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te
th
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s
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ti
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g
t
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c
t
o
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rd
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d
u
c
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ti
o
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o
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th
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e
v
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l
o
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m
e
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t
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g
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a
l
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it
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n
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ip
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A
q
u
a
n
ti
tativ
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st
u
d
y
wa
s
c
o
n
d
u
c
ted
u
sin
g
se
c
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n
d
a
ry
d
a
ta
fro
m
th
e
re
p
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k
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n
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ly
sis.
Re
su
lt
s
in
d
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ted
v
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in
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in
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stm
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ts,
with
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n
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t
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h
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st
n
u
m
b
e
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f
1
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0
2
2
st
u
d
e
n
ts.
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e
m
a
jo
rit
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o
f
th
e
se
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c
o
u
n
tr
ies
h
a
v
e
m
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n
1
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r
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d
u
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ti
o
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ts
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a
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ro
a
d
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T
h
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Un
it
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d
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tate
s,
Au
s
tralia,
a
n
d
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p
a
n
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re
th
e
sig
n
ifi
c
a
n
t
d
e
sti
n
ies
o
f
stu
d
e
n
ts
fro
m
th
e
ASE
AN
re
g
io
n
.
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o
v
e
rn
m
e
n
t
e
x
p
e
n
d
it
u
re
o
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tertiary
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d
u
c
a
ti
o
n
,
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r
o
ss
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o
m
e
sti
c
p
ro
d
u
c
t
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DP)
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tertiary
sc
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ro
lme
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t
,
a
n
d
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DP
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ro
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ra
te we
re
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n
d
to
h
a
v
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c
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n
t
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n
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ro
ss
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o
r
d
e
r
h
ig
h
e
r
e
d
u
c
a
ti
o
n
m
o
b
il
i
ty
.
P
o
li
c
y
re
c
o
m
m
e
n
d
a
ti
o
n
s
we
re
th
e
d
e
v
e
lo
p
m
e
n
t
o
f
i
n
tern
a
ti
o
n
a
l
c
o
ll
a
b
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ra
ti
o
n
s,
c
ro
ss
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p
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rt
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rsh
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s,
a
n
d
c
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ss
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n
a
ti
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a
l
h
a
rm
o
n
iza
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to
e
n
h
a
n
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e
p
a
rtn
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m
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f
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g
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u
c
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ti
o
n
stu
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e
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ts
in
t
h
e
ASE
A
N reg
io
n
.
K
ey
w
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r
d
s
:
ASEA
N
r
eg
io
n
C
r
o
s
s
-
b
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r
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er
Glo
b
al
citizen
s
h
ip
Hig
h
er
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u
ca
tio
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Un
iv
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s
ities
T
h
is i
s
a
n
o
p
e
n
a
c
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ss
a
rticle
u
n
d
e
r th
e
CC B
Y
-
SA
li
c
e
n
se
.
C
o
r
r
e
s
p
o
nd
ing
A
uth
o
r
:
B
ilal K
h
alid
KM
I
T
L
B
u
s
in
ess
Sch
o
o
l,
Kin
g
Mo
n
g
k
u
t’
s
I
n
s
titu
te
o
f
T
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n
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ad
k
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ab
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1
0
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an
g
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k
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T
h
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E
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B
ilal.k
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k
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itl.ac
.
th
1.
I
NT
RO
D
UCT
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O
N
T
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e
Ass
o
ciatio
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o
f
So
u
th
ea
s
t
Asi
an
Natio
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s
(
A
SEAN
)
r
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io
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h
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d
f
u
n
d
am
en
tal
tr
an
s
f
o
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m
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in
th
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last
t
wo
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th
r
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,
m
o
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er
n
izatio
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g
lo
b
aliza
tio
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.
T
h
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s
o
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f
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d
u
ca
tio
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elatio
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m
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h
as
also
in
cr
ea
s
ed
o
n
th
e
s
am
e
m
ag
n
itu
d
e
[
1
]
,
[
2
]
.
C
h
ao
[
3
]
o
b
s
e
r
v
ed
t
h
at
a
l
o
t
ab
o
u
t
n
atio
n
a
l
an
d
in
ter
n
atio
n
al
ed
u
ca
tio
n
n
ee
d
s
to
b
e
d
o
n
e,
im
p
ly
in
g
th
at
th
e
s
ize
an
d
c
h
ar
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ter
o
f
in
ter
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atio
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ca
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r
eg
io
n
n
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tr
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s
f
o
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d
.
Als
o
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g
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m
e
n
ts
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d
s
tak
eh
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ld
er
s
in
ASEA
N
h
av
e
e
x
p
r
ess
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in
cr
ea
s
in
g
in
ter
est
an
d
in
v
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n
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in
h
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u
ca
tio
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to
ac
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iev
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d
o
m
esti
c
co
m
p
etitiv
en
ess
an
d
e
co
n
o
m
ic
g
r
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wth
[
4
]
,
[
5
]
.
As
a
r
esu
lt,
th
e
p
o
licy
m
ak
er
s
in
h
ig
h
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d
u
ca
tio
n
ar
e
s
ee
k
in
g
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
m
ea
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s
th
r
o
u
g
h
wh
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f
u
ll
em
p
lo
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m
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t
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f
av
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co
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v
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to
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h
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u
ca
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q
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alit
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d
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icien
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[
6
]
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
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I
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J
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&
R
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c
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Vo
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13
,
No
.
5
,
Octo
b
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2
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2
4
:
3
2
9
3
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3305
3294
Am
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v
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s
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tr
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m
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in
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[
8
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,
with
o
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W
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ca
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h
ig
h
er
e
d
u
ca
tio
n
.
Fo
r
in
s
tan
c
e,
th
e
ASEA
N
,
wh
ich
d
e
v
elo
p
ed
th
e
ASEA
N
wo
r
k
p
lan
o
n
ed
u
ca
tio
n
2
0
1
6
-
2
0
2
0
,
a
n
d
th
e
ASEA
N
Un
iv
er
s
ity
Netwo
r
k
(
AUN
)
.
T
h
e
ass
o
ciatio
n
is
f
o
cu
s
ed
o
n
d
ev
el
o
p
in
g
an
d
p
r
o
m
o
tin
g
an
in
clu
s
iv
e
co
m
p
lem
e
n
tar
y
h
ig
h
er
ed
u
ca
ti
o
n
p
ar
t
n
er
s
h
ip
f
o
r
th
e
r
eg
io
n
[
9
]
.
T
h
er
e
is
also
th
e
So
u
th
ea
s
t
Asi
a
Min
is
tr
ies
o
f
E
d
u
ca
tio
n
Or
g
an
izatio
n
(
SEAM
E
O)
,
wh
ich
co
m
p
r
is
es
th
e
m
in
is
ter
s
o
f
ed
u
ca
tio
n
in
th
e
r
eg
io
n
an
d
th
e
h
ig
h
est
d
ec
is
io
n
-
m
ak
e
r
s
in
th
e
s
ec
to
r
.
T
h
e
o
r
g
a
n
izatio
n
is
m
an
d
ate
d
to
p
r
o
m
o
te
r
e
g
io
n
al
co
o
p
er
atio
n
in
ed
u
ca
tio
n
,
s
cien
ce
,
an
d
c
u
ltu
r
e
am
o
n
g
its
m
em
b
er
s
.
Am
o
n
g
th
e
p
r
io
r
ities
s
et
f
o
r
2
0
1
5
-
2
0
3
5
was
th
e
p
r
o
m
o
tio
n
o
f
h
ar
m
o
n
izatio
n
in
h
ig
h
er
e
d
u
ca
tio
n
a
n
d
r
e
s
ea
r
ch
[
1
0
]
.
Fro
m
th
ese
in
it
iativ
es,
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
p
r
o
g
r
ess
h
as
b
ee
n
m
ad
e
to
ac
h
iev
e
in
teg
r
ated
cr
o
s
s
-
b
o
r
d
e
r
ed
u
ca
tio
n
a
n
d
co
llab
o
r
atio
n
a
m
o
n
g
th
e
ASEA
N
r
eg
io
n
a
n
d
o
t
h
er
r
e
g
io
n
s
wo
r
l
d
wid
e.
Desp
ite
th
is
p
r
o
g
r
ess
,
Kh
alid
et
a
l
.
[
1
1
]
s
u
g
g
est
th
at
cr
o
s
s
-
b
o
r
d
er
ed
u
ca
tio
n
in
ASEA
N
HE
I
s
f
ac
es
m
y
r
iad
n
ew
ch
allen
g
es.
T
h
e
C
OVI
D
-
1
9
p
an
d
em
ic
p
r
esen
ted
a
n
ew
ch
allen
g
e,
i
n
clu
d
in
g
d
is
r
u
p
tio
n
o
f
in
ter
n
atio
n
al
m
o
b
ilit
y
th
r
o
u
g
h
m
o
v
em
en
t
r
estrictio
n
s
,
m
ak
i
n
g
it
d
if
f
icu
lt
f
o
r
s
tu
d
en
ts
to
p
u
r
s
u
e
in
ter
n
atio
n
al
o
p
p
o
r
tu
n
ities
.
T
h
e
p
an
d
e
m
ic
f
o
r
ce
d
s
h
if
tin
g
to
o
n
lin
e
lea
r
n
in
g
,
b
r
in
g
i
n
g
d
is
p
ar
ities
d
u
e
to
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
an
d
in
ter
n
et
co
n
n
ec
tiv
ity
[
1
2
]
–
[
1
4
]
.
Ad
d
itio
n
ally
,
p
o
licy
m
ak
e
r
s
an
d
o
t
h
er
in
te
r
ested
s
tak
eh
o
ld
er
s
s
h
o
u
ld
m
o
n
ito
r
an
d
b
e
in
f
o
r
m
ed
r
eg
a
r
d
in
g
em
er
g
in
g
tr
en
d
s
an
d
is
s
u
es.
T
h
is
is
cr
itica
l
f
o
r
th
em
to
ac
t
r
esp
o
n
s
iv
ely
to
th
e
n
ee
d
s
an
d
cir
c
u
m
s
tan
ce
s
o
f
t
h
e
ASEA
N
h
ig
h
er
e
d
u
ca
tio
n
n
ee
d
s
.
Sy
m
ac
o
an
d
T
ee
[
1
5
]
also
s
u
g
g
est
th
at
ac
ce
s
s
an
d
eq
u
ity
ar
e
s
till
a
b
i
g
ch
allen
g
e
in
h
ig
h
er
e
d
u
ca
tio
n
in
ASEA
N,
as
s
o
cial
b
ac
k
g
r
o
u
n
d
is
th
e
p
r
im
ar
y
d
eter
m
in
an
t o
f
ed
u
ca
tio
n
ac
ce
s
s
.
T
h
e
av
ailab
ilit
y
o
f
h
ig
h
er
e
d
u
ca
tio
n
o
p
p
o
r
tu
n
ities
to
all
p
o
p
u
latio
n
s
eg
m
e
n
ts
with
o
u
t
b
ein
g
r
estricte
d
b
y
f
ac
to
r
s
s
u
ch
as
g
en
d
er
,
s
o
cio
e
co
n
o
m
ic
s
tatu
s
,
o
r
r
u
r
al
-
u
r
b
a
n
lo
ca
tio
n
is
s
till
a
ch
allen
g
e
an
d
s
h
o
u
ld
b
e
e
n
co
u
r
ag
ed
ac
r
o
s
s
th
e
ASEA
N
r
eg
io
n
[
1
6
]
–
[
1
8
]
.
T
h
er
e
is
also
a
s
h
if
t
f
r
o
m
th
e
lab
o
r
m
ar
k
et
an
d
s
k
ill
s
ets
n
ee
d
ed
i
n
th
e
r
eg
io
n
d
u
e
to
ad
v
an
ce
m
en
ts
in
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
s
u
ch
as
ar
tific
ial
in
tellig
en
ce
,
th
e
I
n
ter
n
et
o
f
T
h
in
g
s
,
r
o
b
o
tics
,
an
d
m
ac
h
in
e
lear
n
i
n
g
.
T
h
e
ASEA
N
r
eg
io
n
m
u
s
t
r
estru
ct
u
r
e
h
ig
h
e
r
ed
u
ca
tio
n
f
r
o
m
lo
w
-
wa
g
e
lab
o
r
-
in
ten
s
iv
e
to
in
n
o
v
ativ
e
an
d
h
ig
h
-
s
k
ill
-
in
ten
s
iv
e
co
u
r
s
es.
