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ere.
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esco
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co
m
Dig
ital citiz
enshi
p skills
am
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ng
un
derg
ra
dua
te
stu
d
ents in
M
a
la
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sia
:
A preli
mina
ry
study
No
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B
a
nu
M
a
ha
dir,
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H
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rudin
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ul Na
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RAC
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Dec
8
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2
0
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Un
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rsity
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M
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b
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it
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il
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in
e
s
a
fe
ty
.
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p
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p
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stu
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ts
fro
m
n
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e
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iffere
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.
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s
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late
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to
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Th
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p
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ti
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i
n
M
a
lay
sia
in
m
o
re
d
e
tail.
K
ey
w
o
r
d
s
:
Dig
ital
citizen
s
h
ip
On
lin
e
lear
n
in
g
On
lin
e
s
ec
u
r
ity
On
lin
e
wellb
ein
g
Sk
ills
T
h
is i
s
a
n
o
p
e
n
a
c
c
e
ss
a
rticle
u
n
d
e
r th
e
CC B
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SA
li
c
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se
.
C
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s
p
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A
uth
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r
:
No
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r
B
an
u
Ma
h
a
d
ir
Dep
ar
tm
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t o
f
Mo
r
al,
C
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d
C
h
ar
ac
ter
-
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u
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in
g
Stu
d
ies,
Facu
lty
o
f
Hu
m
an
Scien
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s
Un
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s
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Su
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T
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b
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u
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m
y
1.
I
NT
RO
D
UCT
I
O
N
Dig
ital
citizen
s
h
ip
r
ef
er
s
to
a
cc
ep
tab
le
n
o
r
m
s
o
f
b
eh
av
io
r
r
elate
d
to
th
e
u
s
e
o
f
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
[
1
]
.
A
co
llab
o
r
ativ
e
m
o
v
em
en
t,
th
e
Dig
ital
L
iter
ac
y
an
d
C
itizen
s
h
ip
C
u
r
r
icu
lu
m
lau
n
ch
ed
in
2
0
1
0
b
y
C
o
m
m
o
n
Sen
s
e
E
d
u
ca
tio
n
a
n
d
th
e
Har
v
ar
d
Gr
ad
u
ate
Sch
o
o
l
o
f
E
d
u
ca
tio
n
,
d
ef
i
n
es
d
ig
ital
citizen
s
h
ip
as
th
e
r
esp
o
n
s
ib
le
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s
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f
tech
n
o
l
o
g
y
to
lea
r
n
,
cr
e
ate,
an
d
p
ar
ticip
ate
[
2
]
.
Acc
o
r
d
in
g
t
o
C
o
llier
[
3
]
,
d
ig
ital
citi
ze
n
s
h
ip
s
k
ills
f
o
r
m
-
cr
itical
an
d
eth
ical
th
in
k
in
g
o
f
wh
at
h
ad
b
ee
n
s
ee
n
s
aid
an
d
s
h
ar
ed
wh
en
u
s
in
g
th
e
m
ed
i
u
m
o
f
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
m
ed
ia
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
.
T
h
u
s
,
th
e
b
eh
av
io
r
al
n
o
r
m
s
o
f
a
d
i
g
ital
citizen
ar
e
ca
p
ab
le
o
f
p
r
o
tectin
g
ad
o
lescen
t
in
d
iv
id
u
als
f
r
o
m
en
g
a
g
in
g
in
in
ap
p
r
o
p
r
iate
b
e
h
av
io
r
,
o
n
lin
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a
n
d
o
f
f
lin
e,
s
u
ch
a
s
cy
b
er
cr
im
e
an
d
cy
b
er
b
u
lly
in
g
[
4]
.
Sk
ills
ar
e
th
e
a
b
ilit
y
to
p
r
ac
tic
e
k
n
o
wled
g
e
t
o
ac
t,
in
tu
r
n
,
d
em
o
n
s
tr
atin
g
i
n
d
iv
id
u
al
co
m
p
eten
ce
[
5
]
.
B
esid
es,
p
r
o
b
lem
-
s
o
lv
in
g
u
s
i
n
g
lear
n
ed
k
n
o
wled
g
e
th
e
o
r
i
es
an
d
th
e
ab
ilit
y
t
o
co
m
m
u
n
icate
o
n
s
cien
tific
is
s
u
es
[
6
]
.
A
d
ig
ital
c
itizen
a
p
p
lies
to
th
o
s
e
wh
o
h
av
e
th
e
k
n
o
wled
g
e
an
d
s
k
ills
to
u
s
e
d
ig
ital
tech
n
o
lo
g
ies
ef
f
icien
tly
,
co
n
n
ec
t
with
o
th
e
r
s
to
en
g
ag
e
in
s
o
ciety
,
an
d
p
r
o
d
u
ce
an
d
u
s
e
d
ig
ital
co
n
ten
t.
Dig
i
tal
citizen
s
h
ip
is
ab
o
u
t
a
c
o
n
f
id
e
n
t
an
d
o
p
ti
m
is
tic
en
g
ag
em
en
t
with
d
ig
ita
l
tech
n
o
l
o
g
ies
[
7
]
.
T
h
e
s
k
ills
o
f
d
ig
ital
citizen
s
in
th
is
s
tu
d
y
r
ef
er
to
s
tu
d
en
ts
'
s
k
i
lls
th
r
o
u
g
h
asp
ec
ts
o
f
o
n
lin
e
w
ellb
ein
g
,
o
n
lin
e
lear
n
in
g
,
an
d
o
n
lin
e
s
ec
u
r
ity
.
I
n
Ma
lay
s
ia,
C
y
b
er
Secu
r
ity
Ma
lay
s
ia
h
ad
f
o
r
m
ed
to
m
a
in
tain
s
ec
u
r
ity
in
cy
b
er
s
p
ac
e.
Hen
ce
,
en
co
u
r
a
g
in
g
th
e
s
u
s
tain
ab
ilit
y
o
f
s
af
e
o
n
lin
e
lear
n
in
g
at
th
e
n
atio
n
al
lev
el
an
d
s
o
cial
well
-
b
ein
g
h
ad
b
ec
o
m
e
th
e
f
ac
to
r
in
p
r
o
g
r
am
s
s
u
ch
as
C
y
b
er
SAFE
f
o
cu
s
in
g
o
n
th
e
r
ea
ch
an
d
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t
o
f
tec
h
n
o
lo
g
ical
ca
p
ac
ity
[
8
]
.
T
h
e
d
ig
ital
d
ev
ice
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
is
b
ec
o
m
in
g
p
ar
t
o
f
th
e
lear
n
i
n
g
s
tim
u
lu
s
to
o
l;
h
o
we
v
er
,
d
ig
ital
d
ev
ices'
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
-
8
8
2
2
I
n
t
J
E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
,
Vo
l
.
10
,
No
.
3
,
Sep
tem
b
er
2
0
2
1
:
835
-
8
4
4
836
ex
ce
s
s
iv
e
u
s
e
ca
n
b
e
a
th
r
ea
t
t
o
d
ig
ital u
s
er
s
.
C
o
u
p
led
with
i
n
ap
p
r
o
p
r
iate
s
ite
co
n
ten
t
led
t
o
a
d
am
ag
in
g
r
esu
lt
o
n
p
h
y
s
ical
an
d
em
o
tio
n
al
w
ell
-
b
ein
g
[
9
]
.
As
a
r
esu
lt,
m
an
y
p
ar
ties
h
av
e
r
ea
lized
th
e
i
m
p
o
r
tan
ce
o
f
d
ig
ital
citizen
s
h
ip
ed
u
ca
tio
n
n
ee
d
s
to
s
tar
t f
r
o
m
th
e
b
asic le
v
el
o
f
ed
u
ca
tio
n
[
1
0
]
.
Ho
wev
er
,
th
e
d
ig
ital
liter
ac
y
co
n
ce
p
t
i
n
tr
o
d
u
ce
d
d
o
es
n
o
t
e
m
p
h
asize
th
e
im
p
o
r
ta
n
ce
o
f
o
n
lin
e
well
-
b
ein
g
,
wh
ic
h
is
th
e
ess
en
ce
o
f
d
ig
ital
citizen
s
h
ip
ed
u
ca
tio
n
.
T
h
is
co
n
ce
p
t
s
er
v
es
as
a
co
r
e
in
d
ig
ital
r
eg
u
latio
n
ed
u
ca
tio
n
an
d
is
m
o
r
e
ac
cu
r
a
te
wh
en
lin
k
ed
to
e
d
u
ca
tio
n
a
l
o
r
ed
u
ca
tin
g
elem
en
ts
.
E
lem
en
ts
o
f
ed
u
ca
tio
n
s
u
p
p
o
s
ed
ly
ed
u
ca
te
an
d
cu
lti
v
ate
d
ig
ital
citizen
s
h
ip
am
o
n
g
ch
ild
r
e
n
,
ad
o
lescen
ts
,
an
d
ad
u
lts
to
e
n
s
u
r
e
th
e
wh
o
le
co
n
ce
p
t
o
f
d
ig
ital
citiz
en
s
h
ip
ed
u
ca
tio
n
f
o
r
d
ee
p
er
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
i
n
g
.
T
h
is
s
itu
atio
n
h
ap
p
en
ed
b
ec
au
s
e
d
ig
ital
citizen
s
h
ip
ed
u
ca
ti
o
n
e
q
u
ip
s
s
tu
d
en
ts
as
r
esp
o
n
s
ib
le
u
s
er
s
o
f
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
a
n
d
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
s
p
r
u
d
e
n
t
an
d
civ
ilized
d
ig
ital c
itize
n
s
[
1
1
]
.
T
h
e
u
s
e
o
f
tech
n
o
l
o
g
y
as
an
asp
ec
t
o
f
p
r
o
g
r
ess
is
a
m
u
s
t.
Nev
er
th
eless
,
th
e
in
s
en
s
itiv
ity
o
f
u
s
in
g
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
well
is
v
er
y
co
n
tr
a
r
y
to
h
u
m
a
n
eth
ical
v
alu
es.
O
n
e
way
to
d
ea
l
with
th
e
ab
u
s
e
o
f
tech
n
o
l
o
g
y
is
to
p
r
o
d
u
ce
m
o
r
e
p
eo
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le
wh
o
h
a
v
e
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awa
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en
ess
o
f
b
ein
g
g
o
o
d
d
ig
ital
citizen
s
b
y
h
av
in
g
a
h
ig
h
lev
el
o
f
d
ig
ital
citizen
s
h
ip
liter
ac
y
.
T
h
e
liter
ac
y
o
f
d
ig
ital
citizen
s
h
ip
ca
n
b
e
ac
h
iev
ed
th
r
o
u
g
h
ed
u
ca
tio
n
.
R
ib
b
le
[
1
2
]
h
as
in
tr
o
d
u
ce
d
d
i
g
ital
citizen
s
h
ip
in
s
ch
o
o
ls
as
a
s
tep
f
o
r
s
tu
d
en
ts
to
d
is
tin
g
u
is
h
th
e
g
o
o
d
o
r
b
ad
t
h
in
g
s
th
at
h
ap
p
en
wh
e
n
u
s
in
g
d
i
g
ital
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
.
Dig
ital
citizen
s
h
ip
ed
u
ca
tio
n
ca
n
b
e
ca
teg
o
r
ize
d
a
s
a
cr
itical
m
ed
iu
m
to
h
elp
h
u
m
an
s
o
ciety
u
n
d
er
s
t
an
d
an
d
ad
d
r
ess
is
s
u
es
co
n
tr
ar
y
to
th
e
eth
ical
an
d
p
r
o
f
ess
io
n
al
v
alu
es
o
f
d
ig
ital
citizen
s
h
ip
.
At
th
e
s
am
e
tim
e,
d
ig
ital
citizen
s
h
ip
ed
u
ca
tio
n
o
p
en
s
u
p
s
p
ac
e
i
n
b
u
ild
in
g
a
l
iter
ate
s
o
ciety
with
d
ig
ital
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
a
n
d
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
is
s
u
es.
R
ib
b
le
[
1
2
]
h
as
id
en
tifie
d
n
in
e
elem
en
ts
t
h
at
allo
w
s
tu
d
en
ts
to
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
t
h
e
k
e
y
to
d
i
g
ital c
itizen
s
h
ip
is
s
u
es
.
a.
Dig
ital
Acc
ess
:
I
n
f
r
astru
ctu
r
e
th
at
allo
ws
f
o
r
f
u
ll
p
a
r
ticip
atio
n
in
th
e
u
s
e
o
f
elec
tr
o
n
ics
i
n
s
o
ciety
.
W
e
n
ee
d
to
r
ea
lize
th
at
n
o
t
ev
er
y
o
n
e
h
as
t
h
e
s
am
e
ac
ce
s
s
to
t
ec
h
n
o
lo
g
y
.
M
o
s
t
ar
o
u
n
d
th
e
wo
r
ld
d
o
es
n
o
t
h
av
e
ac
ce
s
s
o
r
h
av
e
lim
ited
a
cc
ess
to
co
m
p
u
ter
u
s
e
an
d
ev
en
an
in
te
r
n
et
co
n
n
ec
tio
n
.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e,
d
ig
ital
c
itizen
s
n
ee
d
to
s
u
p
p
o
r
t e
q
u
al
d
ig
ital r
ig
h
ts
.
b.
Dig
ital
T
r
ad
in
g
:
E
lectr
o
n
ic
tr
ad
in
g
tr
a
n
s
ac
tio
n
s
.
T
h
e
i
n
ter
n
et
h
as
b
ec
o
m
e
a
wo
r
l
d
-
class
s
h
o
p
p
in
g
m
all;
d
ig
ital
citizen
s
n
ee
d
to
b
e
s
m
ar
t
co
n
s
u
m
e
r
s
an
d
n
o
t
f
all
v
i
ctim
to
in
ter
n
et
f
r
au
d
,
p
h
is
h
in
g
,
o
r
i
d
en
tity
th
ef
t.
