I
nte
rna
t
io
na
l J
o
urna
l o
f
E
v
a
lua
t
io
n a
nd
Resea
rc
h in E
du
ca
t
io
n (
I
J
E
RE
)
Vo
l.
10
,
No
.
2
,
J
u
n
e
2
0
2
1
,
p
p
.
545
~
5
5
2
I
SS
N:
2
2
5
2
-
8
8
2
2
,
DOI
: 1
0
.
1
1
5
9
1
/
ijer
e
.
v
1
0
i
2
.
2
0
7
9
6
545
J
o
ur
na
l ho
m
ep
a
g
e
:
h
ttp
:
//ij
ere.
ia
esco
r
e.
co
m
Dev
elo
pment of
h
ig
her order
thinki
ng
skill as
ses
sm
en
t
instrumen
ts in
l
ea
rning
Indo
nesia
n
histo
ry
J
o
ha
n Set
ia
wa
n,
Aj
a
t
Su
dra
j
a
t
,
A
m
a
n,
Dy
a
h K
u
m
a
la
s
a
r
i
Do
c
to
ra
l
P
r
o
g
ra
m
,
P
o
stg
ra
d
u
a
te
P
ro
g
ra
m
,
Y
o
g
y
a
k
a
rta S
tate
Un
i
v
e
rsity
,
I
n
d
o
n
e
sia
Art
icle
I
nfo
AB
S
T
RAC
T
A
r
ticle
his
to
r
y:
R
ec
eiv
ed
Oct
12
,
2
0
20
R
ev
is
ed
Mar
26
,
2
0
21
Acc
ep
ted
Ap
r
17
,
2
0
21
T
h
is
st
u
d
y
a
ime
d
t
o
:
1
)
P
r
o
d
u
c
e
h
i
g
h
e
r
o
rd
e
r
t
h
in
k
in
g
sk
il
l
(HO
TS
)
a
ss
e
ss
m
e
n
t
in
stru
m
e
n
ts
in
lea
rn
i
n
g
In
d
o
n
e
sia
n
h
ist
o
ry
;
2
)
K
n
o
w
th
e
v
a
li
d
i
ty
o
f
HO
TS
a
ss
e
ss
m
e
n
t
in
str
u
m
e
n
ts
i
n
lea
rn
in
g
I
n
d
o
n
e
sia
n
h
isto
r
y
;
3
)
F
i
n
d
o
u
t
th
e
c
h
a
ra
c
teristics
o
f
HO
TS
q
u
e
sti
o
n
s
in
lea
rn
i
n
g
I
n
d
o
n
e
sia
n
h
ist
o
ry
.
Th
is
stu
d
y
e
m
p
lo
y
e
d
th
e
re
se
a
rc
h
a
n
d
d
e
v
e
l
o
p
m
e
n
t
m
e
th
o
d
o
f
t
h
e
Bo
r
g
a
n
d
G
a
ll
m
o
d
e
l.
Th
e
HO
TS
tes
t
it
e
m
wa
s
c
o
n
d
u
c
ted
o
n
3
6
st
u
d
e
n
ts
in
c
las
s
XI
o
f
2
Ng
a
g
li
k
S
tate
S
e
n
io
r
Hig
h
S
c
h
o
o
l
.
Da
ta
a
n
a
ly
sis
in
c
l
u
d
e
s
tes
ts
o
f
v
a
li
d
i
ty
,
re
li
a
b
il
it
y
,
lev
e
l
o
f
d
iffi
c
u
lt
y
,
d
isti
n
g
u
ish
i
n
g
fe
a
tu
re
s
a
n
d
d
e
c
e
p
ti
o
n
in
d
e
x
.
Th
e
stu
d
y
fo
u
n
d
:
1
)
T
h
e
HO
TS
a
ss
e
ss
m
e
n
t
in
str
u
m
e
n
t
o
f
m
u
lt
i
p
le
-
c
h
o
ice
q
u
e
stio
n
s
c
o
n
siste
d
o
f
2
5
it
e
m
s;
2
)
T
h
e
re
s
u
lt
s
o
f
t
h
e
HO
TS
q
u
e
stio
n
v
a
li
d
a
t
io
n
b
y
tw
o
In
d
o
n
e
sia
n
h
isto
r
y
lea
rn
in
g
a
ss
e
ss
m
e
n
t
e
x
p
e
rts
o
n
th
e
m
a
teria
l,
c
o
n
stru
c
ti
o
n
a
n
d
lan
g
u
a
g
e
a
sp
e
c
ts we
re
v
a
li
d
a
n
d
a
p
p
r
o
p
riate
.
Th
e
re
su
lt
s
o
f
th
e
v
a
li
d
a
ti
o
n
b
y
th
re
e
I
n
d
o
n
e
sia
n
h
ist
o
ry
t
e
a
c
h
e
rs
a
lso
sta
ted
t
h
a
t
t
h
e
a
ss
e
ss
m
e
n
t
in
stru
m
e
n
ts
we
re
v
a
li
d
a
n
d
a
p
p
ro
p
riate
;
3
)
T
h
e
c
h
a
ra
c
teristics
o
f
HO
TS
q
u
e
stio
n
s
h
a
d
fu
lf
il
led
th
e
v
a
li
d
it
y
c
rit
e
ria
o
f
2
3
q
u
e
sti
o
n
s,
re
li
a
b
i
li
ty
with
a
c
o
e
fficie
n
t
o
f
0
.
9
7
(v
e
ry
stro
n
g
),
t
h
e
a
v
e
ra
g
e
d
iffi
c
u
lt
y
lev
e
l
is
0
.
3
3
(m
o
d
e
ra
te)
,
t
h
e
a
v
e
ra
g
e
d
iffere
n
t
iatio
n
tes
t
is
0
.
4
2
(g
o
o
d
),
a
n
d
t
h
e
a
v
e
ra
g
e
d
e
c
e
p
ti
o
n
in
d
e
x
is
0
.
5
6
(g
o
o
d
)
.
K
ey
w
o
r
d
s
:
Ass
es
s
m
en
t in
s
tr
u
m
en
ts
Hig
h
er
o
r
d
er
th
in
k
in
g
s
k
ill
I
n
d
o
n
esian
h
is
to
r
y
lear
n
in
g
T
h
is i
s
a
n
o
p
e
n
a
c
c
e
ss
a
rticle
u
n
d
e
r th
e
CC B
Y
-
SA
li
c
e
n
se
.
C
o
r
r
e
s
p
o
nd
ing
A
uth
o
r
:
J
o
h
an
Setiawan
Do
cto
r
al
Pro
g
r
a
m
,
Po
s
tg
r
ad
u
a
te
Pro
g
r
am
Yo
g
y
ak
ar
ta
State
Un
iv
e
r
s
ity
Yo
g
y
ak
ar
ta,
I
n
d
o
n
esia
E
m
ail:
jo
h
an
s
etiawa
n
.
2
0
1
9
@
s
tu
d
en
t.u
n
y
.
ac
.
id
;
j
o
h
an
s
etiawa
n
7
6
7
@
g
m
ai
l.c
o
m
1.
I
NT
RO
D
UCT
I
O
N
L
ea
r
n
in
g
i
n
th
e
2
1
s
t
ce
n
tu
r
y
n
o
w
em
p
h
asizes
th
e
ab
ilit
y
to
th
in
k
cr
itically
an
d
s
o
lv
e
p
r
o
b
lem
s
[
1
]
-
[
3
]
.
T
h
is
b
ec
o
m
es
ess
en
tial
th
at
m
u
s
t
b
e
m
aster
ed
b
y
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
,
o
f
co
u
r
s
e,
r
eq
u
ir
es
th
e
co
n
ce
p
t
o
f
ass
ess
m
en
t
th
at
is
ab
le
to
d
escr
ib
e
t
h
e
d
esire
d
le
ar
n
in
g
o
b
jectiv
es.
T
h
e
ass
ess
m
en
t
s
tan
d
ar
d
in
th
e
2
0
1
3
cu
r
r
icu
lu
m
is
d
o
n
e
b
y
ad
ap
tin
g
i
n
ter
n
atio
n
al
s
tan
d
a
r
d
ized
ass
ess
m
en
t
m
o
d
els,
o
n
e
o
f
th
e
in
ter
n
atio
n
al
s
tan
d
ar
d
ized
ass
e
s
s
m
en
t
m
o
d
els
is
h
ig
h
er
o
r
d
e
r
th
in
k
in
g
s
k
ills
(
HOT
S
)
[
4
]
,
[
5
]
.
HOT
S
f
u
n
ctio
n
s
to
ass
ess
wh
eth
er
s
tu
d
en
ts
alr
ea
d
y
h
a
v
e
h
ig
h
-
lev
el
th
i
n
k
in
g
s
k
ills
s
u
ch
as: C
4
(
an
aly
zin
g
)
,
C
5
(
ev
alu
atin
g
)
,
an
d
C
6
(
m
ak
i
n
g
)
[
6
]
-
[
9
]
.
HOT
S is
a
q
u
ality
th
in
k
in
g
ab
i
lity
th
at
is
c
o
n
ce
p
tu
ally
b
ased
o
n
B
lo
o
m
'
s
T
ax
o
n
o
m
y
lev
el
o
f
th
in
k
in
g
[
1
0
]
,
h
e
ar
g
u
es
th
at
s
tu
d
en
ts
n
o
t
o
n
ly
n
ee
d
r
em
em
b
e
r
in
g
s
k
ills
,
b
u
t
m
u
s
t
h
av
e
h
ig
h
er
th
in
k
in
g
ab
ilit
ies
to
o
v
er
co
m
e
in
cr
ea
s
in
g
ly
co
m
p
l
ex
p
r
o
b
lem
s
an
d
h
av
e
c
r
itical
an
d
r
atio
n
al
th
in
k
in
g
ab
ilit
ies
[
1
1
]
,
[
1
2
]
.
L
ea
r
n
in
g
d
o
n
e
in
s
ch
o
o
ls
s
h
o
u
ld
n
o
t
o
n
ly
r
em
em
b
er
th
e
c
o
n
ce
p
t
s
an
d
k
n
o
wled
g
e,
b
u
t
an
aly
ze
,
e
v
alu
ate
an
d
cr
ea
te
th
e
p
r
o
b
lem
s
f
ac
e
d
[
1
3
]
,
[
1
4
]
.
Stu
d
en
ts
m
u
s
t
o
f
ten
b
e
f
ac
ed
wit
h
ex
er
cises
wo
r
k
in
g
o
n
HOT
S
q
u
esti
o
n
s
th
at
ar
e
in
ter
esti
n
g
to
s
o
lv
e,
s
o
th
at
t
h
e
p
o
ten
tial o
f
s
tu
d
en
ts
in
cr
ea
s
es.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
-
8
8
2
2
I
n
t
J
E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
,
Vo
l
.
10
,
No
.
2
,
J
u
n
e
2
0
2
1
:
5
4
5
-
5
52
546
I
n
th
e
cu
r
r
en
t
2
0
1
3
c
u
r
r
icu
l
u
m
,
wh
ile
th
e
s
y
llab
u
s
s
er
v
es
as
a
g
u
id
e
in
lear
n
in
g
ac
tiv
ities
in
s
ch
o
o
ls
,
th
e
m
ater
ial
p
r
e
p
ar
ed
r
eq
u
ir
es
s
tu
d
en
ts
to
h
av
e
h
ig
h
-
lev
el
t
h
in
k
in
g
s
k
ills
[
1
5
]
,
a
n
d
o
f
c
o
u
r
s
e
th
e
ass
ess
m
en
t
mu
s
t
ad
ju
s
t
to
th
e
a
b
ilit
y
to
th
in
k
at
a
h
i
g
h
lev
el,
esp
ec
ially
in
h
is
t
o
r
y
lear
n
in
g
i
n
h
ig
h
s
ch
o
o
l
[
1
6
]
,
[
1
7
]
.
T
h
e
m
ea
n
in
g
o
f
ass
ess
m
en
t
in
th
e
r
ea
lm
o
f
ed
u
ca
tio
n
is
to
f
in
d
o
u
t
th
e
ac
h
iev
em
e
n
t
o
f
o
b
jectiv
es
an
d
t
h
e
p
r
o
ce
s
s
o
f
lear
n
in
g
ac
tiv
ities
[
1
8
]
,
[
1
9
]
,
th
er
e
f
o
r
e
ass
ess
m
en
t
m
u
s
t
m
ee
t
ac
ad
em
ic
r
eq
u
ir
em
en
ts
as
an
ap
p
r
o
p
r
ia
te
ass
es
s
m
en
t c
ar
r
ied
o
u
t i
n
h
ig
h
s
ch
o
o
l.
Ass
es
s
m
en
ts
u
s
ed
b
y
I
n
d
o
n
esian
h
is
to
r
y
teac
h
er
s
o
f
ten
d
o
n
o
t
h
elp
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
o
p
tim
ally
i
n
d
e
alin
g
with
co
n
tex
tu
al
p
r
o
b
lem
s
[
2
0
]
-
[
2
2
]
.