T
h
e
p
ap
er
ad
d
r
ess
es
th
e
r
es
ea
r
ch
p
r
o
b
lem
ar
is
in
g
f
r
o
m
th
e
v
ib
r
an
t
ec
o
n
o
m
y
an
d
s
u
b
s
tan
tial
in
v
estme
n
ts
in
h
ig
h
er
e
d
u
ca
ti
o
n
in
th
e
ASEA
N
r
eg
io
n
.
T
h
i
s
r
eg
io
n
c
o
m
p
r
is
es
o
v
er
6
3
0
m
illi
o
n
in
d
iv
id
u
als
an
d
o
v
er
7
,
0
0
0
h
ig
h
er
e
d
u
ca
tio
n
in
s
titu
tio
n
s
,
s
er
v
in
g
o
v
er
1
2
m
illi
o
n
s
tu
d
en
ts
;
th
er
e
is
a
cr
itical
n
ее
d
to
ev
alu
ate
th
е
r
o
lе
an
d
im
p
ac
t
o
f
cr
o
s
s
-
b
o
r
d
e
r
h
ig
h
e
r
ed
u
ca
tio
n
in
th
e
r
eg
io
n
an
d
b
ey
o
n
d
.
T
h
e
s
tu
d
y
s
p
еc
if
ically
s
ее
k
s
to
in
v
еsti
g
at
е
th
е
f
ac
to
r
s
an
d
m
o
tiv
atio
n
s
co
n
tr
ib
u
tin
g
to
th
е
s
u
cc
еss
an
d
еf
f
icac
y
o
f
cr
o
s
s
-
b
o
r
d
еr
h
ig
h
еr
еd
u
ca
tio
n
in
th
е
ASEA
N
r
еg
io
n
.
I
t
aim
s
to
е
x
p
lo
r
е
th
е
im
p
ac
t
o
f
cr
o
s
s
-
b
o
r
d
еr
еd
u
ca
tio
n
o
n
t
h
е
d
еv
еlo
p
m
е
n
t
o
f
g
lo
b
al
citizеn
s
h
ip
.
T
h
r
o
u
g
h
a
q
u
an
titativ
е
an
aly
s
is
o
f
s
еc
o
n
d
a
r
y
d
ata
f
r
o
m
th
е
W
o
r
ld
B
an
k
an
d
UNE
SC
O
I
n
s
titu
te
f
o
r
Statis
tics
(
UI
S),
th
е
r
еsеar
ch
еx
am
in
еs
v
ar
iatio
n
s
in
h
i
g
h
er
ed
u
ca
tio
n
in
s
titu
tio
n
s
(
HE
I
s
)
in
v
еstmе
n
ts
,
s
tu
d
еn
t
m
o
b
ilit
y
p
attеr
n
s
,
an
d
th
е
in
f
l
u
еn
cе
o
f
f
ac
to
r
s
s
u
ch
as
g
o
v
еr
n
m
еn
t
еx
p
е
n
d
itu
r
е
o
n
tеr
tiar
y
е
d
u
ca
tio
n
,
g
r
o
s
s
d
o
m
еsti
c
p
r
o
d
u
ct,
tеr
tiar
y
s
ch
o
o
l
еn
r
o
lm
е
n
t,
an
d
g
r
o
s
s
d
o
m
e
s
tic
p
r
o
d
u
ct
(
GDP)
g
r
o
wth
r
atе
o
n
cr
o
s
s
-
b
o
r
d
е
r
h
i
g
h
еr
еd
u
ca
tio
n
m
o
b
ilit
y
with
i
n
th
е
ASEA
N
r
еg
io
n
.
B
ased
o
n
th
is
b
ac
k
g
r
o
u
n
d
,
th
i
s
r
esear
ch
ex
p
lo
r
es
th
e
an
tece
d
en
ts
an
d
d
r
iv
er
s
o
f
s
tr
o
n
g
an
d
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
cr
o
s
s
-
b
o
r
d
er
h
ig
h
er
e
d
u
ca
tio
n
ac
r
o
s
s
th
e
ASEA
N
r
eg
io
n
an
d
th
e
r
o
le
o
f
c
r
o
s
s
-
b
o
r
d
er
ed
u
ca
tio
n
to
war
d
s
g
lo
b
al
citizen
s
h
ip
.
T
o
th
is
en
d
,
th
e
s
p
ec
if
ic
r
esear
c
h
o
b
jectiv
es
o
f
th
e
s
tu
d
y
ar
e:
i)
t
o
ascer
t
ain
th
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
HE
I
s
in
th
e
ASEA
N
r
eg
i
o
n
;
ii
)
t
o
f
in
d
o
u
t h
o
w
m
an
y
s
tu
d
en
ts
f
r
o
m
th
e
ASEA
N
r
eg
io
n
ar
e
cu
r
r
e
n
tly
s
tu
d
y
in
g
ab
r
o
ad
;
iii)
t
o
d
eter
m
in
e
th
e
to
p
d
esti
n
atio
n
co
u
n
tr
ies f
o
r
ASEA
N
s
tu
d
en
ts
m
o
v
in
g
to
s
tu
d
y
ab
r
o
ad
;
an
d
iv
)
t
o
ev
alu
ate
th
e
d
eter
m
in
a
n
ts
o
f
h
ig
h
er
ed
u
ca
tio
n
cr
o
s
s
-
b
o
r
d
e
r
in
th
e
ASEA
N
r
eg
io
n
.
Fo
llo
win
g
th
e
r
esear
ch
o
b
jectiv
es,
f
o
u
r
r
esear
ch
q
u
esti
o
n
s
wer
e
d
ev
elo
p
e
d
to
g
u
i
d
e
th
e
s
tu
d
y
,
th
ey
in
cl
u
d
e:
i)
w
h
at
is
th
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
HE
I
s
in
th
e
ASEA
N
r
eg
io
n
?
i
i)
h
o
w
m
an
y
s
tu
d
en
ts
f
r
o
m
th
e
ASEA
N
r
eg
io
n
ar
e
cu
r
r
en
tly
s
tu
d
y
in
g
ab
r
o
a
d
?
;
iii)
w
h
at
ar
e
th
e
to
p
d
esti
n
atio
n
co
u
n
tr
ies
f
o
r
ASEA
N
s
tu
d
en
ts
m
o
v
in
g
to
s
tu
d
y
ab
r
o
ad
?
;
an
d
iv
)
w
h
at
ar
e
th
e
d
eter
m
in
an
ts
o
f
h
ig
h
e
r
ed
u
ca
ti
o
n
cr
o
s
s
-
b
o
r
d
er
i
n
th
e
ASEA
N
r
eg
io
n
?
2.
L
I
T
E
R
AT
U
RE
R
E
VI
E
W
2
.
1
.
Cro
s
s
-
bo
rder
educa
t
io
n in ASE
A
N
C
r
o
s
s
-
b
o
r
d
er
ed
u
ca
tio
n
in
th
e
ASEA
N
r
eg
io
n
is
ch
ar
ac
ter
ized
b
y
th
e
m
o
v
e
m
en
t
o
f
in
d
iv
i
d
u
als
an
d
r
esear
ch
ac
r
o
s
s
n
atio
n
al
b
o
u
n
d
ar
ies
f
o
r
e
d
u
ca
tio
n
al
p
u
r
p
o
s
es
[
1
9
]
–
[
2
1
]
.
Desp
ite
th
e
r
ich
d
iv
er
s
ity
o
f
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t
J
E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
8
2
2
To
w
a
r
d
s
g
lo
b
a
l c
itiz
en
s
h
ip
–
r
o
le
o
f c
r
o
s
s
b
o
r
d
er h
ig
h
er e
d
u
c
a
tio
n
a
cro
s
s
th
e
A
S
E
A
N
r
eg
io
n
(
B
ila
l Kh
a
lid
)
3295
So
u
th
ea
s
t
Asi
an
co
u
n
tr
ies,
in
clu
d
in
g
th
e
p
o
liti
ca
l,
cu
ltu
r
al,
en
v
ir
o
n
m
e
n
tal
,
an
d
s
o
cio
-
ec
o
n
o
m
ic
co
n
d
itio
n
s
,
th
e
in
cr
ea
s
ed
g
r
o
wth
i
n
cr
o
s
s
-
b
o
r
d
er
ed
u
ca
tio
n
h
as b
ee
n
ac
c
eler
ated
b
y
th
e
r
a
p
id
g
r
o
wth
o
f
s
tu
d
en
t
en
r
o
lm
en
t
[
6
]
,
[
2
0
]
.
Oth
er
co
n
tr
i
b
u
tin
g
f
ac
to
r
s
to
cr
o
s
s
-
b
o
r
d
er
ed
u
ca
ti
o
n
in
th
e
r
e
g
io
n
in
clu
d
e
u
n
p
r
e
ce
d
en
ted
ec
o
n
o
m
ic
g
r
o
wth
n
ec
ess
itatin
g
a
q
u
ality
wo
r
k
f
o
r
ce
,
ad
v
an
ce
m
en
t
in
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
,
an
d
ec
o
n
o
m
ic
r
estru
ctu
r
in
g
a
n
d
g
lo
b
aliza
tio
n
[
2
2
]
,
[
2
3
]
.
T
h
e
ASEA
N
cr
o
s
s
-
b
o
r
d
er
ed
u
ca
tio
n
o
cc
u
r
s
ac
r
o
s
s
ten
co
u
n
tr
ies
in
So
u
th
ea
s
t
Asi
a,
in
clu
d
in
g
T
h
ailan
d
,
Sin
g
ap
o
r
e,
Vietn
a
m
,
an
d
I
n
d
o
n
esia,
am
o
n
g
o
th
er
co
u
n
tr
ies.
I
n
2
0
2
1
,
f
o
r
in
s
tan
ce
,
T
h
ailan
d
r
ec
eiv
ed
a
h
ig
h
in
b
o
u
n
d
o
f
s
tu
d
en
ts
f
r
o
m
r
e
g
io
n
s
s
u
ch
as
C
h
in
a,
L
ao
s
,
Vietn
am
,
an
d
C
am
b
o
d
ia
[
2
4
]
.
Feu
er
an
d
Ho
r
n
id
g
e
[
2
5
]
in
f
o
r
m
t
h
at
th
e
n
u
m
b
e
r
o
f
HE
I
s
i
n
th
e
ASEA
N
r
eg
io
n
co
n
tin
u
es
t
o
ex
p
an
d
,
with
th
e
r
eg
io
n
claim
in
g
t
o
h
a
v
e
a
r
o
u
n
d
7
,
0
0
0
HE
I
s
in
2
0
2
1
.
T
h
e
r
e
g
io
n
also
b
o
asts
a
h
ig
h
en
r
o
l
m
en
t
o
f
s
tu
d
en
ts
to
u
n
iv
er
s
ities
an
d
co
lleg
es
o
f
u
p
to
2
0
m
illi
o
n
.
Alth
o
u
g
h
th
e
r
eg
io
n
'
s
p
o
p
u
latio
n
is
6
6
0
m
illi
o
n
,
o
n
e
-
th
ir
d
is
co
n
s
id
er
ed
ag
e
d
2
0
y
ea
r
s
an
d
b
elo
w.
T
h
e
s
tu
d
en
t
en
r
o
lm
en
t
to
h
ig
h
er
ed
u
ca
tio
n
r
ate
in
t
h
e
r
eg
io
n
a
v
er
ag
es
4
0
% c
o
m
p
a
r
ed
to
t
h
e
9
0
% st
u
d
en
t e
n
r
o
lm
en
t r
ate
in
th
e
E
ast Asi
an
co
u
n
tr
ies [
2
4
]
,
[
2
6
]
.
T
h
e
n
atu
r
e
o
f
e
d
u
ca
tio
n
ac
r
o
s
s
th
e
n
atio
n
al
b
o
r
d
er
s
in
th
e
ASEA
N
co
u
n
tr
ies
h
as
ch
a
n
g
ed
with
in
cr
ea
s
ed
em
p
h
asis
o
n
co
m
m
er
cial
ed
u
ca
tio
n
in
r
ec
e
n
t
d
ec
ad
es.
Ho
wev
er
,
th
e
in
c
r
ea
s
ed
co
m
m
er
cia
l
em
p
h
asis
o
n
ed
u
ca
tio
n
h
as
le
d
to
q
u
ality
ch
allen
g
es.