T
h
ey
also
n
ee
d
to
u
n
d
e
r
s
tan
d
th
at
in
ter
n
atio
n
al
s
o
u
r
c
es'
g
o
o
d
s
an
d
s
er
v
ices
ca
n
v
i
o
late
th
e
laws
an
d
m
o
r
als o
f
th
eir
o
wn
co
u
n
t
r
y
.
c.
Dig
ital
C
o
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
:
E
lectr
o
n
ic
in
f
o
r
m
ati
o
n
e
x
ch
an
g
e.
T
h
er
e
ar
e
m
a
n
y
o
p
tio
n
s
av
ail
ab
le
f
o
r
in
s
tan
t
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
an
d
co
o
p
er
ati
o
n
u
s
in
g
th
e
in
ter
n
et.
Dig
ital
u
s
er
s
wh
o
p
o
s
t
tex
t,
em
ail,
o
r
p
u
b
lis
h
co
n
ten
t
o
n
s
o
cial
m
e
d
ia
n
ee
d
to
b
e
a
war
e
o
f
a
b
r
o
ad
an
d
in
ter
co
n
n
ec
ted
d
ig
ital
e
n
v
ir
o
n
m
en
t
with
o
th
er
d
ig
ital
u
s
er
s
.
Dig
ital
citizen
s
n
ee
d
to
m
ak
e
ap
p
r
o
p
r
iate
d
ec
is
io
n
s
an
d
r
esp
o
n
s
ib
le
c
h
o
ice
s
wh
en
th
ey
co
m
m
u
n
icate
a
n
d
co
llab
o
r
ate
o
n
th
e
in
ter
n
et.
d.
Dig
ital
L
iter
ac
y
:
T
h
e
p
r
o
ce
s
s
o
f
teac
h
in
g
an
d
lear
n
i
n
g
ab
o
u
t
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
a
n
d
h
o
w
t
o
u
s
e
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
.
L
ea
r
n
in
g
to
u
s
e
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
h
as
b
ec
o
m
e
a
h
ab
it
n
o
wad
ay
s
;
th
er
ef
o
r
e,
d
ig
ital
u
s
er
s
n
ee
d
t
o
lear
n
h
o
w
to
u
s
e
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
ap
p
r
o
p
r
iately
.
B
esid
es,
th
e
co
n
ce
p
t
o
f
ed
u
ca
tio
n
an
d
p
r
ac
tice
s
h
o
u
ld
also
b
e
in
lin
e
with
tech
n
o
lo
g
ical
in
n
o
v
ati
o
n
.
Ne
w
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
ca
n
p
r
o
v
id
e
s
t
u
d
en
ts
with
a
n
ew
m
eth
o
d
o
f
lear
n
in
g
an
d
lear
n
in
g
m
e
d
ia.
e.
Dig
ital
E
th
ics:
Stan
d
ar
d
s
o
f
co
n
d
u
ct
o
r
p
r
o
ce
d
u
r
es
f
o
r
th
e
u
s
e
o
f
elec
tr
o
n
ics.
Dig
it
al
citizen
s
u
s
e
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
in
an
ap
p
r
o
p
r
iate
co
n
tex
tu
al
way
.
Dig
ital
citize
n
s
also
n
ee
d
to
b
e
awa
r
e
o
f
th
e
im
p
licit
an
d
ex
p
licit r
u
les in
th
e
u
s
e
o
f
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
.
f.
Dig
ital
L
aw:
E
lectr
o
n
ic
r
esp
o
n
s
ib
ili
ty
f
o
r
ac
tio
n
s
an
d
d
e
ed
s
.
Dig
ital
citizen
s
ar
e
awa
r
e
o
f
th
e
laws
r
elate
d
to
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
u
s
e
an
d
ca
n
d
is
tin
g
u
is
h
b
etwe
en
leg
al
an
d
illeg
al
u
s
e.
T
h
ey
co
m
p
ly
with
co
p
y
r
ig
h
t
laws
an
d
o
th
e
r
laws
th
at
en
s
u
r
e
th
e
u
s
e
o
f
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
is
le
g
al
an
d
d
o
es
n
o
t
in
f
r
i
n
g
e/en
cr
o
ac
h
o
n
o
th
er
s
'
r
ig
h
ts
.
g.
Dig
ital
R
ig
h
ts
an
d
R
esp
o
n
s
ib
ilit
ies:
T
h
e
n
ee
d
s
an
d
f
r
ee
d
o
m
s
g
iv
en
to
e
v
er
y
o
n
e
in
th
e
d
ig
ital
wo
r
ld
.
Dig
ital
citizen
s
u
s
e
o
n
lin
e
m
ater
ials
eth
ically
an
d
ag
r
ee
t
o
liv
e
f
o
llo
win
g
ac
ce
p
ted
u
s
ag
e
p
o
licies
o
r
r
u
les
an
d
laws
.
h.
Dig
ital
Hea
lth
:
p
h
y
s
ical
an
d
p
s
y
ch
o
lo
g
ical
well
-
b
ein
g
in
th
e
wo
r
ld
o
f
d
ig
ital
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
.
Dig
ital
citizen
s
n
ee
d
to
b
e
awa
r
e
o
f
th
e
p
h
y
s
ical
d
an
g
er
s
in
h
er
en
t
in
u
s
in
g
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
an
d
an
y
p
s
y
ch
o
l
o
g
ical
d
an
g
er
s
th
at
m
ay
b
e
t
h
r
o
u
g
h
e
x
ce
s
s
iv
e
u
s
e
o
r
in
ter
n
et
ad
d
ictio
n
.
i.
Dig
ital
Secu
r
ity
:
E
lectr
o
n
ic
s
e
cu
r
ity
as
a
p
r
ec
au
tio
n
.
Dig
ital
citizen
s
h
ip
in
t
r
o
d
u
ce
s
p
er
s
o
n
al
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
f
r
o
m
s
to
len
o
r
h
a
r
d
war
e
a
n
d
s
o
f
twar
e
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
f
r
o
m
v
ir
u
s
attac
k
s
an
d
s
ec
u
r
ity
h
ac
k
in
g
.
On
th
e
o
t
h
er
e
n
d
o
f
t
h
is
s
p
ec
tr
u
m
,
th
e
in
cr
ea
s
in
g
u
s
e
an
d
r
elian
ce
o
f
s
tu
d
en
ts
o
n
em
er
g
in
g
d
ig
ital
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
h
a
v
e
led
t
o
m
an
y
v
io
latio
n
s
an
d
ab
u
s
es.
Activ
ities
o
f
o
n
lin
e
b
u
lly
in
g
[
1
3
]
,
[
1
4
]
,
s
ex
tin
g
[
1
5
]
,
[
1
6
]
,
tex
tin
g
d
u
r
in
g
lectu
r
es
[
1
7
]
,
a
n
d
in
ter
n
et
p
la
g
iar
is
m
[
1
8
]
ar
e
p
o
p
u
la
r
am
o
n
g
co
ll
eg
e
an
d
u
n
i
v
er
s
ity
s
tu
d
en
ts
.
W
ith
cu
r
r
en
t
m
ed
ia
to
o
ls
an
d
th
e
I
n
ter
n
et
p
er
f
o
r
m
in
g
s
u
ch
a
k
e
y
r
o
le
in
u
n
iv
er
s
ity
lear
n
in
g
an
d
s
tu
d
en
t
life
,
an
d
with
th
e
p
o
s
s
ib
ilit
y
o
f
ex
p
lo
itin
g
an
d
m
i
s
u
s
in
g
th
e
s
teer
in
g
s
itu
atio
n
b
eh
in
d
th
e
s
ce
n
es,
teac
h
in
g
d
ig
ital c
itizen
s
h
ip
to
s
tu
d
en
ts
b
ec
o
m
es b
o
th
f
o
u
n
d
a
tio
n
al
an
d
n
o
n
-
n
eg
o
tiab
le
[
1
9
]
,
[
2
0
]
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
8
2
2
Dig
ita
l c
itiz
en
s
h
ip
s
kill
s
a
mo
n
g
u
n
d
erg
r
a
d
u
a
te
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
in
Ma
la
ysia
:
A
p
r
elimin
a
r
y
…
(
N
o
o
r
B
a
n
u
Ma
h
a
d
ir
)
837
T
h
e
s
t
u
d
y
o
f
d
ig
i
t
a
l
c
i
t
i
ze
n
s
h
i
p
i
s
s
i
g
n
if
i
c
an
t
t
o
i
m
p
le
m
en
t
b
e
c
au
s
e
m
o
s
t
t
e
e
n
a
g
er
s
i
n
th
i
s
c
e
n
t
u
r
y
d
o
n
o
t
u
n
d
er
s
t
a
n
d
t
h
e
f
o
r
m
a
t
io
n
o
f
e
x
p
l
i
c
i
t
d
i
g
i
t
a
l
n
o
r
m
s
an
d
cu
l
t
u
r
e
.
T
h
e
t
h
in
g
s
t
h
a
t
t
ee
n
a
g
e
r
s
l
e
a
r
n
f
r
o
m
d
i
g
i
t
a
l
m
e
d
ia
s
i
t
e
s
a
r
e
c
o
n
s
i
d
e
r
ed
a
cu
l
t
u
r
e
th
a
t
f
o
r
ce
s
th
e
m
to
a
g
r
e
e
to
p
a
r
t
i
c
ip
a
t
e
i
n
v
ar
i
o
u
s
c
u
r
r
en
t
a
c
t
i
v
i
t
i
e
s
o
r
t
r
e
n
d
s
r
eg
ar
d
l
e
s
s
o
f
p
e
r
s
o
n
a
l
s
af
e
t
y
f
a
c
t
o
r
s
w
h
i
l
e
o
n
l
in
e
.
B
e
s
i
d
e
s
,
t
h
e
in
t
e
r
n
e
t
a
s
a
w
o
r
l
d
w
i
t
h
o
u
t
b
o
r
d
er
s
i
s
p
r
e
s
en
t
w
it
h
g
o
o
d
b
e
n
e
f
i
t
s
a
n
d
i
n
v
i
t
e
s
v
a
r
io
u
s
r
i
s
k
s
to
t
h
e
cu
r
r
e
n
t
g
e
n
e
r
a
t
io
n
[
2
1
]
.
T
h
e
s
p
i
r
i
t
o
f
d
ig
i
t
a
l
c
i
t
i
z
en
s
h
ip
n
e
e
d
s
to
b
e
i
n
cu
l
c
a
t
ed
f
r
o
m
th
e
v
e
r
y
b
eg
i
n
n
i
n
g
.
N
e
x
t,
th
e
d
ig
i
t
a
l
c
i
t
i
z
en
s
h
i
p
s
t
u
d
y
a
im
s
t
o
b
e
a
s
a
f
e
g
u
a
r
d
a
n
d
s
e
cu
r
i
ty
a
p
p
r
o
a
ch
w
h
i
l
e
o
n
l
in
e
s
o
th
a
t
u
s
er
s
c
a
n
in
t
er
a
c
t
s
a
f
e
ly
.
D
ig
i
t
a
l
o
n
l
in
e
s
e
cu
r
i
ty
i
s
n
o
lo
n
g
e
r
s
ee
n
a
s
an
o
p
t
io
n
b
u
t
r
a
t
h
er
a
n
e
c
e
s
s
i
t
y
i
n
d
ig
i
t
a
l
c
i
t
iz
e
n
s
h
i
p
.
P
r
e
v
i
o
u
s
s
t
u
d
i
e
s
s
h
o
w
t
h
a
t
t
h
e
u
s
e
o
f
th
e
in
t
e
r
n
e
t
h
a
s
i
n
f
l
u
e
n
c
ed
s
t
u
d
e
n
t
s
'
l
i
v
e
s
a
t
t
h
e
o
v
e
r
a
l
l
l
ev
el
o
f
s
e
l
f
-
d
ev
e
l
o
p
m
en
t
an
d
ch
an
g
ed
t
o
w
ar
d
s
a
m
o
r
e
d
i
g
i
t
a
l
s
e
l
f
-
c
o
n
c
ep
t
[
1
0
]
.
T
h
e
u
s
e
o
f
t
h
e
i
n
t
er
n
e
t
i
s
w
i
d
e
l
y
u
s
e
d
to
m
e
e
t
p
r
o
f
e
s
s
i
o
n
a
l
n
e
ed
s
a
n
d
e
d
u
c
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
d
e
v
e
lo
p
m
e
n
t
p
u
r
p
o
s
e
s
.
T
h
e
d
e
v
e
lo
p
m
e
n
t
a
n
d
a
d
v
an
c
em
e
n
t
o
f
in
f
o
r
m
a
t
i
o
n
a
n
d
c
o
m
m
u
n
i
c
a
t
io
n
t
ec
h
n
o
lo
g
y
h
av
e
b
e
e
n
s
u
c
c
e
s
s
f
u
l
l
y
u
t
i
l
i
z
e
d
i
n
m
e
e
t
i
n
g
n
e
e
d
s
s
u
c
h
a
s
o
n
l
i
n
e
b
u
s
i
n
es
s
,
s
o
c
i
a
l
m
ed
i
a
,
a
n
d
ev
en
o
n
e
o
f
th
e
f
a
c
i
l
i
t
a
to
r
s
o
f
t
ea
ch
i
n
g
a
n
d
l
ea
r
n
i
n
g
.
