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a
lua
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nd
Resea
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Ma
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93
~
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Preservice
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h lang
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rs’ att
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tudes
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Dec
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twe
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n
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d
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th
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iffere
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2
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stu
d
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n
ts.
K
ey
w
o
r
d
s
:
An
ato
lian
d
ialec
ts
Attitu
d
e
Dialec
t
Pre
s
er
v
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teac
h
er
s
Sp
o
k
en
lan
g
u
ag
e
T
h
is i
s
a
n
o
p
e
n
a
c
c
e
ss
a
rticle
u
n
d
e
r th
e
CC B
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-
SA
li
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n
se
.
C
o
r
r
e
s
p
o
nd
ing
A
uth
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r
:
İ
zz
et
Şer
ef
,
Dep
ar
tm
en
t o
f
T
u
r
k
is
h
E
d
u
ca
t
io
n
,
T
o
k
at
Gaz
io
s
m
an
p
aşa
Un
iv
e
r
s
ity
,
T
aşlı
çif
tlik
,
T
o
k
at
,
T
u
r
k
ey
.
E
m
ail: iz
ze
t.ser
ef
@
g
o
p
.
ed
u
.
tr
1.
I
NT
RO
D
UCT
I
O
N
T
h
er
e
ar
e
s
o
m
e
p
o
in
ts
wh
er
e
th
e
s
p
o
k
en
lan
g
u
ag
e
.
t
h
at
is
to
s
ay
,
o
r
al
lan
g
u
ag
e
,
d
i
f
f
er
s
f
r
o
m
th
e
wr
itten
lan
g
u
ag
e.
W
h
en
c
o
m
p
ar
ed
to
th
e
wr
itten
lan
g
u
ag
e
,
wh
ich
is
also
ca
lled
s
tan
d
ar
d
lan
g
u
ag
e;
o
r
al
lan
g
u
ag
e
in
clu
d
es
ty
p
es
o
f
s
p
ee
ch
wh
ich
m
ay
v
a
r
y
ac
c
o
r
d
i
n
g
to
r
e
g
io
n
s
,
s
o
cial
g
r
o
u
p
s
a
n
d
e
v
en
i
n
d
iv
id
u
als.
T
h
e
f
o
r
m
s
o
f
s
p
o
k
en
lan
g
u
a
g
e
,
wh
ich
ar
e
b
ased
o
n
t
h
e
d
i
f
f
er
en
ce
s
in
s
o
u
n
d
s
b
etwe
en
r
eg
io
n
s
,
a
r
e
ca
lled
d
ialec
t.
I
n
s
m
aller
p
lace
s
wh
er
e
a
lan
g
u
a
g
e
o
r
d
ialec
t
is
s
p
o
k
en
,
s
p
o
k
e
n
f
o
r
m
s
th
at
ar
e
m
o
r
e
o
r
less
s
ep
ar
ated
f
r
o
m
th
e
wr
itten
lan
g
u
ag
e
c
o
n
s
titu
te
th
e
f
ea
tu
r
es
o
f
th
e
d
ialec
t.
T
h
e
o
r
i
g
in
s
o
f
t
h
e
d
iale
cts
ar
e
b
ased
o
n
an
an
ce
s
to
r
lan
g
u
ag
e.
Dialec
ts
an
d
ac
ce
n
ts
h
av
e
em
er
g
e
d
a
s
a
r
esu
lt
o
f
th
e
d
ev
elo
p
m
e
n
t
o
f
th
e
a
n
ce
s
to
r
lan
g
u
ag
es
in
ter
m
s
o
f
d
if
f
er
en
t
s
o
u
n
d
s
,
f
o
r
m
s
,
m
ea
n
i
n
g
s
an
d
s
y
n
t
ax
[
1
]
.
