
t
s
’
cr
itica
l
th
i
n
k
i
n
g
s
k
ill
s
o
n
t
h
e
o
t
h
er
s
u
b
j
ec
ts
/co
u
r
s
es.
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
f
o
cu
s
ed
o
n
t
h
e
i
m
p
le
m
en
ta
tio
n
o
f
P
DE
ODE
ST
A
D
lear
n
in
g
s
tr
ate
g
y
to
i
m
p
r
o
v
e
s
tu
d
en
t
s
'
cr
itical
th
i
n
k
in
g
s
k
ill
s
in
th
e
lect
u
r
e
o
f
Nu
tr
iti
o
n
an
d
Hea
lth
an
d
d
eter
m
in
ed
h
o
w
b
i
g
th
e
i
n
cr
ea
s
e
o
f
th
e
cr
itica
l th
i
n
k
in
g
s
k
il
l w
a
s
af
ter
t
h
e
p
r
etest a
n
d
t
h
e
p
o
s
ttes
t.
2.
RE
S
E
ARCH
M
E
T
H
O
D
2
.
1
.
G
ener
a
l R
esea
rc
h B
a
c
k
g
ro
u
nd
T
h
is
w
a
s
a
p
r
e
-
e
x
p
er
i
m
e
n
tal
r
esear
ch
.
T
h
is
r
esear
ch
ai
m
ed
at
in
v
e
s
ti
g
ati
n
g
t
h
e
i
m
p
r
o
v
e
m
e
n
t
o
f
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
’
cr
itical
t
h
in
k
i
n
g
s
k
ills
in
t
h
e
N
u
tr
itio
n
a
n
d
Hea
lth
lect
u
r
e
af
ter
th
e
y
w
er
e
tau
g
h
t
u
s
i
n
g
t
h
e
P
DE
ODE
S
TAD
lear
n
i
n
g
s
tr
at
eg
y
.
T
h
e
d
esi
g
n
o
f
th
is
r
esear
ch
u
s
ed
a
On
e
-
Gro
u
p
P
r
e
test
-
P
o
s
ttes
t
D
esi
g
n
,
th
a
t
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
J
E
R
E
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8822
S
tu
d
en
ts
'
C
r
itica
l Th
in
kin
g
I
m
p
r
o
ve
men
t Th
r
o
u
g
h
P
DE
ODE
a
n
d
S
TAD
.
.
.
.
(
Ta
b
ith
a
S
r
i H
a
r
ta
ti
W
.
)
113
is
,
an
ex
p
er
im
e
n
tal
r
esear
c
h
u
s
in
g
o
n
e
g
r
o
u
p
w
it
h
o
u
t
a
n
y
c
o
m
p
ar
is
o
n
g
r
o
u
p
s
.
T
h
is
r
esea
r
ch
w
as
co
n
d
u
cted
t
w
ice,
b
ef
o
r
e
th
e
ex
p
er
i
m
en
t
(
p
r
e
-
test
)
an
d
af
ter
th
e
ex
p
er
i
m
en
t
(
p
o
s
t
-
test
)
u
s
in
g
o
n
e
g
r
o
u
p
o
f
s
u
b
j
ec
ts
.
A
n
d
to
s
ee
h
o
w
f
a
r
th
e
ef
f
ec
tiv
en
es
s
o
f
th
e
t
r
e
atm
en
t
u
s
ed
g
ain
s
c
o
r
es,
b
y
lo
o
k
i
n
g
at
t
h
e
m
ag
n
it
u
d
e
o
f
t
h
e
i
n
cr
ea
s
e
in
t
h
e
cr
itical
th
in
k
i
n
g
s
k
ill
s
a
f
ter
t
h
e
P
DE
ODE
ST
A
D
s
tr
ate
g
y
w
as
i
m
p
le
m
e
n
ted
,
th
e
n
a
n
an
al
y
s
is
w
as
d
o
n
e
to
th
e
g
ai
n
s
co
r
e
w
h
ich
w
a
s
n
o
r
m
al
ized
as
<g
>,
an
d
t
h
e
n
it
w
as
co
m
p
ar
ed
w
ith
t
h
e
ca
te
g
o
r
y
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
.
T
h
e
n
o
r
m
alize
d
g
a
in
s
co
r
e
is
t
h
e
c
o
m
p
ar
is
o
n
b
et
w
ee
n
t
h
e
ac
t
u
al
g
ain
s
co
r
es
an
d
th
e
m
ax
i
m
u
m
g
ai
n
s
co
r
es.
T
h
e
ac
tu
al
g
ai
n
s
co
r
e
i
s
t
h
e
s
co
r
e
th
e
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
o
b
tai
n
,
w
h
ile
th
e
m
ax
i
m
u
m
g
ai
n
s
co
r
e
i
s
t
h
e
h
i
g
h
e
s
t
g
ai
n
s
co
r
e
t
h
e
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
p
o
s
s
ib
l
y
g
et.