T
h
er
e
ar
e
s
ti
ll
m
an
y
teac
h
e
r
s
wh
o
m
ak
e
test
q
u
esti
o
n
s
n
o
t
b
ased
o
n
th
e
test
g
r
id
,
b
u
t
ten
d
t
o
o
n
l
y
u
s
e
q
u
est
io
n
s
o
n
b
o
o
k
s
th
at
a
r
e
p
r
o
v
id
e
d
[
2
3
]
.
T
h
e
ten
d
en
c
y
o
f
teac
h
e
r
s
to
m
ak
e
q
u
esti
o
n
s
th
at
ar
e
n
o
t
g
u
id
e
d
b
y
th
e
test
g
r
id
is
wh
at
m
ak
es
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
n
o
t
tr
ain
ed
in
h
ig
h
-
lev
el
th
in
k
in
g
[
2
4
]
.
Hig
h
-
lev
el
th
in
k
in
g
s
k
ills
o
f
s
tu
d
en
ts
in
I
n
d
o
n
e
s
ia
a
r
e
v
er
y
lo
w,
esp
ec
i
ally
in
h
is
to
r
y
lea
r
n
in
g
.
T
h
is
c
an
b
e
s
ee
n
f
r
o
m
th
e
ab
ilit
y
o
f
s
tu
d
en
ts
to
c
o
n
d
u
ct
in
v
esti
g
atio
n
s
,
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
th
e
o
r
y
,
an
aly
s
is
,
an
d
s
o
lv
e
p
r
o
b
le
m
[
2
5
]
,
[
2
6
]
.
T
h
e
u
s
e
o
f
HOT
S
ass
e
s
s
m
e
n
t
in
s
tr
u
m
en
ts
in
lear
n
in
g
I
n
d
o
n
esian
h
is
to
r
y
,
b
ec
a
u
s
e
in
th
e
2
0
1
3
cu
r
r
icu
lu
m
o
n
ly
h
as
an
allo
ca
tio
n
o
f
two
h
o
u
r
s
p
e
r
wee
k
,
t
h
e
tar
g
et
to
b
e
ac
h
iev
ed
r
e
q
u
i
r
es
an
e
f
f
ec
tiv
e
an
d
ef
f
icien
t
s
tr
ateg
y
to
m
ee
t
th
e
lear
n
in
g
o
b
jectiv
es.
T
h
ese
tar
g
ets
m
u
s
t
m
ee
t
th
e
ap
p
r
o
p
r
iat
e
lear
n
in
g
b
ase
an
d
g
o
o
d
in
s
tr
u
m
en
ts
as
an
ass
ess
m
en
t
o
f
t
h
eir
ac
h
ie
v
em
en
ts
.
L
e
ar
n
in
g
ass
ess
m
en
t
in
th
e
2
0
1
3
cu
r
r
icu
lu
m
in
clu
d
es:
1
)
Kn
o
wled
g
e
with
wr
itten
test
s
,
o
b
s
er
v
atio
n
s
a
n
d
ass
ig
n
m
e
n
ts
;
2
)
Sk
ills
with
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
,
p
r
o
jec
ts
,
p
r
o
d
u
cts,
p
o
r
tf
o
lio
s
;
an
d
3
)
Attitu
d
es
b
y
o
b
s
er
v
atio
n
,
s
elf
-
ass
es
s
m
en
t,
an
d
jo
u
r
n
als
[
2
7
]
.
Var
i
o
u
s
asp
ec
ts
o
f
th
e
ass
es
s
m
en
t,
I
n
d
o
n
esian
h
is
to
r
y
teac
h
er
s
m
u
s
t b
e
cr
ea
tiv
e
in
g
ettin
g
ar
o
u
n
d
t
h
e
allo
ca
tio
n
o
f
h
o
u
r
s
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
s
o
th
at
co
m
p
eten
ce
is
ac
h
i
e
v
e
d
[
2
8
]
.
B
ased
o
n
th
e
r
esu
lts
o
f
in
ter
v
iews
with
I
n
d
o
n
esian
h
is
to
r
y
teac
h
er
s
at
2
Ng
a
g
lik
State
S
en
io
r
Hig
h
Sch
o
o
l,
th
at
th
e
in
s
tr
u
m
e
n
ts
u
s
ed
s
till
m
ea
s
u
r
e
asp
ec
ts
o
f
m
em
o
r
izatio
n
an
d
u
n
d
e
r
s
tan
d
in
g
.
L
ea
r
n
in
g
I
n
d
o
n
esian
h
is
to
r
y
r
eq
u
ir
es
ass
ess
m
en
t
in
s
tr
u
m
en
ts
th
at
ca
n
tr
ain
h
ig
h
-
le
v
el
s
k
ills
,
s
u
ch
as
m
ater
ial
in
b
asic
co
m
p
eten
ce
3.
6
an
aly
ze
th
e
r
o
le
o
f
n
atio
n
al
a
n
d
r
eg
io
n
al
f
ig
u
r
es
in
f
ig
h
tin
g
f
o
r
I
n
d
o
n
esian
i
n
d
ep
en
d
en
ce
.
T
h
is
m
ater
ial
h
as
b
r
o
ad
d
is
cu
s
s
io
n
an
d
r
eq
u
ir
es
a
lo
t
o
f
s
tu
d
e
n
t
ac
tiv
ities
in
th
e
class
r
o
o
m
in
clu
d
in
g
h
ig
h
-
lev
el
th
in
k
in
g
ac
tiv
ities
,
th
is
is
th
e
b
asis
f
o
r
r
esear
ch
er
s
to
d
e
v
elo
p
HOT
S a
s
s
e
s
s
m
en
t in
s
tr
u
m
en
ts
[
2
9
]
.
Pre
v
io
u
s
r
esear
ch
o
n
h
ig
h
er
o
r
d
er
th
in
k
in
g
s
k
ills
h
as
b
ee
n
ca
r
r
ied
o
u
t
b
y
s
ev
e
r
al
r
esear
ch
er
s
wh
o
h
av
e
f
o
cu
s
ed
o
n
lear
n
in
g
m
ath
em
a
tics
[
3
0
]
,
lear
n
in
g
p
h
y
s
ics
[
3
1
]
an
d
lear
n
i
n
g
h
is
to
r
y
with
d
e
s
cr
ip
tiv
e
q
u
esti
o
n
s
[
1
7
]
.
B
ased
o
n
p
r
e
v
io
u
s
r
esear
ch
s
tu
d
ies
o
n
th
e
HOT
S,
r
ese
ar
ch
er
s
f
o
u
n
d
a
n
ew
asp
ec
t
o
f
th
is
r
esear
ch
is
th
e
d
ev
elo
p
m
e
n
t o
f
HOT
S a
s
s
ess
m
en
ts
with
m
u
ltip
le
ch
o
ice
test
q
u
esti
o
n
s
,
esp
ec
ial
ly
in
ass
es
s
in
g
th
e
lear
n
in
g
o
f
I
n
d
o
n
esian
h
is
to
r
y
.
B
as
ed
o
n
t
h
e
b
ac
k
g
r
o
u
n
d
th
at
h
as
b
ee
n
d
escr
ib
ed
,
th
e
r
esear
ch
er
is
in
ter
ested
in
co
n
d
u
ctin
g
r
esear
ch
u
n
d
er
th
e
titl
e
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t
o
f
h
ig
h
er
o
r
d
er
th
in
k
i
n
g
s
k
ill
(
HOT
S)
as
s
es
s
m
en
t
in
s
tr
u
m
en
ts
in
lear
n
in
g
In
d
o
n
esian
h
is
to
r
y
in
h
ig
h
s
ch
o
o
ls
.
2.
RE
S
E
ARCH
M
E
T
H
O
D
2
.
1
.
T
y
pe
o
f
re
s
ea
rc
h
T
h
is
ty
p
e
o
f
r
esear
ch
is
a
R
esear
ch
a
n
d
De
v
elo
p
m
e
n
t
(
R
&
D)
u
s
in
g
th
e
B
o
r
d
a
n
d
Gall
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t
m
o
d
el
[
3
2
]
,
w
h
ich
h
as
b
ee
n
m
o
d
if
ied
in
to
f
iv
e
s
tag
es
o
f
r
esear
ch
in
ac
c
o
r
d
an
ce
with
th
e
o
b
j
ec
tiv
es
an
d
in
ter
ests
in
th
is
s
tu
d
y
.
T
h
e
s
tag
es
c
o
n
s
is
t
o
f
:
1
)
Nee
d
s
an
aly
s
is
an
d
p
r
elim
in
ar
y
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
g
at
h
er
i
n
g
;
2
)
Plan
n
in
g
an
d
p
r
ep
ar
atio
n
o
f
ass
ess
m
en
t
in
s
tr
u
m
en
ts
;
3
)
I
n
itial
p
r
o
d
u
ct
test
in
g
b
y
ex
p
er
ts
;
4
)
E
v
alu
atio
n
;
a
n
d
5
)
I
m
p
lem
en
tatio
n
.
2
.
2
.
Resea
rc
h desi
g
n
T
o
ex
am
in
e
th
e
ap
p
r
o
p
r
iaten
e
s
s
o
f
HO
T
S
ass
e
s
s
m
en
t
in
s
tr
u
m
en
ts
in
lear
n
in
g
I
n
d
o
n
esian
h
is
to
r
y
o
n
th
e
m
ater
ial
o
f
r
esis
tan
ce
o
f
th
e
I
n
d
o
n
esian
p
e
o
p
le
t
o
E
u
r
o
p
e
an
co
lo
n
izatio
n
u
n
til th
e
2
0
th
ce
n
tu
r
y
,
it wa
s
f
ir
s
t
v
alid
ated
b
y
i
n
s
tr
u
m
en
t
ex
p
er
t
s
an
d
e
v
alu
atio
n
ex
p
er
ts
[
3
3
]
,
[
3
4
]
,
th
en
r
ev
is
ed
in
s
tag
e
o
n
e.
T
h
e
r
e
v
is
ed
p
r
o
d
u
ct
was
th
en
v
alid
ated
b
y
th
r
ee
I
n
d
o
n
esian
h
is
to
r
y
teac
h
er
s
,
th
en
a
s
ec
o
n
d
s
tag
e
r
ev
is
io
n
w
as
ca
r
r
ied
o
u
t.
T
h
e
s
ec
o
n
d
s
tag
e
r
e
v
is
ed
p
r
o
d
u
ct
was
test
ed
o
n
o
n
e
class
at
2
Ng
ag
lik
State
Sen
io
r
Hig
h
Sc
h
o
o
l
.
T
h
is
s
ch
o
o
l
is
lo
ca
ted
in
Slem
an
Dis
tr
ict,
Sp
ec
ial
R
eg
io
n
o
f
Yo
g
y
ak
ar
ta,
I
n
d
o
n
esia.
2
.
3
.
Resea
rc
h su
bje
ct
s
R
esear
ch
s
u
b
jects
o
n
h
ig
h
er
o
r
d
er
th
in
k
in
g
s
k
ills
ass
es
s
m
en
t
in
s
tr
u
m
en
t
p
r
o
d
u
cts
in
th
e
lear
n
in
g
I
n
d
o
n
esian
h
is
to
r
y
o
n
th
e
m
at
er
ial
o
f
r
esis
tan
ce
o
f
t
h
e
I
n
d
o
n
esian
p
eo
p
le
a
g
ain
s
t
E
u
r
o
p
ea
n
co
lo
n
izatio
n
u
n
til
th
e
2
0
th
ce
n
tu
r
y
wer
e
co
n
d
u
c
ted
o
n
p
o
p
u
latio
n
o
f
class
XI
I
PS
3
at
2
Ng
ag
lik
State
Sen
i
o
r
Hig
h
Sch
o
o
l
as
m
an
y
as 3
6
s
tu
d
en
ts
.
T
h
e
r
esear
ch
was c
o
n
d
u
cted
o
n
Dec
em
b
er
1
2
u
n
til J
an
u
ar
y
3
1
,
2
0
1
9
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
8
2
2
Dev
elo
p
men
t o
f h
ig
h
er o
r
d
er th
in
kin
g
s
kill a
s
s
ess
men
t in
s
t
r
u
men
ts
in
lea
r
n
in
g
…
(
Jo
h
a
n
S
etia
w
a
n
)
547
2
.
4
.
Da
t
a
co
llect
io
n t
ec
h
niq
ues
a
nd
ins
t
r
um
ent
s
Data
co
llectio
n
tech
n
i
q
u
es
u
s
ed
q
u
esti
o
n
n
air
es
an
d
test
s
[
3
5
]
,
q
u
esti
o
n
n
air
es
wer
e
u
s
ed
t
o
m
ea
s
u
r
e
r
esp
o
n
s
es
o
f
v
ar
iab
les
to
ex
p
er
ts
in
th
e
f
o
r
m
o
f
h
ig
h
-
lev
el
t
h
in
k
in
g
s
k
ills
(
HOT
S)
in
lear
n
in
g
I
n
d
o
n
esian
h
is
to
r
y
o
n
m
ater
ial
o
f
I
n
d
o
n
esian
r
esis
tan
ce
to
co
l
o
n
ialis
m
in
E
u
r
o
p
e
u
n
til
th
e
2
0
th
ce
n
tu
r
y
.