H
o
w
e
v
er
,
d
e
s
p
i
t
e
t
h
e
d
i
g
it
a
l
w
o
r
l
d
's
p
r
o
g
r
e
s
s
,
w
h
i
c
h
h
a
s
p
r
o
v
id
ed
t
r
e
m
e
n
d
o
u
s
p
r
o
f
i
t
s
,
th
e
r
e
i
s
n
o
d
en
y
in
g
t
h
e
ex
i
s
t
e
n
ce
o
f
d
ig
i
t
a
l
ab
u
s
e
s
u
ch
a
s
o
n
l
in
e
f
r
a
u
d
,
s
p
r
e
ad
i
n
g
s
l
a
n
d
e
r
o
n
s
o
c
i
a
l
m
ed
i
a,
p
o
r
n
o
g
r
ap
h
y
,
a
n
d
o
t
h
er
s
[
2
2
]
.
T
h
e
r
e
f
o
r
e
,
to
o
v
e
r
c
o
m
e
t
h
e
p
r
o
b
l
e
m
,
i
t
i
s
n
ec
e
s
s
a
r
y
t
o
h
a
v
e
th
e
s
k
i
l
l
s
to
b
e
a
g
o
o
d
d
ig
i
t
a
l
c
i
t
i
z
e
n
.
T
h
er
e
a
r
e
s
ev
er
al
s
tu
d
ies
o
n
o
n
lin
e
lear
n
i
n
g
an
d
tech
n
o
l
o
g
y
m
is
u
s
e
b
y
s
tu
d
en
ts
,
b
u
t
ju
s
t
a
f
ew
s
tu
d
ies
o
n
m
ea
s
u
r
i
n
g
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
'
d
ig
ital
citizen
s
h
ip
b
eh
av
i
o
r
,
s
u
ch
as
r
esp
o
n
s
ib
le
o
n
lin
e
lear
n
in
g
,
o
n
lin
e
s
af
ety
,
an
d
s
ec
u
r
ity
[
2
3
]
.
R
esear
ch
o
n
d
ig
ital
citizen
s
h
ip
is
r
ele
v
an
t
b
ec
au
s
e
it
h
elp
s
p
o
licy
m
ak
er
s
an
d
h
ig
h
e
r
lear
n
in
g
in
s
titu
ti
o
n
s
to
co
n
s
id
er
th
e
tr
en
d
s
th
at
ex
is
t a
t a
d
ee
p
er
an
d
m
o
r
e
s
u
b
s
tan
tiv
e
lev
el
.
Acc
o
r
d
in
g
to
Yac
in
e
an
d
C
h
ie
n
[
2
4
]
,
th
er
e
is
s
til
l
a
lack
o
f
r
esear
ch
o
n
d
ig
ital
citizen
s
h
ip
d
esp
ite
th
e
wid
esp
r
ea
d
d
e
v
elo
p
m
e
n
t
o
f
t
h
e
in
ter
n
et
an
d
th
e
in
v
o
lv
em
en
t
o
f
o
n
lin
e
co
m
m
u
n
ity
m
e
m
b
er
s
.
T
h
e
d
ig
ital
d
iv
id
e
ca
n
b
e
d
escr
ib
ed
b
ased
o
n
th
e
d
e
f
in
itio
n
o
f
th
e
lev
el
o
f
d
ig
ital
citizen
s
h
ip
.
Dig
ital
citizen
s
h
ip
r
eq
u
ir
es
f
u
r
th
er
in
v
esti
g
atio
n
i
n
to
in
n
o
v
ativ
e
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
es,
p
ed
a
g
o
g
ical
m
et
h
o
d
s
,
a
n
d
r
o
u
tin
e
p
r
ac
tices
th
at
f
o
s
ter
d
ig
ital
liter
ac
y
.
T
h
e
u
s
e
o
f
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
in
s
o
cial
life
h
as
cr
ea
ted
d
is
co
m
f
o
r
t
an
d
p
r
o
b
lem
s
th
at
ar
e
s
till
d
if
f
icu
lt
to
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
f
r
o
m
an
ac
ad
em
ic
an
d
p
o
licy
p
er
s
p
ec
tiv
e.
T
h
er
e
f
o
r
e,
th
e
m
o
tiv
atio
n
to
an
aly
ze
th
e
lev
el
o
f
s
k
ills
to
war
d
s
d
ig
ital
citizen
s
h
ip
n
ee
d
s
to
b
e
e
m
p
h
a
s
ized
.
T
h
e
liter
ac
y
s
k
ills
o
f
d
ig
ital
c
itizen
s
h
ip
in
clu
d
e
k
n
o
wled
g
e
an
d
attitu
d
es
t
o
war
d
s
th
e
ap
p
l
icatio
n
o
f
th
e
u
s
e
o
f
d
ig
ital
tech
n
o
l
o
g
y
.
A
s
tu
d
y
by
M
o
s
s
b
er
g
er
,
T
o
lb
er
t,
an
d
Ham
ilto
n
[
2
5
]
s
h
o
w
t
h
at
th
er
e
is
a
s
tr
o
n
g
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
b
etwe
en
t
h
e
v
ar
i
o
u
s
f
o
r
m
s
o
f
in
ter
n
et
ac
ce
s
s
s
u
ch
as
th
e
u
s
e
o
f
m
o
d
em
s
,
s
m
ar
tp
h
o
n
es,
m
o
b
ile
p
h
o
n
es
an
d
o
t
h
er
s
o
n
th
e
ab
ili
ty
f
o
r
d
ig
i
tal
citizen
s
h
ip
co
v
er
in
g
asp
ec
ts
o
f
s
k
ills
an
d
o
n
lin
e
ac
tiv
ities
.
Mo
b
ile
p
h
o
n
es
a
r
e
th
e
m
o
s
t
p
o
p
u
lar
d
ig
ital
to
o
ls
f
o
r
in
ter
n
et
co
n
n
ec
tio
n
b
ef
o
r
e
t
h
e
u
s
e
o
f
s
m
ar
tp
h
o
n
es
a
n
d
o
th
er
d
ig
ital d
ev
ices.
Dig
ital
citizen
s
h
av
e
co
n
tr
ib
u
ted
to
th
e
d
ig
ital
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
t
d
u
e
to
th
e
ad
v
a
n
tag
e
o
f
o
p
p
o
r
tu
n
ities
f
r
o
m
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
an
d
c
o
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
tech
n
o
l
o
g
y
.
An
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
d
ig
ital
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
t
ca
n
b
e
cr
ea
ted
b
y
u
s
in
g
th
e
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
an
d
co
m
m
u
n
i
ca
tio
n
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
s
k
ills
o
f
d
ig
ital
citizen
s
th
r
o
u
g
h
th
e
p
r
i
n
cip
les
o
f
eth
ics,
law,
se
cu
r
ity
,
r
esp
o
n
s
ib
ilit
y
a
n
d
a
p
p
r
o
p
r
iate
m
ea
n
s
[
2
6
]
,
[
2
7
]
.
B
e
n
n
ett
[
2
8
]
ex
p
lain
s
th
at
m
o
d
er
n
attitu
d
es
s
u
ch
as
th
e
ten
d
en
c
y
to
war
d
s
a
d
v
an
c
ed
to
o
ls
o
f
d
ig
ital
u
s
er
s
p
er
s
o
n
ally
an
d
s
o
cially
in
c
y
b
er
s
p
ac
e
f
o
r
m
d
ig
ital
citizen
s
wh
o
p
lay
a
r
o
le
in
s
h
a
p
in
g
a
s
af
e
d
i
g
ital c
o
m
m
u
n
ity
an
d
en
v
i
r
o
n
m
e
n
t.
Dig
ital c
itizen
s
h
ip
ca
n
n
u
r
tu
r
e
,
e
d
u
ca
te,
an
d
teac
h
in
d
i
v
id
u
al
s
to
b
e
awa
r
e
o
f
th
e
d
an
g
er
s
p
o
s
ed
b
y
th
e
o
n
lin
e
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
t
an
d
ed
u
ca
t
e
d
ig
ital
u
s
er
s
to
u
s
e
d
ig
ital
tech
n
o
lo
g
ies
an
d
p
latf
o
r
m
s
co
n
s
cio
u
s
ly
an
d
a
d
eq
u
ately
b
ased
o
n
eth
ical
an
d
g
lo
b
al
p
r
in
cip
les
[
2
6
]
,
[
2
9
]
.
I
n
estab
lis
h
in
g
a
s
ec
u
r
e
co
m
m
u
n
ity
an
d
a
s
af
e
en
v
i
r
o
n
m
e
n
t,
it
is
im
p
o
r
tan
t
to
d
eter
m
i
n
e
th
e
lev
el
o
f
d
ig
ital c
itizen
s
h
ip
o
f
s
tu
d
en
ts
in
ter
m
s
o
f
p
er
s
o
n
al
an
d
s
o
cia
l d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t i
n
c
y
b
er
s
p
ac
e
[
3
0
]
.
A
s
tu
d
y
by
E
lcice
k
,
E
r
d
em
c
i,
an
d
Kar
al
[
26
]
s
u
g
g
ested
th
at
th
e
lev
el
o
f
d
ig
ital
citiz
en
s
h
ip
o
f
s
tu
d
en
ts
in
T
u
r
k
ey
in
ter
m
s
o
f
o
n
lin
e
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
s
k
ills
an
d
d
ig
ital
p
latf
o
r
m
b
en
ef
its
p
r
o
p
e
r
ly
an
d
c
o
n
s
cio
u
s
ly
b
y
th
e
r
esp
o
n
d
en
ts
in
v
o
l
v
ed
in
th
is
s
tu
d
y
.
I
n
co
m
p
ar
is
o
n
,
th
e
eth
ical
an
d
h
ea
lth
asp
ec
ts
o
f
d
ig
ital
am
o
n
g
co
n
s
u
m
er
s
s
ee
n
to
b
e
u
n
d
er
v
alu
ed
co
m
p
ar
e
d
to
atten
tio
n
i
n
ter
m
s
o
f
ac
ce
s
s
,
c
o
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
,
liter
ac
y
an
d
s
ec
u
r
ity
.
Per
s
o
n
al
s
af
ety
s
k
ill
s
,
wh
ile
o
n
lin
e,
ar
e
a
cr
itical
asp
ec
t.
T
h
e
s
af
ety
o
f
u
s
in
g
o
n
lin
e
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
is
co
n
s
u
m
er
s
elf
-
p
r
o
tectio
n
.
T
h
is
s
itu
atio
n
ex
p
lain
s
th
at
u
s
er
s
n
ee
d
t
o
h
a
v
e
th
e
k
n
o
wle
d
g
e
an
d
s
k
ills
f
o
r
p
r
ec
au
tio
n
s
ag
ain
s
t
th
e
u
s
e
o
f
d
ig
ital
elec
tr
o
n
ic
d
ev
ices.
N
o
t
o
n
ly
th
at,
u
s
er
s
ar
e
r
esp
o
n
s
ib
le
f
o
r
m
ai
n
tain
in
g
s
af
ety
an
d
well
-
b
ein
g
wh
ile
o
n
lin
e
.
Fo
r
ex
a
m
p
le,
u
s
er
s
"in
s
tallin
g
an
d
u
p
d
atin
g
a
n
tiv
ir
u
s
s
o
f
twar
e,
"
"in
s
tallin
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an
d
u
p
d
atin
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tis
p
y
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o
f
twar
e,
"
an
d
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u
ttin
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wn
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lls
"
ar
e
am
o
n
g
th
e
s
ec
u
r
ity
m
ea
s
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r
es.
T
h
ese
ac
tio
n
s
ar
e
ess
en
tia
l
i
n
p
r
o
tectin
g
d
ig
ital
in
f
o
r
m
ati
o
n
f
r
o
m
b
ei
n
g
s
to
len
o
r
d
a
m
ag
ed
,
g
iv
in
g
m
o
r
e
ad
v
er
s
e
ef
f
ec
ts
.
T
h
e
well
-
b
ein
g
o
f
th
e
u
s
e
o
f
t
ec
h
n
o
lo
g
y
is
clo
s
ely
r
elate
d
to
en
s
u
r
in
g
th
e
er
g
o
n
o
m
ic
u
s
e
o
f
d
ig
ital
to
o
ls
.
C
o
n
s
u
m
er
s
wh
o
u
s
e
d
i
g
ital
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
h
ea
lth
ily
also
ten
d
to
m
ain
tain
th
eir
p
h
y
s
i
ca
l
well
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b
ein
g
w
h
e
n
u
s
in
g
co
m
p
u
ter
s
an
d
d
ig
ital
d
ev
ices.
Fo
r
e
x
am
p
le,
u
s
e
a
n
a
d
ju
s
tab
le
ch
air
wh
en
u
s
in
g
a
co
m
p
u
ter
to
en
s
u
r
e
th
e
f
o
c
u
s
o
f
th
e
e
y
es
is
p
ar
alle
l
to
th
e
co
m
p
u
ter
s
cr
ee
n
an
d
is
at
th
e
a
p
p
r
o
p
r
iate
d
is
tan
ce
.
T
h
is
ac
t
is
k
n
o
w
n
as
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
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2
2
5
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8
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J
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&
R
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Vo
l
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10
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3
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Sep
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b
er
2
0
2
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835
-
8
4
4
838
s
af
e
er
g
o
n
o
m
ic
b
eh
av
i
o
r
[
3
1
]
,
r
ed
u
cin
g
th
e
r
is
k
o
f
d
e
v
elo
p
in
g
lo
n
g
-
last
in
g
ey
es,
p
o
o
r
p
o
s
tu
r
e,
p
ain
,
n
u
m
b
n
ess
an
d
o
th
er
n
er
v
e
-
r
el
ated
d
is
o
r
d
er
s
ca
u
s
ed
b
y
c
o
m
p
u
ter
u
s
e.