L
ea
r
n
i
n
g
is
s
aid
to
b
e
g
o
o
d
/ef
f
ec
ti
v
e
if
t
h
e
n
o
r
m
alize
d
g
ai
n
s
co
r
e
is
ab
o
v
e
0
.
4
.
T
h
e
r
esear
ch
v
ar
iab
les
co
v
er
ed
th
e
in
d
ep
en
d
en
t
v
ar
iab
les,
(
P
DE
ODE
ST
A
D)
,
an
d
t
h
e
d
ep
en
d
en
t
v
ar
iab
le
(
cr
itical
th
i
n
k
i
n
g
s
k
ill
s
)
.
T
h
e
ty
p
e
o
f
t
h
is
r
esear
ch
is
p
r
e
-
e
x
p
er
i
m
e
n
tal
r
esear
ch
.
2
.
2
.
Resea
rc
h
Sa
m
ple
T
h
e
p
o
p
u
latio
n
o
f
t
h
i
s
r
ese
ar
ch
w
as
all
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
o
f
B
i
o
lo
g
y
E
d
u
ca
t
io
n
,
P
GR
I
U
n
i
v
er
s
it
y
o
f
R
o
n
g
g
o
la
w
e
T
u
b
an
,
E
ast
J
av
a
,
I
n
d
o
n
esia,
co
h
o
r
t 2
0
1
2
in
t
h
e
f
i
f
t
h
s
e
m
ester
.
T
h
e
s
a
m
p
le
s
wer
e
tak
e
n
b
y
u
s
i
n
g
p
u
r
p
o
s
iv
e
s
a
m
p
lin
g
.
On
e
cla
s
s
co
n
s
i
s
ti
n
g
o
f
4
1
s
t
u
d
en
ts
was
d
iv
id
ed
in
to
s
ev
e
n
h
eter
o
g
en
eo
u
s
g
r
o
u
p
s
.
Si
x
g
r
o
u
p
s
co
n
s
i
s
ted
o
f
s
ix
m
e
m
b
er
s
an
d
o
n
e
g
r
o
u
p
co
n
s
is
ted
o
f
f
iv
e
m
e
m
b
er
s
.
T
h
e
y
h
ad
s
i
m
il
ar
b
ac
k
g
r
o
u
n
d
an
d
k
n
o
w
led
g
e
ab
o
u
t N
u
tr
itio
n
a
n
d
Hea
lth
.
T
h
e
ex
p
er
i
m
en
t b
eg
an
w
it
h
a
p
r
etest
an
d
en
d
ed
w
i
th
a
p
o
s
ttes
t.
2
.
3
.
I
ns
t
ru
m
ent
a
nd
P
ro
ce
du
re
s
T
h
e
s
tep
s
o
f
t
h
e
r
esear
c
h
co
v
er
ed
th
r
ee
ac
ti
v
itie
s
,
n
a
m
e
l
y
:
1
)
P
r
ep
a
r
atio
n
,
in
th
e
p
r
ep
ar
atio
n
s
tag
e,
th
e
s
y
l
lab
u
s
,
les
s
o
n
p
la
n
s
,
in
s
t
r
u
m
e
n
ts
,
w
h
ich
h
ad
a
lr
ea
d
y
b
ee
n
v
ali
d
ated
,
w
er
e
p
r
ep
ar
ed
,
an
d
t
h
e
i
n
s
tr
u
m
en
t
s
w
er
e
tr
ied
o
u
t,
2
)
I
m
p
le
m
en
t
atio
n
,
a
p
r
etest
w
as
co
n
d
u
cte
d
to
k
n
o
w
th
e
s
t
u
d
en
t
s
’
i
n
iti
al
cr
itical
t
h
i
n
k
in
g
s
k
il
ls
,
an
d
th
e
n
t
h
e
n
o
r
m
ali
t
y
test
w
as
ca
r
r
ied
o
u
t
to
d
eter
m
i
n
e
th
e
n
o
r
m
al
d
is
tr
ib
u
t
io
n
o
f
t
h
e
d
ata.
A
p
o
s
ttes
t
w
a
s
co
n
d
u
c
ted
af
ter
t
h
e
tr
ea
t
m
en
t
h
ad
f
i
n
is
h
ed
,
an
d
t
h
e
n
t
h
e
n
o
r
m
alit
y
tes
t
w
as
p
er
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’
cr
itica
l
t
h
in
k
i
n
g
s
k
ills
i
n
th
e
s
u
b
j
ec
t
o
f
Nu
tr
itio
n
an
d
Hea
lt
h
.