Fo
r
i
n
s
tan
ce
,
th
e
in
ad
eq
u
ac
y
o
f
th
e
in
ter
-
in
s
titu
tio
n
al
ag
r
ee
m
en
ts
an
d
co
o
p
er
atio
n
o
f
ten
lead
s
to
q
u
ality
is
s
u
es
b
y
th
e
d
o
m
esti
c
ter
tiar
y
in
s
titu
ti
o
n
s
o
f
th
e
r
ec
eiv
er
co
u
n
tr
ies.
Oth
er
ch
allen
g
es
ex
p
er
ien
ce
d
i
n
th
e
ASEA
N
cr
o
s
s
-
b
o
r
d
er
e
d
u
ca
tio
n
i
n
cl
u
d
e
in
cr
ea
s
in
g
th
e
r
elev
an
ce
o
f
th
e
cu
r
r
icu
lu
m
an
d
in
s
tr
u
ctio
n
to
m
atch
th
e
c
h
a
n
g
in
g
la
b
o
r
m
a
r
k
et
n
ee
d
s
.
2.
2
.
H
i
g
her
educa
t
io
n ha
rmo
niza
t
io
n in ASE
AN
co
u
ntr
i
es
H
ig
h
er
ed
u
ca
tio
n
in
th
e
ASEA
N
r
eg
io
n
is
im
p
o
r
tan
t
in
th
e
q
u
est
f
o
r
eq
u
itab
le
h
u
m
an
d
e
v
elo
p
m
en
t.
T
h
e
in
teg
r
atio
n
o
f
h
ig
h
er
lear
n
in
g
in
th
e
ASEA
N
r
eg
io
n
th
u
s
aim
s
at
f
r
am
in
g
th
e
ed
u
ca
tio
n
s
y
s
tem
with
in
th
e
m
em
b
er
s
tates
to
en
s
u
r
e
th
e
e
n
h
an
ce
m
e
n
t
o
f
q
u
ality
em
p
l
o
y
ab
ilit
y
o
f
th
e
g
r
ad
u
ates
an
d
i
m
p
r
o
v
e
th
e
m
o
b
ilit
y
o
f
lab
o
r
ac
r
o
s
s
th
e
n
atio
n
al
b
o
r
d
er
s
o
f
th
e
m
em
b
er
s
tates
[
2
7
]
,
[
2
8
]
.
Har
m
o
n
izin
g
th
e
ed
u
ca
tio
n
s
y
s
tem
en
s
u
r
es
co
m
p
atib
ilit
y
,
co
m
p
a
r
ab
ilit
y
,
an
d
co
h
er
en
ce
o
f
th
e
ed
u
ca
tio
n
s
y
s
tem
ac
r
o
s
s
th
e
r
eg
io
n
.
T
h
e
Asi
an
I
n
ter
n
atio
n
al
Mo
b
ilit
y
f
o
r
s
tu
d
en
ts
(
AI
MS)
p
r
o
g
r
a
m
is
SEAM
E
O
r
eg
io
n
al
ce
n
ter
f
o
r
h
ig
h
er
e
d
u
ca
tio
n
an
d
d
ev
elo
p
m
e
n
t
(
R
I
HE
D)
p
r
im
a
r
y
r
eg
io
n
al
p
r
o
ject
to
f
ac
ilit
ate
s
tu
d
en
t
m
o
b
ilit
y
an
d
f
o
s
ter
co
llab
o
r
atio
n
in
h
ig
h
er
ed
u
ca
tio
n
ac
r
o
s
s
Asi
an
n
atio
n
s
.
T
h
e
AI
MS
p
r
o
g
r
am
was
in
itiated
in
2
0
1
0
b
y
SEAM
E
O
R
I
HE
D
a
s
a
p
ilo
t
in
itiativ
e
in
v
o
lv
in
g
Ma
la
y
s
ia,
I
n
d
o
n
esia,
an
d
T
h
ailan
d
.
T
h
e
AI
MS
p
r
o
g
r
am
h
as
ex
p
e
r
ien
ce
d
s
u
b
s
tan
tial
g
r
o
wth
in
th
e
p
r
ev
io
u
s
d
ec
ad
e,
in
clu
d
in
g
9
m
em
b
er
co
u
n
tr
ies
an
d
7
8
m
em
b
e
r
u
n
iv
er
s
ities
.
I
t
n
o
w
allo
ws
u
n
d
er
g
r
ad
u
ate
s
tu
d
en
ts
to
en
g
ag
e
in
a
s
em
ester
-
lo
n
g
e
x
ch
an
g
e
in
o
n
e
o
f
1
0
f
ield
s
.
Sin
ce
2
0
1
0
,
m
o
r
e
th
a
n
5
,
0
0
0
s
tu
d
en
ts
h
av
e
p
ar
ticip
at
ed
in
th
e
AI
MS
p
r
o
g
r
a
m
[
2
9
]
.
Stro
u
p
e
a
n
d
Kim
u
r
a
[
3
0
]
ass
er
t
th
at
h
a
r
m
o
n
izatio
n
in
th
e
ASEA
N
h
ig
h
er
lear
n
in
g
s
y
s
tem
ca
n
b
e
ac
h
iev
ed
th
r
o
u
g
h
th
e
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t
o
f
th
e
r
e
g
io
n
'
s
q
u
alif
icatio
n
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
u
s
ed
t
o
g
u
id
e
th
e
n
atio
n
al
q
u
alif
icatio
n
s
o
f
th
e
m
em
b
er
s
tates.
Dev
elo
p
in
g
a
q
u
alif
icatio
n
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
wo
u
ld
h
elp
r
ec
o
g
n
ize
th
e
r
eq
u
ir
e
d
s
k
ills
,
clas
s
if
icatio
n
,
an
d
id
en
tific
atio
n
o
f
k
n
o
wled
g
e
an
d
co
m
p
eten
cies
th
at
m
ee
t
th
e
l
ab
o
r
m
ar
k
et
n
ee
d
s
.
Hig
h
er
lear
n
in
g
in
teg
r
atio
n
c
an
also
b
e
attain
ed
th
r
o
u
g
h
d
ev
elo
p
in
g
a
s
tr
o
n
g
q
u
ality
ass
u
r
an
ce
m
ec
h
an
is
m
.
Acc
o
r
d
in
g
to
Pra
tee
p
p
o
r
n
n
ar
o
n
g
[
3
1
]
,
m
ain
tain
i
n
g
q
u
ality
a
s
s
u
r
an
ce
in
h
ig
h
er
lear
n
in
g
s
y
s
tem
s
is
cr
itical
in
en
h
an
cin
g
ex
is
tin
g
p
r
o
g
r
am
s
an
d
p
r
o
m
o
tin
g
th
e
q
u
ality
o
f
ed
u
ca
tio
n
am
o
n
g
HE
I
s
.
T
h
r
o
u
g
h
o
u
t
th
e
ASEA
N
r
eg
io
n
,
q
u
ality
ass
u
r
an
c
e
ca
n
b
e
attain
ed
th
r
o
u
g
h
th
e
co
llab
o
r
atio
n
o
f
th
e
v
ar
io
u
s
n
atio
n
a
l
q
u
ality
ass
u
r
an
c
e
m
ec
h
an
is
m
s
th
at
co
u
ld
b
e
u
s
ed
to
d
ev
elo
p
a
r
eg
io
n
al
f
r
a
m
ewo
r
k
f
o
r
q
u
ality
ass
u
r
an
c
e.
Fo
r
in
s
tan
ce
,
in
Ma
lay
s
ia,
ed
u
ca
tio
n
q
u
ality
as
s
u
r
an
ce
is
m
ain
tain
ed
b
y
th
e
Ma
lay
s
ian
q
u
alif
icatio
n
s
ag
e
n
cy
,
wh
o
s
e
s
tan
d
a
r
d
s
co
u
ld
b
e
in
teg
r
ated
with
o
th
er
ag
en
cies to
cr
ea
te
q
u
ality
ass
u
r
an
ce
f
o
r
th
e
ASEA
N
r
eg
io
n
.
C
r
e
d
i
t
t
r
a
n
s
f
e
r
is
t
h
e
o
t
h
e
r
m
eth
o
d
t
h
e
A
S
E
A
N
HE
I
s
u
s
e
t
o
h
a
r
m
o
n
i
z
e
t
h
e
r
e
g
i
o
n
'
s
e
d
u
c
a
tio
n
s
y
s
t
e
m
.
T
h
e
AUN
e
s
t
a
b
l
is
h
e
d
t
h
e
ASE
A
N
c
r
e
d
i
t
t
r
a
n
s
f
e
r
s
y
s
t
e
m
(
A
C
T
S
)
t
o
p
r
o
m
o
t
e
s
t
u
d
e
n
t
a
n
d
a
c
a
d
e
m
i
c
m
o
b
i
l
it
y
w
i
t
h
i
n
t
h
e
AS
E
A
N
r
e
g
i
o
n
.
S
in
c
e
2
0
1
0
,
U
n
i
v
e
r
s
i
t
a
s
I
n
d
o
n
e
s
i
a
h
a
s
h
o
s
t
e
d
t
h
e
AU
N
-
AC
T
S
S
e
c
r
e
t
a
r
ia
t
,
w
h
i
c
h
m
a
n
a
g
e
s
t
h
e
s
y
s
t
e
m
.
AC
T
S
h
as
b
e
e
n
s
p
e
c
i
f
i
ca
l
l
y
d
e
v
e
l
o
p
e
d
to
h
a
n
d
l
e
v
a
r
i
a
t
i
o
n
s
i
n
i
m
p
l
e
m
en
t
i
n
g
c
r
e
d
i
t
s
y
s
t
e
m
s
a
m
o
n
g
m
e
m
b
e
r
u
n
i
v
e
r
s
i
t
i
es
wit
h
o
u
t
m
o
d
i
f
y
i
n
g
e
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y
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tem
s
[
3
]
,
[
3
2
]
.
K
h
a
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i
d
e
t
a
l
.
[
1
1
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o
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2
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3
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Cro
s
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-
bo
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educa
t
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ba
l c
it
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T
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em
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d
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d
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wth
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b
al
citizen
s
h
ip
ed
u
ca
tio
n
[
3
3
]
,
[
3
4
]
.
Glo
b
al
citizen
s
h
ip
ed
u
ca
tio
n
in
v
o
l
v
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elem
en
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eq
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with
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in
clu
d
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eq
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ality
,
j
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s
tice,
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
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J
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13
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No
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5
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Octo
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h
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an
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an
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esp
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T
h
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s
t
u
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y
b
y
J
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n
g
a
n
d
B
an
g
[
3
5
]
i
n
d
icate
d
th
at
th
e
h
i
g
h
er
ed
u
ca
tio
n
cu
r
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tates
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ad
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h
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ep
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th
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aliza
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o
f
g
l
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b
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citizen
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h
ip
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u
ca
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n
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r
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in
th
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co
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ased
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n
atio
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co
m
p
a
r
ed
to
g
lo
b
al
citizen
s
h
ip
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u
ca
tio
n
.
T
h
e
r
eg
io
n
th
u
s
r
eq
u
ir
es
im
p
r
o
v
e
m
en
ts
to
citizen
s
h
ip
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u
ca
tio
n
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m
ee
t th
e
g
l
o
b
al
c
itizen
s
h
ip
ed
u
ca
tio
n
s
tan
d
a
r
d
s
[
3
6
]
,
[
3
7
]
.
T
h
e
c
u
lt
u
r
al
d
is
ti
n
ct
iv
en
ess
o
f
e
ac
h
c
o
u
n
tr
y
ch
all
en
g
es
g
l
o
b
al
ci
tiz
en
s
h
i
p
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u
c
ati
o
n
i
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t
h
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AS
E
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r
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g
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A
d
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a
b
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o
f
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ch
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[
3
8
]
.
I
n
t
h
e
b
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d
t
o
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t
ain
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g
l
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b
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.
2
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4
.
E
m
pirica
l
re
v
iew
N
u
m
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s
s
ch
o
lar
ly
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v
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s
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h
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u
ca
tio
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with
in
th
e
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N
co
u
n
tr
ies.
L
e
k
[
3
9
]
o
u
tlin
es
th
e
im
p
o
r
tan
c
e
o
f
u
n
i
v
er
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ities
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N,
h
av
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a
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s
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r
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m
p
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ality
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lear
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et
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d
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ills
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d
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a
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lin
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p
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ac
tical
jo
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tr
ain
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.