On
lin
e
wellb
ein
g
an
d
h
ea
lth
a
r
e
id
en
tifie
d
as
p
h
y
s
ically
an
d
p
s
y
ch
o
lo
g
ically
wellb
ein
g
in
th
e
wo
r
ld
o
f
d
ig
ital
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
.
Hea
lth
an
d
wellb
ein
g
ar
e
lin
k
ed
to
th
e
f
ac
t
th
at
d
ig
ital
p
eo
p
le
liv
e
in
v
ir
tu
al
an
d
p
h
y
s
ical
s
p
ac
es.
Fo
r
th
at
k
in
d
o
f
r
ea
s
o
n
,
th
e
n
ec
ess
ar
y
s
k
ills
o
f
d
ig
ital
co
m
p
eten
ce
ar
e
n
o
t
s
u
f
f
icien
t.
Hu
m
an
b
ein
g
s
also
n
ee
d
a
s
et
o
f
b
eh
av
io
r
s
,
s
k
ills
,
v
alu
es
an
d
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
i
n
g
th
at
m
ak
e
th
e
m
q
u
ite
awa
r
e
o
f
ch
allen
g
es
r
eg
ar
d
i
n
g
h
ea
l
th
a
n
d
wellb
ein
g
.
A
d
ig
itally
d
e
v
elo
p
ed
wo
r
ld
,
welln
ess
an
d
also
wellb
ein
g
m
ea
n
s
b
ein
g
awa
r
e
o
f
r
is
k
s
an
d
p
r
o
b
lem
s
th
at
m
ay
af
f
ec
t
f
ello
w
h
u
m
an
-
b
ei
n
g
,
i
n
clu
d
in
g
,
b
u
t
n
o
t
lim
ited
to
,
o
n
lin
e
ad
d
ictio
n
,
er
g
o
n
o
m
ics an
d
p
o
s
tu
r
e,
an
d
th
e
ex
ce
s
s
iv
e
o
v
e
r
u
s
e
d
ig
ita
l m
o
b
ile
p
latf
o
r
m
s
.
Acc
o
r
d
in
g
to
R
ib
b
le
[
1
2
]
,
s
tu
d
en
ts
n
ee
d
to
b
e
awa
r
e
o
f
th
e
p
h
y
s
ical
d
a
n
g
er
s
o
f
in
h
er
e
n
t
wh
ile
u
s
in
g
d
ig
ital
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
.
A
s
tu
d
y
c
o
n
d
u
cte
d
b
y
r
esear
ch
e
r
s
at
B
o
s
to
n
Un
iv
er
s
ity
in
2
0
1
1
ab
o
u
t
lap
to
p
u
s
e
an
d
d
is
co
m
f
o
r
t
lev
els
s
tated
th
at
m
o
r
e
th
an
5
0
%
o
f
u
n
iv
er
s
ity
s
tu
d
en
ts
s
aid
th
ey
alr
ea
d
y
ex
p
er
ien
ce
p
ain
attr
ib
u
ted
to
th
e
co
m
p
u
ter
.
M
ea
n
wh
ile,
o
n
e
in
s
ev
en
s
aid
t
h
ey
e
x
p
er
ien
ce
p
ai
n
af
te
r
wo
r
k
in
g
o
n
a
c
o
m
p
u
ter
f
o
r
j
u
s
t
o
n
e
h
o
u
r
.
T
h
u
s
,
a
cc
o
r
d
in
g
t
o
R
ib
b
le
[
1
2
]
,
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
s
h
o
u
ld
b
e
awa
r
e
o
f
th
e
i
n
h
er
e
n
t
p
h
y
s
ical
d
an
g
e
r
s
o
f
u
s
in
g
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
.
Dig
ital
te
ch
n
o
lo
g
y
is
im
p
ac
tin
g
ch
a
n
g
e
in
th
e
d
e
v
elo
p
m
e
n
t
o
f
h
u
m
an
life
m
o
r
e
g
lo
b
ally
.
Nev
er
th
eless
,
in
s
en
s
itiv
ity
to
b
ein
g
a
r
esp
o
n
s
ib
le
a
n
d
eth
ica
l
u
s
er
o
f
tech
n
o
l
o
g
y
n
ee
d
s
to
b
e
tak
e
n
s
er
io
u
s
ly
.
T
h
e
p
r
u
d
en
t
u
s
e
o
f
elec
tr
o
n
ic
d
ig
ital
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
n
ee
d
s
to
b
e
em
p
h
asized
to
b
e
n
ef
it
h
u
m
an
b
ein
g
s
an
d
th
e
n
ex
t
g
e
n
er
atio
n
.
T
h
u
s
,
d
ig
ital
citizen
s
h
ip
s
k
ills
s
u
ch
as
o
n
lin
e
lear
n
in
g
s
k
ills
,
o
n
lin
e
s
e
cu
r
ity
,
a
n
d
d
ig
ital
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
'
s
well
-
b
ein
g
ar
e
s
ee
n
as
a
s
u
s
tain
ab
le
c
o
m
b
in
atio
n
.
B
y
s
tu
d
y
in
g
th
e
lev
el
o
f
s
t
u
d
en
ts
'
s
k
ills
b
ased
o
n
th
ese
th
r
ee
asp
ec
ts
,
r
esear
c
h
er
s
ca
n
ass
ess
s
tu
d
en
ts
'
ab
ilit
y
as r
esp
o
n
s
ib
le
an
d
eth
ical
d
i
g
ital c
itizen
s
.
B
ased
o
n
a
s
tu
d
y
by
Hu
i
an
d
C
am
p
b
ell
[
3
2
]
,
th
e
em
p
h
asis
o
n
eth
ical
asp
ec
ts
is
r
elate
d
to
attitu
d
es
o
r
b
eh
av
io
r
s
in
t
h
e
o
n
lin
e
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
t.
T
h
e
s
tu
d
y
o
f
d
ig
ital c
it
izen
s
h
ip
is
s
ig
n
if
ican
t to
im
p
le
m
en
t b
ec
au
s
e
m
o
s
t
teen
ag
er
s
in
th
is
ce
n
tu
r
y
d
o
n
o
t
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
th
e
f
o
r
m
atio
n
o
f
ex
p
licit
d
i
g
ital
n
o
r
m
s
an
d
cu
ltu
r
e.
T
h
is
s
itu
atio
n
h
ap
p
en
e
d
b
ec
a
u
s
e
th
e
th
in
g
s
t
h
at
teen
ag
er
s
lear
n
f
r
o
m
d
ig
it
al
m
ed
ia
s
ites
ar
e
co
n
s
id
er
ed
a
cu
ltu
r
e
th
at
f
o
r
ce
s
th
em
to
ag
r
ee
to
p
a
r
ticip
ate
in
v
ar
io
u
s
cu
r
r
en
t
ac
tiv
ities
o
r
t
r
en
d
s
r
eg
a
r
d
less
o
f
p
er
s
o
n
al
s
af
ety
f
ac
to
r
s
wh
ile
o
n
lin
e.
T
h
e
in
ter
n
et
as
a
wo
r
l
d
with
o
u
t
b
o
r
d
er
s
i
s
p
r
esen
t
with
g
o
o
d
b
en
ef
its
a
n
d
in
v
ites
v
ar
io
u
s
r
is
k
s
to
th
e
cu
r
r
en
t
g
e
n
er
atio
n
.
Dig
ital
ci
tizen
s
h
ip
s
k
ills
n
ee
d
to
b
e
d
ev
elo
p
ed
f
r
o
m
th
e
v
er
y
b
e
g
i
n
n
in
g
.
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
ex
am
in
es
th
e
lev
el
o
f
d
ig
ital
c
itizen
s
h
ip
s
k
ills
o
f
Un
iv
er
s
iti
Pen
d
id
ik
an
Su
ltan
I
d
r
is
'
s
u
n
d
er
g
r
ad
u
ate
in
o
n
lin
e
lear
n
in
g
,
o
n
lin
e
s
af
ety
,
a
n
d
o
n
lin
e
well
-
b
ein
g
.
2.
RE
S
E
ARCH
M
E
T
H
O
D
T
h
is
r
esear
ch
f
o
cu
s
e
d
o
n
a
q
u
an
titativ
e
s
tu
d
y
u
s
in
g
s
u
r
v
ey
d
esig
n
.
Selectio
n
o
f
s
u
r
v
e
y
m
eth
o
d
s
was
b
ec
au
s
e
th
is
s
tu
d
y
u
s
e
d
a
q
u
esti
o
n
n
air
e
in
s
tr
u
m
en
t
to
ass
e
s
s
r
esp
o
n
d
en
ts
'
lev
el
o
f
d
ig
ital
citizen
s
h
ip
s
k
ills
.
T
h
is
m
eth
o
d
h
as
ad
v
a
n
tag
es
b
ec
au
s
e
it
ca
n
b
e
ad
m
in
is
ter
ed
d
ir
ec
tly
to
th
e
r
esp
o
n
d
en
ts
[
3
3
]
-
[
3
5
]
b
esid
es,
th
e
u
s
e
o
f
q
u
esti
o
n
n
air
es
p
r
o
v
i
d
es
r
o
b
u
s
t
d
ata
b
ased
o
n
th
e
s
k
ill
s
ac
q
u
ir
ed
b
y
th
e
r
esp
o
n
d
e
n
ts
.
T
h
e
s
tu
d
y
s
am
p
le
in
v
o
lv
ed
1
0
0
0
u
n
d
er
g
r
ad
u
ate
s
’
s
tu
d
en
ts
.
T
h
ey
wer
e
ask
ed
to
r
esp
o
n
d
t
o
th
e
q
u
esti
o
n
n
a
ir
e
to
ev
alu
ate
th
e
d
ig
ital
citizen
s
h
ip
s
k
ills
th
at
c
o
m
p
r
is
e
o
n
lin
e
well
-
b
ein
g
,
o
n
lin
e
lear
n
i
n
g
,
an
d
o
n
lin
e
s
ec
u
r
ity
.
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
was
co
n
d
u
cte
d
at
th
e
Un
iv
er
s
iti
Pen
d
id
ik
an
Su
ltan
I
d
r
is
in
T
an
jo
n
g
Ma
lim
,
Per
ak
,
Ma
lay
s
ia.
T
h
e
s
elec
tio
n
o
f
th
is
s
tu
d
y
'
s
lo
ca
tio
n
is
b
ec
au
s
e
th
i
s
u
n
iv
er
s
ity
is
an
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
in
s
titu
tio
n
th
at
p
r
o
d
u
ce
s
c
r
ed
i
b
le
h
u
m
a
n
ca
p
i
tal.
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
in
v
o
l
v
ed
1
7
,
8
9
3
s
tu
d
en
t
p
o
p
u
latio
n
f
r
o
m
n
in
e
f
a
cu
lties
.
T
h
r
o
u
g
h
s
im
p
le
r
an
d
o
m
s
tr
ata
s
am
p
lin
g
,
1
0
0
0
s
tu
d
en
ts
wer
e
s
elec
ted
as th
e
s
tu
d
y
s
am
p
le
as sh
o
wn
i
n
T
ab
le
1
.
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
u
s
ed
a
q
u
esti
o
n
n
air
e
as
a
r
esear
ch
i
n
s
tr
u
m
en
t,
c
o
n
s
is
tin
g
o
f
two
p
ar
ts
,
n
am
ely
p
ar
t
A
an
d
p
ar
t
B
ar
e
p
r
esen
ted
in
T
a
b
le
2
.
Par
t
A
co
n
tain
s
th
e
r
esp
o
n
d
en
ts
'
d
em
o
g
r
ap
h
ic
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
,
wh
ile
Sectio
n
B
co
v
er
s
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
o
n
th
e
s
tu
d
y
v
ar
iab
le,
w
h
ich
is
d
ig
ital c
itizen
s
h
ip
s
k
ills
.
T
ab
le
1
.
Po
p
u
latio
n
an
d
s
am
p
l
e
F
a
c
u
l
t
y
P
o
p
u
l
a
t
i
o
n
S
a
mp
l
e
F
a
c
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t
y
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f
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a
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g
u
a
g
e
s
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n
d
C
o
mm
u
n
i
c
a
t
i
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n
2
,
7
5
6
1
5
4
F
a
c
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l
t
y
o
f
H
u
ma
n
D
e
v
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l
o
p
m
e
n
t
2
,
0
6
7
1
1
6
F
a
c
u
l
t
y
o
f
H
u
ma
n
S
c
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s
2
,
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3
1
5
1
F
a
c
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t
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f
A
r
t
s
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C
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p
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r
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n
d
C
r
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a
t
i
v
e
I
n
d
u
s
t
r
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s
2
,
7
3
6
1
5
3
F
a
c
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l
t
y
o
f
S
c
i
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n
c
e
a
n
d
M
a
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2
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F
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F
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I
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-
8
8
2
2
Dig
ita
l c
itiz
en
s
h
ip
s
kill
s
a
mo
n
g
u
n
d
erg
r
a
d
u
a
te
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
in
Ma
la
ysia
:
A
p
r
elimin
a
r
y
…
(
N
o
o
r
B
a
n
u
Ma
h
a
d
ir
)
839
T
ab
le
2
.
R
esp
o
n
d
e
n
t q
u
esti
o
n
n
air
e
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
P
a
r
t
D
e
t
a
i
l
s
C
o
n
st
r
u
c
t
N
u
mb
e
r
o
f
i
t
e
ms
A
B
a
c
k
g
r
o
u
n
d
o
f
r
e
sp
o
n
d
e
n
t
G
e
n
d
e
r
2
R
a
c
e
s
6
F
a
c
u
l
t
y
9
Ty
p
e
s
o
f
d
i
g
i
t
a
l
u
se
4
P
u
r
p
o
se
o
f
u
si
n
g
d
i
g
i
t
a
l
t
o
o
l
s
6
H
o
u
r
s
o
f
d
i
g
i
t
a
l
d
e
v
i
c
e
u
s
a
g
e
6
B
D
i
g
i
t
a
l
c
i
t
i
z
e
n
sh
i
p
l
i
t
e
r
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y
s
k
i
l
l
s
O
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l
i
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w
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l
l
b
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i
n
g
11
O
n
l
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l
e
a
r
n
i
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g
12
O
n
l
i
n
e
se
c
u
r
i
t
y
8
2
.