T
h
e
s
u
cc
es
s
o
f
th
e
P
DE
O
DE
S
TAD
lear
n
in
g
s
tr
ate
g
y
w
as
b
e
ca
u
s
e
t
h
is
s
tr
ateg
y
ac
co
m
m
o
d
ated
lear
n
i
n
g
m
e
th
o
d
s
th
at
co
u
ld
s
ti
m
u
la
te
th
e
i
m
p
r
o
v
e
m
e
n
t
o
f
cr
itical
t
h
i
n
k
i
n
g
s
k
ills
.
T
h
is
ca
n
b
e
ex
p
lain
ed
b
y
t
h
e
1
1
s
tep
s
o
f
th
e
P
DE
ODE
S
TAD
s
tr
ateg
y
.
T
h
is
ca
n
b
e
ex
p
lai
n
ed
at
ea
c
h
s
tep
o
f
P
DE
ODE
S
TAD
;
t
h
e
f
ir
s
t
s
tep
o
f
P
DE
ODE
S
TA
D
is
a
clas
s
p
r
esen
tatio
n
.
I
n
t
h
i
s
ac
ti
v
it
y
,
t
h
e
lect
u
r
er
g
iv
e
s
a
d
escr
ip
tio
n
o
f
t
h
e
lear
n
in
g
o
b
j
ec
tiv
es
th
a
t
h
a
v
e
b
ee
n
s
et
o
u
t
in
t
h
e
less
o
n
p
lan
.
T
h
e
lear
n
i
n
g
o
b
j
ec
tiv
es
ar
e
f
o
r
m
u
lated
to
ac
h
iev
e
t
h
e
ab
ilit
y
to
an
al
y
ze
,
s
y
n
th
e
s
izi
n
g
,
a
n
d
ev
alu
a
tin
g
.
A
cc
o
r
d
in
g
to
B
lo
o
m
’
s
ta
x
o
n
o
m
y
,
cr
itical
th
in
k
in
g
o
cc
u
r
s
w
h
e
n
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
ca
n
p
er
f
o
r
m
at
t
h
e
s
k
il
l
lev
el
o
f
an
al
y
s
is
,
s
y
n
t
h
esi
s
,
a
n
d
ev
al
u
atio
n
[
4
]
.
I
n
th
i
s
s
tep
,
th
e
lect
u
r
er
also
e
x
p
lain
s
ab
o
u
t
t
h
e
p
r
o
ce
d
u
r
e
o
f
th
e
P
DE
ODE
S
TAD
s
tr
ate
g
y
t
o
b
e
ap
p
lied
.
I
n
ad
d
itio
n
,
th
e
l
ec
tu
r
er
ex
p
lai
n
s
th
e
i
m
p
o
r
tan
c
e
o
f
ac
ti
v
e
lear
n
in
g
,
an
d
also
p
r
o
v
id
es
th
e
m
o
ti
v
at
io
n
f
o
r
s
t
u
d
en
ts
to
p
ar
ticip
ate
in
ac
tiv
ities
to
w
i
n
i
n
t
h
e
g
r
o
u
p
.
T
h
u
s
,
t
h
e
f
ir
s
t
s
tep
o
f
P
DE
ODE
S
TAD
m
ee
ts
th
e
r
eq
u
ir
e
m
e
n
t
s
to
b
e
ab
le
to
lead
to
s
tu
d
en
ts
’
cr
itical
t
h
i
n
k
i
n
g
.
T
h
is
is
f
o
llo
w
ed
b
y
t
h
e
s
ec
o
n
d
s
tep
,
p
r
ed
ictio
n
.
A
t
th
is
s
t
ep
,
th
e
lectu
r
er
g
iv
e
s
a
p
h
en
o
m
e
n
o
n
b
y
p
r
esen
tin
g
s
e
v
er
al
q
u
e
s
tio
n
s
i
n
t
h
e
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
’
w
o
r
k
s
h
ee
t.
T
h
e
q
u
esti
o
n
s
ar
e
in
ac
co
r
d
an
ce
w
ith
t
h
e
lear
n
in
g
o
b
j
ec
tiv
es i
n
th
e
f
ir
s
t
s
tep
.
T
h
e
q
u
est
io
n
s
p
r
esen
ted
ch
alle
n
g
e
th
e
s
t
u
d
en
t
s
to
th
in
k
cr
it
icall
y
.
Q
u
est
io
n
s
ar
e
a
n
i
m
p
o
r
tan
t
p
ar
t
o
f
lear
n
i
n
g
[
4
]
.
Qu
esti
o
n
s
ar
e
u
s
ed
to
s
ti
m
u
late
th
e
i
n
ter
ac
tio
n
b
et
w
ee
n
t
h
e
lectu
r
er
an
d
th
e
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
i
n
m
ai
n
tai
n
i
n
g
cr
itic
al
th
i
n
k
in
g
.