Similar
ly
,
Ph
am
et
a
l
.
[
4
0
]
p
o
in
ts
to
wa
r
d
s
th
e
im
p
o
r
tan
ce
o
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r
e
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m
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th
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n
as
th
e
d
r
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g
f
o
r
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-
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o
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ig
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u
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tio
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p
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ess
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Oth
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ies
h
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e
r
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o
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ized
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at
ASEA
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r
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alis
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p
lay
s
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cr
itical
r
o
le
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en
h
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n
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g
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n
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ity
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d
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p
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tiv
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o
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ig
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u
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lo
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tag
e
[
4
1
]
,
[
4
2
]
.
T
h
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a
d
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m
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s
s
t
r
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t
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g
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e
s
.
L
o
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z
o
[
7
]
a
s
s
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t
s
t
h
a
t
t
h
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r
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g
i
o
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'
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n
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[
4
3
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c
r
o
s
s
t
h
e
AS
E
AN
r
e
g
i
o
n
i
s
m
a
i
n
t
a
i
n
e
d
i
n
h
i
g
h
e
r
s
t
a
n
d
a
r
d
s
t
h
r
o
u
g
h
i
n
t
e
g
r
a
t
in
g
h
i
g
h
e
r
e
d
u
c
a
t
i
o
n
b
a
s
e
d
o
n
i
n
s
t
i
t
u
ti
o
n
a
l
a
r
r
a
n
g
e
m
e
n
t
s
a
n
d
g
o
v
e
r
n
m
e
n
t
p
o
l
i
c
y
r
e
s
p
o
n
s
e
s
f
o
s
t
e
r
e
d
t
h
r
o
u
g
h
h
a
r
m
o
n
i
z
a
t
i
o
n
.
I
n
t
e
g
r
a
t
i
o
n
o
f
h
i
g
h
e
r
l
e
a
r
n
i
n
g
i
n
t
h
e
A
S
E
A
N
r
e
g
i
o
n
s
is
a
tt
a
i
n
e
d
t
h
r
o
u
g
h
e
s
t
a
b
li
s
h
i
n
g
k
e
y
m
e
c
h
a
n
i
s
m
s
b
y
m
e
m
b
e
r
c
o
u
n
t
r
i
e
s
,
i
n
cl
u
d
i
n
g
q
u
a
l
i
t
y
a
s
s
u
r
a
n
c
e
,
q
u
a
li
f
i
c
ati
o
n
s
f
r
a
m
ew
o
r
k
,
a
n
d
c
r
e
d
it
t
r
a
n
s
f
e
r
[
4
4
]
–
[
4
6
]
.
H
o
w
e
v
e
r
,
d
e
s
p
it
e
p
r
o
g
r
e
s
s
b
y
t
h
e
g
o
v
e
r
n
m
e
n
t
s
i
n
r
e
s
p
o
n
d
i
n
g
t
o
p
o
l
i
c
y
c
h
a
n
g
e
s
t
o
f
o
s
t
e
r
c
r
o
s
s
-
b
o
r
d
e
r
h
i
g
h
e
r
l
e
a
r
n
i
n
g
,
c
o
u
n
t
r
i
e
s
i
n
t
h
e
AS
E
A
N
r
e
g
i
o
n
s
t
i
l
l
n
ee
d
t
o
e
n
s
u
r
e
m
o
r
e
i
n
c
l
u
s
i
o
n
o
f
H
E
I
s
i
n
t
h
e
in
t
e
g
r
a
t
i
o
n
p
r
o
c
e
s
s
.
Am
o
n
g
th
e
b
en
ef
its
o
f
cr
o
s
s
-
b
o
r
d
er
h
ig
h
er
lear
n
i
n
g
in
t
h
e
ASEA
N
r
eg
io
n
in
v
o
lv
es
th
e
ab
ilit
y
to
en
s
u
r
e
an
in
cr
ea
s
e
in
th
e
m
o
b
ilit
y
o
f
s
tu
d
en
ts
to
m
ee
t
th
e
g
lo
b
al
lab
o
r
m
a
r
k
et
n
ee
d
s
.
C
h
ao
[
3
]
e
x
p
lo
r
es
th
e
o
p
p
o
r
tu
n
ities
an
d
ch
allen
g
es
f
o
r
in
ter
n
atio
n
al
s
tu
d
en
ts
in
t
h
e
ASEA
N
h
ig
h
er
ed
u
ca
tio
n
s
y
s
tem
.
T
h
e
in
tr
a
-
ASEA
N
m
o
b
ilit
y
o
f
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
ac
r
o
s
s
th
e
ASEA
N
r
eg
io
n
is
l
o
w
co
m
p
a
r
ed
to
s
tu
d
en
t
m
o
b
il
ity
f
r
o
m
th
e
r
e
g
io
n
.
T
h
e
s
tu
d
en
t
m
o
b
ilit
y
r
ate
o
u
t
b
o
u
n
d
f
r
o
m
th
e
ASEA
N
r
eg
io
n
is
r
elate
d
to
th
e
m
em
b
er
co
u
n
tr
y
'
s
ec
o
n
o
m
ic
s
tatu
s
an
d
d
e
v
elo
p
m
e
n
t.
Fo
r
i
n
s
tan
ce
,
co
u
n
tr
ies
in
th
e
l
o
w
-
m
id
d
le
-
in
co
m
e
g
r
o
u
p
in
g
o
f
ten
ex
p
e
r
ien
ce
a
h
ig
h
er
m
o
b
ilit
y
o
f
s
tu
d
en
ts
o
u
tb
o
u
n
d
co
m
p
ar
ed
to
u
p
p
er
-
m
id
d
le
-
in
c
o
m
e
co
u
n
tr
ies.
Als
o
,
Ho
u
[
4
5
]
ex
p
r
ess
es
th
at
t
h
e
as
p
e
cts
o
f
q
u
alit
y
ass
u
r
a
n
ce
p
l
a
y
a
cr
iti
ca
l
r
o
le
i
n
e
n
a
b
l
in
g
cr
o
s
s
-
b
o
r
d
e
r
s
t
u
d
e
n
t
m
o
b
ilit
y
i
n
th
e
ASEA
N
r
e
g
i
o
n
.
T
h
e
cr
o
s
s
-
b
o
r
d
e
r
h
i
g
h
er
le
ar
n
i
n
g
s
y
s
te
m
i
n
t
h
e
A
SEAN
r
eg
io
n
aim
s
t
o
e
n
s
u
r
e
q
u
alit
y
e
d
u
c
ati
o
n
to
m
ee
t
t
h
e
i
n
te
r
n
a
ti
o
n
al
l
ab
o
r
m
a
r
k
et
n
e
e
d
s
.
T
h
e
g
o
v
e
r
n
m
e
n
ts
o
f
m
em
b
er
co
u
n
t
r
ies
p
l
ay
a
c
r
it
ic
al
r
o
l
e
i
n
e
n
g
a
g
i
n
g
i
n
r
e
g
i
o
n
al
,
b
ila
te
r
al
a
g
r
e
em
en
ts
t
h
at
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
s
t
u
d
e
n
t
m
o
b
i
lit
y
.
Of
te
n
,
q
u
ali
ty
ass
u
r
a
n
ce
in
h
ig
h
e
r
l
e
ar
n
i
n
g
is
a
tta
in
e
d
t
h
r
o
u
g
h
p
as
s
in
g
p
o
lic
y
m
e
asu
r
es
to
m
ai
n
t
ain
h
ig
h
ed
u
c
ati
o
n
an
d
r
esea
r
ch
s
t
an
d
ar
d
s
.
T
h
u
s
,
i
n
c
r
e
ase
d
g
o
v
e
r
n
m
e
n
t
i
n
t
er
v
en
t
io
n
s
t
h
r
o
u
g
h
h
i
g
h
e
r
ed
u
ca
tio
n
f
in
an
ci
n
g
an
d
p
ass
i
n
g
n
eo
li
b
e
r
al
p
o
lic
ies
p
la
y
a
cr
iti
ca
l
r
o
le
i
n
i
n
t
e
r
n
ati
o
n
al
izi
n
g
h
i
g
h
e
r
ed
u
ca
t
io
n
i
n
g
l
o
b
aliz
ati
o
n
.
3.
M
E
T
H
O
D
T
h
is
r
esear
ch
was
g
ea
r
e
d
to
w
ar
d
s
co
n
d
u
ctin
g
an
a
n
aly
tical
an
aly
s
is
o
f
cr
o
s
s
-
b
o
r
d
er
ed
u
ca
tio
n
in
th
e
ASEA
N
r
eg
io
n
.
T
h
e
s
tu
d
y
f
o
cu
s
es
o
n
ex
p
lo
r
in
g
s
tatis
tical
d
ata
th
at
ac
cu
r
ately
p
o
r
tr
a
y
s
th
e
ex
ten
t
an
d
s
tatu
s
o
f
cr
o
s
s
-
b
o
r
d
e
r
ed
u
ca
tio
n
in
in
s
titu
tio
n
s
o
f
h
ig
h
e
r
lear
n
in
g
.
T
h
e
s
tu
d
y
wa
s
co
n
d
u
ct
ed
to
p
o
r
t
r
ay
t
h
e
co
n
tr
ib
u
tio
n
o
f
cr
o
s
s
-
b
o
r
d
er
e
d
u
ca
tio
n
to
war
d
s
th
e
asp
ec
t
an
d
co
n
ce
p
t
o
f
g
lo
b
al
citizen
s
h
ip
.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e,
th
e
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
ad
o
p
te
d
was
th
e
q
u
an
titativ
e
co
n
ten
t
an
aly
s
is
r
es
ea
r
ch
d
esig
n
f
o
llo
win
g
s
ch
o
la
r
ly
g
u
id
elin
es
[
4
7
]
,
[
4
8
]
.
T
h
e
r
esear
ch
u
s
ed
s
ec
o
n
d
ar
y
d
ata
to
co
n
d
u
ct
th
e
an
al
y
s
is
,
th
is
h
as
b
ee
n
v
alid
ated
in
a
n
u
m
b
e
r
o
f
s
tu
d
ies
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t
J
E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
8
2
2
To
w
a
r
d
s
g
lo
b
a
l c
itiz
en
s
h
ip
–
r
o
le
o
f c
r
o
s
s
b
o
r
d
er h
ig
h
er e
d
u
c
a
tio
n
a
cro
s
s
th
e
A
S
E
A
N
r
eg
io
n
(
B
ila
l Kh
a
lid
)
3297
[
4
9
]
–
[
5
1
]
.
T
h
e
s
ec
o
n
d
a
r
y
d
ata
was
o
b
tain
ed
f
r
o
m
v
ar
io
u
s
s
o
u
r
ce
s
,
in
clu
d
i
n
g
th
e
UI
S,
t
h
e
E
u
r
o
p
ea
n
E
x
te
r
n
al
Actio
n
Ser
v
ice
(
E
E
AS)
,
a
n
d
th
e
W
o
r
ld
B
an
k
d
ata
r
e
p
o
s
ito
r
y
.
Sev
er
al
m
eth
o
d
o
lo
g
ies
wer
e
em
p
lo
y
ed
d
u
r
i
n
g
th
e
d
ata
an
aly
s
is
p
r
o
ce
s
s
,
tak
in
g
i
n
to
ac
c
o
u
n
t
th
e
s
ec
o
n
d
ar
y
n
atu
r
e
o
f
th
e
d
ata.
L
i
m
ited
d
ata
-
clea
n
i
n
g
p
r
o
ce
d
u
r
es
wer
e
im
p
le
m
en
ted
,
an
d
m
o
s
t
s
o
u
r
ce
s
wer
e
d
ee
m
ed
r
eliab
le
a
n
d
tr
u
s
two
r
th
y
[
5
2
]
,
[
5
3
]
.
T
h
e
f
ir
s
t
an
aly
s
is
co
n
d
u
cte
d
was
th
e
d
escr
ip
tiv
e
an
d
in
f
er
e
n
tial
s
tatis
tics
to
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
th
e
c
h
ar
ac
ter
is
tics
o
f
th
e
d
ata
u
s
ed
.