Data
co
l
lectio
n
in
s
tr
u
m
en
ts
co
n
s
is
t
o
f
:
1
)
T
est
in
s
tr
u
m
en
ts
,
test
s
in
th
e
f
o
r
m
o
f
m
u
ltip
le
ch
o
ice
(
d
ich
o
to
m
y
0
an
d
1
)
with
f
iv
e
an
s
wer
ch
o
ices
[
3
6
]
,
[
3
7
]
,
wh
ic
h
r
e
f
er
s
to
in
d
icato
r
s
o
f
h
ig
h
-
lev
el
th
i
n
k
in
g
a
b
ilit
y
to
tallin
g
2
5
q
u
est
io
n
s
;
2
)
Valid
atio
n
s
h
ee
ts
,
ca
r
r
ied
o
u
t
b
y
two
ex
p
er
ts
n
am
ely
:
in
s
tr
u
m
en
t
ex
p
er
ts
f
o
r
th
e
v
alid
atio
n
o
f
te
s
t
in
s
tr
u
m
en
ts
an
d
ev
alu
atio
n
e
x
p
er
ts
f
o
r
v
alid
atio
n
o
f
HOT
S
ass
ess
m
en
ts
[
3
8
]
-
[
4
0
]
.
Fu
r
th
e
r
m
o
r
e
,
v
alid
atio
n
was
ca
r
r
ied
o
u
t
b
y
th
r
ee
I
n
d
o
n
esian
h
is
to
r
y
teac
h
er
s
to
d
eter
m
in
e
th
e
p
r
ac
ticality
an
d
r
esp
o
n
s
e
o
f
teac
h
er
s
a
s
in
s
tr
u
cto
r
s
in
th
e
s
ch
o
o
l e
n
v
ir
o
n
m
e
n
t.
2
.
5
.
Da
t
a
a
na
ly
s
is
t
ec
hn
iqu
es
Data
an
aly
s
is
was
p
er
f
o
r
m
ed
to
o
b
tain
v
alid
an
d
r
eliab
le
HOT
S
ass
es
s
m
en
t
in
s
tr
u
m
en
ts
[
4
1
]
.
Data
an
aly
s
is
is
d
o
n
e
in
two
way
s
,
n
am
ely
:
2
.
5
.
1
.
Q
ua
lita
t
iv
e
da
t
a
a
na
ly
s
is
o
f
t
he
re
s
ults o
f
v
a
lid
a
t
io
n sh
ee
t
s
Qu
alitativ
e
an
aly
s
is
o
f
HOT
S test
q
u
esti
o
n
s
was
o
b
tain
ed
f
r
o
m
th
e
r
esu
lts
o
f
lo
g
ical
v
alid
atio
n
s
h
ee
ts
b
ased
o
n
th
r
ee
asp
ec
ts
n
am
ely
:
m
ater
ial,
co
n
s
tr
u
ct
io
n
a
n
d
la
n
g
u
ag
e
asp
ec
ts
[
4
2
]
-
[
4
5
]
.
Valid
test
item
s
ar
e
u
s
ed
b
ased
o
n
th
e
v
alid
at
o
r
ass
ess
m
en
t
o
f
two
ex
p
e
r
t
lectu
r
er
s
an
d
th
r
ee
I
n
d
o
n
esian
h
is
to
r
y
t
ea
ch
er
s
.
T
h
e
v
al
u
es
g
iv
en
to
e
ac
h
item
o
f
v
alid
atio
n
ar
e:
v
alu
e
o
n
e
"in
v
alid
",
v
alu
e
two
"less
v
alid
",
v
alu
e
th
r
ee
"q
u
ite
v
alid
",
v
alu
e
f
o
u
r
"
v
alid
"
an
d
v
alu
e
f
iv
e
"
v
er
y
v
alid
".
An
aly
s
is
o
f
HOT
S
test
item
s
was
ca
lcu
lated
u
s
in
g
th
e
Aik
en
’
s
V
ca
lcu
latio
n
f
o
r
m
u
la
.
2
.
5
.
2
.
Q
ua
ntit
a
t
i
v
e
da
t
a
a
na
l
y
s
is
o
f
H
O
T
S t
est
qu
estio
ns
Data
o
b
tain
ed
f
r
o
m
s
tu
d
en
ts
'
r
esp
o
n
s
es
wer
e
an
al
y
ze
d
u
s
in
g
th
e
Mic
r
o
s
o
f
t
E
x
ce
l
p
r
o
g
r
am
.
T
h
e
an
aly
s
is
was c
ar
r
ied
o
u
t to
d
et
er
m
in
e
th
e
ch
a
r
ac
ter
is
tics
o
f
HOT
S item
s
wh
ich
in
clu
d
ed
:
A.
Valid
ity
test
T
h
e
v
alid
ity
test
o
f
t
h
e
tes
t
u
s
in
g
th
e
b
is
er
ial
p
o
i
n
t
co
r
r
e
latio
n
f
o
r
m
u
la
w
ith
th
e
p
r
o
v
is
io
n
s
o
f
th
e
ca
lcu
latio
n
r
esu
lts
co
m
p
ar
ed
with
r
table
at
5
%
s
ig
n
if
ican
ce
lev
el.
I
f
r
count
is
g
r
ea
ter
o
r
eq
u
al
to
r
table
th
en
th
e
item
is
v
alid
,
b
u
t if
r
count
is
s
m
aller
th
an
r
table
th
en
th
e
item
is
in
v
alid
[
4
6
]
.
B.
R
eliab
ilit
y
test
T
h
e
r
eliab
ilit
y
test
u
s
es
th
e
KR
-
2
0
f
o
r
m
u
la,
b
ec
a
u
s
e
th
e
s
co
r
e
q
u
esti
o
n
s
ar
e
d
ich
o
t
o
m
o
u
s
(
0
an
d
1
)
.
T
o
d
eter
m
in
e
th
e
r
eliab
ilit
y
cr
iter
i
a
if
th
e
in
ter
v
al
v
alu
e
o
f
th
e
c
o
ef
f
icien
t ≥
0
.
7
[
4
7
]
,
[
4
8
]
.
C.
T
est
d
if
f
icu
lty
lev
el
Dif
f
icu
lty
lev
el
an
aly
s
is
o
f
te
s
t
q
u
esti
o
n
s
is
n
ee
d
e
d
to
e
x
a
m
in
e
th
e
item
s
in
ter
m
s
o
f
d
if
f
icu
lty
,
s
o
th
a
t
item
s
ca
n
b
e
o
b
tain
e
d
th
at
f
a
ll
in
to
th
e
ca
teg
o
r
y
o
f
ea
s
y
,
m
ed
iu
m
a
n
d
d
if
f
icu
lt.
T
h
e
f
o
r
m
u
la
u
s
ed
to
ca
lcu
late
th
e
d
if
f
icu
lty
o
f
ite
m
s
is
: P=
N
P
/N
[
4
9
]
b
y
u
s
in
g
th
e
cr
iter
ia:
0
.
0
0
-
0
.
3
0
"to
o
d
i
f
f
ic
u
lt",
0
.
3
1
-
0
.
7
0
"m
o
d
er
ate"
,
a
n
d
0
.
7
1
-
1
.
0
0
"to
o
ea
s
y
".
D.
Dis
tin
g
u
is
h
in
g
p
o
wer
Dis
tin
g
u
is
h
in
g
p
o
wer
is
th
e
ab
ilit
y
o
f
th
e
test
to
d
is
tin
g
u
is
h
b
etwe
en
s
tu
d
en
ts
wh
o
h
av
e
h
ig
h
ab
ilit
ies
an
d
s
tu
d
en
ts
with
lo
w
ab
ilit
y
.
Dif
f
er
en
t
item
p
o
wer
in
d
ex
u
s
in
g
th
e
f
o
r
m
u
la
DP=BA/
JA
-
B
B
/
J
B
[
5
0
]
.
I
f
th
e
d
is
tin
g
u
is
h
in
g
in
d
ex
is
k
n
o
w
n
,
th
en
th
e
n
u
m
b
er
is
in
te
r
p
r
ete
d
o
n
th
e
cr
iter
ia:
0
.
0
0
-
0
.
2
0
"b
ad
",
0
.
2
1
-
0
.
4
0
"su
f
f
icien
t",
0
.
4
1
-
0
.
7
0
"
g
o
o
d
"
an
d
0
.
7
1
-
1
.
0
0
"v
er
y
g
o
o
d
".
E.
D
ec
ep
tio
n
in
d
e
x
I
n
th
e
ca
s
e
o
f
m
u
ltip
le
-
c
h
o
ice
f
o
r
m
s
th
e
r
e
ar
e
alter
n
a
tiv
e
an
s
wer
s
wh
ich
ar
e
d
ec
eitf
u
l,
d
e
ce
itfu
l
h
er
e
is
th
e
an
s
wer
to
th
e
q
u
esti
o
n
th
a
t
ca
n
d
ec
eiv
e
th
e
r
ea
l
an
s
wer
.
Usi
n
g
th
e
f
o
r
m
u
la
I
P=P
x
1
0
0
/(
N
-
B
)
/(
n
-
1
)
[
5
1
]
with
th
e
cr
iter
ia:
7
6
%
-
1
2
4
%
"v
er
y
g
o
o
d
",
5
1
%
-
7
5
%
o
r
1
2
6
%
-
1
5
0
%
"g
o
o
d
",
2
6
%
-
5
0
%
o
r
1
5
1
%
-
1
7
5
% "n
o
t
g
o
o
d
",
0
%
-
2
5
% o
r
1
7
6
%
-
2
0
0
%
"b
ad
",
an
d
>
2
0
0
% "m
is
lead
in
g
".
3.
RE
SU
L
T
S
3
.
1
.
Da
t
a
o
f
pro
du
ct
t
est
re
s
ult
3
.
1
.
1
.
E
x
pert
v
a
lid
a
t
io
n
Valid
atio
n
is
d
o
n
e
b
y
p
r
o
v
id
i
n
g
a
tex
t
i
n
th
e
f
o
r
m
o
f
a
v
ali
d
atio
n
s
h
ee
t
to
th
e
in
s
tr
u
m
e
n
t
ex
p
er
ts
an
d
ev
alu
atio
n
ex
p
e
r
ts
,
th
en
a
n
aly
ze
d
u
s
in
g
th
e
Aik
en
'
s
V
f
o
r
m
u
la
to
ca
lcu
late
th
e
co
n
ten
t
v
alid
ity
co
ef
f
icien
t.
T
h
e
r
esu
lts
o
f
th
e
v
alid
atio
n
a
n
aly
s
is
o
f
th
e
in
s
tr
u
m
en
t
ex
p
er
t
s
an
d
ev
alu
atio
n
e
x
p
er
ts
ar
e
s
h
o
wn
in
T
ab
le
1
.
T
ab
le
2
s
h
o
ws
th
at
th
e
ca
lc
u
l
atio
n
o
f
Aik
en
'
s
V
co
e
f
f
icien
t
b
a
s
ed
o
n
th
e
v
alid
atio
n
o
f
th
e
in
s
tr
u
m
en
t
ex
p
e
r
t
co
n
s
is
tin
g
o
f
1
0
q
u
esti
o
n
n
air
e
item
s
an
d
ev
al
u
atio
n
ex
p
e
r
ts
co
n
s
is
tin
g
o
f
2
0
q
u
e
s
tio
n
n
air
e
item
s
,
all
d
ec
lar
ed
to
b
e
elig
ib
le
to
u
s
e.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
-
8
8
2
2
I
n
t
J
E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
,
Vo
l
.
10
,
No
.
2
,
J
u
n
e
2
0
2
1
:
5
4
5
-
5
52
548
T
ab
le
1
.
R
esu
lts
o
f
in
s
tr
u
m
en
t
ex
p
er
t v
alid
atio
n
an
al
y
s
is
R
e
s
u
l
t
s
o
f
i
n
st
r
u
me
n
t
e
x
p
e
r
t
a
n
a
l
y
s
i
s
Q
u
e
st
i
o
n
n
u
m
b
e
r
A
i
k
e
n
’
s V
c
o
e
f
f
i
c
i
e
n
t
C
r
i
t
e
r
i
a
Q
u
e
st
i
o
n
n
u
m
b
e
r
A
i
k
e
n
’
s V
c
o
e
f
f
i
c
i
e
n
t
C
r
i
t
e
r
i
a
1
1.
00
El
i
g
i
b
l
e
t
o
u
s
e
6
0.
50
El
i
g
i
b
l
e
t
o
u
s
e
2
0.
75
El
i
g
i
b
l
e
t
o
u
s
e
7
0.