Q
u
est
io
n
s
w
it
h
d
iv
er
g
e
n
t
ca
te
g
o
r
ies
r
eq
u
ir
e
a
v
ar
iet
y
o
f
co
r
r
ec
t
an
s
w
er
s
,
o
p
en
q
u
e
s
tio
n
s
,
an
d
en
co
u
r
ag
e
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
to
th
in
k
cr
iticall
y
.
I
n
t
h
e
p
r
ed
ictio
n
s
t
ep
,
ea
ch
in
d
iv
id
u
al
w
o
r
k
s
o
n
m
a
k
i
n
g
p
r
ed
ictio
n
s
b
y
p
r
o
v
id
i
n
g
s
tr
o
n
g
r
ea
s
o
n
s
a
n
d
u
s
i
n
g
s
cie
n
ti
f
ic
r
ea
s
o
n
i
n
g
b
ased
o
n
h
is
o
r
h
er
in
itial
k
n
o
w
led
g
e.
T
h
is
i
s
i
n
lin
e
w
i
th
Ha
s
s
o
u
b
ah
w
h
o
s
ta
tes
th
a
t
cr
itical
t
h
i
n
k
in
g
i
s
th
e
ab
ilit
y
to
g
iv
e
a
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
J
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R
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I
SS
N:
2252
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8822
S
tu
d
en
ts
'
C
r
itica
l Th
in
kin
g
I
m
p
r
o
ve
men
t Th
r
o
u
g
h
P
DE
ODE
a
n
d
S
TAD
.
.
.
.
(
Ta
b
ith
a
S
r
i H
a
r
ta
ti
W
.
)
115
r
ea
s
o
n
in
a
n
o
r
g
a
n
ized
w
a
y
a
n
d
to
ev
alu
a
te
th
e
q
u
alit
y
o
f
a
r
ea
s
o
n
s
y
s
te
m
atica
l
l
y
.
A
t
t
h
i
s
s
tag
e,
t
h
e
s
t
u
d
en
ts
d
is
co
v
er
a
n
e
w
id
ea
as a
r
esu
l
t
o
f
th
eir
p
r
ed
ictio
n
.
T
h
is
in
d
icate
s
th
at
t
h
e
lear
n
i
n
g
i
s
in
lin
e
w
i
th
co
n
s
tr
u
cti
v
is
t
t
h
eo
r
y
,
th
at
is
,
t
h
e
n
e
w
k
n
o
w
led
g
e
co
n
s
tr
u
cted
b
y
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
is
ac
t
i
v
el
y
b
ased
o
n
th
eir
p
r
ev
io
u
s
k
n
o
w
led
g
e,
r
es
u
lti
n
g
in
a
p
r
o
ce
s
s
o
f
li
n
k
in
g
t
h
e
p
r
ev
io
u
s
id
ea
s
w
i
th
t
h
e
n
e
w
i
n
f
o
r
m
atio
n
r
ec
eiv
ed
[1
8
]
.
T
h
e
ex
is
ten
ce
o
f
t
h
e
s
t
u
d
en
ts
’
ac
ti
v
e
r
o
le
in
co
n
s
tr
u
ct
in
g
k
n
o
w
led
g
e,
s
t
u
d
en
ts
m
ak
i
n
g
co
n
n
ec
tio
n
s
b
etw
ee
n
id
ea
s
,
an
d
th
e
n
s
h
ar
in
g
th
e
r
es
u
lts
o
f
th
e
ir
th
o
u
g
h
ts
b
ec
o
m
e
s
a
lear
n
i
n
g
e
x
p
er
ien
ce
,
t
h
at
i
s
,
s
t
u
d
en
t
-
ce
n
t
er
ed
lear
n
in
g
.
I
n
t
h
i
s
lear
n
in
g
,
th
e
f
o
cu
s
is
o
n
t
h
e
lear
n
in
g
p
r
o
ce
s
s
,
th
at
i
s
,
“h
o
w
to
lear
n
”
in
s
tead
o
f
“h
o
w
m
u
c
h
is
lear
n
ed
.
”
T
h
is
lear
n
in
g
en
v
ir
o
n
m
e
n
t
en
co
u
r
ag
e
s
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
to
d
ev
elo
p
th
eir
cr
itical
t
h
i
n
k
i
n
g
s
k
il
ls
.
Stu
d
e
n
t
-
ce
n
ter
ed
lear
n
in
g
ca
n
b
e
u
s
ed
to
d
e
v
elo
p
cr
itical
th
i
n
k
in
g
s
k
ill
s
[1
3
].
L
ea
r
n
i
n
g
b
ec
o
m
e
s
m
ea
n
i
n
g
f
u
l
w
h
e
n
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
ar
e
ab
le
t
o
r
elate
th
e
n
e
w
k
n
o
w
led
g
e
w
it
h
t
h
eir
p
r
ev
io
u
s
k
n
o
w
led
g
e.