1
.
I
ns
t
rum
ent
r
elia
bil
it
y
T
h
e
liter
ac
y
s
k
ills
elem
en
t
'
s
r
eliab
ilit
y
with
C
r
o
n
b
ac
h
'
s
Alp
h
a
v
alu
e,
wh
ich
m
ea
s
u
r
es
th
e
v
ar
iab
les'
in
ter
n
al
co
n
s
is
ten
cy
an
d
r
elia
b
ilit
y
ar
e
p
r
esen
ted
in
T
ab
le
3
.
Acc
o
r
d
in
g
to
B
ab
b
ie
[
3
6
]
,
C
r
o
n
b
ac
h
'
s
Alp
h
a
v
alu
e
is
class
if
ied
b
ased
o
n
a
r
eliab
ilit
y
in
d
ex
class
if
icatio
n
wh
er
e
th
e
0
.
9
0
-
1
.
0
0
v
alu
e
is
v
er
y
h
ig
h
,
0
.
7
0
-
0
.
8
9
is
h
ig
h
,
0
.
3
0
-
0
.
6
9
is
m
o
d
er
ate
,
an
d
0
.
0
0
-
0
.
3
0
is
lo
w.
T
h
e
a
n
aly
s
is
r
esu
lts
s
h
o
wed
th
at
th
e
C
r
o
n
b
ac
h
'
s
Alp
h
a
v
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e
was
at
a
h
ig
h
lev
el
o
f
c
lass
if
icatio
n
,
wh
ich
ex
ce
ed
ed
0
.
8
0
.
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
in
s
tr
u
m
e
n
t
h
as
h
ig
h
r
eliab
ilit
y
,
ac
co
r
d
in
g
to
B
ab
b
ie'
s
class
if
icat
io
n
[
3
6
]
.
T
ab
le
3
.
I
n
s
tr
u
m
en
t r
eliab
ilit
y
V
a
r
i
a
b
l
e
c
o
n
st
r
u
c
t
N
o
.
I
t
e
m
C
r
o
n
b
a
c
h
’
s
a
l
p
h
a
D
i
g
i
t
a
l
c
i
t
i
z
e
n
sh
i
p
sk
i
l
l
s
31
.
8
8
5
O
n
l
i
n
e
w
e
l
l
b
e
i
n
g
11
.
9
1
6
O
n
l
i
n
e
l
e
a
r
n
i
n
g
12
.
8
9
7
O
n
l
i
n
e
se
c
u
r
i
t
y
8
.
8
7
4
T
h
e
in
s
tr
u
m
e
n
t
was
v
alid
ate
d
b
y
th
e
co
n
ten
t
e
x
p
er
ts
am
o
n
g
ac
ad
em
ics.
C
o
n
ten
t v
alid
ity
r
e
f
er
s
to
t
h
e
ex
ten
t
to
wh
ich
th
e
item
s
o
n
a
test
ar
e
r
ep
r
esen
tativ
e
o
f
th
e
en
tire
d
o
m
ain
th
e
a
n
aly
s
is
s
ee
k
s
to
m
ea
s
u
r
e,
an
d
th
is
ass
e
s
s
m
en
t
n
ee
d
s
to
b
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
e
d
b
y
an
a
p
p
r
aisal
ex
p
e
r
t
[
3
7
]
.
T
h
e
th
r
ee
ex
p
er
ts
ev
al
u
ate
th
e
in
s
tr
u
m
en
t
b
ased
o
n
ch
ar
ac
ter
is
tics
s
u
ch
as:
T
h
e
co
n
ten
t o
f
th
e
s
tu
d
y
in
s
tr
u
m
en
t is ap
p
r
o
p
r
iate
;
T
h
e
d
i
v
is
io
n
o
f
id
ea
s
in
to
s
u
b
-
titl
es
is
ap
p
r
o
p
r
iate
;
T
h
e
m
ea
n
in
g
o
f
ea
c
h
s
tu
d
y
item
is
ex
ac
t
;
T
h
e
lan
g
u
a
g
e
u
s
ed
is
ea
s
y
to
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
;
T
h
e
wr
itin
g
s
ize
is
ap
p
r
o
p
r
iate
an
d
ea
s
y
to
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
;
T
h
e
i
n
s
tr
u
ctio
n
s
g
iv
en
a
r
e
clea
r
;
T
h
e
d
is
tan
ce
b
etwe
en
wo
r
d
s
is
ap
p
r
o
p
r
iate
;
T
h
e
L
ik
er
t
s
ca
le
in
d
icato
r
is
p
r
ec
is
e
;
T
h
er
e
ar
e
n
o
s
p
ellin
g
er
r
o
r
s
;
T
h
e
o
b
jectiv
es
o
f
t
h
e
in
s
tr
u
m
en
t a
r
e
clea
r
ly
s
tated
.
T
h
e
in
s
tr
u
m
e
n
t
ev
al
u
ato
r
co
n
s
is
t
s
o
f
two
ex
p
e
r
ts
in
tec
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
ed
u
ca
tio
n
a
n
d
o
n
e
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
f
ield
o
f
m
o
r
al
ed
u
ca
tio
n
as
s
h
o
wn
in
T
ab
le
4
.
Af
ter
th
e
item
co
r
r
e
cted
ac
co
r
d
in
g
t
o
th
e
ex
p
er
t
r
ec
o
m
m
en
d
atio
n
,
a
p
ilo
t stu
d
y
was c
o
n
d
u
cted
to
s
ee
th
e
r
eliab
ilit
y
o
f
t
h
e
item
.
T
ab
le
4
.
Qu
esti
o
n
n
air
e
ex
p
e
r
ts
’
f
ield
No
Ex
p
e
r
t
F
i
e
l
d
I
n
st
i
t
u
t
i
o
n
1
Ex
p
e
r
t
1
M
o
r
a
l
e
d
u
c
a
t
i
o
n
U
n
i
v
e
r
si
t
i
P
e
n
d
i
d
i
k
a
n
S
u
l
t
a
n
I
d
r
i
s
2
Ex
p
e
r
t
2
Te
c
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
e
d
u
c
a
t
i
o
n
U
n
i
v
e
r
si
t
i
P
e
n
d
i
d
i
k
a
n
S
u
l
t
a
n
I
d
r
i
s
3
Ex
p
e
r
t
3
Te
c
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
e
d
u
c
a
t
i
o
n
U
n
i
v
e
r
si
t
i
P
e
n
d
i
d
i
k
a
n
S
u
l
t
a
n
I
d
r
i
s
3.
RE
SU
L
T
S AN
D
D
I
SCU
SS
I
O
N
3
.
1
.
Respo
nd
e
nt
ba
ck
g
ro
un
d
T
ab
le
5
s
h
o
ws
th
e
d
em
o
g
r
ap
h
ic
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
o
f
th
e
Un
iv
er
s
iti
Pen
d
id
ik
an
Su
ltan
I
d
r
is
s
t
u
d
en
ts
.
A
to
tal
o
f
1
0
0
0
r
esp
o
n
d
en
ts
w
er
e
s
elec
ted
to
an
s
wer
th
e
q
u
esti
o
n
n
air
e.
Fem
ale
s
tu
d
en
t
s
co
m
p
r
is
e
6
8
.
4
%
co
m
p
ar
ed
to
3
1
.
6
%
o
f
m
ale
s
tu
d
en
ts
.
T
h
e
m
ajo
r
ity
o
f
th
e
r
esp
o
n
d
en
ts
wer
e
Ma
lay
(
6
2
.
6
%),
f
o
llo
wed
b
y
1
4
.
9
%
B
u
m
ip
u
ter
a
Sab
a
h
,
9
.
8
%
B
u
m
ip
u
ter
a
Sar
awa
k
,
6
.
0
%
I
n
d
ian
,
5
.
7
%
C
h
in
ese,
an
d
1
.
0
%
o
th
er
s
.
T
h
e
r
esp
o
n
d
en
ts
w
er
e
s
elec
ted
r
an
d
o
m
ly
f
r
o
m
n
in
e
f
ac
u
lties
.
9
8
.
7
%
o
f
r
esp
o
n
d
e
n
ts
u
s
ed
s
m
ar
tp
h
o
n
es
as
d
ig
ital
d
ev
ices,
f
o
llo
wed
b
y
th
e
u
s
e
o
f
lap
to
p
s
(
8
7
.
3
%),
d
esk
to
p
s
(
1
4
.
9
%),
o
th
er
d
ev
ices
(
9
.
2
%
)
an
d
tab
lets
(
9
.
1
)
.
Als
o
,
th
e
r
esu
lts
s
h
o
wed
t
h
at
th
e
u
s
e
o
f
d
ig
ital
d
ev
ices
f
o
r
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
p
u
r
p
o
s
es
was
8
8
.
6
%
f
o
llo
we
d
b
y
en
ter
tain
m
en
t
(
8
2
.
7
%),
c
o
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
(
7
9
.
7
%),
e
x
p
er
tis
e
(
6
3
.
3
%),
p
o
liti
cs
(
2
0
.
7
%),
a
n
d
o
th
er
p
u
r
p
o
s
es
(
5
.
6
%).
Ma
jo
r
ity
o
f
th
e
r
esp
o
n
d
e
n
ts
s
p
en
t
8
to
1
0
h
o
u
r
s
u
s
in
g
d
ig
ital
to
o
ls
,
an
d
o
n
ly
1
.
0
%
o
f
r
esp
o
n
d
e
n
ts
s
p
en
t
less
th
an
2
h
o
u
r
s
u
s
in
g
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Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
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&
R
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I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
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2
2
Dig
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n
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.
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Stu
d
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'
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n
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k
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d
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s
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T
h
er
ef
o
r
e,
th
e
m
is
u
s
e
o
f
d
ig
ital
to
o
ls
,
s
u
ch
as
ex
c
ess
iv
e,
u
n
co
n
tr
o
lled
u
s
e,
n
eg
ativ
ely
im
p
ac
ted
d
ig
it
al
u
s
er
s
th
em
s
elv
es.
T
h
e
em
p
h
asis
o
n
d
ig
ital
citizen
s
h
ip
ed
u
ca
tio
n
,
esp
ec
ially
in
ter
m
s
o
f
o
n
lin
e
lear
n
in
g
s
k
ills
,
p
r
o
v
e
th
at
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
,
as
a
lear
n
i
n
g
m
ed
iu
m
,
h
as
b
ec
o
m
e
in
g
r
ai
n
ed
i
n
th
e
ed
u
ca
tio
n
s
y
s
tem
to
d
a
y
.
On
lin
e
lear
n
in
g
is
o
n
e
asp
ec
t th
at
m
ak
es d
ig
ital u
s
er
s
a
d
ig
ital c
itizen
wh
o
h
as d
i
g
ital
ac
ce
s
s
with
o
u
t
an
y
r
estrictio
n
s
.
Sk
ills
in
th
e
p
r
u
d
en
t
u
s
e
o
f
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
c
o
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
t
ec
h
n
o
lo
g
y
n
ee
d
to
b
e
ad
d
r
ess
ed
in
a
b
o
r
d
er
less
cy
b
er
wo
r
ld
.
T
ec
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
u
s
e
r
s
n
ee
d
to
em
p
h
asize
th
e
im
p
o
r
tan
ce
o
f
o
n
lin
e
s
ec
u
r
ity
s
o
th
at
d
ig
ital
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
u
s
er
s
'
ac
tio
n
s
d
o
n
o
t
in
v
it
e
ad
v
er
s
e
ef
f
ec
ts
o
n
s
o
ciety
.
T
h
u
s
,
awa
r
en
ess
o
f
th
e
im
p
o
r
tan
ce
o
f
d
ig
ita
l
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
;
s
h
o
u
ld
b
e
ac
co
m
p
an
ie
d
b
y
o
n
lin
e
s
ec
u
r
ity
o
f
u
s
e.
O
n
lin
e
s
ec
u
r
ity
n
ee
d
s
to
b
e
e
m
p
h
asized
b
ec
au
s
e
to
d
ay
'
s
d
ig
ital
u
s
er
s
ar
e
to
o
d
ar
in
g
to
c
r
iticize
with
o
u
t
a
ch
ec
k
m
o
tio
n
.
User
s
n
e
ed
to
b
e
s
m
ar
t
to
ex
p
lo
r
e
a
n
d
f
i
n
d
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
b
ec
au
s
e
th
er
e
is
to
o
m
u
ch
d
is
s
em
in
atio
n
o
f
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
th
at
ca
n
n
o
t b
e
v
er
if
ied
.
T
h
e
im
p
o
r
tan
ce
o
f
d
ig
ital
citizen
s
h
ip
ed
u
ca
tio
n
esp
ec
ially
in
s
k
ills
lear
n
in
g
,
cr
ea
te
a
y
o
u
th
id
en
tity
in
th
e
d
ig
ital e
n
v
ir
o
n
m
en
t a
n
d
f
o
r
m
an
eth
ical
d
ig
ital c
o
m
m
u
n
ity
[
2
3
]
.