C
o
m
p
ar
ativ
e
an
al
y
s
is
was
co
n
d
u
cte
d
to
co
m
p
ar
e
th
e
s
tatis
t
ics
o
f
h
ig
h
e
r
e
d
u
ca
tio
n
s
tu
d
en
ts
,
ed
u
ca
to
r
s
an
d
p
ar
ticip
an
ts
cr
o
s
s
in
g
b
o
r
d
er
s
with
in
th
e
So
u
th
ea
s
t
Asi
a
n
atio
n
s
.
C
o
r
r
elatio
n
an
al
y
s
is
was
also
co
n
d
u
cted
to
co
m
p
a
r
e
b
etwe
en
th
e
d
if
f
er
en
t
m
etr
ics
co
n
s
id
er
ed
[
5
4
]
,
[
5
5
]
.
Ad
d
itio
n
all
y
,
r
e
g
r
e
s
s
io
n
an
aly
s
is
was
co
n
d
u
cte
d
to
in
v
esti
g
ate
th
e
ef
f
ec
ts
o
f
v
ar
io
u
s
f
ac
to
r
s
o
n
ASEA
N
cr
o
s
s
-
b
o
r
d
er
ed
u
ca
ti
o
n
[
5
6
]
,
[
5
7
]
.
Data
an
aly
s
is
was c
o
n
d
u
cted
u
s
in
g
Py
th
o
n
an
d
SP
SS
s
o
f
twar
e
.
4.
RE
SU
L
T
S AN
D
D
I
SCU
SS
I
O
N
4
.
1
.
St
a
t
us
o
f
ASE
AN
hig
he
r
educa
t
io
n
T
h
e
f
ir
s
t
an
aly
s
is
ev
alu
ate
d
th
e
s
tatu
s
o
f
h
i
g
h
er
ed
u
ca
tio
n
in
So
u
th
ea
s
t
Asi
a.
T
h
e
an
aly
s
is
was
in
ten
d
ed
to
u
n
d
e
r
s
tan
d
th
e
ef
f
o
r
ts
an
d
m
iles
m
ad
e
in
ad
v
an
cin
g
h
ig
h
er
ed
u
ca
tio
n
in
th
e
r
eg
io
n
.
T
h
e
f
ir
s
t
an
aly
s
is
ev
alu
ated
th
e
n
u
m
b
e
r
o
f
h
ig
h
er
in
s
titu
tio
n
s
in
th
e
r
eg
io
n
.
T
h
e
d
ata
was
ex
tr
ac
t
ed
f
r
o
m
E
u
r
o
p
ea
n
Un
io
n
E
x
ter
n
al
Actio
n
[
8
]
.
T
h
e
s
tatis
tics
in
d
icate
d
th
at
I
n
d
o
n
esia r
ec
o
r
d
ed
th
e
h
ig
h
est n
u
m
b
er
o
f
HE
I
s
,
4
5
3
7
,
f
o
llo
wed
b
y
th
e
Ph
ilip
p
in
e
s
,
wh
ich
h
as
1
9
4
3
HE
I
s
as
s
h
o
wn
in
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
T
h
e
two
co
u
n
tr
ies
wer
e
th
e
o
n
ly
o
n
es
in
t
h
e
r
e
g
io
n
with
m
o
r
e
th
an
o
n
e
th
o
u
s
an
d
HE
I
s
.
T
h
e
th
ir
d
was
Vietn
am
with
2
3
5
HE
I
s
,
an
d
th
en
T
h
ailan
d
with
1
5
4
.
Ho
we
v
er
,
s
o
m
e
co
u
n
tr
ies
in
d
icate
d
q
u
i
te
a
lo
w
n
u
m
b
e
r
o
f
HE
I
s
,
s
u
c
h
as
B
r
u
n
ei,
wh
ich
h
as
f
iv
e
an
d
Sin
g
ap
o
r
e,
wh
ich
h
as
1
4
.
I
n
ad
d
itio
n
,
th
e
ex
p
e
n
d
itu
r
e
b
y
t
h
e
g
o
v
e
r
n
m
en
t
o
n
ed
u
ca
tio
n
was
also
ev
alu
ated
.
T
h
e
g
o
v
er
n
m
e
n
t
ex
p
en
d
itu
r
e
o
n
ed
u
ca
tio
n
was
f
o
u
n
d
t
o
b
e
r
elativ
ely
ev
en
as
p
r
esen
ted
in
Fig
u
r
e
2
,
with
C
am
b
o
d
ia
a
n
d
Vietn
am
b
ein
g
th
e
h
i
g
h
est,
allo
ca
tin
g
2
0
% o
f
th
eir
s
p
en
d
i
n
g
to
ed
u
ca
tio
n
,
w
h
ile
T
h
ailan
d
was
th
e
least,
a
llo
ca
tin
g
4
.
2
%
o
f
its
ex
p
en
d
itu
r
e
to
ed
u
ca
tio
n
.
Mo
s
t
o
f
th
e
m
em
b
er
s
in
ASEA
N
allo
ca
ted
b
etwe
en
1
0
% to
2
0
% o
f
th
eir
in
co
m
e
to
ed
u
ca
tio
n
,
ap
ar
t
f
r
o
m
T
h
ailan
d
a
n
d
B
r
u
n
ei.
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
HE
I
s
in
So
u
th
ea
s
t A
s
ia
Fig
u
r
e
2
.
Statu
s
o
f
h
ig
h
er
ed
u
ca
tio
n
in
So
u
th
ea
s
t A
s
ia
5
121
4537
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1943
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0
1
0
0
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0
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0
0
No
.
o
f
HE
I
s
ASE
AN
Co
un
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ries
H
E
Is
9
.
9
9
20
15
1
9
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2
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1
3
.
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1
17
4
.
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20
0
5
10
15
20
25
% o
f
Go
v
t
Sp
en
d
in
g
ASE
AN
Co
un
t
ries
%
G
ov
er
nm
ent
Spendi
ng
on Educat
i
on
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
-
8
8
2
2
I
n
t
J
E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
,
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l
.
13
,
No
.
5
,
Octo
b
er
2
0
2
4
:
3
2
9
3
-
3305
3298
Desp
ite
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
ad
v
an
ce
m
en
ts
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in
c
r
ea
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ac
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s
s
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,
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e
r
e
is
s
till
a
co
n
s
id
er
a
b
le
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ee
d
f
o
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p
r
o
v
em
e
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t d
u
e
to
lim
ited
a
n
d
co
m
p
etin
g
r
eso
u
r
ce
s
.
W
ith
o
u
t
im
p
lem
en
tin
g
s
ig
n
i
f
ican
t
m
ea
s
u
r
es to
en
h
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ce
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ter
n
al
ef
f
icien
c
y
an
d
in
tr
o
d
u
ce
in
n
o
v
ativ
e
e
d
u
ca
tio
n
al
in
s
titu
tio
n
s
,
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y
s
u
cc
ess
ac
h
iev
ed
wo
u
ld
b
e
tem
p
o
r
ar
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.
I
t is also
cr
u
cial
to
ex
p
lo
r
e
alter
n
ativ
e
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o
u
r
ce
s
o
f
f
u
n
d
in
g
.
4
.
2
.
M
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v
e
m
ent
o
f
s
t
ud
ent
s
a
bro
a
d
T
h
e
o
th
er
asp
ec
t r
e
g
ar
d
in
g
th
e
cr
o
s
s
-
b
o
r
d
er
h
ig
h
e
r
ed
u
ca
tio
n
am
o
n
g
th
e
ASEA
N
co
u
n
tr
ies ev
alu
ated
was
th
e
s
tu
d
en
ts
'
m
o
v
em
en
t
in
th
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
ab
r
o
ad
.
T
h
e
an
aly
s
is
was
d
o
n
e
u
s
in
g
th
e
d
ata
f
o
r
th
e
g
lo
b
al
f
l
o
w
o
f
ter
tiar
y
-
lev
el
s
tu
d
en
ts
r
etr
ied
f
r
o
m
th
e
U
I
S
[5
8
]
.
Fro
m
th
e
s
tatis
tical
an
aly
s
is
p
r
esen
ted
in
Fig
u
r
es
3
an
d
4
,
Vietn
am
h
as
th
e
h
ig
h
est
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
s
tu
d
e
n
t
s
ab
r
o
ad
(
1
3
7
,
0
2
2
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
)
,
co
m
p
r
is
in
g
2
.
1
%
o
f
th
e
to
tal
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
in
th
e
co
u
n
tr
y
.
I
n
d
o
n
esia
f
o
llo
wed
th
is
with
5
9
,
2
2
4
s
tu
d
en
ts
ab
r
o
ad
,
c
o
m
p
r
is
in
g
0
.
9
%
o
f
to
tal
s
tu
d
en
ts
in
th
e
c
o
u
n
tr
y
.
Ma
lay
s
ia
was
th
e
th
i
r
d
c
o
u
n
tr
y
with
th
e
h
ig
h
est
n
u
m
b
e
r
o
f
s
tu
d
en
ts
ab
r
o
ad
(
4
8
,
8
1
0
s
tu
d
en
ts
)
,
co
m
p
r
is
in
g
0
.
8
%
o
f
t
h
e
to
tal
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
in
HE
I
s
.
B
r
u
n
ei
was
th
e
co
u
n
tr
y
with
t
h
e
least
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
ab
r
o
a
d
,
w
h
ich
co
m
p
r
is
ed
a
p
p
r
o
x
im
atel
y
0
%
o
f
t
h
e
c
o
u
n
tr
y
'
s
h
ig
h
er
ed
u
ca
tio
n
s
tu
d
en
ts
.
C
am
b
o
d
ia
also
h
ad
s
ev
er
al
ter
tiar
y
-
lev
el
s
tu
d
en
ts
s
tu
d
y
in
g
ab
r
o
ad
(
7
,
4
0
1
s
tu
d
en
ts
)
,
co
m
p
r
is
in
g
0
.
1
%
o
f
th
e
co
u
n
tr
y
'
s
s
tu
d
en
ts
.
I
n
to
tal,
3
4
9
,
9
7
9
s
tu
d
en
ts
wer
e
s
tu
d
y
in
g
ab
r
o
ad
.
Fig
u
r
e
3
.
Nu
m
b
er
o
f
s
tu
d
en
ts
ab
r
o
ad
i
n
ASEA
N
r
eg
io
n
Fig
u
r
e
4
.
Per
ce
n
ta
g
e
o
f
s
tu
d
en
ts
ab
r
o
ad
in
ASEA
N
r
eg
io
n
2190
7401
59224
8368
48810
12628
26219
19508
28609
137022
0
200
00
400
00
600
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800
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100
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120
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140
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Bru
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In
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ip
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ip
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ies
%
t
otal
mobil
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st
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ts
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t
J
E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
8
2
2
To
w
a
r
d
s
g
lo
b
a
l c
itiz
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s
h
ip
–
r
o
le
o
f c
r
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s
s
b
o
r
d
er h
ig
h
er e
d
u
c
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tio
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eg
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(
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ila
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)
3299
4
.
3
.
M
a
j
o
r
des
t
ina
t
io
ns
T
h
e
s
t
u
d
y
f
u
r
t
h
e
r
e
x
p
l
o
r
e
d
t
h
e
s
ig
n
i
f
ic
a
n
t
d
est
i
n
ati
o
n
s
o
f
AS
E
AN
s
t
u
d
e
n
ts
s
ee
k
i
n
g
h
i
g
h
er
ed
u
c
ati
o
n
wo
r
l
d
wi
d
e
as
r
e
p
o
r
t
ed
in
UN
E
SC
O
[
5
8
]
.
T
h
e
f
in
d
i
n
g
s
a
r
e
s
u
m
m
a
r
i
ze
d
i
n
T
a
b
le
1
a
n
d
Fig
u
r
e
5
.
F
r
o
m
th
e
s
tatis
t
ics
,
it
is
o
b
s
e
r
v
e
d
t
h
at
d
i
f
f
er
e
n
t
So
u
t
h
ea
s
t
Asi
a
n
co
u
n
t
r
ies
h
ad
t
h
e
ir
s
t
u
d
e
n
ts
t
r
a
v
e
l
to
d
if
f
e
r
en
t
co
u
n
t
r
i
es
f
o
r
h
ig
h
e
r
e
d
u
ca
ti
o
n
.
Fo
r
in
s
ta
n
c
e,
t
h
e
t
h
r
ee
m
aj
o
r
d
esti
n
ati
o
n
s
f
o
r
B
r
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n
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s
t
u
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e
n
ts
o
f
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i
g
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ar
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i
n
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we
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t
h
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Un
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d
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d
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m
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M
al
ay
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ia
a
n
d
A
u
s
t
r
al
ia
.