Me
a
n
i
n
g
f
u
l
lear
n
i
n
g
i
n
v
o
l
v
es
th
e
ass
i
m
ilat
io
n
o
f
n
e
w
co
n
ce
p
t
s
an
d
co
n
n
ec
ti
n
g
t
h
e
m
w
it
h
e
x
i
s
ti
n
g
co
g
n
iti
v
e
s
tr
u
ct
u
r
es
[
2
0
]
.
A
t
t
h
is
s
tep
,
ea
ch
s
t
u
d
en
t
f
o
cu
s
es
o
n
t
h
e
q
u
es
tio
n
s
,
a
n
al
y
ze
s
th
e
q
u
esti
o
n
s
,
an
d
a
n
s
w
er
s
th
e
q
u
esti
o
n
s
a
s
a
r
esu
lt
o
f
t
h
eir
p
r
ed
ictio
n
s
b
y
g
iv
in
g
a
s
tr
o
n
g
r
ea
s
o
n
.
T
h
e
r
ea
s
o
n
g
iv
e
n
i
s
in
t
h
e
f
o
r
m
o
f
a
s
i
m
p
l
e
ex
p
lan
atio
n
th
at
i
s
co
n
n
ec
te
d
w
it
h
th
e
p
r
ev
io
u
s
k
n
o
w
led
g
e.
T
h
e
th
ir
d
s
tep
is
th
e
f
o
r
m
a
tio
n
o
f
g
r
o
u
p
s
.
I
n
P
DE
ODE
S
TA
D
,
th
e
f
o
r
m
atio
n
i
s
d
iv
id
ed
i
n
to
g
r
o
u
p
s
co
n
s
is
tin
g
o
f
5
-
6
s
t
u
d
en
t
s
f
o
r
m
ed
h
eter
o
g
e
n
eo
u
s
l
y
.
T
h
e
g
r
o
u
p
m
e
m
b
er
s
h
av
e
d
i
f
f
er
en
t
ch
ar
ac
ter
is
tics
,
r
eg
ar
d
less
o
f
r
ac
e,
eth
n
icit
y
,
r
elig
io
n
,
g
en
d
er
,
o
r
ac
ad
e
m
ic
ab
ilit
y
.
T
h
e
s
m
al
l
h
ete
r
o
g
en
eo
u
s
g
r
o
u
p
s
co
llab
o
r
ativ
el
y
p
r
ep
ar
e
th
e
s
tu
d
en
t
s
to
ac
h
ie
v
e
th
e
d
eter
m
i
n
ed
co
m
p
eten
c
y
th
r
o
u
g
h
p
ee
r
tu
to
r
ial.
T
h
is
co
n
d
itio
n
al
lo
w
s
t
h
e
s
t
u
d
en
t
s
t
o
d
ev
elo
p
th
eir
id
ea
s
w
i
th
o
u
t
f
ee
li
n
g
e
m
b
ar
r
as
s
ed
w
it
h
i
n
t
h
eir
s
m
all
g
r
o
u
p
s
.
I
n
th
is
ca
s
e,
th
e
s
t
u
d
en
ts
ar
e
m
e
n
tall
y
p
r
ep
ar
ed
to
b
e
ab
le
t
o
d
ev
elo
p
th
eir
cr
itical
th
i
n
k
in
g
s
k
ill
s
.
T
h
e
g
r
o
u
p
f
o
r
m
atio
n
is
a
c
h
ar
ac
ter
is
tic
o
f
co
o
p
er
ativ
e
lear
n
in
g
.
C
o
o
p
er
ativ
e
lear
n
in
g
i
s
a
p
ed
ag
o
g
ic
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
to
en
co
u
r
ag
e
cr
itica
l th
i
n
k
i
n
g
a
n
d
it is
v
er
y
e
f
f
ec
tiv
e
to
b
e
u
s
e
d
in
th
e
teac
h
in
g
a
n
d
lear
n
in
g
p
r
o
ce
s
s
[
4
].
T
h
e
f
o
u
r
th
s
tep
is
t
h
e
d
is
cu
s
s
i
o
n
.
A
t t
h
i
s
s
ta
g
e,
th
er
e
i
s
a
s
m
all
g
r
o
u
p
d
is
cu
s
s
io
n
.
E
ac
h
s
tu
d
en
t sh
ar
e
s
h
is
o
r
h
er
p
r
ed
ictio
n
s
o
f
an
s
w
er
s
.
T
h
e
y
q
u
e
s
tio
n
ea
c
h
o
t
h
er
,
ar
g
u
e,
an
d
s
ee
k
an
s
w
er
s
t
o
w
ar
d
ag
r
ee
i
n
g
th
e
g
r
o
u
p
’
s
d
ec
is
io
n
.