A
f
u
n
d
am
e
n
tal
f
o
u
n
d
atio
n
in
th
e
s
tu
d
y
o
f
d
i
g
ital
citizen
s
h
ip
am
o
n
g
a
d
o
lescen
ts
b
eg
in
s
with
u
n
d
e
r
s
tan
d
in
g
t
h
e
ch
a
n
g
in
g
d
i
g
ital
e
n
v
ir
o
n
m
en
t
a
n
d
t
h
e
lev
el
o
f
d
ev
el
o
p
m
en
tal
c
h
ar
ac
ter
is
tics
o
f
ad
o
lescen
ts
[
3
9
]
.
Dig
ital
citizen
s
h
ip
s
k
ills
in
d
ir
ec
tly
f
o
r
m
a
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
in
a
d
ig
ita
l
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
t;
id
en
ti
ty
b
u
ild
in
g
an
d
s
elf
-
awa
r
en
ess
ar
e
k
n
o
wn
as
p
s
y
ch
o
s
o
cial
d
esire
s
.
E
x
p
er
ie
n
ce
in
th
e
u
s
e
o
f
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
i
n
d
ir
ec
tly
f
u
r
t
h
er
en
h
a
n
ce
s
d
ig
ital
u
s
er
s
'
s
k
ills
a
t
a
m
o
r
e
en
co
u
r
ag
in
g
lev
el.
T
h
e
d
ig
ital
citizen
s
h
ip
ed
u
ca
tio
n
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
s
h
o
u
ld
co
v
e
r
v
ar
io
u
s
asp
ec
ts
o
f
h
u
m
an
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
s
an
d
s
o
cial
co
n
tex
ts
b
ased
o
n
d
i
g
ital liter
ac
y
an
d
eth
ical
d
im
en
s
io
n
s
[
4
0
]
,
[
4
1
]
.
Dis
cu
s
s
io
n
o
n
co
n
ce
p
ts
th
at
ass
o
ciate
d
with
d
ig
ital
citizen
s
h
ip
wh
ich
ar
e
d
ig
ital
liter
a
cy
,
m
ed
ia
liter
ac
y
,
2
1
st
ce
n
tu
r
y
s
k
ill
as
well
as
d
ig
ital
c
o
m
p
eten
ce
is
f
o
cu
s
in
g
o
n
h
elp
in
g
y
o
u
n
g
p
e
o
p
le
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
th
e
v
alu
es
an
d
n
o
r
m
s
ar
o
u
n
d
r
e
s
p
o
n
s
ib
le
an
d
a
p
p
r
o
p
r
iate
u
s
e
o
f
d
i
g
ital
tech
n
o
lo
g
ies.
T
h
ese
co
n
ce
p
ts
ar
e
ty
p
ically
ass
o
ciate
d
with
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
s
an
d
ac
co
m
p
an
y
in
g
lear
n
in
g
m
ater
ials
th
at
aim
to
h
elp
in
d
iv
id
u
als
ad
d
r
ess
th
e
ch
allen
g
es
an
d
r
e
co
g
n
ize
th
e
o
p
p
o
r
tu
n
ities
co
r
r
esp
o
n
d
with
d
i
g
ital
wo
r
ld
.
F
u
ller
[
4
2
]
m
en
tio
n
th
at
I
STE
a
d
d
ed
th
at
ed
u
ca
t
o
r
s
tr
ain
y
o
u
th
’
s
d
ig
ital
citizen
s
h
ip
b
y
,
f
o
r
ex
a
m
p
le,
teac
h
in
g
y
o
u
n
g
p
eo
p
le
h
o
w
to
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
a
n
d
ap
p
ly
leg
al
co
n
ce
p
ts
to
th
e
co
n
ten
t
t
h
ey
s
h
ar
e,
h
a
v
in
g
s
k
ills
to
m
an
ag
e
t
h
eir
o
n
lin
e
s
ec
u
r
ity
,
an
d
ass
ess
th
e
cr
ed
ib
ilit
y
o
f
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
o
n
lin
e
[
4
2
]
.
Mo
s
s
b
er
g
er
,
T
o
lb
er
t,
a
n
d
Mc
Nea
l
[
4
3
,
p
.
1
]
,
p
r
o
p
o
s
e
a
d
ig
it
al
citizen
ar
e
th
o
s
e
“wh
o
u
s
e
th
e
i
n
ter
n
et
r
eg
u
lar
ly
a
n
d
e
f
f
ec
tiv
ely
t
h
at
i
s
,
o
n
a
d
aily
b
asis
.
”
“E
f
f
ec
tiv
e
”
i
n
ter
n
et
u
s
e
n
o
t
o
n
ly
im
p
lies
d
aily
I
n
ter
n
et
u
s
e,
b
u
t
also
a
tech
n
ical
ab
ilit
y
to
u
s
e
d
ig
ital
tech
n
o
lo
g
ies
a
n
d
p
o
s
s
ess
in
g
th
e
s
k
i
lls
to
f
in
d
,
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
,
an
aly
ze
,
an
d
u
s
e
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
in
th
e
d
ig
ital
cir
cu
m
s
tan
ce
.
T
h
is
r
esu
lt
s
u
g
g
est
th
at
s
tu
d
en
ts
alr
ea
d
y
eq
u
ip
p
e
d
with
wh
at
s
o
ca
lled
d
ig
ital
citizen
s
h
ip
v
alu
es
an
d
s
k
ills
an
d
h
av
e
a
b
i
liti
es
to
em
b
r
ac
e
th
e
p
r
o
ce
s
s
o
f
p
r
ac
ticin
g
th
eir
di
g
ital
citizen
s
h
ip
k
n
o
wled
g
e
an
d
s
k
ills
in
th
e
d
ig
ital
wo
r
l
d
.
No
n
eth
eless
as
m
u
ch
as
d
ig
it
al
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
an
d
m
ed
ia
liter
ac
y
s
tar
ted
to
b
ec
o
m
e
m
o
r
e
co
m
m
o
n
in
s
ch
o
o
ls
,
wh
at
d
o
es
d
ig
ital
citizen
s
h
ip
ed
u
ca
tio
n
lo
o
k
lik
e
in
th
e
class
r
o
o
m
t
o
d
ay
?
H
o
w
s
ch
o
o
ls
in
co
r
p
o
r
ated
d
ig
ital
ci
tizen
s
h
ip
ed
u
ca
tio
n
?
Ar
e
teac
h
er
s
en
g
ag
e
d
f
u
lly
in
p
r
ep
a
r
in
g
th
eir
class
with
d
ig
ital
citizen
s
h
ip
k
n
o
wled
g
e,
v
alu
es
an
d
s
k
ills
?
W
h
at
d
o
es
d
ig
ital
citizen
s
h
ip
ed
u
ca
tio
n
lo
o
k
lik
e
i
n
class
r
o
o
m
s
in
o
th
er
p
ar
ts
o
f
th
e
w
o
r
ld
?
I
n
2
0
1
6
UNE
SC
O
u
n
d
er
t
o
o
k
a
r
ev
iew
o
f
Me
m
b
er
States
’
n
atio
n
al
d
ig
ital
citizen
s
h
ip
p
o
licies
f
o
r
p
r
e
-
p
r
im
a
r
y
,
p
r
im
ar
y
,
an
d
s
e
co
n
d
ar
y
s
ch
o
o
ls
as
p
a
r
t
o
f
th
eir
“Fo
s
ter
in
g
Dig
ital
C
itizen
s
h
ip
th
r
o
u
g
h
Saf
e
,
E
f
f
ec
tiv
e
an
d
R
esp
o
n
s
ib
le
Use
o
f
I
C
T
.
T
h
e
s
tu
d
y
r
ev
ea
led
t
h
at
a
v
ast
m
ajo
r
ity
(
8
0
%)
h
as
n
atio
n
al
p
r
o
g
r
am
s
,
p
o
licies,
an
d
r
eso
u
r
ce
s
f
o
r
s
ec
o
n
d
ar
y
s
ch
o
o
ls
th
at
aim
to
cu
l
tiv
ate
b
asic
s
k
ills
r
elate
d
to
d
i
g
ital
tech
n
o
lo
g
ies.
H
o
wev
er
,
55
%
o
f
th
e
s
tate
m
em
b
er
h
av
e
im
p
lem
e
n
ted
p
o
licies
f
o
r
s
ec
o
n
d
ar
y
s
ch
o
o
ls
g
ea
r
ed
to
war
d
s
p
r
o
m
o
tin
g
s
k
ills
ar
o
u
n
d
m
o
r
e
p
ar
ticip
ato
r
y
an
d
cr
ea
tiv
e
w
ay
s
o
f
en
g
ag
in
g
with
th
e
d
ig
i
tal
wo
r
ld
an
d
o
n
ly
ab
o
u
t
h
alf
o
f
m
e
m
b
er
s
tates
h
av
e
im
p
lem
en
ted
p
o
licies
ar
o
u
n
d
p
r
o
m
o
tin
g
th
e
r
esp
o
n
s
ib
le
an
d
s
af
e
u
s
e
o
f
d
ig
ital
tech
n
o
lo
g
ies.
Ov
er
all,
it
ca
n
b
e
co
n
cl
u
d
ed
t
h
at
n
at
i
o
n
ar
o
u
n
d
th
e
wo
r
ld
ar
e
tr
y
i
n
g
to
en
g
ag
e
with
d
ig
ital
citizen
s
h
ip
b
u
t
n
o
t
f
u
lly
im
p
lem
en
ted
th
e
so
-
ca
lled
d
ig
ital
citizen
s
h
ip
ed
u
ca
tio
n
an
d
cr
ea
tin
g
d
ig
ital
citizen
s
in
s
ch
o
o
l.
As
s
u
g
g
ested
b
y
UNE
SC
O
as
cited
in
C
o
r
tesi
,
et
a
l.
[
4
4
]
,
f
in
d
in
g
s
,
p
o
licy
r
ec
o
m
m
en
d
atio
n
s
th
at
en
g
ag
ed
d
ig
ital
citizen
s
h
ip
e
d
u
ca
tio
n
t
h
at
b
ala
n
ce
th
e
o
p
p
o
r
tu
n
ities
an
d
r
is
k
s
ass
o
ciate
d
with
d
ig
ital
wo
r
ld
.
C
h
ild
r
en
an
d
y
o
u
n
g
p
eo
p
le
s
h
o
u
ld
b
e
en
c
o
u
r
ag
i
n
g
to
b
e
r
ea
d
y
an
d
in
v
o
lv
ed
in
d
ig
ital te
ch
n
o
lo
g
ies in
cr
ea
tiv
e
an
d
p
a
r
ticip
ato
r
y
wa
y
s
.
Ma
lay
s
ia
h
as
n
o
ex
ce
p
tio
n
.
Po
licy
m
ak
er
s
,
ed
u
ca
to
r
s
an
d
teac
h
er
s
s
h
o
u
ld
b
e
r
ea
d
y
to
b
e
p
a
r
t
o
f
d
i
g
ital
citizen
s
h
ip
ed
u
ca
tio
n
.
Dig
ital
citizen
s
h
ip
ed
u
ca
tio
n
s
h
o
u
ld
b
e
im
p
le
m
en
ted
o
n
s
ch
o
o
l
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
8
2
2
Dig
ita
l c
itiz
en
s
h
ip
s
kill
s
a
mo
n
g
u
n
d
erg
r
a
d
u
a
te
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
in
Ma
la
ysia
:
A
p
r
elimin
a
r
y
…
(
N
o
o
r
B
a
n
u
Ma
h
a
d
ir
)
843
ch
ild
r
en
an
d
f
u
tu
r
e
teac
h
er
s
wh
o
alr
ea
d
y
eq
u
i
p
p
ed
with
s
u
ch
k
n
o
wled
g
e
an
d
s
k
ills
s
h
o
u
ld
b
e
p
r
o
v
id
e
d
with
o
p
p
o
r
tu
n
ities
to
ed
u
ca
te
y
o
u
n
g
ch
ild
r
en
with
d
ig
ital c
itizen
s
h
ip
ed
u
ca
tio
n
.
4.
CO
NCLU
SI
O
N
T
h
e
s
tu
d
y
r
esu
lts
o
n
d
ig
ital
c
itizen
s
h
ip
s
k
ills
ar
e
u
s
ef
u
l
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
to
b
e
s
tu
d
ied
b
y
ac
ad
em
ia
in
ev
alu
atin
g
Ma
lay
s
ia'
s
ed
u
ca
tio
n
s
y
s
tem
.
T
h
e
s
tu
d
y
r
esu
lts
a
ls
o
s
h
o
w
th
at
t
h
e
lev
el
o
f
s
k
ills
o
f
u
n
d
er
g
r
ad
u
ate
s
tu
d
en
ts
is
at
a
h
ig
h
lev
el.
T
h
e
u
n
iv
e
r
s
ity
'
s
ef
f
o
r
ts
,
teac
h
in
g
s
taf
f
,
an
d
th
e
m
in
is
tr
y
in
p
r
o
m
o
tin
g
th
e
u
s
e
o
f
d
ig
ital
tech
n
o
l
o
g
y
as
a
wh
o
le
ar
e
v
er
y
s
atis
f
ac
to
r
y
.
Stu
d
e
n
ts
'
r
ea
d
in
ess
to
b
ec
o
m
e
d
ig
ital
citizen
s
wh
o
ca
r
e
ab
o
u
t
well
-
b
ein
g
,
lear
n
in
g
,
an
d
s
ec
u
r
ity
in
d
ir
ec
tly
p
r
o
v
es
th
at
to
d
ay
'
s
s
tu
d
en
ts
h
av
e
a
h
ig
h
lev
el
o
f
awa
r
en
ess
in
u
s
in
g
t
ec
h
n
o
lo
g
y
ap
p
r
o
p
r
ia
tely
.