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we
v
e
r
,
m
o
s
t
s
t
u
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e
n
ts
m
o
v
e
d
t
o
J
a
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t
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e
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o
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n
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th
e
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n
i
te
d
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f
o
r
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g
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d
u
ca
ti
o
n
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n
a
d
if
f
e
r
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t
co
u
n
t
r
y
,
V
iet
n
am
.
I
n
T
h
ai
la
n
d
,
t
h
e
m
ajo
r
d
esti
n
ati
o
n
s
f
o
r
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
o
f
h
ig
h
er
l
ea
r
n
i
n
g
in
c
lu
d
e
d
A
u
s
t
r
a
lia
,
t
h
e
U
n
i
te
d
Ki
n
g
d
o
m
a
n
d
t
h
e
U
n
it
e
d
Sta
tes
.
T
h
e
r
ese
ar
ch
f
o
u
n
d
th
a
t
t
h
e
y
m
ad
e
u
p
n
i
n
e
d
est
i
n
at
io
n
s
i
n
t
o
t
al
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
m
aj
o
r
th
r
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e
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esti
n
a
ti
o
n
s
o
f
ea
c
h
o
f
th
e
1
0
AS
E
AN
co
u
n
t
r
ies
.
T
h
e
f
i
r
s
t
d
es
ti
n
at
io
n
c
o
u
n
tr
y
t
h
a
t
r
ec
ei
v
e
d
t
h
e
h
i
g
h
est
n
u
m
b
e
r
o
f
s
tu
d
en
ts
was
t
h
e
Un
ite
d
St
at
es,
wit
h
4
9
,
3
8
2
s
t
u
d
e
n
ts
,
w
h
i
c
h
c
o
m
p
r
is
e
d
a
p
p
r
o
x
im
ate
ly
2
3
%
o
f
t
h
e
t
o
t
al
s
tu
d
en
ts
i
n
t
h
e
r
eg
io
n
.
J
a
p
a
n
w
as
t
h
e
n
e
x
t
d
esti
n
a
ti
o
n
a
f
t
er
t
h
e
Un
i
ted
St
ates
,
w
h
i
c
h
r
e
ce
i
v
e
d
s
t
u
d
e
n
ts
f
r
o
m
th
e
AS
E
AN
r
e
g
i
o
n
p
u
r
s
u
i
n
g
h
i
g
h
e
r
ed
u
c
ati
o
n
.
T
h
e
t
o
ta
l
n
u
m
b
e
r
to
J
ap
a
n
w
as
4
7
,
7
8
0
,
r
e
p
r
ese
n
ti
n
g
a
p
p
r
o
x
i
m
a
tel
y
2
2
%
o
f
th
e
t
o
ta
l
s
t
u
d
e
n
ts
.
Au
s
t
r
a
lia
cl
o
s
el
y
f
o
ll
o
we
d
t
h
ese,
r
e
ce
i
v
i
n
g
4
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s
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o
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ic
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t
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ti
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e
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o
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R
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p
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t
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n
it
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Kin
g
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a
n
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Ma
l
a
y
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ia
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n
i
n
te
r
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g
f
i
n
d
in
g
is
th
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t
o
n
l
y
tw
o
c
o
u
n
t
r
ies
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
AS
E
AN
r
eg
io
n
–
M
ala
y
s
i
a
a
n
d
V
iet
n
a
m
–
we
r
e
c
o
n
s
i
d
e
r
e
d
am
o
n
g
t
h
e
t
o
p
n
i
n
e
d
est
in
ati
o
n
s
o
f
t
h
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r
s
t
u
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e
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ts
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o
t
h
e
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te
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g
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t
h
at
t
h
e
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n
i
te
d
Sta
tes
a
n
d
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s
t
r
al
ia
r
a
n
k
ed
am
o
n
g
th
e
m
aj
o
r
th
r
e
e
d
esti
n
a
ti
o
n
s
b
y
ei
g
h
t
c
o
u
n
t
r
i
es
in
t
h
e
r
e
g
i
o
n
.
T
h
e
r
e
f
o
r
e
,
it
was
o
b
s
e
r
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ed
t
h
at
th
e
m
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s
t
p
o
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la
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ter
m
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esti
n
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ti
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en
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n
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ies
we
r
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h
e
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n
it
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d
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tates
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d
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s
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ali
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ab
le
1
.
Stu
d
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n
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s
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Fig
u
r
e
5
.
Stu
d
e
n
ts
an
d
th
eir
m
ajo
r
d
esti
n
atio
n
s
T
h
e
o
th
e
r
asp
ec
t
ev
alu
ate
d
r
e
g
ar
d
in
g
h
ig
h
er
e
d
u
ca
tio
n
in
t
h
e
ASEA
N
r
eg
io
n
was
s
tu
d
en
ts
'
in
b
o
u
n
d
an
d
o
u
tb
o
u
n
d
m
o
b
ilit
y
with
in
th
e
r
eg
io
n
.
I
n
b
o
u
n
d
m
o
b
ile
s
tu
d
en
ts
im
p
lied
th
e
n
u
m
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o
f
s
tu
d
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ts
f
r
o
m
th
e
ASEA
N
r
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n
wh
o
h
av
e
m
o
v
ed
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t
h
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ies
(
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m
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a
r
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th
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o
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m
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t
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s
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k
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ed
u
ca
tio
n
in
th
e
r
e
g
io
n
.
T
h
e
s
tatis
tics
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e
p
r
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ted
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St
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from
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A
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s
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I
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2
2
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I
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t
J
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&
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13
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av
ailab
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y
.
C
o
n
s
id
er
in
g
th
e
o
u
tb
o
u
n
d
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
,
an
in
cr
ea
s
in
g
tr
en
d
is
o
b
s
er
v
ed
in
alm
o
s
t
all
co
u
n
tr
ies.
I
n
o
th
er
c
o
u
n
tr
ies,
Vietn
am
r
ec
o
r
d
ed
th
e
h
i
g
h
est
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
m
o
b
ile
ter
tiar
y
s
tu
d
en
ts
s
ee
k
in
g
h
ig
h
er
ed
u
ca
tio
n
as
s
h
o
wn
in
Fig
u
r
e
6
.
C
o
n
s
id
er
in
g
th
e
in
b
o
u
n
d
m
o
b
ile
s
tu
d
en
ts
,
th
e
r
e
wer
e
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
f
l
u
ctu
atio
n
s
in
th
e
s
tu
d
en
ts
r
ec
eiv
ed
.
Ma
lay
s
ia
was
f
o
u
n
d
to
h
av
e
r
ec
eiv
e
d
th
e
h
i
g
h
e
s
t
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
in
ter
n
atio
n
al
s
tu
d
en
ts
,
th
o
u
g
h
th
e
n
u
m
b
er
f
lu
ctu
ates
in
d
if
f
er
e
n
t
y
ea
r
s
.
Sin
g
ap
o
r
e
a
n
d
T
h
a
ilan
d
r
ec
eiv
ed
q
u
ite
a
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
p
r
o
p
o
r
tio
n
o
f
s
tu
d
en
ts
s
ee
k
in
g
h
ig
h
er
e
d
u
ca
tio
n
in
th
e
ASEA
N
r
eg
io
n
as
d
ep
icted
in
Fig
u
r
e
7
.
Ov
e
r
all,
th
e
d
ata
i
n
d
icate
d
an
in
cr
ea
s
in
g
tr
e
n
d
o
v
er
tim
e.
T
h
e
r
eg
r
ess
io
n
an
aly
s
is
was
also
co
n
d
u
cted
f
r
o
m
d
ata
s
o
u
r
ce
d
f
r
o
m
th
e
W
o
r
ld
B
an
k
[
59
]
to
ev
alu
ate
th
e
f
ac
to
r
s
af
f
ec
tin
g
cr
o
s
s
-
b
o
r
d
er
h
ig
h
er
ed
u
ca
tio
n
in
ter
m
s
o
f
o
u
tb
o
u
n
d
ter
tiar
y
m
o
b
ile
s
tu
d
en
ts
an
d
th
e
r
esu
lts
ar
e
p
r
esen
ted
in
T
ab
le
2
.
Mu
ltip
le
r
e
g
r
ess
io
n
an
aly
s
is
was
ad
o
p
ted
,
wh
er
e
th
e
in
d
ep
en
d
e
n
t
v
a
r
iab
le
was
o
u
tb
o
u
n
d
m
o
b
ile
te
r
tiar
y
s
tu
d
en
ts
,
wh
ile
th
e
i
n
d
ep
e
n
d
e
n
t
v
ar
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les
in
cl
u
d
ed
g
o
v
er
n
m
en
t
ex
p
e
n
d
itu
r
e
o
n
ter
tiar
y
ed
u
ca
tio
n
(
Millio
n
$
)
,
GDP
g
r
o
wth
(
an
n
u
al
%),
GD
P
(
US$
)
,
r
esear
ch
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s
(
p
er
m
illi
o
n
in
h
a
b
itan
ts
)
an
d
s
ch
o
o
l
en
r
o
lm
e
n
t
(
%
g
r
o
s
s
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.
T
h
e
r
esu
lts
in
d
icate
d
th
at
g
o
v
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n
m
en
t
ex
p
en
d
itu
r
e
o
n
ter
tia
r
y
ed
u
ca
tio
n
h
as
a
n
eg
ativ
e
an
d
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
in
f
lu
en
ce
o
n
th
e
o
u
tb
o
u
n
d
m
o
b
ilit
y
o
f
te
r
tiar
y
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
(
β=
-
2
.
0
6
1
,
p
=0
.
0
1
5
)
.
T
h
e
GDP
g
r
o
wth
r
ate
was
f
o
u
n
d
to
h
av
e
a
n
eg
ativ
e
an
d
s
ig
n
if
ic
an
t
in
f
lu
en
ce
o
n
th
e
o
u
tb
o
u
n
d
m
o
b
ilit
y
o
f
ter
tiar
y
s
tu
d
en
ts
(
β=
-
5
1
5
6
.
9
7
p
=0
.
0
0
4
)
.
R
esear
ch
er
s
(
p
e
r
m
illi
o
n
in
h
ab
itan
ts
)
wer
e
f
o
u
n
d
to
h
av
e
a
p
o
s
itiv
e
an
d
in
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
in
f
lu
en
ce
o
n
t
h
e
o
u
tb
o
u
n
d
m
o
b
ilit
y
o
f
ter
ti
ar
y
s
tu
d
en
ts
(
β=0
.
8
8
0
p
=0
.
5
2
7
)
.
T
e
r
tiar
y
s
ch
o
o
l
en
r
o
lm
en
t
was
f
o
u
n
d
to
h
av
e
a
p
o
s
itiv
e
an
d
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
i
n
f
lu
en
ce
o
n
th
e
o
u
tb
o
u
n
d
m
o
b
ilit
y
o
f
s
tu
d
en
ts
(
β=4
1
2
.
9
2
9
p
=0
.
0
0
4
)
.
GDP
was
f
o
u
n
d
to
h
av
e
a
p
o
s
itiv
e
an
d
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
in
f
lu
en
ce
o
n
th
e
o
u
tb
o
u
n
d
m
o
b
ilit
y
o
f
ter
tiar
y
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
(
β=3
6
.
7
4
2
p
=0
.
0
0
2
)
.
I
n
s
u
m
m
a
r
y
,
T
ab
le
2
s
h
o
ws
th
at
g
o
v
er
n
m
en
t
e
x
p
en
d
itu
r
e
o
n
ter
tiar
y
ed
u
ca
tio
n
,
GDP,
s
ch
o
o
l
en
r
o
llm
en
t
in
ter
tiar
y
e
d
u
ca
tio
n
,
an
d
GDP
g
r
o
wth
a
r
e
all
s
tat
is
tically
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
d
eter
m
in
an
ts
o
f
h
ig
h
e
r
ed
u
ca
t
io
n
cr
o
s
s
-
b
o
r
d
er
ac
tiv
ity
in
th
e
ASEA
N
r
eg
i
on
,
b
ased
on
t
h
e
g
iv
en
p
-
v
al
u
es
,
r
esear
ch
er
s
p
er
m
illi
o
n
in
h
ab
it
an
ts
,
h
o
wev
er
,
a
r
e
n
o
t statis
tic
ally
s
ig
n
if
ican
t.