75
El
i
g
i
b
l
e
t
o
u
s
e
3
0.
75
El
i
g
i
b
l
e
t
o
u
s
e
8
1.
00
El
i
g
i
b
l
e
t
o
u
s
e
4
1.
00
El
i
g
i
b
l
e
t
o
u
s
e
9
1.
00
El
i
g
i
b
l
e
t
o
u
s
e
5
0.
75
El
i
g
i
b
l
e
t
o
u
s
e
10
1.
00
El
i
g
i
b
l
e
t
o
u
s
e
T
ab
le
2
.
R
esu
lt o
f
v
alid
atio
n
o
f
ex
p
er
t e
v
alu
atio
n
s
R
e
s
u
l
t
o
f
e
x
p
e
r
t
e
v
a
l
u
a
t
i
o
n
a
n
a
l
y
si
s
Q
u
e
st
i
o
n
n
u
m
b
e
r
A
i
k
e
n
’
s V
c
o
e
f
f
i
c
i
e
n
t
C
r
i
t
e
r
i
a
Q
u
e
st
i
o
n
n
u
m
b
e
r
A
i
k
e
n
’
s V
c
o
e
f
f
i
c
i
e
n
t
C
r
i
t
e
r
i
a
1
1
.
00
El
i
g
i
b
l
e
t
o
u
s
e
11
0
.
75
El
i
g
i
b
l
e
t
o
u
s
e
2
1
.
00
El
i
g
i
b
l
e
t
o
u
s
e
12
1
.
00
El
i
g
i
b
l
e
t
o
u
s
e
3
1
.
00
El
i
g
i
b
l
e
t
o
u
s
e
13
1
.
00
El
i
g
i
b
l
e
t
o
u
s
e
4
0
.
75
El
i
g
i
b
l
e
t
o
u
s
e
14
1
.
00
El
i
g
i
b
l
e
t
o
u
s
e
5
0
.
75
El
i
g
i
b
l
e
t
o
u
s
e
15
1
.
00
El
i
g
i
b
l
e
t
o
u
s
e
6
1
.
00
El
i
g
i
b
l
e
t
o
u
s
e
16
1
.
00
El
i
g
i
b
l
e
t
o
u
s
e
7
0
.
75
El
i
g
i
b
l
e
t
o
u
s
e
17
1
.
00
El
i
g
i
b
l
e
t
o
u
s
e
8
1
.
00
El
i
g
i
b
l
e
t
o
u
s
e
18
0
.
75
El
i
g
i
b
l
e
t
o
u
s
e
9
1
.
00
El
i
g
i
b
l
e
t
o
u
s
e
19
1
.
00
El
i
g
i
b
l
e
t
o
u
s
e
10
1
.
00
El
i
g
i
b
l
e
t
o
u
s
e
20
1
.
00
El
i
g
i
b
l
e
t
o
u
s
e
3
.
1
.
2
.
Va
lid
a
t
io
n by
I
nd
o
nes
i
a
n his
t
o
ry
t
ea
cher
Valid
atio
n
was
ca
r
r
ied
o
u
t
t
o
s
ee
th
e
co
n
ten
ts
an
d
ef
f
ec
tiv
en
ess
o
f
th
e
in
itial
p
r
o
d
u
c
t
to
th
r
ee
I
n
d
o
n
esian
h
is
to
r
y
teac
h
er
s
,
th
en
an
aly
ze
d
th
e
HOT
S
test
it
em
s
ac
co
r
d
in
g
to
th
e
v
alid
ato
r
'
s
as
s
ess
m
en
t
u
s
in
g
Ai
k
en
'
s
V
f
o
r
m
u
la
to
ca
lcu
lat
e
th
e
c
o
n
ten
t
v
alid
it
y
c
o
ef
f
ici
en
t.
T
h
e
v
alid
atio
n
an
al
y
s
is
d
ata
ar
e
as
s
h
o
wn
in
T
ab
le
3
.
T
ab
le
3
.
R
esu
lts
o
f
v
alid
atio
n
an
aly
s
is
o
f
I
n
d
o
n
esian
h
is
to
r
y
teac
h
er
Q
u
e
st
i
o
n
R
a
t
e
r
1
R
a
t
e
r
1
R
a
t
e
r
1
A
i
k
e
n
’
s V
C
o
e
f
f
i
c
i
e
n
t
C
r
i
t
e
r
i
a
1
5
5
4
0
.
91
El
i
g
i
b
l
e
t
o
u
s
e
2
5
5
5
1
.
00
El
i
g
i
b
l
e
t
o
u
s
e
3
4
5
4
0
.
83
El
i
g
i
b
l
e
t
o
u
s
e
4
4
4
4
0
.
75
El
i
g
i
b
l
e
t
o
u
s
e
5
5
4
4
0
.
83
El
i
g
i
b
l
e
t
o
u
s
e
6
4
4
5
0
.
83
El
i
g
i
b
l
e
t
o
u
s
e
7
5
3
5
0
.
83
El
i
g
i
b
l
e
t
o
u
s
e
8
5
3
5
0
.
91
El
i
g
i
b
l
e
t
o
u
s
e
9
5
4
5
0
.
66
El
i
g
i
b
l
e
t
o
u
s
e
10
4
3
4
0
.
75
El
i
g
i
b
l
e
t
o
u
s
e
11
3
4
4
1
.
00
El
i
g
i
b
l
e
t
o
u
s
e
12
5
4
5
0
.
91
El
i
g
i
b
l
e
t
o
u
s
e
13
5
4
4
0
.
83
El
i
g
i
b
l
e
t
o
u
s
e
14
5
3
4
0
.
66
El
i
g
i
b
l
e
t
o
u
s
e
15
4
4
4
0
.
83
El
i
g
i
b
l
e
t
o
u
s
e
16
4
3
4
0
.
83
El
i
g
i
b
l
e
t
o
u
s
e
17
5
3
5
1
.
00
El
i
g
i
b
l
e
t
o
u
s
e
18
4
4
5
0
.
83
El
i
g
i
b
l
e
t
o
u
s
e
19
5
4
4
0
.
83
El
i
g
i
b
l
e
t
o
u
s
e
20
4
4
5
0
.
83
El
i
g
i
b
l
e
t
o
u
s
e
B
ased
o
n
T
ab
le
3
,
th
e
r
esu
lts
a
r
e
o
b
tain
e
d
th
at
all
m
u
ltip
le
-
ch
o
ice
item
s
co
n
s
is
tin
g
o
f
3
0
H
OT
S
item
s
ar
e
in
th
e
v
alid
ca
teg
o
r
y
with
th
e
lo
west
in
d
ex
0
.
6
6
a
n
d
t
h
e
h
ig
h
est
1
.
0
0
.
T
h
e
in
ter
p
r
etatio
n
is
d
o
n
e
b
y
u
s
in
g
cr
iter
ia
less
th
an
0
.
6
t
h
en
th
e
v
alid
ity
is
s
aid
to
b
e
l
o
w,
b
et
wee
n
0
.
6
-
0
.
8
in
th
e
m
o
d
e
r
ate
ca
teg
o
r
y
a
n
d
if
m
o
r
e
th
an
0
.
8
is
s
aid
to
b
e
h
i
g
h
.
3
.
2
.
L
im
it
ed
t
ria
l r
esu
lt
da
t
a
A
lim
ited
tr
ial
was
co
n
d
u
cted
at
2
Ng
ag
lik
State
Sen
io
r
Hig
h
Sch
o
o
l,
Yo
g
y
a
k
ar
ta
b
y
in
v
o
lv
in
g
s
tu
d
en
ts
o
f
class
XI
I
PS
3
to
tallin
g
3
6
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
.
T
h
e
q
u
ality
o
f
HOT
S
test
q
u
esti
o
n
s
b
ased
o
n
th
e
ch
ar
ac
ter
is
tics
o
f
th
e
q
u
esti
o
n
s
in
clu
d
e:
v
alid
ity
,
r
eliab
ilit
y
,
lev
el
o
f
d
i
f
f
ic
u
lty
,
d
i
s
tin
g
u
i
s
h
in
g
f
ea
t
u
r
es
an
d
d
ec
ep
tio
n
in
d
ex
.
T
h
e
r
esu
lts
o
f
th
e
in
te
r
p
r
etatio
n
o
f
th
e
item
an
aly
s
is
ar
e:
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
8
2
2
Dev
elo
p
men
t o
f h
ig
h
er o
r
d
er th
in
kin
g
s
kill a
s
s
ess
men
t in
s
t
r
u
men
ts
in
lea
r
n
in
g
…
(
Jo
h
a
n
S
etia
w
a
n
)
549
3
.
2
.
1
.
I
t
em
v
a
lid
it
y
Valid
atio
n
o
f
th
e
test
co
n
s
is
ts
o
f
3
0
m
u
ltip
le
ch
o
ice
item
s
wh
ich
ar
e
ca
lcu
lated
u
s
in
g
th
e
Mic
r
o
s
o
f
t
E
x
ce
l
p
r
o
g
r
am
,
th
en
i
n
ter
p
r
ete
d
with
r
table
at
a
s
ig
n
if
ican
ce
lev
el
o
f
5
%
an
d
N=
3
6
.
T
h
en
o
b
t
ain
ed
r
table
o
f
0
.
3
3
9
an
d
th
er
e
a
r
e
2
3
v
alid
q
u
esti
o
n
s
.
T
h
e
r
es
u
lts
o
f
th
e
v
alid
atio
n
o
f
th
e
q
u
esti
o
n
s
ar
e
as
s
h
o
w
n
in
T
ab
le
4
.
T
ab
le
4
.
Valid
ity
test
r
esu
lts
Q
u
e
st
i
o
n
V
a
l
i
d
i
t
y
i
n
d
e
x
Q
u
e
st
i
o
n
i
t
e
m
To
t
a
l
P
e
r
c
e
n
t
a
g
e
1
>
0.
3
3
9
(
V
a
l
i
d
)
1
,
2
,
3
,
4
,
5
,
6
,
7
,
8
,
1
0
,
1
1
,
1
2
,
1
3
,
1
5
,
1
6
,
1
7
,
1
8
,
1
9
,
2
0
,
2
1
,
2
2
,
2
3
,
2
4
,
2
5
23
9
2
%
2
≤
0.
3
3
9
(
I
n
v
a
l
i
d
)
9
,
1
4
2
8%
B
ased
o
n
T
ab
le
4
,
it
ca
n
b
e
co
n
clu
d
ed
th
at
th
e
HOT
S
q
u
esti
o
n
in
th
e
s
tu
d
y
o
f
I
n
d
o
n
esian
h
is
to
r
y
o
n
th
e
m
ater
ial
o
f
I
n
d
o
n
esian
p
e
o
p
le
r
esis
tan
ce
ag
ain
s
t
E
u
r
o
p
ea
n
co
lo
n
izatio
n
u
n
til
th
e
2
0
t
h
ce
n
tu
r
y
h
as
g
o
o
d
q
u
ality
in
ter
m
s
o
f
its
v
alid
ity
b
ec
au
s
e
th
e
n
u
m
b
e
r
o
f
v
alid
it
em
s
is
m
o
r
e
th
a
n
5
0
%.
T
h
is
m
ea
n
s
th
at
th
e
HOT
S
q
u
esti
o
n
ca
n
m
ea
s
u
r
e
wh
at
s
h
o
u
ld
b
e
m
ea
s
u
r
ed
.
3
.
2
.
2
.
I
t
em
r
elia
bil
it
y
T
esti
n
g
th
e
r
eliab
ilit
y
o
f
HO
T
S
q
u
esti
o
n
s
u
s
in
g
th
e
KR
-
2
0
f
o
r
m
u
la
with
th
e
h
el
p
o
f
th
e
Mic
r
o
s
o
f
t
E
x
ce
l
p
r
o
g
r
am
,
th
e
ca
lcu
latio
n
r
esu
lts
s
h
o
w
th
e
r
eliab
ilit
y
o
f
th
e
q
u
esti
o
n
s
o
f
0
.
9
7
s
o
th
at
th
e
item
s
h
av
e
a
v
e
r
y
s
tr
o
n
g
lev
el
o
f
r
eliab
ilit
y
in
th
e
ca
teg
o
r
y
.
T
h
e
item
r
eliab
ilit
y
r
esu
lts
ar
e
as
s
h
o
wn
in
T
a
b
le
5
.
T
ab
le
5
.
R
eliab
ilit
y
test
r
esu
lts
R
e
l
i
a
b
i
l
i
t
y
s
c
o
r
e
C
r
i
t
e
r
i
a
0.
97
V
e
r
y
s
t
r
o
n
g
3
.
2
.
3
.