Fo
r
m
u
latin
g
p
o
licies
an
d
p
r
ac
tices
to
d
ev
el
o
p
d
ig
ital
ci
tizen
s
h
ip
s
k
ills
f
o
r
n
atio
n
al
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t
ca
n
b
e
b
u
ilt
f
r
o
m
th
is
s
tu
d
y
'
s
r
esu
lts
.
Po
licies
r
elate
d
to
d
ig
ital
citi
ze
n
s
h
ip
s
h
o
u
ld
b
e
f
o
r
m
u
lated
in
ac
co
r
d
an
ce
with
th
e
p
r
ac
tice
o
f
d
ig
ital
citizen
s
h
ip
esp
ec
ially
s
tar
tin
g
b
ase
d
o
n
e
d
u
ca
tio
n
.
T
h
e
p
o
licy
is
b
u
ilt
b
y
in
tr
o
d
u
cin
g
d
ig
ital
citizen
s
h
ip
n
o
r
m
s
an
d
p
r
in
cip
les
an
d
f
u
r
th
er
e
n
h
an
cin
g
k
n
o
wled
g
e
,
s
k
ills
,
an
d
awa
r
en
ess
o
f
d
ig
ita
l c
itizen
s
h
ip
is
s
u
es.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e,
th
is
s
tu
d
y
o
p
e
n
s
an
o
p
p
o
r
tu
n
ity
f
o
r
o
th
er
r
es
ea
r
ch
er
s
to
co
n
tin
u
e
s
tu
d
y
t
h
e
d
ig
ital
co
m
m
u
n
ity
'
s
s
k
ills
in
d
if
f
er
e
n
t
d
em
o
g
r
ap
h
ics.
I
t
is
h
o
p
ed
t
h
at
th
er
e
will
b
e
r
esear
ch
in
t
h
e
f
u
tu
r
e
o
n
d
ig
ital
citizen
s
h
ip
s
k
ills
b
ased
o
n
o
th
er
f
ac
to
r
s
.
Stu
d
en
ts
'
im
p
o
r
t
an
ce
to
b
ec
o
m
e
g
o
o
d
d
ig
ital
citizen
s
an
d
u
s
e
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
r
esp
o
n
s
ib
ly
is
n
ec
ess
ar
y
to
co
n
tin
u
o
u
s
ly
i
n
cr
ea
s
e
th
e
lev
el
o
f
k
n
o
wled
g
e,
s
k
il
ls
,
an
d
awa
r
en
ess
.
T
h
e
ef
f
ec
tiv
en
ess
o
f
b
ein
g
a
p
r
o
ac
tiv
e
d
ig
ital
citizen
ca
n
b
e
ac
h
iev
ed
th
r
o
u
g
h
d
ig
ital
citizen
s
h
ip
ed
u
ca
tio
n
.
R
elev
an
t
liter
ac
y
an
d
p
r
ac
tic
ality
ar
e
n
ee
d
ed
to
cu
ltiv
ate
d
ig
ital
u
s
er
s
'
co
n
f
id
en
ce
an
d
p
o
s
itiv
e
attitu
d
e
to
war
d
s
tech
n
o
l
o
g
y
.
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
o
p
e
n
s
u
p
o
p
p
o
r
tu
n
ities
f
o
r
o
th
er
r
esear
ch
er
s
t
o
b
r
o
ad
e
n
s
tu
d
ies
o
n
t
h
e
d
i
g
ital
citizen
s
h
ip
liter
ac
y
an
d
s
k
ills
in
d
if
f
er
e
n
t
d
em
o
g
r
a
p
h
ics.
Fu
tu
r
e
r
esear
c
h
f
r
o
m
d
if
f
er
en
t
p
ar
ad
i
g
m
a
n
d
m
eth
o
d
o
l
o
g
y
s
h
o
u
ld
b
e
d
o
n
e
to
g
r
asp
o
p
p
o
r
tu
n
ities
an
d
ch
allen
g
es
s
u
r
r
o
u
n
d
in
g
s
f
r
a
m
ewo
r
k
o
f
d
i
g
ital
citizen
s
h
ip
an
d
d
ig
ital
citizen
s
h
ip
ed
u
ca
tio
n
.
Po
licy
m
ak
er
s
,
s
tak
eh
o
ld
er
s
,
ed
u
ca
t
o
r
s
in
Ma
lay
s
ia
in
p
ar
tic
u
lar
ly
s
h
o
u
l
d
b
e
p
ar
t
n
er
s
h
ip
in
ed
u
ca
tio
n
d
i
g
ital
citizen
s
.
Yo
u
n
g
p
e
o
p
le
ar
e
n
o
t
d
i
g
ital
citizen
s
to
b
e,
th
ey
ar
e
th
e
d
ig
ital c
itizen
s
.
ACK
NO
WL
E
DG
E
M
E
NT
S
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
h
ad
c
o
n
d
u
cted
with
th
e
h
elp
o
f
a
Fu
n
d
am
en
tal
R
esear
ch
Gr
an
t
(
FR
GS
2019
-
0026
-
1
0
6
-
02
)
.
T
h
an
k
s
to
th
e
Un
iv
er
s
iti
Pen
d
id
ik
an
Su
ltan
I
d
r
is
,
Ma
la
y
s
ia,
f
o
r
th
e
r
esear
ch
f
u
n
d
s
an
d
to
th
e
r
esp
o
n
d
e
n
ts
wh
o
p
ar
ticip
ated
i
n
th
is
r
esear
ch
s
tu
d
y
.
RE
F
E
R
E
NC
E
S
[1
]
IS
TE
,
“
IS
TE
sta
n
d
a
rd
s
fo
r
st
u
d
e
n
ts,”
In
tern
a
ti
o
n
a
l
S
o
c
iet
y
fo
r
Tec
h
n
o
lo
g
y
i
n
Ed
u
c
a
ti
o
n
,
2
0
1
6
.
[On
l
in
e
].
Av
a
il
a
b
le
:
h
tt
p
s:/
/www
.
iste.o
rg
/stan
d
a
r
d
s/ist
e
-
sta
n
d
a
rd
s
-
fo
r
-
st
u
d
e
n
ts
.
(a
c
c
e
ss
e
d
:
Ja
n
.
25
,
2
0
2
0
)
.
[2
]
C.
Ja
m
e
s,
E.
Wein
ste
in
,
a
n
d
K.
M
e
n
d
o
z
a
,
T
e
a
c
h
i
n
g
Dig
it
a
l
Ci
t
ize
n
s
in
T
o
d
a
y
’s
W
o
rld
:
Res
e
a
r
c
h
a
n
d
I
n
sig
h
ts
Beh
in
d
th
e
C
o
mm
o
n
S
e
n
se
K
-
1
2
Dig
it
a
l
Cit
ize
n
sh
ip
C
u
rr
icu
l
u
m
.
S
a
n
F
ra
n
c
isc
o
,
CA:
Co
m
m
o
n
S
e
n
s
e
M
e
d
ia
,
2
0
1
9
.
[3
]
A.
Co
ll
ier,
“
A
d
e
fin
i
ti
o
n
o
f
d
i
g
it
a
l
li
tera
c
y
&
c
it
ize
n
sh
ip
,
”
Ne
t
F
a
m
i
ly
Ne
ws
,
2
0
0
9
.
[On
li
n
e
].
Av
a
il
a
b
le
:
h
tt
p
s:/
/www
.
n
e
tfam
il
y
n
e
ws
.
o
rg
/a
-
d
e
fin
it
i
o
n
-
of
-
d
ig
it
a
l
-
l
it
e
ra
c
y
-
c
it
i
z
e
n
sh
ip
.
[4
]
A.
Len
h
a
rt
,
M
.
M
a
d
d
e
n
,
A
.
S
m
i
th
,
K
.
P
u
rc
e
ll
,
a
n
d
K
.
Zi
c
k
u
h
r
,
“
Tee
n
s,
k
in
d
n
e
ss
a
n
d
c
r
u
e
lt
y
o
n
so
c
ial
n
e
tw
o
r
k
sites
,
”
P
e
w
Re
se
a
rc
h
Ce
n
ter
,
p
p
.
1
–
8
6
,
N
o
v
.
2
0
1
1
.
[5
]
J.
R.
S
c
h
e
rm
e
rh
o
r
n
,
M
a
n
a
g
e
me
n
t
,
8
t
h
E
d
it
i
o
n
.
Un
it
e
d
S
tate
s: Jo
h
n
Wi
ley
&
S
o
n
s,
2
0
0
5
.
[6
]
UK
Co
m
m
issio
n
f
o
r
Emp
lo
y
m
e
n
t
a
n
d
S
k
il
ls
(
UK
CES
)
,
T
h
e
su
p
p
l
y
a
n
d
d
e
ma
n
d
fo
r
h
i
g
h
-
lev
e
l
S
T
E
M
sk
il
ls
.
Wath
-
u
p
o
n
-
De
a
rn
e
,
E
n
g
la
n
d
:
UK
CE
S
,
2
0
1
1
.
[On
li
n
e
].
Av
a
il
a
b
le:
h
t
tp
:/
/
h
d
l.
v
o
c
e
d
.
e
d
u
.
a
u
/1
0
7
0
7
/1
9
3
5
3
7
.
[7
]
Dig
it
a
l
Tec
h
n
o
l
o
g
ies
Hu
b
,
“
Di
g
it
a
l
Cit
ize
n
s
h
ip
,
”
E
d
u
c
a
ti
o
n
S
e
rv
ice
s
Au
stra
li
a
,
2
0
2
0
.
[O
n
li
n
e
].
Av
a
il
a
b
le:
h
tt
p
s:/
/www
.
d
i
g
it
a
lt
e
c
h
n
o
lo
g
ies
h
u
b
.
e
d
u
.
a
u
/t
e
a
c
h
e
rs/to
p
ics
/
d
ig
i
tal
-
c
it
ize
n
s
h
ip
.
(a
c
c
e
ss
e
d
:
Ja
n
.
25
,
2
0
2
0
)
.
[8
]
R.
S
u
sa
n
t
y
,
Z.
Yu
n
o
s
,
M
.
Ah
m
a
d
,
a
n
d
N.
Ra
z
a
li
,
“
In
stil
li
n
g
Di
g
it
a
l
Cit
ize
n
s
h
ip
S
k
i
ll
s
T
h
ro
u
g
h
Ed
u
c
a
ti
o
n
:
A
M
a
lay
sia
n
P
e
rsp
e
c
ti
v
e
,
”
i
n
E
u
ro
p
e
a
n
Co
n
fer
e
n
c
e
o
n
Cy
b
e
r W
a
rfa
r
e
a
n
d
S
e
c
u
rity
,
2
0
1
9
,
p
p
.
8
1
9
–
8
2
7
.
[9
]
A.
G
.
Lo
g
a
n
,
“
Dig
it
a
l
Cit
ize
n
sh
i
p
in
2
1
st Ce
n
tu
r
y
E
d
u
c
a
ti
o
n
,
”
T
h
e
sis,
Do
m
in
ica
n
U
n
iv
e
rsit
y
o
f
Ca
li
f
o
rn
ia,
2
0
1
6
.
[1
0
]
C.
H.
M
a
n
z
u
o
li
,
A.
V.
S
á
n
c
h
e
z
,
a
n
d
E.
D.
Be
d
o
y
a
,
“
Dig
it
a
l
Ci
ti
z
e
n
sh
ip
:
A
T
h
e
o
re
ti
c
a
l
Re
v
iew
o
f
t
h
e
Co
n
c
e
p
t
a
n
d
Tren
d
s,”
T
u
rk
ish
On
l
in
e
J
.
E
d
u
c
.
T
e
c
h
n
o
l
.
-
T
OJ
ET
,
v
o
l.
1
8
,
n
o
.
2
,
p
p
.
1
0
–
1
8
,
2
0
1
9
.
[1
1
]
A.
N
.
As
lam
iah
,
“
Dig
it
a
l
Cit
iz
e
n
s:
Ad
a
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Dig
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[1
3
]
E.
M
.
S
e
l
k
ie,
R.
K
o
ta,
Y.
F
.
Ch
a
n
,
a
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M
.
M
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“
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e
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ts:
a
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[1
4
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R.
Do
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a
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,
“
Bu
ll
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a
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d
c
y
b
e
r
b
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:
Histo
r
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sta
ti
stics
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law
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p
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d
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ly
sis,”
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o
n
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.
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p
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3
3
–
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2
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0
1
2
.
[1
5
]
A.
B.
P
e
r
k
in
s,
J.
V.
Be
c
k
e
r,
M
.
T
e
h
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,
a
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d
E.
M
a
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,
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?
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.
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.
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l
.
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o
.
2
,
p
p
.
7
9
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9
2
,
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0
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4
.
[1
6
]
R.
D’a
n
to
n
a
,
M
.
Ke
v
o
r
k
ian
,
a
n
d
A.
Ru
ss
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m
,
“
S
e
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g
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tex
t
in
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ll
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d
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in
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,
”
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.
S
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.
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.
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6
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4
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p
.
5
2
3
–
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8
,
2
0
1
0
.
[1
7
]
C.
B.
F
ried
,
“
I
n
-
c
las
s
lap
to
p
u
se
a
n
d
i
ts
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ffe
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ts
o
n
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d
e
n
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,
”
Co
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u
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,
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.
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.
3
,
p
p
.
9
0
6
–
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4
,
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0
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8
.
[1
8
]
R.
Wi
ll
iam
,
“
I
n
tern
e
t
p
lag
iari
sm
risin
g
in
sc
h
o
o
ls,”
T
h
e
G
u
a
rd
ian
On
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n
e
,
2
0
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0
.
[On
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].
Av
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s:/
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[1
9
]
S
.