Fig
u
r
e
6
.
O
u
t
b
o
u
n
d
s
tu
d
en
ts
’
m
o
b
ilit
y
in
th
e
ASEA
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[
1
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d
is
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s
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les
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ac
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y
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s
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1
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1
8
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0
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6
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s
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ter
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r
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ess
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y
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tin
g
th
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o
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o
f
s
tu
d
en
ts
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d
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o
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atio
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f
in
s
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o
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ig
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[6
2
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.
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ig
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u
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th
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elo
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k
[6
3
]
.
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h
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ir
ically
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s
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ip
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h
e
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eg
ar
d
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o
r
t in
th
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in
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HE
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s
.
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h
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s
tatis
t
ics
in
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icate
d
q
u
ite
a
s
ig
n
if
ican
t g
ap
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th
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n
u
m
b
er
o
f
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I
s
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th
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n
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i
es.
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h
ile
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e
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n
tr
ies
in
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d
a
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
e
f
f
o
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t,
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th
er
s
in
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icate
d
th
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n
s
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er
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le
in
v
estme
n
t
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ed
to
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o
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t
h
ig
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ca
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d
th
e
af
f
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ted
c
r
o
s
s
-
b
o
r
d
e
r
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
with
in
th
e
r
eg
io
n
,
f
o
r
in
s
tan
ce
.
At
th
e
s
am
e
tim
e,
I
n
d
o
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h
as
m
ad
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s
ig
n
if
ican
t
ef
f
o
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ts
in
th
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s
estab
lis
h
m
en
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an
d
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r
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Sin
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m
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o
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t
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ig
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e
d
u
ca
tio
n
.
Ma
r
g
in
s
o
n
an
d
Xu
[
6
4
]
clar
if
ies
th
at
HE
I
s
an
d
well
-
d
ev
elo
p
ed
cu
r
r
icu
la
ar
e
cr
itical
in
b
o
o
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tin
g
h
ig
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r
ed
u
ca
tio
n
an
d
th
e
r
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ltan
t
tr
an
s
latio
n
o
f
k
n
o
wled
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e
t
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ctio
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ab
le
p
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licies
f
o
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p
tim
al
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is
io
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-
m
ak
in
g
.
C
o
n
s
id
er
in
g
th
at
m
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t
o
f
th
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m
wer
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g
m
o
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1
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th
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atio
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e
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ce
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d
with
th
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welf
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f
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im
p
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ta
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co
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t
r
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u
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f
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u
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to
ec
o
n
o
m
ic
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n
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I
t
is
o
b
s
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v
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b
le
th
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al
co
o
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d
cr
o
s
s
-
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o
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d
e
r
co
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atio
n
in
h
ig
h
e
r
ed
u
c
atio
n
ar
e
g
ettin
g
b
ig
g
er
with
m
u
ch
in
ter
est
f
r
o
m
th
e
s
tak
eh
o
ld
e
r
s
an
d
p
o
licy
m
ak
er
s
.
T
h
er
e
is
an
in
c
r
ea
s
e
in
th
e
n
u
m
b
e
r
o
f
co
u
n
tr
ies
an
d
i
n
s
titu
tio
n
s
ac
r
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s
s
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a
p
ar
ticip
atin
g
in
cr
o
s
s
-
b
o
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d
er
co
llab
o
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atio
n
s
to
s
tr
en
g
th
en
t
h
eir
h
ig
h
e
r
ed
u
ca
tio
n
s
y
s
tem
s
[6
5
]
,
[
6
6
]
.
T
h
e
f
o
c
u
s
o
f
t
h
is
r
esear
ch
was
o
n
So
u
th
ea
s
t
Asi
a,
wh
er
e
u
n
iv
er
s
ities
h
av
e
estab
lis
h
ed
p
ar
tn
er
s
h
ip
s
am
o
n
g
th
em
s
elv
es
in
th
e
r
eg
io
n
an
d
with
o
th
er
u
n
iv
e
r
s
ities
in
th
e
Un
ited
States
,
E
u
r
o
p
e
a
n
d
Au
s
tr
alia.
Ho
wev
er
,
as
s
u
g
g
ested
b
y
L
o
r
e
n
zo
[
7
]
,
th
e
p
e
r
s
p
ec
tiv
e
h
as
r
ec
en
tly
f
o
cu
s
ed
o
n
th
e
in
tr
a
-
r
eg
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n
al
p
ar
tn
e
r
s
h
ip
s
in
th
e
p
ast,
f
o
cu
s
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o
n
im
p
r
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in
g
th
e
r
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g
io
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'
s
h
ig
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ed
u
ca
tio
n
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y
s
tem
s
an
d
p
er
f
o
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m
an
ce
to
ac
h
iev
e
r
eg
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n
al
co
m
p
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ess
.
T
h
e
f
in
d
in
g
s
in
d
icate
d
th
at
m
an
y
s
tu
d
en
ts
ar
e
m
o
v
in
g
t
o
o
th
er
co
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n
t
r
ies
f
o
r
h
ig
h
er
ed
u
ca
tio
n
in
th
e
ASEA
N
r
eg
io
n
.
Fo
r
in
s
tan
ce
,
b
y
2
0
2
0
,
th
e
s
tat
is
tics
in
d
icate
d
th
at
Vietn
am
h
ad
th
e
h
ig
h
est
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
s
tu
d
en
ts
ab
r
o
a
d
,
to
1
3
7
,
0
2
2
.
I
t
is
ev
id
en
t
f
r
o
m
th
ese
s
tatis
t
ics
th
at
wh
ile
o
th
er
co
u
n
tr
ies
wer
e
q
u
ite
o
p
en
to
s
en
d
in
g
th
ei
r
s
tu
d
en
ts
ab
r
o
ad
f
o
r
h
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g
h
er
e
d
u
ca
tio
n
l
ev
els,
o
th
er
s
co
u
l
d
h
av
e
b
ee
n
f
aster
in
th
is
in
itiati
v
e.
Ho
wev
er
,
s
ig
n
if
ica
n
t e
f
f
o
r
t h
as b
ee
n
co
n
s
id
er
ed
in
t
h
is
r
eg
ar
d
.
T
h
e
m
ajo
r
it
y
o
f
th
e
co
u
n
tr
ies in
th
e
So
u
th
ea
s
t r
eg
io
n
h
a
v
e
m
o
r
e
th
an
1
0
,
0
0
0
th
o
u
s
an
d
h
i
g
h
er
e
d
u
ca
tio
n
s
tu
d
en
ts
ab
r
o
ad
.
So
u
th
ea
s
t
Asi
a
was
f
o
u
n
d
to
s
en
d
its
s
tu
d
en
ts
t
o
v
a
r
io
u
s
co
u
n
tr
ies
g
lo
b
ally
in
s
ea
r
ch
o
f
h
ig
h
e
r
ed
u
ca
tio
n
.
T
h
e
Un
ited
States
,
Au
s
tr
alia
an
d
J
ap
an
wer
e
m
ajo
r
d
esti
n
atio
n
s
in
ter
m
s
o
f
th
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
s
tu
d
en
ts
r
ec
eiv
ed
.
Acc
o
r
d
i
n
g
to
L
ek
[
3
9
]
,
th
is
co
u
ld
b
e
attr
ib
u
ted
t
o
th
e
p
er
ce
p
tio
n
th
at
th
ese
co
u
n
tr
ies
h
av
e
a
m
o
r
e
ad
v
an
ce
d
h
ig
h
er
ed
u
ca
tio
n
s
y
s
tem
in
ter
m
s
o
f
r
esear
ch
,
s
y
llab
u
s
es
an
d
co
n
ten
t
co
v
er
ed
.
R
eg
ar
d
in
g
t
h
e
p
o
p
u
lar
ity
o
f
d
esti
n
atio
n
s
,
th
e
Un
ited
States
an
d
Au
s
tr
alia
w
er
e
th
e
m
ajo
r
d
esti
n
atio
n
s
,
as
alm
o
s
t a
ll c
o
u
n
tr
ies
s
en
t th
eir
s
tu
d
en
ts
to
th
ese
co
u
n
tr
ies.
T
h
e
in
cr
ea
s
in
g
tr
en
d
in
d
icate
s
th
at
th
e
ASEA
N
r
eg
io
n
is
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
c
o
n
tr
ib
u
ti
n
g
to
r
e
g
io
n
al
an
d
g
lo
b
al
cr
o
s
s
-
b
o
r
d
er
h
ig
h
er
e
d
u
ca
tio
n
b
y
s
en
d
in
g
th
ei
r
s
tu
d
en
ts
to
o
th
er
co
u
n
tr
ies.
T
h
e
r
esear
ch
f
o
u
n
d
an
in
cr
ea
s
in
g
tr
en
d
f
o
r
b
o
th
in
b
o
u
n
d
(
s
tu
d
en
ts
co
m
in
g
to
s
e
ek
h
ig
h
e
r
ed
u
ca
tio
n
in
th
e
A
SEAN
r
eg
io
n
)
an
d
o
u
tb
o
u
n
d
(
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
m
o
v
in
g
to
o
th
er
r
eg
io
n
s
an
d
co
u
n
t
r
ies
to
s
ee
k
h
ig
h
er
ed
u
ca
tio
n
)
.
T
h
is
in
d
icate
s
th
at
as
f
ar
as
cr
o
s
s
-
b
o
r
d
er
h
ig
h
e
r
ed
u
ca
tio
n
is
co
n
ce
r
n
ed
,
th
e
ASEA
N
r
eg
io
n
p
la
y
s
a
cr
itical
r
o
le
with
in
an
d
with
o
u
t
th
e
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
-
8
8
2
2
I
n
t
J
E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
,
Vo
l
.
13
,
No
.
5
,
Octo
b
er
2
0
2
4
:
3
2
9
3
-
3305
3302
r
eg
io
n
.
As
in
f
er
r
e
d
b
y
C
h
aiss
e
an
d
Hsi
eh
[
6
7
]
,
th
ese
p
ar
t
n
er
s
h
ip
s
an
d
co
llab
o
r
atio
n
s
a
im
to
in
cr
ea
s
e
t
h
e
s
h
ar
in
g
o
f
s
k
ills
an
d
k
n
o
wled
g
e,
en
h
a
n
ce
in
s
tr
u
ctio
n
al
q
u
ality
,
ex
p
a
n
d
cu
r
r
icu
lu
m
o
f
f
er
in
g
s
,
an
d
r
aise
in
s
titu
tio
n
al
p
r
esti
g
e.
Hig
h
-
s
p
ee
d
an
d
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
s
ar
e
v
ital
f
o
r
en
h
an
cin
g
co
llab
o
r
atio
n
o
p
p
o
r
tu
n
ities
.
An
ex
ten
d
e
d
an
aly
s
is
in
v
esti
g
ated
th
e
f
ac
to
r
s
in
f
lu
en
cin
g
cr
o
s
s
-
b
o
r
d
e
r
ed
u
ca
tio
n
with
in
th
e
ASEA
N
r
eg
io
n
.
I
n
cr
ea
s
in
g
s
ch
o
o
l
en
r
o
lm
en
t
in
ter
tiar
y
e
d
u
ca
tio
n
b
o
o
s
ted
ec
o
n
o
m
ic
g
r
o
wth
an
d
b
o
o
s
ted
s
tu
d
en
ts
'
m
o
v
em
en
t f
r
o
m
th
e
r
eg
io
n
to
o
th
er
r
eg
io
n
s
in
s
ea
r
c
h
o
f
h
ig
h
er
ed
u
ca
tio
n
.
4
.4
.
P
r
a
ct
ica
l
a
nd
t
heo
re
t
ica
l im
pli
ca
t
io
ns
T
h
e
r
esu
lt
ac
h
iev
e
d
b
y
th
is
r
es
ea
r
ch
h
as
h
el
p
ed
s
o
lid
if
y
th
e
a
p
p
licatio
n
o
f
s
ec
o
n
d
a
r
y
r
esear
ch
d
ata
in
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
i
n
g
p
atter
n
s
ass
o
ciate
d
with
h
u
m
an
b
eh
av
io
r
,
in
th
is
in
s
tan
ce
,
cr
o
s
s
-
b
o
r
d
er
m
ig
r
atio
n
b
y
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
in
th
e
ASEA
N
r
eg
io
n
.