T
h
e
ter
m
"d
ialec
t"
,
wh
ich
is
a
s
m
all
u
n
it
in
th
e
s
tan
d
ar
d
s
p
o
k
e
n
l
an
g
u
ag
e
,
is
d
ef
in
ed
as
th
e
la
n
g
u
ag
e
s
p
o
k
en
i
n
a
ce
r
tain
r
eg
io
n
o
f
a
wr
itten
lan
g
u
ag
e
a
n
d
th
e
lan
g
u
a
g
e
t
h
at
h
as
p
ar
ticu
lar
p
r
o
n
u
n
ciati
o
n
f
ea
tu
r
es
d
u
e
to
g
eo
g
r
ap
h
i
ca
l
d
if
f
er
en
ce
s
[
2
]
.
Acc
o
r
d
in
g
to
Ak
s
an
,
d
ialec
t
i
s
th
e
n
am
e
g
iv
en
to
s
m
all
b
r
a
n
ch
es
th
at
ex
is
t
in
an
ac
ce
n
t
,
wh
ich
ar
e
b
ased
o
n
d
is
co
u
r
s
e
d
if
f
er
en
ce
s
.
an
d
th
e
s
p
ee
ch
es
o
f
v
ar
io
u
s
r
eg
io
n
s
a
n
d
cities
in
a
co
u
n
tr
y
th
at
ar
e
s
ep
ar
ate
f
r
o
m
ea
ch
o
th
er
in
ter
m
s
o
f
wo
r
d
ar
ticu
la
tio
n
”
[
3
]
.
T
h
e
u
s
e
o
f
d
ialec
ts
is
co
n
s
id
er
ed
a
s
p
ee
ch
d
ef
ec
t
in
th
e
s
p
ee
ch
liter
atu
r
e.
Gu
r
lek
a
n
d
A
k
s
u
,
s
tates
th
at
th
e
u
s
e
o
f
lo
ca
l
d
is
co
u
r
s
e
,
th
at
is
d
ialec
t
s
,
i
s
a
s
p
ee
ch
d
ef
ec
t
an
d
th
at
lan
g
u
ag
e
s
p
ea
k
er
s
s
h
o
u
ld
co
r
r
ec
t
th
is
th
r
o
u
g
h
co
r
r
ec
tly
wr
itten
b
o
o
k
s
an
d
c
o
r
r
ec
tly
v
o
iced
f
ilm
s
[
4
]
,
etc.
Similar
ly
,
Go
g
u
s
[
5
]
s
u
g
g
ests
th
at
m
in
im
izin
g
th
e
u
s
e
o
f
d
iale
c
ts
is
v
er
y
im
p
o
r
tan
t
in
h
elp
in
g
s
tu
d
en
ts
ac
q
u
ir
e
s
p
ea
k
i
n
g
s
k
ill.
Ay
d
in
[
6
]
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
-
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2
2
I
n
t.
J
.
E
v
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&
R
es
.
E
d
u
c
.
Vo
l.
9
,
No
.
1
,
Ma
r
ch
2
0
2
0
:
93
-
99
94
m
en
tio
n
s
th
e
ef
f
ec
t
o
f
th
e
u
s
e
o
f
d
ialec
ts
o
n
wr
itin
g
s
k
i
lls
in
m
o
th
e
r
t
o
n
g
u
e
teac
h
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d
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h
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Sp
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k
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lted
to
c
o
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ec
t
s
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ellin
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m
is
tak
es.
Alp
er
en
[
7
]
s
tates
th
at
th
e
T
u
r
k
is
h
L
an
g
u
ag
e
teac
h
e
r
s
h
av
e
a
g
r
ea
t
r
o
le
in
th
e
u
s
e
o
f
s
ta
n
d
ar
d
la
n
g
u
a
g
e
an
d
th
at
T
u
r
k
is
h
teac
h
er
s
wh
o
d
o
n
o
t
u
s
e
T
u
r
k
is
h
co
r
r
ec
tly
o
r
wh
o
u
s
e
d
ialec
ts
in
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
ts
ca
n
n
o
t b
e
s
u
cc
ess
f
u
l in
m
o
th
e
r
-
to
n
g
u
e
teac
h
in
g
.