Hu
d
a
n
i,
“
Th
e
imp
o
rtan
c
e
o
f
tea
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h
in
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d
i
g
it
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l
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it
ize
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ip
,
”
F
re
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Tec
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4
Tea
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rs.co
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y
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0
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.
[O
n
li
n
e
].
Av
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il
a
b
le:
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t
tp
s://
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w.free
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4
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/
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-
imp
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-
of
-
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h
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g
-
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ig
it
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l
.
h
tml
.
[2
0
]
M
.
S
.
No
r
d
in
,
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t
a
l.
,
“
P
sy
c
h
o
m
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tri
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ro
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f
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d
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g
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it
ize
n
sh
ip
q
u
e
stio
n
n
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ire
,
”
I
n
t.
Ed
u
c
.
S
tu
d
,
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o
.
3
,
p
p
.
7
1
–
8
0
,
2
0
1
6
.
[2
1
]
M
.
Rib
b
le,
G
.
Ba
il
e
y
,
a
n
d
T.
Ro
ss
,
“
Dig
it
a
l
Cit
ize
n
sh
ip
:
Ad
d
re
ss
in
g
Ap
p
ro
p
riate
Tec
h
n
o
lo
g
y
Be
h
a
v
io
r,
”
L
e
a
rn
.
L
e
a
d
.
w
it
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T
e
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,
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l.
3
2
,
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o
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1
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p
.
6
,
2
0
0
4
.
[2
2
]
S
.
Ate
p
a
n
d
R.
De
wi,
“
Li
tera
si d
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g
it
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l
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b
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d
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i
m
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a
P
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p
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,
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e
n
g
a
p
a
,
d
a
n
b
a
g
a
ima
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a
,
”
Cu
rr
.
Res
.
Ed
u
c
.
C
o
n
f.
S
e
r.
J
,
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o
l.
1
,
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o
.
1
,
p
p
.
1
–
7
,
2
0
1
9
.
[2
3
]
M
.
Kim
a
n
d
D.
Ch
o
i,
“
De
v
e
lo
p
m
e
n
t
o
f
Yo
u
t
h
Dig
it
a
l
Cit
ize
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i
p
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c
a
le
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n
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Im
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o
n
fo
r
E
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u
c
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ti
o
n
a
l
S
e
tt
i
n
g
,
”
J
.
Ed
u
c
.
T
e
c
h
n
o
l.
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o
c
,
v
o
l.
2
1
,
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o
.
1
,
p
p
.
1
5
5
–
1
7
1
,
2
0
1
8
.
[2
4
]
A.
Ya
c
in
e
a
n
d
C.
Ch
ien
,
“
Dig
i
tal
Cit
ize
n
sh
ip
:
I
n
n
o
v
a
ti
o
n
s
i
n
Ed
u
c
a
ti
o
n
,
P
ra
c
ti
c
e
,
a
n
d
P
e
d
a
g
o
g
y
,
”
J
.
Ed
u
c
.
T
e
c
h
n
o
l
.
S
o
c
,
v
o
l.
2
1
,
n
o
.
1
,
p
p
.
1
5
2
–
1
5
4
,
2
0
1
8
.
[2
5
]
K.
M
o
ss
b
e
rg
e
r,
C.
T
o
lb
e
rt
,
a
n
d
A.
Ha
m
il
to
n
,
“
M
e
a
su
rin
g
Dig
it
a
l
Cit
ize
n
sh
ip
:
M
o
b
il
e
Ac
c
e
ss
a
n
d
Bro
a
d
b
a
n
d
M
e
a
su
rin
g
Di
g
it
a
l
C
it
ize
n
sh
i
p
:
M
o
b
i
le Ac
c
e
ss
a
n
d
Bro
a
d
b
a
n
d
,
”
In
t.
J
.
C
o
mm
u
n
,
v
o
l.
6
,
p
p
.
2
4
9
2
–
2
5
2
8
,
2
0
1
2
.
[2
6
]
M
.
El
c
ice
k
,
H.
Erd
e
m
c
i,
a
n
d
H.
Ka
ra
l,
“
Ex
a
m
in
in
g
th
e
re
latio
n
sh
ip
b
e
twe
e
n
th
e
lev
e
ls
o
f
Dig
it
a
l
Cit
ize
n
sh
ip
a
n
d
S
o
c
ial
P
re
se
n
c
e
fo
r
th
e
g
ra
d
u
a
te
stu
d
e
n
ts
h
a
v
in
g
o
n
l
in
e
e
d
u
c
a
ti
o
n
,
”
T
u
rk
ish
On
li
n
e
J
.
Dista
n
c
e
Ed
u
c
,
v
o
l.
1
9
,
n
o
.
1
,
p
p
.
2
0
3
–
2
1
4
,
2
0
1
8
.
[2
7
]
C.
G
re
e
n
h
o
w,
B.
Ro
b
e
li
a
,
a
n
d
J.
E.
Hu
g
h
e
s,
“
Lea
rn
in
g
,
tea
c
h
in
g
,
a
n
d
sc
h
o
lars
h
i
p
in
a
d
ig
it
a
l
a
g
e
Web
2
.
0
a
n
d
c
las
sro
o
m
re
se
a
rc
h
:
Wh
a
t
p
a
th
sh
o
u
l
d
we
tak
e
n
o
w?
”
Ed
u
c
.
Res
.
,
v
o
l.
3
8
,
n
o
.
4
,
p
p
.
2
4
6
–
2
5
9
,
2
0
0
9
.
[2
8
]
W.
L.
Be
n
n
e
tt
,
“
Ch
a
n
g
i
n
g
c
it
ize
n
sh
ip
in
th
e
d
ig
it
a
l
a
g
e
,
”
Fo
u
n
d
a
ti
o
n
se
rie
s
o
n
d
i
g
it
a
l
me
d
i
a
a
n
d
lea
rn
in
g
.
Civi
c
li
fe o
n
li
n
e
:
L
e
a
rn
i
n
g
h
o
w
d
i
g
it
a
l
me
d
ia
c
a
n
e
n
g
a
g
e
y
o
u
t
h
.
M
IT
P
r
e
ss
,
2
0
0
8
,
p
p
.
1
–
24
.
[2
9
]
J.
Oh
ler,
“
Dig
it
a
l
c
it
ize
n
sh
i
p
m
e
a
n
s
c
h
a
ra
c
ter
e
d
u
c
a
ti
o
n
f
o
r
th
e
d
ig
it
a
l
a
g
e
,
”
Ka
p
p
a
De
lt
a
Pi
Rec
.
,
v
o
l.
4
7
,
p
p
.
2
5
–
2
7
,
2
0
1
1
.
[3
0
]
M
a
ry
lan
d
S
tate
Bo
a
r
d
o
f
Ed
u
c
a
ti
o
n
,
S
c
ien
c
e
,
T
e
c
h
n
o
lo
g
y
,
E
n
g
i
n
e
e
rin
g
A
n
d
M
a
th
e
ma
t
ics
(S
T
E
M
)
Ed
u
c
a
t
io
n
.
Ba
lt
imo
re
:
M
a
ry
lan
d
S
tate
Bo
a
rd
o
f
Ed
u
c
a
ti
o
n
,
2
0
1
2
.
[3
1
]
R.
Ho
ll
a
n
d
sw
o
rth
,
L.
Do
w
d
y
,
a
n
d
J.
Do
n
o
v
a
n
,
“
Di
g
it
a
l
c
it
ize
n
sh
ip
i
n
K
-
1
2
:
It
tak
e
s
a
v
il
la
g
e
,
”
T
e
c
h
T
re
n
d
s
,
v
o
l.
5
5
,
n
o
.
4
,
p
p
.
3
7
–
4
7
,
2
0
1
1
.
[3
2
]
B.
Hu
i
a
n
d
R.
Ca
m
p
b
e
ll
,
“
Disc
re
p
a
n
c
y
b
e
twe
e
n
Lea
rn
i
n
g
a
n
d
P
ra
c
ti
c
in
g
Dig
i
tal
Cit
ize
n
sh
ip
,
”
J
.
Aca
d
.
Et
h
ics
,
v
o
l.
1
6
,
n
o
.
2
,
p
p
.
1
1
7
–
1
3
1
,
2
0
1
8
.
[3
3
]
R.
B.
Bu
r
n
s,
I
n
tro
d
u
c
ti
o
n
to
re
se
a
rc
h
me
th
o
d
s
,
4
th
Ed
.
L
o
n
d
o
n
,
U
K:
S
AG
E
P
u
b
li
c
a
ti
o
n
s,
2
0
0
0
.
[3
4
]
M
.
S
a
b
i
th
a
,
Pen
y
e
li
d
ika
n
S
a
i
n
s S
o
sia
l:
Pen
d
e
k
a
t
a
n
Pra
g
ma
ti
k
.
Ba
t
u
Ca
v
e
s,
S
e
lan
g
o
r:
Ed
u
sy
ste
m
S
d
n
.
Bh
d
,
2
0
0
6
.
[3
5
]
Z
.
Aw
a
n
g
,
Res
e
a
rc
h
M
e
th
o
d
o
l
o
g
y
fo
r
B
u
sin
e
ss
a
n
d
S
o
c
i
a
l
S
c
ien
c
e
.
S
h
a
h
Ala
m
:
Un
iv
e
rsit
y
P
u
b
li
c
a
ti
o
n
Ce
n
tre,
UiTM
,
2
0
1
0
.
[3
6
]
E.
Ba
b
b
ie,
T
h
e
Pra
c
ti
c
e
o
f
S
o
c
ia
l
Res
e
a
rc
h
.
Be
lmo
n
t,
Ca
li
fo
r
n
ia:
T
h
o
m
so
m
Wad
sw
o
r
th
,
1
9
9
2
.
[3
7
]
A.
Bh
a
tt
a
c
h
e
rjee
,
S
o
c
ia
l
sc
ien
c
e
r
e
se
a
rc
h
:
Prin
c
ip
les
,
me
th
o
d
s
a
n
d
p
ra
c
ti
c
e
s
.
G
lo
b
a
l
Tex
t
P
ro
jec
t
,
2
0
1
2
.
[3
8
]
K.
Lan
d
e
ll
,
M
a
n
a
g
e
me
n
t
b
y
M
e
n
u
.
L
o
n
d
o
n
:
Wi
ley
d
a
n
S
o
n
s I
n
c
,
1
9
9
7
.
[3
9
]
M
.
Isra
e
las
h
v
il
i,
T
.
Kim
,
a
n
d
G
.
Bu
k
o
b
z
a
,
“
Ad
o
les
c
e
n
ts’
o
v
e
r
-
u
se
o
f
th
e
c
y
b
e
r
wo
rld
–
In
ter
n
e
t
a
d
d
i
c
ti
o
n
o
r
id
e
n
ti
t
y
e
x
p
lo
ra
ti
o
n
?
”
J
.
A
d
o
les
c
.
,
v
o
l.
3
5
,
n
o
.
2
,
p
p
.
4
1
7
–
4
2
4
,
2
0
1
2
.
[4
0
]
L.
M
.
Jo
n
e
s
a
n
d
K.
J
.
M
it
c
h
e
ll
,
“
De
fin
in
g
a
n
d
m
e
a
su
rin
g
y
o
u
t
h
d
i
g
it
a
l
c
it
ize
n
sh
ip
,
”
Ne
w
me
d
i
a
S
o
c
.
,
v
o
l.
1
8
,
n
o
.
9
,
p
p
.
2
0
6
3
–
2
0
7
9
,
2
0
1
6
.
[4
1
]
A.
No
sk
o
a
n
d
E
.
W
o
o
d
,
“
Lea
rn
i
n
g
in
t
h
e
d
ig
it
a
l
a
g
e
wit
h
S
NSs,
”
in
Cre
a
ti
n
g
a
p
ro
fi
le
S
o
c
ia
l
m
e
d
ia
to
o
ls
a
n
d
p
la
tf
o
rm
s in
lea
rn
i
n
g
e
n
v
iro
n
me
n
ts
.
Be
rli
n
,
G
e
rm
a
n
y
:
S
p
rin
g
e
r,
2
0
1
1
,
p
p
.
3
9
9
–
4
1
8
.
[4
2
]
M
.
T.
F
u
ll
e
r,
“
IS
TE
sta
n
d
a
rd
s
f
o
r
stu
d
e
n
ts,
d
i
g
it
a
l
lea
rn
e
rs,
a
n
d
o
n
li
n
e
Lea
rn
in
g
,
”
in
Ha
n
d
b
o
o
k
o
f
Res
e
a
rc
h
o
n
Dig
it
a
l
L
e
a
r
n
in
g
.
IG
I
G
lo
b
a
l,
2
0
2
0
,
p
p
.
2
8
4
–
2
9
0
.
[4
3
]
K.
M
o
ss
b
e
r
g
e
r,
C.
J.
To
l
b
e
rt,
a
n
d
R.
S
.
M
c
Ne
a
l,
Dig
it
a
l
Cit
ize
n
s
h
ip
-
T
h
e
I
n
ter
n
e
t,
S
o
c
iety
&
Pa
r
ti
c
ip
a
t
io
n
.
M
IT
P
re
ss
,
2
0
0
7
.
[4
4
]
S
.
Co
rtes
i,
A.
Ha
ss
e
,
A.
Lo
m
b
a
n
a
,
S
.
Kim
,
a
n
d
U.
G
a
ss
e
r,
“
Yo
u
th
a
n
d
Dig
it
a
l
Cit
ize
n
sh
i
p
+
(P
lu
s):
Un
d
e
rsta
n
d
i
n
g
S
k
il
ls
f
o
r
a
Di
g
it
a
l
W
o
rld
,
”
Be
rk
m
a
n
Kle
in
Ce
n
ter f
o
r
In
tern
e
t
&
S
o
c
iety
,
2
0
2
0
.
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