I
t
em
d
if
f
iculty
T
h
e
d
if
f
icu
lty
o
f
HOT
S
item
s
is
ca
lcu
lated
u
s
in
g
th
e
f
o
r
m
u
l
a
P
=N
P
/
N
with
th
e
h
elp
o
f
t
h
e
Mic
r
o
s
o
f
t
E
x
ce
l
p
r
o
g
r
am
,
th
e
ca
lcu
latio
n
r
esu
lts
s
h
o
w
s
ev
en
q
u
esti
o
n
s
ar
e
class
if
ied
as
to
o
d
if
f
icu
lt,
1
6
q
u
esti
o
n
s
ar
e
class
if
ied
as
m
o
d
er
ate
an
d
two
q
u
esti
o
n
s
ar
e
class
if
ied
as
to
o
ea
s
y
.
T
h
e
r
esu
lts
o
f
th
e
d
if
f
icu
lty
o
f
th
e
item
s
a
r
e
as
s
h
o
wn
in
T
ab
le
6
.
T
ab
le
6
.
R
esu
lts
o
f
item
d
if
f
ic
u
lty
Q
u
e
st
i
o
n
D
i
f
f
i
c
u
l
t
y
i
n
d
e
x
I
t
e
m
To
t
a
l
P
e
r
c
e
n
t
a
g
e
1
0
.
0
0
-
0.
30
4
,
5
,
1
0
,
1
2
,
1
5
,
1
7
,
1
8
,
2
1
,
2
3
9
3
6
%
2
0
.
3
1
-
0.
70
1
,
2
,
3
,
6
,
7
,
8
,
9
,
1
1
,
1
3
,
1
4
,
1
6
,
1
9
,
2
0
,
2
2
14
5
6
%
3
0
.
7
0
-
1
00
2
4
,
2
5
2
8%
3
.
2
.
4
.
I
t
e
m
dis
t
ing
uis
hin
g
po
wer
T
h
e
d
is
tin
g
u
is
h
in
g
p
o
wer
te
s
t
ab
o
u
t
HOT
S
is
ca
lcu
lated
u
s
in
g
Mic
r
o
s
o
f
t
E
x
ce
l
p
r
o
g
r
am
.
T
h
e
ca
lcu
latio
n
r
esu
lts
ar
e
as
s
h
o
wn
in
T
ab
le
7
.
T
ab
le
7
.
Dis
tin
g
u
is
h
in
g
p
o
wer
r
esu
lts
Q
u
e
st
i
o
n
D
i
st
i
n
g
u
i
s
h
i
n
g
p
o
w
e
r
I
t
e
m
n
u
mb
e
r
To
t
a
l
P
e
r
c
e
n
t
a
g
e
1
0
.
0
0
-
0.
20
-
-
0%
2
0
.
2
1
-
0.
40
1
,
4
,
7
,
8
,
1
5
,
2
2
6
2
4
%
3
0
.
4
1
-
0.
70
2
,
3
,
5
,
6
,
9
,
1
0
,
1
2
,
1
6
,
1
9
,
2
1
,
2
4
11
4
4
%
4
0
.
7
1
-
1.
00
1
1
,
1
3
,
1
4
,
1
7
,
1
8
,
2
0
,
2
3
,
2
5
8
3
2
%
3
.
2
.
5
.
I
nd
ex
o
f
dece
ptio
n it
em
Dec
ep
tio
n
in
d
ex
a
n
aly
s
is
ab
o
u
t
HOT
S
is
ca
lcu
lated
em
p
lo
y
in
g
th
e
Mic
r
o
s
o
f
t
E
x
ce
l
p
r
o
g
r
am
.
T
h
e
r
esu
lts
o
f
th
e
d
ec
ep
tio
n
in
d
e
x
as sh
o
wn
in
T
ab
le
8
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
-
8
8
2
2
I
n
t
J
E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
,
Vo
l
.
10
,
No
.
2
,
J
u
n
e
2
0
2
1
:
5
4
5
-
5
52
550
T
ab
le
8
.
R
esu
lts
o
f
th
e
d
ec
e
p
tio
n
in
d
e
x
Q
u
e
st
i
o
n
A
n
sw
e
r
O
p
t
i
o
n
N
u
mb
e
r
o
f
o
p
t
i
o
n
s
se
l
e
c
t
e
d
P
e
r
c
e
n
t
a
g
e
C
r
i
t
e
r
i
a
1
A
,
B
,
C
*
,
D
,
E
A
=
3
,
B
=
2
,
C
=
1
8
,
D
=
4
,
E=
3
A
=
6
2
.
5
%,
B
=
7
6
%
,
C
=
6
0
%,
D
=
8
3
%,
E
=
6
2
.
5%
G
o
o
d
6
A
,
B
,
C
,
D
,
E*
A
=
2
,
B
=
4
,
C
=
3
,
D
=
4
,
E=
1
7
A
=
5
7
%,
B
=
7
0
%
,
C
=
5
7
%,
8
2
%
,
D
=
7
0
%,
E=
5
7
%
G
o
o
d
14
A
*
,
B
,
C
,
D
,
E
A
=
1
5
,
B
=
4
,
C
=
3
,
D
=
5
,
E=
3
A
=
5
2
%,
B
=
6
6
%
,
C
=
5
0
%,
D
=
8
3
%,
E
=
5
0
%
G
o
o
d
4.
DIS
CU
SS
I
O
N
T
h
is
r
esear
ch
r
esu
lted
in
th
e
d
ev
elo
p
m
e
n
t
o
f
HOT
S
ass
e
s
s
m
en
t
in
s
t
r
u
m
en
ts
th
at
ca
n
b
e
u
s
ed
in
lear
n
in
g
I
n
d
o
n
esian
h
is
to
r
y
i
n
h
ig
h
s
ch
o
o
ls
.
T
h
e
HOT
S
ass
es
s
m
en
t
in
s
tr
u
m
en
t
in
th
e
s
tu
d
y
o
f
I
n
d
o
n
esian
h
is
to
r
y
f
o
cu
s
es o
n
o
n
e
o
f
th
e
m
ater
ials
,
n
am
ely
th
e
m
ater
ial
o
f
I
n
d
o
n
esian
p
eo
p
le
r
esis
tan
ce
ag
ain
s
t E
u
r
o
p
ea
n
co
lo
n
izatio
n
u
n
til
th
e
2
0
th
ce
n
tu
r
y
.
HOT
S
q
u
esti
o
n
s
in
th
is
s
tu
d
y
co
n
s
is
ted
o
f
2
5
m
u
ltip
l
e
ch
o
ice
q
u
esti
o
n
s
with
f
iv
e
an
s
wer
ch
o
ices
th
at
in
clu
d
ed
lev
els
o
f
C
4
(
an
al
y
zin
g
)
,
C
5
(
ev
alu
atin
g
)
,
a
n
d
C
6
(
m
ak
in
g
)
.
T
h
e
HOT
S
co
n
ce
p
t u
s
ed
i
n
th
is
s
tu
d
y
r
e
f
e
r
s
to
th
e
r
ev
is
ed
h
ig
h
-
l
ev
el
t
h
in
k
in
g
c
o
n
ce
p
t
o
f
B
lo
o
m
'
s
T
ax
o
n
o
m
y
.
T
h
e
v
alid
atio
n
o
f
HOT
S
ass
e
s
s
m
en
t
in
s
tr
u
m
en
ts
u
s
in
g
lo
g
ical
v
alid
atio
n
th
at
in
clu
d
es
asp
ec
ts
o
f
m
ater
ial,
c
o
n
s
tr
u
ctio
n
an
d
lan
g
u
ag
e
an
aly
ze
d
in
ac
co
r
d
a
n
ce
with
th
e
v
alid
ato
r
'
s
ass
e
s
s
m
e
n
t
u
s
in
g
th
e
Aik
en
'
s
V
f
o
r
m
u
l
a
to
ca
lcu
late
c
o
n
ten
t
v
alid
ity
co
e
f
f
icien
t.
T
h
e
r
esu
l
ts
o
f
two
I
n
d
o
n
esian
h
is
to
r
y
le
ar
n
in
g
ass
ess
m
en
t
ex
p
er
ts
s
h
o
w
HOT
S
ass
e
s
s
m
e
n
t
in
s
tr
u
m
en
ts
ar
e
v
a
lid
an
d
a
p
p
r
o
p
r
iate
to
u
s
e.
T
h
e
r
esu
lts
o
f
th
e
v
alid
atio
n
b
y
th
r
ee
I
n
d
o
n
esian
h
is
to
r
y
teac
h
er
s
also
s
tated
th
at
th
e
HOT
S
a
s
s
es
s
m
en
t
in
s
tr
u
m
en
t
was
v
alid
an
d
p
r
o
p
e
r
to
u
s
e.
T
h
e
ch
ar
ac
ter
is
tics
o
f
m
u
ltip
le
-
ch
o
ice
item
s
ca
lcu
lated
u
s
in
g
th
e
h
elp
o
f
th
e
Mic
r
o
s
o
f
t
E
x
ce
l
p
r
o
g
r
a
m
s
h
o
w
th
at
o
f
t
h
e
2
5
item
s
,
t
h
er
e
ar
e
two
in
v
alid
q
u
esti
o
n
s
.
T
h
ese
r
esu
lts
in
d
icate
th
at
th
e
q
u
ality
o
f
v
alid
ity
is
g
o
o
d
,
b
ec
au
s
e
th
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
v
alid
item
s
is
m
o
r
e
th
an
5
0
%.
T
h
is
m
ea
n
s
th
at
th
e
HOT
S q
u
esti
o
n
s
ca
n
m
ea
s
u
r
e
wh
at
s
h
o
u
ld
b
e
m
ea
s
u
r
e
d
.
T
h
e
av
er
ag
e
lev
el
o
f
item
r
eliab
ilit
y
is
0
.
9
7
,
s
o
i
t
ca
n
b
e
co
n
clu
d
e
d
th
at
th
e
item
h
as
a
v
er
y
s
tr
o
n
g
lev
el
o
f
r
eliab
ilit
y
.
T
h
e
lev
el
o
f
d
if
f
icu
lty
o
f
t
h
e
item
s
was
an
av
e
r
ag
e
o
f
0
.
3
3
in
th
e
m
ed
i
u
m
ca
teg
o
r
y
.
T
h
e
av
er
a
g
e
o
f
d
is
ti
n
g
u
is
h
in
g
p
o
wer
test
is
0
.
4
2
i
n
th
e
g
o
o
d
ca
teg
o
r
y
,
an
d
th
e
a
v
er
ag
e
o
f
d
ec
ep
tio
n
in
d
ex
is
0
.
5
6
in
th
e
g
o
o
d
ca
teg
o
r
y
.
T
h
is
ass
ess
m
en
t
in
s
tr
u
m
en
t
ca
n
b
e
u
s
ed
to
m
ea
s
u
r
e
h
ig
h
-
lev
el
th
in
k
in
g
s
k
ills
in
h
ig
h
s
ch
o
o
l
s
tu
d
en
ts
in
lear
n
in
g
I
n
d
o
n
esian
h
is
to
r
y
.
E
s
p
ec
ially
in
th
e
m
ate
r
ial
o
f
I
n
d
o
n
esian
p
eo
p
le
r
esis
tan
ce
ag
ain
s
t
th
e
E
u
r
o
p
ea
n
o
cc
u
p
a
tio
n
u
n
til
th
e
2
0
t
h
ce
n
t
u
r
y
.
T
ests
co
n
tain
in
g
h
i
gh
-
le
v
el
th
in
k
in
g
q
u
esti
o
n
s
(
HOT
S)
en
co
u
r
a
g
e
s
tu
d
en
ts
to
th
in
k
a
b
o
u
t su
b
ject
m
atter
[
5
2
]
.
5.
CO
NCLU
SI
O
N
T
h
e
co
n
cl
u
s
io
n
s
o
b
tain
:
1
)
HOT
S
ass
e
s
s
m
en
t
in
s
tr
u
m
en
ts
in
lear
n
in
g
I
n
d
o
n
esian
h
is
t
o
r
y
o
n
th
e
m
ater
ial
o
f
I
n
d
o
n
esian
p
eo
p
le
r
esis
tan
ce
ag
ain
s
t
E
u
r
o
p
ea
n
co
lo
n
izatio
n
u
n
til
th
e
2
0
th
ce
n
tu
r
y
,
co
n
s
is
tin
g
o
f
2
5
m
u
ltip
le
ch
o
ice
q
u
est
io
n
s
wit
h
f
iv
e
an
s
wer
ch
o
ices
;
2
)
Val
id
atio
n
o
f
HOT
S
q
u
esti
o
n
s
a
r
e
s
h
o
wn
f
r
o
m
th
e
r
esu
lts
o
f
th
e
a
n
aly
s
is
v
alid
at
o
r
c
o
n
d
u
cted
b
y
two
as
s
ess
m
en
t
ex
p
er
ts
an
d
th
r
ee
I
n
d
o
n
esian
h
is
to
r
y
te
ac
h
e
r
s
.