I
n
th
i
s
d
is
c
u
s
s
io
n
ac
ti
v
it
y
,
th
e
s
t
u
d
en
ts
ca
n
d
ev
elo
p
th
eir
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
s
k
ills
,
q
u
esti
o
n
i
n
g
an
d
an
s
w
er
in
g
s
k
ill
s
,
an
d
m
a
k
in
g
ar
g
u
m
e
n
ts
.
T
h
e
s
t
u
d
en
t
s
w
o
r
k
to
g
et
h
er
in
b
u
i
ld
in
g
a
n
e
w
k
n
o
w
led
g
e
b
y
f
o
r
m
i
n
g
ar
g
u
m
e
n
ts
.
St
u
d
en
t
s
ex
p
er
ien
ce
co
n
tr
ad
ictio
n
r
eg
a
r
d
in
g
th
e
r
es
u
lts
o
f
t
h
eir
a
n
al
y
s
e
s
co
m
p
ar
ed
w
i
th
th
e
r
esu
l
ts
o
f
t
h
e
p
r
ed
ictio
n
an
d
th
eo
r
ies.
T
h
is
ac
tiv
it
y
tr
ain
s
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
’
cr
itical
th
in
k
i
n
g
s
k
ills
.
T
h
e
f
if
t
h
s
tep
,
ex
p
lan
atio
n
,
f
o
llo
w
s
.
A
t
t
h
is
s
tag
e,
th
er
e
i
s
a
c
lass
d
is
c
u
s
s
io
n
;
ea
c
h
s
m
all
g
r
o
u
p
ap
p
o
in
ts
o
n
e
o
f
t
h
e
g
r
o
u
p
m
e
m
b
er
s
to
p
r
esen
t
t
h
eir
an
s
w
er
s
a
s
a
r
esu
lt
o
f
t
h
eir
s
m
a
ll
g
r
o
u
p
d
is
cu
s
s
io
n
.
T
h
e
ar
g
u
m
en
tatio
n
o
f
ea
c
h
g
r
o
u
p
is
p
r
esen
ted
b
y
d
escr
ib
in
g
t
h
eir
an
s
w
er
s
,
u
s
i
n
g
q
u
es
tio
n
s
a
n
d
an
s
w
er
s
.
I
n
d
i
v
id
u
a
l
l
y
th
e
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
ar
e
ac
tiv
e
i
n
r
ec
o
r
d
in
g
all
t
h
e
ev
e
n
ts
i
n
t
h
e
class
d
is
c
u
s
s
io
n
o
n
t
h
e
s
t
u
d
en
t
s
’
ac
t
iv
i
t
y
s
h
ee
t
s
.
T
h
e
s
ix
t
h
s
tep
i
s
o
b
s
er
v
a
tio
n
.
A
t
t
h
i
s
s
tag
e,
ea
ch
s
t
u
d
en
t
c
o
n
d
u
cts
an
i
n
v
e
s
ti
g
atio
n
to
p
r
o
v
e
h
is
o
r
h
er
p
r
ed
ictio
n
th
r
o
u
g
h
o
b
s
er
v
atio
n
.
Ob
s
er
v
atio
n
s
ar
e
m
ad
e
b
y
co
m
p
ar
i
n
g
t
h
eo
r
ies
f
r
o
m
v
ar
io
u
s
r
ef
er
e
n
ce
s
o
u
r
ce
s
o
r
liter
at
u
r
e.
T
h
e
s
t
u
d
en
ts
m
a
k
e
a
d
i
s
co
v
er
y
b
y
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
in
g
n
e
w
co
n
ce
p
ts
,
r
es
u
ltin
g
i
n
a
c
h
a
n
g
e
o
f
co
n
ce
p
ts
.
T
h
e
lectu
r
er
ac
ts
as
a
f
ac
ilit
ato
r
an
d
m
ed
iato
r
o
f
t
h
e
d
is
cu
s
s
io
n
s
o
t
h
at
th
e
co
n
v
er
s
atio
n
s
ta
y
s
o
n
th
e
tar
g
eted
co
n
ce
p
ts
.
T
h
e
s
ev
en
t
h
s
tep
is
a
d
is
cu
s
s
io
n
.
At
th
i
s
d
is
c
u
s
s
io
n
s
tep
,
th
er
e
is
a
s
m
all
g
r
o
u
p
d
is
c
u
s
s
io
n
a
f
ter
o
b
s
er
v
in
g
.
E
ac
h
s
t
u
d
en
t
b
r
in
g
s
to
g
et
h
er
th
e
r
es
u
lt
s
o
f
p
r
ed
ictio
n
s
w
it
h
o
b
s
er
v
a
tio
n
s
.