E
r
y
ilm
az
[
8
]
,
wh
o
d
is
cu
s
s
es
th
e
v
iews
o
n
d
ialec
ts
in
th
e
s
p
ee
ch
liter
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r
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,
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tates
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at
th
er
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ar
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v
iews
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g
u
in
g
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at
d
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b
s
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ac
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in
th
e
way
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f
th
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wr
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en
lan
g
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ag
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to
d
ev
elo
p
a
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d
b
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wid
esp
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,
alo
n
g
with
th
e
o
n
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ar
g
u
in
g
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at
th
ey
ar
e
im
p
o
r
tan
t
r
es
o
u
r
ce
s
f
o
r
a
m
o
r
e
co
m
p
r
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h
e
n
s
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e
an
d
ac
cu
r
ate
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
i
n
g
o
f
T
u
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k
is
h
an
d
s
h
o
u
ld
n
o
t b
e
d
e
n
ied
,
e
v
en
th
e
y
s
h
o
u
ld
b
e
p
r
o
tecte
d
as a
p
a
r
t o
f
th
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lan
g
u
ag
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.
I
n
th
e
s
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d
ies
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d
u
cted
o
n
d
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in
T
u
r
k
is
h
s
p
o
k
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in
T
u
r
k
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,
it
is
em
p
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asized
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at
An
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lian
d
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ts
ar
e
th
e
r
ic
h
n
ess
o
f
T
u
r
k
is
h
.
I
n
o
th
e
r
wo
r
d
s
,
d
ialec
ts
ar
e
th
e
m
ain
s
o
u
r
ce
s
th
at
f
ee
d
T
u
r
k
is
h
.
Ho
we
v
er
,
th
e
g
o
al
o
f
lan
g
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ag
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teac
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n
g
is
to
en
ab
le
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tu
d
e
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ts
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ex
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well
f
o
llo
win
g
th
e
v
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ca
l
ch
ar
ac
ter
is
t
ics
o
f
th
e
s
tan
d
ar
d
lan
g
u
ag
e
.
Fo
r
t
h
is
r
ea
s
o
n
,
it
is
th
e
s
tan
d
ar
d
lan
g
u
ag
e
th
at
s
h
o
u
ld
b
e
u
s
ed
in
lan
g
u
ag
e
teac
h
in
g
an
d
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
s
h
o
u
ld
lear
n
th
e
b
asic
lan
g
u
ag
e
s
k
ills
th
r
o
u
g
h
q
u
alif
ied
ex
am
p
les
o
f
th
e
s
tan
d
ar
d
lan
g
u
ag
e.
I
n
o
th
er
wo
r
d
s
,
it
is
th
e
b
asic
r
e
s
p
o
n
s
ib
ilit
y
o
f
teac
h
in
g
t
o
h
elp
th
e
s
tu
d
en
ts
lear
n
th
e
lan
g
u
ag
e
f
e
atu
r
es
s
u
ch
a
s
liais
o
n
,
em
p
h
asis
.
an
d
in
to
n
atio
n
f
o
llo
win
g
th
e
p
r
in
ci
p
les
o
f
th
e
s
tan
d
ar
d
lan
g
u
ag
e
[
9
]
.
I
n
t
h
is
co
n
tex
t
,
T
u
r
k
is
h
lan
g
u
ag
e
teac
h
er
s
s
tan
d
o
u
t
as
t
h
e
m
ain
d
eter
m
in
a
n
t
in
t
h
e
p
r
o
ce
s
s
o
f
m
o
th
er
-
to
n
g
u
e
teac
h
in
g
.
T
h
e
r
ef
o
r
e
,
it
is
cr
u
cial
to
s
ee
th
e
lev
el
o
f
f
u
tu
r
e
T
u
r
k
is
h
lan
g
u
ag
e
teac
h
er
s
'
p
er
ce
p
tio
n
s
o
f
An
ato
lian
d
ialec
ts
an
d
to
d
eter
m
i
n
e
th
eir
attit
u
d
es to
war
d
th
ese
d
ialec
ts
.
W
h
en
th
e
liter
atu
r
e
is
e
x
am
in
ed
,
it
is
s
ee
n
th
at
th
e
r
e
h
a
v
e
b
ee
n
m
an
y
s
tu
d
ies
o
n
s
p
ee
ch
p
r
o
b
lem
s
in
th
e
f
ield
o
f
T
u
r
k
is
h
ed
u
ca
tio
n
in
r
ec
en
t
y
ea
r
s
.