T
h
e
r
esu
lts
o
f
th
e
ex
p
er
t
ass
ess
m
en
t
an
aly
s
is
s
h
o
w
th
e
HOT
S
ass
es
s
m
en
t
in
s
tr
u
m
en
t
is
f
ea
s
i
b
le
to
u
s
e,
an
d
also
th
e
r
esu
lts
o
f
th
e
v
alid
atio
n
an
aly
s
is
o
f
th
r
ee
I
n
d
o
n
esian
h
is
to
r
y
teac
h
er
s
also
s
h
o
w
th
a
t th
e
HOT
S a
s
s
es
s
m
en
t
in
s
tr
u
m
en
t
is
f
ea
s
ib
le
to
u
s
e
;
3
)
T
h
e
c
h
ar
ac
ter
is
tics
o
f
m
u
lti
p
le
ch
o
ice
item
s
s
h
o
w
th
at
o
f
th
e
2
5
item
s
,
th
er
e
ar
e
two
q
u
esti
o
n
s
th
at
ar
e
n
o
t
v
alid
,
th
e
av
er
ag
e
o
f
r
eliab
ilit
y
lev
el
is
0
.
9
7
(
v
er
y
s
tr
o
n
g
ca
t
eg
o
r
y
)
,
th
e
av
er
ag
e
o
f
d
if
f
icu
lty
lev
el
is
0
.
3
3
(
m
ed
iu
m
ca
teg
o
r
y
)
,
th
e
av
er
ag
e
o
f
d
is
tin
g
u
is
h
in
g
p
o
wer
test
is
0
.
4
2
(
g
o
o
d
ca
teg
o
r
y
)
,
an
d
th
e
a
v
er
ag
e
o
f
d
ec
e
p
tio
n
q
u
esti
o
n
in
d
ex
is
0
.
5
6
(
g
o
o
d
ca
t
eg
o
r
y
)
.
T
h
is
HOT
S
ass
es
s
m
en
t
in
s
tr
u
m
en
t
p
r
o
d
u
ct
o
f
m
u
ltip
le
-
c
h
o
ice
q
u
esti
o
n
s
h
as
m
et
th
e
elig
ib
ilit
y
s
tan
d
ar
d
s
o
f
item
s
in
ter
m
s
o
f
v
ali
d
ity
,
r
eliab
ilit
y
,
d
if
f
icu
lty
l
ev
el,
d
is
tin
g
u
is
h
in
g
f
ea
tu
r
es
a
n
d
d
ec
ep
tio
n
in
d
e
x
.
T
h
e
im
p
licatio
n
is
th
at
th
ese
HOT
S
q
u
esti
o
n
s
ca
n
b
e
u
s
ed
b
y
s
tu
d
en
ts
as
tr
ain
in
g
m
ater
i
al
to
p
r
ac
tice
h
ig
h
-
lev
el
th
in
k
in
g
s
k
il
ls
an
d
as
an
alter
n
ativ
e
ass
ess
m
en
t
in
s
tr
u
m
en
t
t
o
ass
is
t
teac
h
er
s
in
p
r
e
p
ar
in
g
HOT
S
-
b
ased
q
u
esti
o
n
s
th
at
will
b
e
im
p
lem
en
ted
to
s
tu
d
en
ts
.
T
h
e
lim
itatio
n
s
o
f
th
is
r
esear
ch
ar
e:
Pro
d
u
ct
d
ev
elo
p
m
e
n
t
tr
ials
h
av
e
n
o
t
b
ee
n
ca
r
r
ie
d
o
u
t
at
th
e
f
ield
tr
ial
s
tag
e,
t
h
is
r
esear
ch
is
s
til
l
at
th
e
lim
ited
tr
ial
s
tag
e
in
v
o
lv
in
g
o
n
e
class
at
SMAN
2
Ng
ag
lik
.
R
ec
o
m
m
en
d
atio
n
s
f
o
r
f
u
r
th
e
r
r
esear
ch
s
h
o
u
ld
b
e
ca
r
r
ied
o
u
t
f
ield
tr
ials
in
v
o
lv
in
g
a
wid
er
r
an
g
e
o
f
r
esp
o
n
d
e
n
ts
.
T
h
e
d
e
v
elo
p
m
en
t
o
f
HOT
S
ass
ess
m
en
t
in
s
tr
u
m
en
ts
in
th
e
f
o
r
m
o
f
m
u
ltip
le
ch
o
ices
is
s
till
l
im
ited
to
o
n
e
o
f
th
e
h
is
to
r
ical
KD
(
B
a
s
ic
C
o
m
p
eten
cies)
o
f
class
XI
.
I
t
i
s
n
ec
es
s
ar
y
th
at
f
u
r
th
er
r
esear
ch
ca
n
d
ev
elo
p
HOT
S a
s
s
ess
m
en
t in
s
tr
u
m
en
ts
o
n
o
t
h
er
b
asic c
o
m
p
eten
cies.
RE
F
E
R
E
NC
E
S
[1
]
A
.
Ch
a
l
k
iad
a
k
i
,
“
A
s
y
ste
m
a
ti
c
li
tera
tu
re
re
v
iew
o
f
2
1
st
c
e
n
tu
ry
sk
il
ls
a
n
d
c
o
m
p
e
te
n
c
ies
i
n
p
rim
a
ry
e
d
u
c
a
ti
o
n
,”
In
ter
n
a
t
io
n
a
l
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
I
n
stru
c
ti
o
n
,
v
o
l.
1
1
,
n
o
.
3
,
p
p
.
1
-
1
6
,
2
0
1
8
.
[2
]
W
.
Co
n
k
l
i
n
,
Hi
g
h
e
r
o
r
d
e
r
th
i
n
k
i
n
g
s
k
i
l
ls
t
o
d
eve
l
o
p
2
1
ce
n
tu
ry
l
e
a
r
n
e
r
s
.
C
a
l
i
fo
r
n
ia:
S
h
e
ll
Ed
u
ca
t
i
o
n
,
2
0
1
2
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
8
2
2
Dev
elo
p
men
t o
f h
ig
h
er o
r
d
er th
in
kin
g
s
kill a
s
s
ess
men
t in
s
t
r
u
men
ts
in
lea
r
n
in
g
…
(
Jo
h
a
n
S
etia
w
a
n
)
551
[3
]
M
.
C
.
Q
u
ien
g
,
P
.
P
.
Li
m
,
a
n
d
M
.
R.
D
.
Lu
c
a
s,
“
2
1
st
c
e
n
t
u
ry
-
b
a
se
d
so
ft
s
k
il
ls:
S
p
o
tl
i
g
h
t
o
n
n
o
n
-
c
o
g
n
it
iv
e
s
k
il
ls
in
a
c
o
g
n
i
ti
v
e
-
lad
e
n
d
e
n
ti
stry
p
r
o
g
ra
m
,
”
Eu
ro
p
e
a
n
J
o
u
r
n
a
l
o
f
C
o
n
tem
p
o
ra
ry
Ed
u
c
a
ti
o
n
,
v
o
l
.
1
1
,
n
o
.
1
,
p
p
.
72
-
8
1
,
2
0
1
5
.
[4
]
C.
C
.
Ch
in
e
d
u
a
n
d
Y
.
K
a
m
i
n
,
“
S
tr
a
t
e
g
ies
f
o
r
i
m
p
ro
v
in
g
h
i
g
h
e
r
o
rd
e
r
th
i
n
k
in
g
s
k
i
l
l
in
te
ac
h
i
n
g
a
nd
le
ar
n
in
g
of
d
e
si
g
n
a
nd
t
e
c
h
n
o
l
o
gy
e
du
ca
t
i
o
n
,
”
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
T
ec
h
n
ica
l
Ed
u
c
at
i
o
n
a
n
d
T
r
a
in
i
ng
,
v
o
l.
7
,
n
o
.
2
,
p
p
.
3
5
-
4
3
,
2
0
1
5
.
[5
]
S
Wan
g
a
n
d
H
Wan
g
,
“
Tea
c
h
i
n
g
a
n
d
lea
rn
i
n
g
h
ig
h
e
r
-
o
rd
e
r
th
i
n
k
in
g
,
”
I
n
ter
n
a
t
io
n
a
l
J
o
u
r
n
a
l
o
f
Arts
&
S
c
ien
c
e
s,
v
o
l.
7
,
n
o
.
2
,
p
p
.
1
7
9
-
1
8
9
,
2
0
1
4
.
[6
]
A.
Z.
Ab
id
i
n
,
E.
Isti
y
o
n
o
,
N.
F
a
d
il
a
h
,
a
n
d
W.
S
.
B.
Dw
a
n
d
a
r
u
,
“
A
Co
m
p
u
teriz
e
d
a
d
a
p
ti
v
e
tes
t
fo
r
m
e
a
su
rin
g
th
e
p
h
y
sic
s
c
rit
ica
l
th
i
n
k
in
g
sk
il
ls
i
n
h
i
g
h
sc
h
o
o
l
st
u
d
e
n
ts,”
I
n
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
Eva
l
u
a
ti
o
n
a
n
d
Res
e
a
rc
h
in
E
d
u
c
a
ti
o
n
(IJ
ER
E)
,
v
o
l.
8
,
n
o
.
3
,
p
p
.
3
7
6
-
383
,
20
19
.
[7
]
M.D
.
Ku
s
u
m
a
,
U
.
R
o
sid
i
n
,
Ab
d
u
r
a
h
m
a
n
,
a
n
d
A
.
S
u
y
a
tn
a
,
“
T
h
e
De
v
e
lo
p
m
e
n
t
o
f
Hi
g
h
e
r
Or
d
e
r
T
h
in
k
in
g
S
k
il
l
(HO
TS
)
in
stru
m
e
n
t
As
se
ss
m
e
n
t
in
P
h
y
sic
s
S
tu
d
y
,
”
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
Res
e
a
rc
h
a
n
d
M
e
th
o
d
in
Ed
u
c
a
ti
o
n
,
v
o
l.
7
,
n
o
.
1
,
p
p
.
2
6
-
3
2
,
2
0
1
7
.
[8
]
B
.
P
.
M
a
i
n
a
li
,
“
Hi
g
h
e
r
o
rd
e
r
th
i
n
k
in
g
i
n
e
d
u
ca
t
i
o
n
,
”
A
M
ul
t
id
i
s
c
ip
l
in
a
ry
J
o
u
rn
a
l,
v
o
l.
2
n
o
,
1
,
p
p
.
5
-
1
0
,
2
0
1
2
.
[9
]
K
.
Ward
a
n
y
,
S
a
ji
d
a
n
,
a
n
d
R
.
M
u
r
n
i,
“
P
e
n
g
e
m
b
a
n
g
a
n
p
e
n
il
a
ian
u
n
t
u
k
m
e
n
g
u
k
u
r
h
ig
h
e
r
o
r
d
e
r
t
h
in
k
in
g
sisw
a
,
”
J
u
rn
a
l
In
k
u
ir,
v
o
l
.
6
,
n
o
.
2
,
p
p
.
1
-
16
,
2
0
1
7
.
[1
0
]
L.
W.
A
n
d
e
rso
n
a
n
d
D
.
R.
Krta
h
wo
h
l,
A
T
a
x
o
n
o
my
fo
r
L
e
a
rn
i
n
g
,
T
e
a
c
h
in
g
,
a
n
d
Asse
ss
in
g
:
A
Rev
is
io
n
o
f
B
lo
o
m’s
T
a
x
o
n
o
my
.
Ne
w Yo
rk
:
L
o
n
g
m
a
n
P
u
b
l
ish
i
n
g
,
2
0
0
1
.
[1
1
]
G
.
V
.
M
a
d
h
u
ri,
V.
S
.
S
.
N
.
Ka
n
ta
m
re
d
d
i,
a
n
d
L
.
N.
S
.
P
ra
k
a
sh
G
o
t
e
ti
,
“
P
ro
m
o
ti
n
g
h
ig
h
e
r
o
rd
e
r
th
in
k
in
g
sk
il
ls u
si
n
g
in
q
u
iry
-
b
a
se
d
lea
rn
i
n
g
,
”
E
u
ro
p
e
a
n
J
o
u
r
n
a
l
o
f
En
g
in
e
e
rin
g
E
d
u
c
a
ti
o
n
,
v
o
l.
3
7
,
n
o
.
2
,
p
p
.
1
1
7
-
1
2
3
,
2
0
1
2
.
[1
2
]
J.
W
.
M
a
h
o
n
e
y
a
n
d
B
.
Ha
rris
-
Re
e
v
e
s,
“
Th
e
e
ffe
c
ts
o
f
c
o
ll
a
b
o
ra
ti
v
e
tes
ti
n
g
o
n
h
i
g
h
e
r
o
r
d
e
r
t
h
in
k
in
g
:
Do
th
e
b
rig
h
tg
e
t
b
rig
h
ter?
”
Active
L
e
a
rn
i
n
g
i
n
Hi
g
h
e
r E
d
u
c
a
ti
o
n
,
v
o
l.
2
0
,
n
o
.
1
,
p
p
.
25
-
3
7
,
2
0
1
9
.
[1
3
]
Y
.
M.
He
o
n
g
,
e
t
a
l.