T
h
e
co
n
tr
ad
ictio
n
b
et
w
ee
n
t
h
e
p
r
ed
icted
r
es
u
lts
an
d
o
b
s
er
v
at
io
n
s
is
an
a
l
y
ze
d
b
y
ea
ch
s
t
u
d
en
t.
T
h
e
y
th
e
n
d
o
q
u
e
s
tio
n
s
a
n
d
an
s
w
er
s
to
g
et
h
er
,
an
al
y
ze
,
co
m
p
ar
e
a
n
d
cr
iti
cize
t
h
e
r
esu
l
ts
o
f
th
e
cla
s
s
d
is
c
u
s
s
io
n
,
a
n
d
s
ee
k
an
s
w
er
s
,
as
t
h
e
d
ec
is
io
n
w
h
ich
w
i
ll b
e
p
r
esen
t
ed
in
th
e
clas
s
d
is
c
u
s
s
io
n
s
.
T
h
e
eig
h
th
s
tep
i
s
a
n
e
x
p
la
n
at
io
n
.
T
h
is
e
x
p
lan
a
tio
n
s
ta
g
e
i
s
a
class
d
is
c
u
s
s
io
n
a
f
ter
th
e
s
m
all
g
r
o
u
p
d
is
cu
s
s
io
n
s
,
t
h
e
r
es
u
lt
s
o
f
a
n
al
y
zin
g
th
e
u
n
d
er
s
ta
n
d
in
g
o
f
p
r
ed
ictio
n
s
th
r
o
u
g
h
o
b
s
er
v
at
io
n
.
E
v
er
y
s
m
all
g
r
o
u
p
ap
p
o
in
ts
o
n
e
o
f
th
eir
g
r
o
u
p
m
e
m
b
er
s
to
p
r
esen
t
t
h
e
r
es
u
lt
s
o
f
t
h
e
g
r
o
u
p
d
is
cu
s
s
io
n
a
f
te
r
o
b
s
er
v
atio
n
.
T
h
e
y
q
u
esti
o
n
an
d
a
n
s
w
er
,
a
n
d
t
h
e
y
m
ak
e
ar
g
u
m
e
n
tat
io
n
s
.
T
h
e
s
tu
d
en
t
s
’
a
cti
v
e
ac
ti
v
itie
s
ar
e
m
o
r
e
ap
p
ar
en
t
w
h
e
n
ea
ch
g
r
o
u
p
p
r
esen
ts
t
h
eir
an
al
y
s
i
s
b
ased
o
n
th
e
r
esu
lts
o
f
th
e
o
b
s
er
v
atio
n
,
an
d
th
en
th
e
y
m
ak
e
a
n
ev
al
u
atio
n
an
d
d
r
a
w
co
n
clu
s
io
n
s
b
y
d
ec
i
d
in
g
t
h
e
a
n
s
w
er
s
t
h
at
h
av
e
b
ee
n
ag
r
ee
d
d
u
r
i
n
g
t
h
e
clas
s
d
is
cu
s
s
io
n
.
Her
e
th
e
st
u
d
e
n
ts
p
er
f
o
r
m
h
ig
h
-
lev
e
l
th
in
k
i
n
g
:
an
al
y
s
i
s
,
s
y
n
t
h
esi
s
,
an
d
ev
alu
a
tio
n
.
Fi
n
all
y
,
t
h
e
s
tu
d
en
t
ca
n
s
o
lv
e
a
p
r
o
b
lem
th
at
is
a
co
n
tr
ad
ict
io
n
b
et
w
ee
n
th
e
in
itial
co
n
c
ep
t
th
r
o
u
g
h
th
e
p
r
ed
ictio
n
s
an
d
th
e
r
esu
lt
s
o
f
o
b
s
er
v
atio
n
.
T
h
e
lectu
r
er
p
la
y
s
a
r
o
le
in
m
o
n
it
o
r
in
g
t
h
e
ac
ti
v
itie
s
an
d
lead
in
g
to
t
h
e
co
n
cl
u
s
io
n
th
a
t
is
b
ased
o
n
s
cien
tific
p
r
in
cip
les.
T
h
e
d
is
cu
s
s
io
n
an
d
ex
p
la
n
ati
o
n
s
tag
e
tr
ai
n
s
t
h
e
s
t
u
d
en
t
s
to
co
m
m
u
n
ica
te
an
d
to
ex
p
r
ess
id
ea
s
,
an
s
w
er
q
u
es
tio
n
s
,
a
n
d
g
iv
e
a
co
n
clu
s
io
n
.
T
h
is
ac
tiv
it
y
en
s
u
r
e
s
th
e
s
t
u
d
en
t
s
’
u
n
d
e
r
s
tan
d
in
g
i
n
clas
s
d
is
cu
s
s
io
n
s
,
a
n
d
th
at
t
h
e
y
f
i
n
all
y
ca
n
s
o
lv
e
th
e
p
r
o
b
lem
.