T
h
ese
s
tu
d
ies
f
o
cu
s
o
n
th
e
d
etec
tio
n
o
f
s
p
ee
ch
p
r
o
b
lem
s
an
d
th
e
d
ev
elo
p
m
e
n
t
o
f
s
p
ea
k
in
g
s
k
ill
,
I
t
is
s
ee
n
th
at
th
ese
s
tu
d
ies
ar
e
u
s
u
ally
g
r
o
u
p
e
d
u
n
d
e
r
th
e
titl
e
s
o
f
s
p
ee
ch
er
r
o
r
s
,
s
p
ee
ch
f
au
lts
,
s
p
ee
ch
d
ef
ec
ts
an
d
s
p
ee
ch
d
ef
icie
n
cies
[
1
0
-
1
4
]
.
Ho
we
v
er
,
wh
en
th
e
liter
atu
r
e
is
ex
am
in
ed
,
it
is
o
b
s
er
v
e
d
th
a
t
th
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
s
tu
d
ies
in
v
esti
g
atin
g
th
e
attitu
d
es
to
war
d
th
e
d
ialec
ts
an
d
th
e
s
tak
eh
o
ld
e
r
s
’
v
iews
(
teac
h
er
s
.
s
tu
d
en
ts
.
etc.
)
o
n
th
is
is
s
u
e
is
lim
ited
.
T
h
e
s
tu
d
ies
co
n
d
u
cted
s
h
o
w
th
at
th
e
attitu
d
es
to
war
d
An
ato
lian
d
ialec
ts
h
av
e
n
o
t
b
ee
n
i
n
v
esti
g
ated
s
u
f
f
icien
tly
.
Ho
wev
er
,
attitu
d
es
ar
e
th
e
co
r
n
er
s
to
n
e
o
f
m
o
tiv
atio
n
th
at
af
f
ec
ts
th
e
s
u
cc
ess
in
th
e
f
ir
s
t
d
eg
r
ee
[
1
5
]
.
I
n
o
th
e
r
wo
r
d
s
,
s
tu
d
ies
to
d
eter
m
in
e
attitu
d
es
in
an
y
f
ie
ld
will
b
e
o
f
d
ec
is
iv
e
im
p
o
r
tan
ce
in
p
lan
n
in
g
th
e
teac
h
in
g
p
r
o
c
ess
.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e
,
th
is
s
tu
d
y
is
to
co
n
tr
ib
u
te
t
o
th
e
liter
atu
r
e
b
y
r
e
v
ea
lin
g
p
r
eser
v
ice
T
u
r
k
is
h
lan
g
u
a
g
e
teac
h
e
r
s
’
attitu
d
es
to
war
d
th
e
u
s
e
o
f
An
ato
lian
d
ialec
ts
in
d
if
f
er
en
t
ar
ea
s
.
T
o
th
is
en
d
,
th
e
q
u
esti
o
n
we
s
ee
k
to
an
s
wer
is
“I
s
th
er
e
a
s
tatis
tically
s
i
g
n
if
ican
t
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
b
etwe
en
p
r
eser
v
ic
e
T
u
r
k
is
h
lan
g
u
ag
e
teac
h
er
s
’
attitu
d
es
to
war
d
An
ato
lian
d
ialec
ts
an
d
th
eir
g
e
n
d
er
s
an
d
y
ea
r
s
at
u
n
i
v
er
s
ity
?
2.
RE
S
E
ARCH
M
E
T
H
O
D
2
.
1
.
T
he
m
o
del o
f
t
he
s
t
ud
y
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
was
co
n
d
u
cted
in
co
r
r
elatio
n
al
s
u
r
v
ey
m
o
d
el
.
w
h
ich
is
o
n
e
o
f
th
e
q
u
a
n
titativ
e
r
esear
ch
d
esig
n
s
.