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
e
m
p
h
asized
s
ev
er
al
th
eo
r
etica
l
im
p
licatio
n
s
an
d
p
o
licy
r
ec
o
m
m
e
n
d
atio
n
s
.
T
h
is
r
esear
ch
h
as
b
ee
n
a
b
le
to
p
r
ac
tically
s
h
o
w
th
at
A
SEAN
co
u
n
tr
ies
h
a
v
e
i
n
cr
ea
s
ed
th
e
b
u
d
g
etar
y
allo
ca
tio
n
s
to
HE
I
s
.
I
t
also
f
o
u
n
d
th
at
th
o
u
g
h
th
e
ASEA
N
r
eg
io
n
h
as
m
ad
e
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
ef
f
o
r
ts
to
estab
lis
h
an
d
p
r
o
m
o
te
cr
o
s
s
-
b
o
r
d
er
h
ig
h
er
e
d
u
ca
tio
n
,
th
e
o
p
p
o
r
tu
n
ity
h
as
y
et
to
b
e
f
u
lly
ex
p
lo
r
ed
.
Gr
ea
t
er
ef
f
o
r
t
is
n
ee
d
ed
f
r
o
m
th
e
p
er
s
p
ec
tiv
e
o
f
d
e
v
elo
p
m
en
t
an
d
p
o
licy
f
o
r
m
u
latio
n
.
T
h
is
r
esear
ch
p
r
o
p
o
s
e
d
s
ev
er
al
ty
p
es
o
f
co
llab
o
r
atio
n
th
at
wo
u
ld
b
o
o
s
t
cr
o
s
s
-
b
o
r
d
e
r
h
ig
h
er
e
d
u
ca
tio
n
s
tu
d
en
ts
h
ip
.
T
h
e
f
i
r
s
t
is
in
ter
n
atio
n
al
co
llab
o
r
atio
n
in
in
s
tr
u
ctio
n
a
n
d
co
n
ten
t
d
eliv
e
r
y
.
T
h
is
wo
u
ld
in
v
o
lv
e
s
ettin
g
u
p
m
ec
h
a
n
is
m
s
an
d
p
o
licies
in
v
o
lv
in
g
s
tu
d
e
n
t
ex
c
h
an
g
e
,
b
r
an
ch
ca
m
p
u
s
es,
a
n
d
jo
in
t
d
e
g
r
ee
p
r
o
g
r
am
s
to
in
cr
ea
s
e
r
ev
en
u
es.
T
h
e
s
ec
o
n
d
asp
ec
t
is
cr
o
s
s
-
b
o
r
d
er
p
ar
tn
e
r
s
h
ip
,
wh
ich
wo
u
ld
en
tail
co
o
p
er
atio
n
in
d
ev
elo
p
in
g
n
o
n
-
in
s
tr
u
ctio
n
al
ac
tiv
ities
an
d
co
llab
o
r
atio
n
s
in
v
ar
io
u
s
asp
ec
ts
s
u
ch
as
r
esear
ch
,
cu
r
r
icu
lu
m
d
ev
el
o
p
m
en
t,
ac
cr
ed
itatio
n
an
d
f
ac
u
lty
d
ev
elo
p
m
e
n
t.
W
ith
th
e
r
ec
e
n
t
wav
e
o
f
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
a
d
v
an
ce
m
en
t,
th
e
ASEA
N
HE
I
s
s
h
o
u
ld
co
n
s
id
er
co
llab
o
r
atio
n
f
o
cu
s
ed
o
n
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
s
h
a
r
in
g
jo
in
t
s
cien
ce
a
n
d
tech
n
o
l
o
g
y
in
itiativ
es.
T
h
i
s
wo
u
ld
r
h
y
m
e
well
with
th
e
in
cr
ea
s
ed
g
o
v
er
n
m
e
n
t
f
u
n
d
in
g
an
d
in
v
estme
n
t
in
d
ev
elo
p
in
g
r
esear
c
h
ca
p
ac
ity
.
W
ith
in
So
u
th
ea
s
t
Asi
a,
cr
o
s
s
-
n
atio
n
al
h
ar
m
o
n
iz
atio
n
is
an
o
th
er
asp
ec
t w
o
r
th
i
n
v
esti
n
g
in
.
T
h
is
wo
u
ld
aim
f
o
r
m
o
r
e
co
m
p
atib
le
a
n
d
c
o
m
p
ar
a
b
l
e
s
ettin
g
s
r
eg
ar
d
in
g
h
i
g
h
er
in
s
titu
tio
n
ad
m
is
s
io
n
s
,
d
eg
r
ee
s
tan
d
ar
d
s
,
cu
r
r
icu
lu
m
d
e
v
elo
p
m
e
n
t
an
d
c
o
n
ten
t
c
o
v
er
e
d
,
a
n
d
r
eg
io
n
al
QA
s
tan
d
ar
d
s
.
T
h
is
wo
u
ld
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
in
cr
ea
s
e
cr
o
s
s
-
b
o
r
d
er
a
n
d
cr
o
s
s
-
in
s
titu
tio
n
al
m
o
b
ilit
y
o
f
s
tu
d
en
ts
an
d
th
e
in
s
tr
u
ctio
n
al
s
taf
f
.
Mo
r
e
im
p
o
r
tan
tly
,
th
is
r
esear
ch
r
ec
o
m
m
en
d
s
an
d
a
d
v
o
ca
tes
th
at
th
e
ASEA
N
in
s
titu
tio
n
s
estab
lis
h
ed
in
th
is
r
eg
ar
d
m
u
s
t
wo
r
k
to
g
eth
e
r
.
T
h
is
wo
u
ld
r
ed
u
ce
th
e
d
u
p
l
icatio
n
o
f
r
o
les
an
d
h
ar
m
o
n
iz
atio
n
o
f
o
b
jectiv
es
to
war
d
s
cr
o
s
s
-
b
o
r
d
er
h
i
g
h
er
ed
u
ca
tio
n
im
p
r
o
v
em
en
t.
Fo
r
in
s
tan
ce
,
th
e
Ass
o
ciatio
n
o
f
So
u
th
ea
s
t
Asi
an
I
n
s
titu
tio
n
s
o
f
h
ig
h
er
lear
n
i
n
g
,
th
e
AUN,
th
e
Asi
a
-
Pacif
ic
q
u
ality
n
etwo
r
k
,
a
n
d
th
e
SEAM
E
O,
R
I
HE
D
s
h
o
u
ld
wo
r
k
to
g
eth
e
r
in
a
b
id
to
p
r
o
m
o
te
co
llab
o
r
atio
n
ar
o
u
n
d
is
s
u
es
o
f
teac
h
in
g
,
r
esear
ch
,
s
tu
d
en
t
an
d
s
taf
f
m
o
b
ilit
y
.
5.
CO
NCLU
SI
O
N
T
h
is
r
esear
ch
s
o
u
g
h
t
to
in
v
esti
g
ate
th
e
r
o
le
o
f
cr
o
s
s
-
b
o
r
d
er
h
ig
h
er
ed
u
ca
tio
n
in
th
e
ASEA
N
r
eg
io
n
an
d
its
co
n
tr
ib
u
ti
o
n
to
war
d
s
g
lo
b
al
citizen
s
h
ip
in
th
is
er
a
o
f
tech
n
o
lo
g
ical
ad
v
an
ce
m
en
t
an
d
g
lo
b
aliza
tio
n
.
C
o
n
s
id
er
in
g
So
u
th
ea
s
t
Asi
a
is
an
ec
o
n
o
m
ically
v
ib
r
an
t
r
e
g
io
n
ex
p
e
r
ien
cin
g
f
aster
ec
o
n
o
m
ic
g
r
o
wth
,
it
was
in
ter
esti
n
g
to
f
in
d
th
e
co
n
t
r
ib
u
tio
n
o
f
h
ig
h
e
r
e
d
u
ca
tio
n
co
l
lab
o
r
atio
n
to
ec
o
n
o
m
ic
d
ev
el
o
p
m
en
t
an
d
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al
ch
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e.
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h
e
r
esear
c
h
u
s
ed
s
ec
o
n
d
ar
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d
ata
f
r
o
m
v
ar
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s
,
in
clu
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in
g
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o
r
ld
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an
k
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ata
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ato
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d
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S.
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io
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s
m
eth
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aly
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d
escr
ip
tiv
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s
tatis
tics
,
co
r
r
elatio
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a
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aly
s
is
an
d
r
e
g
r
ess
io
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an
aly
s
is
.
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h
e
r
esu
lts
in
d
icate
d
So
u
th
ea
s
t
A
s
ia
h
as
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
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v
ested
in
h
ig
h
e
r
ed
u
ca
tio
n
th
r
o
u
g
h
estab
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h
ed
in
s
titu
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s
.
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wev
er
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s
o
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o
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n
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ies,
s
u
ch
as
B
r
u
n
ei,
h
ad
f
ew
HE
I
s
.
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t
was
also
f
o
u
n
d
th
at
g
o
v
er
n
m
e
n
ts
m
ak
e
a
s
ig
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if
ican
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co
n
tr
ib
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tio
n
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y
i
n
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es
tin
g
a
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
p
r
o
p
o
r
tio
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o
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o
m
e
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ed
u
ca
tio
n
.
T
h
e
s
tu
d
y
ad
d
itio
n
ally
em
p
h
asizes
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m
an
y
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tu
d
en
ts
f
r
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m
th
e
ASEA
N
r
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ted
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u
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s
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i
g
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er
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d
u
ca
tio
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g
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s
b
ey
o
n
d
t
h
eir
h
o
m
e
co
u
n
tr
ies,
with
Vietn
am
h
av
in
g
t
h
e
h
ig
h
est
n
u
m
b
er
,
with
1
3
7
,
0
2
2
s
tu
d
en
ts
.
T
h
e
m
ajo
r
ity
o
f
th
ese
ASEA
N
co
u
n
tr
ies
h
a
v
e
m
o
r
e
th
an
1
0
,
0
0
0
s
tu
d
en
ts
'
h
ig
h
e
r
ed
u
ca
tio
n
s
tu
d
en
ts
ab
r
o
ad
.
T
h
e
r
esear
ch
ev
alu
ated
th
e
m
ajo
r
d
esti
n
ies
an
d
f
o
u
n
d
th
at
th
e
Un
ited
State
s
,
Au
s
tr
alia
an
d
J
ap
an
wer
e
th
e
m
ajo
r
d
esti
n
ies
s
tu
d
en
ts
f
r
o
m
th
e
ASEA
N
r
eg
io
n
m
o
v
ed
.
T
h
e
tr
en
d
o
f
cr
o
s
s
-
b
o
r
d
er
m
o
v
em
en
t
was
ev
al
u
a
ted
,
wh
er
e
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
'
in
b
o
u
n
d
an
d
o
u
tb
o
u
n
d
m
o
v
em
e
n
t
in
d
i
ca
ted
an
in
c
r
ea
s
in
g
tr
en
d
o
v
er
t
h
e
last
2
0
y
ea
r
s
.
T
h
e
f
a
cto
r
s
th
at
s
ig
n
i
f
ican
tly
in
f
lu
e
n
ce
d
c
r
o
s
s
-
b
o
r
d
er
h
ig
h
er
e
d
u
ca
tio
n
ar
e
g
o
v
er
n
m
en
t
ex
p
en
d
itu
r
e
o
n
t
er
tiar
y
ed
u
ca
tio
n
,
GDP
,
ter
tiar
y
s
ch
o
o
l
e
n
r
o
lm
e
n
t
an
d
GD
P
g
r
o
wth
r
ate.
T
h
is
r
esear
ch
r
ec
o
m
m
e
n
d
s
th
at
th
e
ASEA
N
r
eg
io
n
im
p
lem
en
t
a
m
o
r
e
co
llab
o
r
ativ
e
s
ch
em
a
co
m
p
r
is
in
g
in
ter
n
atio
n
al
c
o
llab
o
r
atio
n
s
,
cr
o
s
s
-
b
o
r
d
er
p
ar
tn
e
r
s
h
ip
an
d
cr
o
s
s
-
n
atio
n
al
h
ar
m
o
n
izatio
n
t
o
e
n
h
an
ce
t
h
e
o
v
er
all
ed
u
ca
tio
n
s
y
s
tem
an
d
ass
o
ciate
d
cr
o
s
s
-
b
o
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d
er
h
i
g
h
er
e
d
u
ca
ti
o
n
m
o
b
ilit
y
.
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