,
“
Th
e
Lev
e
l
M
a
rz
a
n
o
Hig
h
e
r
Ord
e
r
T
h
in
k
in
g
S
k
i
ll
s
Am
o
n
g
Tec
h
n
ica
l
Ed
u
c
a
ti
o
n
S
t
u
d
e
n
ts,
”
In
ter
n
a
t
io
n
a
l
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
S
o
c
i
a
l
S
c
ien
c
e
a
n
d
Hu
ma
n
it
y
,
v
o
l.
1
,
n
o
.
2
,
p
p
.
1
2
1
-
1
2
5
,
2
0
1
1
.
[1
4
]
B
.
Li
m
b
a
c
h
a
n
d
W
.
Wau
g
h
,
“
De
v
e
lo
p
in
g
h
ig
h
e
r
le
v
e
l
t
h
i
n
k
i
n
g
,
”
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
I
n
stru
c
ti
o
n
a
l
Pe
d
a
g
o
g
i
e
s,
v
o
l
.
3
,
n
o
.
1
,
p
p
.
1
-
9
,
2
0
1
0
.
[1
5
]
C
.
F
isc
h
e
r,
L
.
Bo
l,
a
n
d
S
.
P
ri
b
e
sh
,
“
An
i
n
v
e
sti
g
a
ti
o
n
o
f
h
ig
h
e
r
-
o
r
d
e
r
th
i
n
k
i
n
g
sk
il
ls
in
sm
a
ll
e
r
lea
rn
in
g
c
o
m
m
u
n
it
y
so
c
ial
stu
d
ies
c
las
sro
o
m
s,”
Ame
ri
c
a
n
S
e
c
o
n
d
a
ry
Ed
u
c
a
ti
o
n
,
v
o
l.
3
9
,
n
o
.
2
,
p
p
.
5
-
26
,
2
0
1
1
.
[1
6
]
A.
B
.
No
rd
i
n
a
n
d
N
.
Alias
,
“
Lea
rn
in
g
o
u
tco
m
e
s
a
n
d
stu
d
e
n
t
p
e
rc
e
p
ti
o
n
s
in
u
si
n
g
o
f
b
len
d
e
d
lea
rn
in
g
i
n
h
ist
o
ry
,
”
Pro
c
e
d
ia
-
S
o
c
ia
l
a
n
d
Beh
a
v
io
r
a
l
S
c
ien
c
e
s
,
v
o
l.
1
0
3
,
p
p
.
5
7
7
–
5
8
5
,
2
0
1
3
.
[1
7
]
R.
A
.
Ku
r
n
iaw
a
n
a
n
d
D
.
Les
tari
,
“
Th
e
De
v
e
lo
p
m
e
n
t
As
se
ss
m
e
n
t
In
stru
m
e
n
ts
o
f
Hi
g
h
e
r
Or
d
e
r
Th
i
n
k
in
g
S
k
il
ls
o
n
Ek
o
n
o
m
c
S
u
b
jec
t
,
”
Di
n
a
mik
a
Pen
d
i
d
ika
n
,
v
o
l
.
1
4
,
n
o
.
1
,
1
0
2
-
1
1
5
,
2
0
1
9
.
[1
8
]
A.
Y
.
G
u
n
d
u
z
,
E
.
Ale
m
d
a
g
,
S
.
Ya
sa
r
,
a
n
d
M
.
Er
d
e
m
,
“
De
sig
n
o
f
a
p
ro
b
lem
-
b
a
se
d
o
n
li
n
e
lea
rn
i
n
g
e
n
v
ir
o
n
m
e
n
t
a
n
d
e
v
a
lu
a
ti
o
n
o
f
it
s
e
ffe
c
ti
v
e
n
e
ss
,”
T
h
e
T
u
rk
ish
On
li
n
e
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
E
d
u
c
a
t
io
n
a
l
T
e
c
h
n
o
lo
g
y
,
v
o
l.
1
5
,
n
o
.
3
,
p
p
.
49
-
5
7
,
2
0
1
6
.
[1
9
]
A.
C
.
S
a
p
u
tri
,
S
.
S
a
ji
d
a
n
,
Y
.
R
in
a
n
to
,
A
.
Afa
n
d
i,
a
n
d
N.
M
.
P
ra
se
ty
a
n
ti
,
“
Im
p
ro
v
i
n
g
st
u
d
e
n
ts’
c
rit
ica
l
th
i
n
k
i
n
g
sk
il
ls
in
c
e
ll
-
m
e
tab
o
li
sm
lea
rn
i
n
g
u
si
n
g
stim
u
latin
g
h
ig
h
e
r
o
r
d
e
r
t
h
i
n
k
i
n
g
s
k
il
ls
m
o
d
e
l,
”
I
n
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
In
stru
c
ti
o
n
,
v
o
l
.
1
2
,
n
o
.
1
,
p
p
.
3
2
7
-
3
4
2
,
2
0
1
8
.
[2
0
]
P
.
Affle
rb
a
c
h
,
B.
Y
.
Ch
o
,
a
n
d
J.
Y
.
Kim
,
“
Co
n
c
e
p
tu
a
li
z
in
g
a
n
d
a
ss
e
ss
in
g
h
i
g
h
e
r
-
o
rd
e
r
t
h
i
n
k
i
n
g
in
r
e
a
d
in
g
,
”
T
h
e
o
ry
in
to
Pra
c
ti
c
e
,
v
o
l.
5
4
,
n
o
.
3
,
p
p
.
2
0
3
-
2
1
2
,
2
0
1
5
.
[2
1
]
W
.
J
.
B
o
o
n
e
,
R
.
J
.
S
tav
e
r,
a
n
d
S
.
M
.
Y
a
le
,
Ra
s
c
h
An
a
l
y
sis
in
t
h
e
Hu
m
an
S
c
ien
ce
s
.
L
o
n
d
o
n
:
S
p
ri
n
g
e
r,
2
0
1
4
.
[2
2
]
S
.
M
.
Ha
ley
,
W.
J
.
C
o
ste
r,
H.
M
.
Du
m
a
s,
M
.
A
.
F
ra
g
a
la
-
P
in
k
h
a
m
,
J
.
Kra
m
e
r
,
P
.
Ni,
e
t
a
l.
,
“
Ac
c
u
ra
c
y
a
n
d
p
re
c
isio
n
o
f
th
e
P
e
d
iatric
E
v
a
lu
a
ti
o
n
o
f
Dis
a
b
il
it
y
In
v
e
n
t
o
ry
c
o
m
p
u
ter
-
a
d
a
p
ti
v
e
tes
ts
(P
EDI
-
CAT),
”
De
v
e
lo
p
m
e
n
ta
l
M
e
d
ici
n
e
a
n
d
Ch
i
ld
Ne
u
r
o
lo
g
y
,
v
o
l
.
5
3
,
n
o
.
1
2
,
p
p
.
1
1
0
0
-
1
1
0
6
,
2
0
1
1
.
[2
3
]
M
.
Yu
n
iar,
C.
Ra
k
h
m
a
t,
a
n
d
A.
S
a
e
p
u
lro
h
m
a
n
,
“
T
h
e
An
a
l
y
se
s
o
f
HO
TS
(Hig
h
Or
d
e
r
T
h
in
k
in
g
S
k
i
l
ls)
in
Ob
jec
ti
v
e
Tes
t
in
S
o
c
ial
S
tu
d
ies
Clas
s
5
th
S
D
Ne
g
e
ri
7
Ciam
is
,
”
(i
n
Ba
h
a
sa
),
J
u
rn
a
l
Ilmi
a
h
M
a
h
a
sisw
a
P
e
n
d
id
ika
n
Gu
ru
S
e
k
o
la
h
Da
sa
r
,
v
o
l.
2
,
n
o
.
2
,
p
p
.
1
8
7
-
1
9
5
,
2
0
1
5
.
[2
4
]
P
i’i
,
“
De
v
e
lo
p
in
g
Hi
g
h
e
r
-
Lev
e
l
Th
in
k
in
g
Lea
rn
i
n
g
a
n
d
As
se
ss
m
e
n
t
i
n
Histo
r
y
S
u
b
jec
ts
,
”
(i
n
Ba
h
a
s
a
),
S
e
ja
ra
h
d
a
n
Bu
d
a
y
a
,
v
o
l.
1
0
,
n
o
.
2
,
p
p
.
1
9
7
-
2
0
8
,
2
0
1
6
,
d
o
i:
1
0
.
1
7
9
7
7
/u
m
0
2
0
v
1
0
i2
2
0
1
6
p
1
9
7
.
[2
5
]
S
.
Av
a
rg
il
,
O
.
He
rsc
o
v
it
z
,
a
n
d
Y.
J
.
Do
ri
,
“
Tea
c
h
in
g
th
i
n
k
i
n
g
s
k
il
l
s
in
c
o
n
te
x
t
-
b
a
se
d
lea
rn
i
n
g
:
Tea
c
h
e
rs’
c
h
a
ll
e
n
g
e
s
a
n
d
a
ss
e
ss
m
e
n
t
k
n
o
wle
d
g
e
,”
J
S
c
i
Ed
u
c
T
e
c
h
n
o
l
,
v
o
l
.
2
1
,
p
p
.
2
0
7
–
2
2
5
,
2
0
1
2
,
d
o
i:
1
0
.
1
0
0
7
/s1
0
9
5
6
-
0
1
1
-
9
3
0
2
-
7
[2
6
]
D
.
Dra
k
e
,
D
.
F
re
d
e
rick
,
a
n
d
L
.
R
.
Ne
lso
n
,
E
n
g
a
g
e
me
n
t
i
n
tea
c
h
in
g
h
isto
ry
t
h
e
o
ry
a
n
d
se
c
o
n
d
a
r
y
tea
c
h
e
rs
.
Ne
w
Je
rse
y
:
P
e
a
rso
n
,
2
0
0
5
.
[2
7
]
N
.
S
e
n
e
r,
C
.
Tu
rk
,
a
n
d
E
.
Tas
,
“
I
m
p
ro
v
i
n
g
sc
ien
c
e
a
tt
it
u
d
e
a
n
d
c
re
a
ti
v
e
th
in
k
i
n
g
th
r
o
u
g
h
sc
ien
c
e
e
d
u
c
a
ti
o
n
p
ro
jec
t:
A
d
e
sig
n
,
im
p
lem
e
n
tatio
n
a
n
d
a
ss
e
ss
m
e
n
t,
”
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
E
d
u
c
a
ti
o
n
a
n
d
T
ra
i
n
i
n
g
S
tu
d
ies
,
v
o
l.
3
,
n
o
.
4
,
p
p
.
5
7
-
6
7
,
2
0
1
5
.
[2
8
]
G
.
T
.
Da
m
a
n
d
M
.
Vo
lma
n
,
“
Cr
it
ica
l
th
in
k
in
g
a
s
a
c
it
ize
n
sh
ip
c
o
m
p
e
ten
c
e
:
tea
c
h
in
g
stra
teg
ies
,
”
L
e
a
rn
in
g
a
n
d
in
stru
c
ti
o
n
,
v
o
l.
1
4
,
n
o
.
4
,
p
p
.
3
5
9
-
3
7
9
,
2
0
0
4
.
[2
9
]
D
.
An
d
rian
,
B
.
Ka
rto
wa
g
iran
,
a
n
d
S
.
Ha
d
i,
“
Th
e
in
str
u
m
e
n
t
d
e
v
e
lo
p
m
e
n
t
to
e
v
a
l
u
a
te
lo
c
a
l
c
u
rricu
l
u
m
in
In
d
o
n
e
s
ia,”
In
ter
n
a
t
io
n
a
l
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
I
n
stru
c
ti
o
n
,
v
o
l.
1
1
,
n
o
.
4
,
p
p
.
9
2
2
-
9
3
4
,
2
0
1
8
.
[3
0
]
F.A
.
Ka
rim
a
n
d
M
.
P
u
teh
,
“
Th
e
d
e
v
e
lo
p
m
e
n
t
o
f
h
i
g
h
e
r
o
rd
e
r
th
i
n
k
in
g
sk
i
ll
a
ss
e
ss
m
e
n
t
in
stru
m
e
n
t
fo
r
wo
rd
p
ro
b
le
m
,
”
In
ter
n
a
t
io
n
a
l
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
Ac
a
d
e
mi
c
Res
e
a
rc
h
in
B
u
sin
e
ss
a
n
d
S
o
c
i
a
l
S
c
ien
c
e
s
,
v
o
l.
9
,
n
o
.
6
,
p
p
.
1
0
9
7
-
1
0
8
3
,
2
0
1
9
.
[3
1
]
S
.
Ra
m
a
d
h
a
n
,
D
.
M
a
r
d
a
p
i,
Z.
K
.
P
ra
se
ty
o
,
a
n
d
H.
B
.