T
h
is
m
o
d
el
is
a
r
ese
ar
ch
m
o
d
el
th
at
aim
s
to
d
eter
m
in
e
th
e
ex
is
ten
ce
an
d
/o
r
d
e
g
r
ee
o
f
co
v
ar
ian
ce
b
etwe
en
two
an
d
m
o
r
e
v
ar
i
ab
les
[
1
6
]
.
C
o
r
r
elatio
n
al
s
u
r
v
ey
m
o
d
el
was
ch
o
s
en
in
t
h
e
s
tu
d
y
to
r
ev
ea
l
th
e
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
b
etw
ee
n
A
n
ato
lian
d
ialec
ts
an
d
s
o
m
e
v
ar
iab
les
(
g
en
d
er
.
y
ea
r
s
at
u
n
iv
er
s
ity
.
m
o
t
h
er
’
s
lev
el
o
f
ed
u
ca
tio
n
.
m
o
t
h
er
’
s
jo
b
.
f
ath
e
r
’
s
lev
el
o
f
ed
u
ca
tio
n
.
f
ath
e
r
’
s
jo
b
.
lev
el
o
f
in
co
m
e
.
co
m
m
u
n
icatin
g
with
eld
er
s
.
co
m
m
u
n
icatin
g
in
a
d
if
f
er
e
n
t
city
)
.
2
.
2
.
Sa
m
ple
T
h
e
s
am
p
le
o
f
t
h
e
s
tu
d
y
is
2
0
1
p
r
eser
v
ice
teac
h
er
s
wh
o
ar
e
1
s
t
.
2
n
d
.
3
r
d
an
d
4
th
-
y
ea
r
s
tu
d
en
ts
s
tu
d
y
in
g
at
T
u
r
k
is
h
L
an
g
u
a
g
e
T
ea
ch
in
g
u
n
d
er
g
r
a
d
u
ate
p
r
o
g
r
am
at
T
o
k
at
Gaz
io
s
m
an
p
asa
Un
iv
er
s
ity
in
th
e
2
0
1
7
-
2
0
1
8
ac
ad
em
ic
y
ea
r
.
Descr
ip
tiv
e
in
f
o
r
m
ati
o
n
o
f
th
e
p
r
eser
v
ice
teac
h
er
s
wh
o
p
ar
ticip
ated
in
th
e
s
tu
d
y
is
g
iv
e
n
in
T
a
b
le
1
.
T
ab
le
1
.
Pre
s
er
v
ice
teac
h
e
r
s
’
d
escr
ip
tiv
e
ch
ar
ac
ter
is
tics
D
e
mo
g
r
a
p
h
i
c
V
a
r
i
a
b
l
e
s
S
u
b
-
C
a
t
e
g
o
r
i
e
s
f
%
G
e
n
d
e
r
F
e
mal
e
1
3
0
6
4
.
7
M
a
l
e
71
3
5
.
3
Y
e
a
r
s a
t
U
n
i
v
e
r
si
t
y
1
54
2
6
.
9
2
36
1
7
.
9
3
62
3
0
.
8
4
49
2
4
.
4
To
t
a
l
2
0
1
1
0
0
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
.
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
8
2
2
P
r
eser
vice
Tu
r
kish
la
n
g
u
a
g
e
t
ea
ch
ers
’
a
ttit
u
d
es to
w
a
r
d
A
n
a
to
lia
n
d
ia
lects
(
İ
z
z
et
Ş
eref
)
95
2
.
3
.
Da
t
a
co
llect
io
n t
o
o
l
T
h
e
d
ata
o
f
th
e
s
tu
d
y
wer
e
c
o
llected
em
p
lo
y
in
g
a
s
ca
le
n
am
ed
"Attitu
d
e
Scale
T
o
war
d
An
ato
lian
Dialec
ts
”
d
ev
elo
p
ed
b
y
Peh
liv
an
(
2
0
1
2
b
)
[
1
7
]
.
T
h
e
s
ca
le
,
d
e
v
elo
p
ed
as
a
L
ik
er
t
-
t
y
p
e
f
iv
e
-
p
o
in
t
s
ca
le
,
h
as
2
2
item
s
,
1
1
o
f
wh
ich
ar
e
p
o
s
itiv
e
(
2
-
4
-
6
-
8
-
10
-
12
-
14
-
16
-
19
-
2
1
-
2
2
)
a
n
d
1
1
o
f
wh
ich
ar
e
n
eg
a
tiv
e
(
1
-
3
-
5
-
7
-
9
-
11
-
13
-
15
-
17
-
18
-
2
0
)
.