A
p
er
s
o
n
w
h
o
th
in
k
s
cr
iticall
y
is
o
n
e
w
h
o
tr
ies
to
s
o
lv
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co
m
p
le
x
p
r
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b
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i
n
a
d
if
f
er
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n
t
w
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r
o
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q
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s
tio
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d
an
s
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s
,
r
elev
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t
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m
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,
d
is
co
v
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y
,
an
d
co
m
m
u
n
i
ca
tio
n
p
r
ac
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[2
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1
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116
T
h
e
P
DE
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A
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s
t
r
at
eg
y
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s
is
ts
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a
d
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s
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m
eth
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,
w
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is
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o
f
t
h
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ef
f
ec
t
iv
e
s
ti
m
u
li
f
o
r
d
ev
elo
p
in
g
s
t
u
d
en
t
s
’
cr
iti
ca
l
th
i
n
k
in
g
s
k
ill
s
.
Dis
c
u
s
s
io
n
is
a
n
e
f
f
ec
t
iv
e
w
a
y
to
d
ev
e
lo
p
cr
itical
th
in
k
i
n
g
s
k
il
ls
[
1
7
]
.
T
h
e
co
o
p
er
atio
n
o
f
g
r
o
u
p
m
e
m
b
er
s
s
h
o
w
ed
a
co
o
p
e
r
at
iv
e
lea
r
n
in
g
.
T
h
e
n
in
th
s
tep
i
s
q
u
izze
d
/
test
s
to
p
r
o
v
id
e
f
ee
d
b
ac
k
to
d
eter
m
in
e
t
h
e
s
u
cc
e
s
s
o
f
t
h
e
lear
n
in
g
p
r
o
ce
s
s
w
ith
t
h
e
i
m
p
le
m
en
ta
tio
n
o
f
t
h
e
s
tr
ateg
y
.
T
h
e
ev
alu
atio
n
o
f
cr
i
tical
th
i
n
k
i
n
g
s
k
ills
ai
m
s
at
d
iag
n
o
s
in
g
th
e
le
v
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o
f
s
t
u
d
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t
s
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ab
ilit
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,
p
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f
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to
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t
u
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an
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s
to
d
ev
elo
p
th
eir
cr
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t
h
in
k
in
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k
ill
s
[
1
1
]
.
T
h
e
ten
t
h
a
n
d
t
h
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v
en
th
s
tep
s
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a
m
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y
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h
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s
co
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in
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/as
s
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m
e
n
t
an
d
r
e
w
ar
d
in
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,
h
a
v
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p
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f
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t
to
cr
ea
te
a
h
ap
p
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at
m
o
s
p
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er
e
i
n
t
h
e
cla
s
s
r
o
o
m
.
T
h
e
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
th
e
n
b
ec
o
m
e
m
o
r
e
m
o
tiv
a
ted
.
Mo
tiv
at
ed
s
tu
d
en
ts
w
i
ll
b
e
s
u
cc
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s
s
f
u
l
in
t
h
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p
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s
s
.
T
h
e
r
e
w
ar
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f
o
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q
u
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z
r
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s
also
p
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id
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ti
v
a
tio
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to
th
e
s
tu
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e
n
t
s
to
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p
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r
esp
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it
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g
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.
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h
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s
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s
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cr
ea
s
in
g
l
y
h
av
e
th
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s
p
ir
it
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co
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a
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w
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m
a
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t
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n
k
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k
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lls
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[
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CO
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th
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,
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[2
]
Bo
w
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s
N.
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“
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p
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ter
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[4
]
Du
ro
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R.
,
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l
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“
Crit
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:
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6
.
[5
]
D.
F
.
Ha
l
p
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rn
,
“
T
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in
g
c
rit
ica
l
t
h
in
k
in
g
f
o
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tra
n
s
fe
r
acr
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do
m
ai
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s.
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o
siti
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Ame
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p
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[6
]
W
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[7
]
Af
c
a
rio
n
o
M
.
,
“
T
h
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p
p
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a
ti
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to
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Pen
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, v
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/i
ss
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[8
]
Da
m
G
.
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lm
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M
.
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“
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l
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in
k
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In
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p
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.
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]
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to
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V.
L
.
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In
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Pen
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e
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0
]
M
u
h
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.
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l/
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[1
1
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B.
Co
stu
,
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t
a
l
.
,
“
P
ro
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ti
n
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n
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tu
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h
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n
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f
irst
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a
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mistry
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Res
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,
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11
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1
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3
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A
.
Zo
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,
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Res
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4
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Su
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.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
J
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N:
2252
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8822
S
tu
d
en
ts
'
C
r
itica
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in
kin
g
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t Th
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117
[1
5
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B.
Co
stu
,
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r
o
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6
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K.
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1
7
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