Ut
o
m
o
,
“
Th
e
d
e
v
e
lo
p
m
e
n
t
o
f
a
n
in
str
u
m
e
n
t
t
o
m
e
a
su
re
t
h
e
h
ig
h
e
r
o
r
d
e
r
t
h
in
k
in
g
s
k
il
l
in
p
h
y
s
ics
,
”
Eu
ro
p
e
a
n
J
o
u
r
n
a
l
o
f
Ed
u
c
a
t
io
n
a
l
Res
e
a
rc
h
,
v
o
l.
8
,
n
o
.
3
,
p
p
.
743
-
7
5
1
,
2
0
1
9
.
[3
2
]
W
.
R
.
B
o
r
g
,
a
n
d
J
.
P
.
G
a
l
l
,
E
d
u
c
at
i
o
n
r
e
s
e
ar
c
h
.
N
e
w
Y
o
rk
:
A
l
l
y
n
a
nd
B
a
c
o
n
,
2
0
0
3
.
[3
3
]
I
.
Ki
n
a
y
a
n
d
B
.
Ba
g
c
e
c
i,
“
T
h
e
i
n
v
e
stig
a
ti
o
n
o
f
th
e
e
ffe
c
ts
o
f
a
u
th
e
n
t
ic
a
ss
e
ss
m
e
n
t
a
p
p
ro
a
c
h
o
n
p
r
o
sp
e
c
ti
v
e
tea
c
h
e
rs’
p
ro
b
lem
-
so
lv
i
n
g
s
k
il
ls,”
I
n
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
E
d
u
c
a
t
io
n
S
tu
d
ies
,
v
o
l.
9
,
n
o
.
8
,
p
p
.
5
1
-
5
9
,
2
0
1
6
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
-
8
8
2
2
I
n
t
J
E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
,
Vo
l
.
10
,
No
.
2
,
J
u
n
e
2
0
2
1
:
5
4
5
-
5
52
552
[3
4
]
D.
J
.
Weiss
,
“
Be
tt
e
r
d
a
ta
fro
m
b
e
tt
e
r
m
e
a
su
re
m
e
n
ts
u
sin
g
c
o
m
p
u
te
rize
d
a
d
a
p
ti
v
e
tes
ti
n
g
,
”
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
M
e
t
h
o
d
s
a
n
d
M
e
a
su
re
me
n
t
i
n
t
h
e
S
o
c
ia
l
S
c
ien
c
e
s,
v
o
l.
2
,
n
o
.
1
,
p
p
.
1
-
2
7
,
2
0
1
1
.
[3
5
]
Am
a
n
,
“
F
in
a
l
Ex
a
m
in
a
ti
o
n
Te
st
In
stru
m
e
n
ts
f
o
r
Hist
o
ry
S
u
b
jec
t
i
n
Yo
g
y
a
k
a
rta,
In
d
o
n
e
sia
:
A
Qu
a
li
ty
A
n
a
ly
sis
,”
Un
ive
rs
a
l
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
E
d
u
c
a
ti
o
n
a
l
Res
e
a
rc
h
,
v
o
l.
7
,
n
o
.
1
2
,
p
p
.
2
8
5
7
-
2
8
6
6
,
2
0
1
9
.
[3
6
]
Z
.
Arifin
,
L
e
a
r
n
in
g
Eva
lu
a
ti
o
n
,
(
i
n
Ba
h
a
sa
).
Ba
n
d
u
n
g
:
P
T
Re
m
a
ja Ro
sd
a
k
a
ry
a
,
2
0
1
6
.
[3
7
]
C
.
Bo
o
p
a
th
ir
a
j
a
n
d
K
.
Ch
e
ll
a
m
a
n
i,
“
An
a
ly
sis o
f
tes
t
it
e
m
s o
n
d
iffi
c
u
lt
y
lev
e
l
a
n
d
d
isc
rimin
a
ti
o
n
i
n
d
e
x
in
t
h
e
tes
t
fo
r
re
se
a
rc
h
in
e
d
u
c
a
ti
o
n
,
”
In
ter
n
a
t
io
n
a
l
J
o
u
r
n
a
l
o
f
S
o
c
ia
l
S
c
ien
c
e
&
In
ter
d
isc
ip
li
n
a
ry
Res
e
a
rc
h
,
v
o
l.
2
,
n
o
.
2
,
p
p
.
1
8
3
-
1
9
3
,
2
0
1
3
.
[3
8
]
G.
T.
L
.
B
ro
w
n,
S
.
E
.
I
r
vi
n
g
,
a
n
d
P
.
J
.
K
e
e
g
a
n
,
An
I
n
tro
d
u
c
t
i
on
to
e
du
ca
t
i
on
a
l
As
s
e
ss
me
n
t
,
M
ea
su
r
e
me
n
t
&
Ev
a
lu
a
t
i
o
n
.
Au
c
k
lan
d
:
Du
n
m
o
r
e
P
ubl
i
sh
i
n
g
,
2
0
1
4
.
[3
9
]
M
.
P
o
m
m
e
rich
,
“
De
v
e
lo
p
i
n
g
c
o
m
p
u
teriz
e
d
v
e
rsio
n
s
o
f
p
a
p
e
r
-
a
n
d
p
e
n
c
il
tes
ts:
M
o
d
e
e
ffe
c
ts
fo
r
p
a
ss
a
g
e
-
b
a
se
d
tes
ts,”
T
h
e
J
o
u
r
n
a
l
o
f
T
e
c
h
n
o
lo
g
y
,
L
e
a
rn
in
g
a
n
d
Asse
ss
me
n
t,
v
o
l.
2
,
n
o
.
6
,
p
p
.
3
-
4
4
,
2
0
0
4
.
[4
0
]
J
.
Sz
i
l
a
g
y
i,
D.
H
.
Clem
e
n
ts
,
a
n
d
J
.
S
a
r
a
ma
, “
Yo
u
n
g
C
h
i
l
dr
e
n
'
s
Un
d
e
r
s
tan
d
i
n
g
s
o
f
L
e
n
g
th
M
e
a
su
r
e
m
e
n
t
:
Ev
a
lu
a
ti
n
g
a
L
ea
rn
i
n
g
T
ra
je
c
to
r
y
,
”
J
o
u
r
n
a
l
fo
r
R
e
s
e
ar
c
h
i
n
M
a
t
h
e
m
at
i
c
s E
d
u
c
a
t
i
o
n
,
v
o
l.
4
4
,
n
o
.
3
,
p
p
.
5
8
1
-
6
2
0
,
2
0
1
3
.
[4
1
]
K
.
Co
a
ley
,
A
n
In
tr
o
d
u
c
ti
o
n
to
Psy
c
h
o
lo
g
ica
l
Asse
ss
me
n
t
a
n
d
Psy
c
h
o
me
trics
.
Lo
n
d
o
n
:
S
AG
E
P
u
b
l
ica
ti
o
n
s
In
c
,
2
0
1
0
.
[4
2
]
A.
M
.
L
.
Ca
v
a
ll
o
,
W.
H
.
P
o
tt
e
r
,
a
n
d
M
.
Ro
z
m
a
n
,
“
G
e
n
d
e
r
d
iffe
re
n
c
e
s
in
lea
rn
in
g
c
o
n
stru
c
ts,
s
h
ift
s
in
lea
rn
in
g
c
o
n
stru
c
ts,
a
n
d
t
h
e
ir
re
latio
n
s
h
ip
to
c
o
u
rse
a
c
h
iev
e
m
e
n
t
i
n
a
stru
c
t
u
re
d
in
q
u
iry
,
y
e
a
rlo
n
g
c
o
ll
e
g
e
p
h
y
sic
s
c
o
u
rse
fo
r
li
fe
sc
ien
c
e
m
a
jo
rs,”
S
c
h
o
o
l
S
c
ien
c
e
a
n
d
M
a
th
e
ma
ti
c
s
,
v
o
l.
1
0
4
,
n
o
.
6
,
p
p
.
2
8
8
-
3
0
0
,
2
0
0
4
.
[4
3
]
D.
F
.
P
o
li
t
a
n
d
C.
T
.
Be
c
k
,
“
Th
e
c
o
n
ten
t
v
a
li
d
i
t
y
in
d
e
x
:
a
re
y
o
u
su
re
y
o
u
k
n
o
w
w
h
a
t'
s
b
e
in
g
re
p
o
rte
d
?
Crit
i
q
u
e
a
n
d
re
c
o
m
m
e
n
d
a
ti
o
n
s,”
Res
e
a
rc
h
i
n
Nu
rs
in
g
&
He
a
lt
h
,
v
o
l.
2
9
,
n
o
.
5
,
p
p
.
4
8
9
-
4
9
,
2
0
0
6
.
[4
4
]
J
.
S
e
ti
a
wa
n
,
Am
a
n
,
a
n
d
W
u
lan
d
a
ri
,
“
Un
d
e
rsta
n
d
in
g
I
n
d
o
n
e
sia
n
h
isto
r
y
,
i
n
tere
st
i
n
lea
rn
in
g
h
isto
ry
a
n
d
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
in
sig
h
t
with
n
a
ti
o
n
a
li
sm
a
tt
it
u
d
e
,
”
In
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
J
o
u
r
n
a
l
o
f
Eva
l
u
a
ti
o
n
a
n
d
Res
e
a
rc
h
in
Ed
u
c
a
ti
o
n
(
IJ
ER
E)
,
v
o
l.
9
,
no.
1
,
p
p
.
1
-
1
0
,
2
0
2
0
.
[4
5
]
C.
A
.
Wy
n
d
,
B
.
S
c
h
m
i
d
t,
a
n
d
M
.
A
.
S
c
h
a
e
fe
r,
“
Two
q
u
a
n
t
it
a
ti
v
e
a
p
p
ro
a
c
h
e
s
f
o
r
e
stim
a
ti
n
g
c
o
n
ten
t
v
a
li
d
it
y
,
”
W
e
ste
rn
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
Nu
rs
i
n
g
Res
e
a
rc
h
,
v
o
l.
2
5
,
n
o
.
5
,
p
p
.
5
0
8
–
5
1
8
,
2
0
0
3
.
[4
6
]
S.
Az
wa
r,
Va
li
d
it
y
a
n
d
Reli
a
b
il
it
y
,
(in
Ba
h
a
sa
).
Yo
g
y
a
k
a
rta,
In
d
o
n
e
sia
:
P
u
sta
k
a
P
e
laja
r,
2
0
0
7
.
[4
7
]
D.
M
a
rd
a
p
i
,
T
e
c
h
n
iq
u
e
s
fo
r
d
ra
ft
in
g
tes
t
a
n
d
n
o
n
-
tes
t
in
str
u
me
n
ts
,
(i
n
Ba
h
a
sa
).
Y
og
y
a
k
a
rta,
I
n
d
o
n
e
sia
:
M
it
ra
Ce
n
d
e
k
ia,
2
0
0
8
.
[4
8
]
H.
Re
tn
a
wa
ti
,
Va
li
d
it
y
,
re
li
a
b
il
it
y
a
n
d
i
tem
c
h
a
ra
c
ter
isti
c
s
,
(in
Ba
h
a
sa
).
Yo
g
y
a
k
a
rta,
In
d
o
n
e
sia
:
P
a
ra
m
a
P
u
b
li
sh
i
n
g
,
2
0
1
6
.
[4
9
]
A.
S
u
d
ij
o
n
o
,
In
tro
d
u
c
ti
o
n
t
o
Eva
l
u
a
ti
o
n
,
(in
Ba
h
a
sa
).
Ja
k
a
rta:
Ra
jaw
a
li
P
e
rs,
2
0
1
2
.
[5
0
]
D.
M
a
rd
a
p
i,
M
e
a
s
u
re
me
n
t
o
f
e
d
u
c
a
ti
o
n
a
l
a
ss
e
ss
me
n
ts
a
n
d
e
v
a
l
u
a
t
io
n
s
,
(i
n
Ba
h
a
sa
).
Yo
g
y
a
k
a
rta,
In
d
o
n
e
sia
:
Nu
h
a
M
e
d
ik
a
,
2
0
1
2
.
[5
1
]
M.
Arif,
“
Ap
p
li
c
a
ti
o
n
o
f
An
a
tes
Ap
p
li
c
a
ti
o
n
F
o
rm
m
u
lt
i
p
le
c
h
o
ic
e
q
u
e
stio
n
s
,”
(in
Ba
h
a
sa
),
J
u
rn
a
l
Ilmia
h
E
d
u
ti
c
,
v
o
l.
1
,
n
o
.
1
,
p
p
.
1
-
9
,
2
0
1
4
.
[5
2
]
J.
E.
Ba
rn
e
tt
a
n
d
A.
L
.
F
ra
n
c
is,
“
U
sin
g
h
ig
h
e
r
o
rd
e
r
t
h
in
k
in
g
q
u
e
stio
n
s
to
fo
ste
r
c
rit
ica
l
th
in
k
in
g
:
A
c
las
sro
o
m
stu
d
y
,
”
Ed
u
c
a
ti
o
n
a
l
Psy
c
h
o
l
o
g
y
,
v
o
l.
3
2
,
n
o
.
2
,
p
p
2
0
1
-
2
1
1
,
2
0
1
2
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.