Peh
liv
an
(
2
0
1
2
b
)
s
tates
th
at
th
e
C
r
o
n
b
ac
h
alp
h
a
r
eliab
ilit
y
co
ef
f
icien
t
o
f
th
e
s
ca
le
is
0
.
8
8
[
1
7
]
.
As a
r
esu
lt o
f
th
e
r
eliab
il
ity
s
tu
d
y
r
ep
ea
ted
b
y
th
e
r
esear
ch
er
.
th
e
C
r
o
n
b
ac
h
’
s
alp
h
a
r
e
liab
ilit
y
co
ef
f
icien
t
o
f
th
e
s
ca
le
was f
o
u
n
d
to
b
e
0
.
8
5
(
α
=
0
.
8
5
)
.
T
h
ese
r
esu
lts
s
h
o
w
th
at
th
e
d
ata
c
o
llectio
n
to
o
l is u
s
ef
u
l.
2
.
4
.
Ana
ly
s
is
o
f
da
t
a
Statis
t
ical
an
aly
s
is
o
f
th
e
s
tu
d
y
was p
er
f
o
r
m
ed
u
s
in
g
th
e
SP
SS
2
2
.
0
p
r
o
g
r
a
m
.
T
o
in
v
esti
g
a
te
wh
eth
er
th
er
e
is
a
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
b
etwe
en
p
r
eser
v
ice
teac
h
er
s
’
attitu
d
e
s
co
r
es
a
n
d
th
e
v
ar
iab
les
,
t
-
T
est
f
o
r
in
d
ep
en
d
en
t
s
am
p
les
an
d
On
e
-
W
ay
ANOV
A
f
o
r
in
d
ep
en
d
e
n
t
s
am
p
les
wer
e
em
p
lo
y
ed
.
B
ef
o
r
e
th
is
.
n
o
r
m
ality
test
s
wer
e
u
s
ed
.
W
h
en
th
e
r
esear
ch
er
d
ec
id
ed
th
at
th
e
d
ata
ar
e
d
is
tr
ib
u
ted
n
o
r
m
ally
ac
co
r
d
in
g
to
th
e
n
o
r
m
ality
v
alu
es
(
Sh
ap
i
r
o
-
W
ilk
test
;
k
u
r
to
s
is
an
d
s
k
ewn
ess
co
ef
f
icien
ts
with
m
o
d
e
,
m
ed
ian
a
n
d
ar
ith
m
etic
m
ea
n
;
Stem
an
d
L
ea
f
Diag
r
am
;
His
to
g
r
am
;
Detr
en
d
ed
No
r
m
al
Q
-
Q
Plo
t;
No
r
m
al
Q
-
Q
Plo
t
P
-
P
Plo
t
.
B
o
x
p
lo
t)
,
p
a
r
am
etr
ic
test
s
wer
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
ed
.
3.
RE
SU
L
T
S
A
ND
D
I
SCU
SS
I
O
N
I
n
th
is
s
ec
tio
n
.
p
r
eser
v
ice
teac
h
er
s
’
attitu
d
es
to
war
d
th
e
A
n
ato
lian
d
ialec
ts
ar
e
ex
am
in
e
d
ac
co
r
d
in
g
to
th
eir
g
en
d
er
s
an
d
y
ea
r
s
at
u
n
iv
er
s
ity
an
d
t
h
e
d
ata
o
b
tain
ed
ar
e
p
r
esen
ted
i
n
th
e
T
a
b
le
2
.
Acc
o
r
d
in
g
t
o
T
ab
le
2
p
r
eser
v
ice
teac
h
er
s
’
attitu
d
es
to
war
d
th
e
An
ato
lian
d
iale
cts
ac
co
r
d
in
g
to
th
e
g
en
d
e
r
v
ar
ia
b
le.
Acc
o
r
d
in
g
to
th
is
,
th
er
e
is
a
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
d
if
f
er
en
ce
in
f
a
v
o
r
o
f
m
ales
in
th
e
item
“
Usi
n
g
th
e
r
eg
io
n
al
d
ialec
t
in
e
d
u
ca
t
io
n
in
cr
ea
s
es
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
’
cu
ltu
r
al
k
n
o
wled
g
e
a
b
o
u
t
th
e
r
eg
io
n
”.
I
n
o
t
h
er
w
o
r
d
s
,
m
ale
p
r
eser
v
ice
tea
ch
er
s
b
eliev
e
th
at
u
s
in
g
th
e
r
eg
io
n
al
d
ialec
ts
in
cr
ea
s
e
s
th
eir
cu
ltu
r
al
k
n
o
wled
g
e
ab
o
u
t
th
e
r
eg
io
n
m
o
r
e
th
a
n
f
e
m
ales
d
o
.
I
n
th
e
item
“
T
o
in
cr
ea
s
e
t
h
e
s
u
cc
ess
in
teac
h
in
g
.
th
e
d
i
alec
t
o
f
th
e
ch
ild
’
s
r
eg
io
n
s
h
o
u
ld
b
e
u
s
ed
”
,
wh
i
ch
is
in
lin
e
with
th
e
s
ec
o
n
d
item
,
m
ales’
attitu
d
es
ar
e
h
ig
h
er
.
I
n
t
h
e
item
“L
ea
r
n
in
g
t
h
e
An
ato
lian
d
ialec
ts
at
s
ch
o
o
l
n
eg
ativ
ely
af
f
ec
ts
th
e
s
tatu
s
o
f
T
u
r
k
is
h
”
,
wh
i
ch
d
o
es
n
o
t
m
atch
th
e
two
p
r
ev
io
u
s
ly
m
e
n
tio
n
e
d
item
s
,
it
is
s
ee
n
th
at
th
e
av
er
ag
e
o
f
m
ales
is
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
h
ig
h
er
.
T
h
i
s
item
s
u
g
g
ests
th
at
d
ialec
ts
s
h
o
u
ld
n
o
t
b
e
u
s
ed
in
ed
u
ca
tio
n
.
W
h
en
th
is
co
n
tr
ad
ictio
n
is
tak
en
in
to
co
n
s
id
er
atio
n
,
it
ca
n
b
e
s
aid
th
at
p
r
eser
v
ice
teac
h
er
s
d
o
n
o
t
h
av
e
a
ca
r
ef
u
l
co
n
s
cio
u
s
n
ess
ab
o
u
t
th
e
u
s
e
o
f
d
ialec
t
s
.
I
n
th
e
n
i
n
th
item
.
wh
ich
is
“
P
eo
p
le
with
r
eg
io
n
al
d
ialec
t
ar
e
n
o
t
m
o
r
e
s
in
ce
r
e”
,
it
is
s
ee
n
th
at
f
em
ales
h
av
e
h
ig
h
er
attitu
d
es.
I
tem
s
2
,
6
,
7
an
d
1
2
,
wh
ic
h
is
“
Ap
p
r
ec
iatin
g
th
e
v
alu
e
o
f
r
e
g
io
n
al
d
ialec
t
in
cr
ea
s
es
th
e
s
tu
d
en
t
’
s
s
elf
-
co
n
f
id
en
ce
”
,
ca
n
b
e
ev
alu
ated
to
g
eth
e
r
d
u
e
to
th
e
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
asp
ec
t.
I
n
item
s
1
3
,
2
2
an
d
19
,
it
is
s
ee
n
th
at
th
e
av
er
a
g
e
o
f
m
ales
is
h
ig
h
er
.
W
h
en
th
e
s
e
item
s
ar
e
ev
alu
ated
h
o
lis
tically
,
it
ca
n
b
e
s
aid
th
at
m
ales
h
av
e
m
o
r
e
p
o
s
itiv
e
attitu
d
es
to
war
d
th
e
u
s
e
o
f
d
ialec
ts
in
ed
u
ca
tio
n
th
a
n
f
e
m
a
les
,
b
u
t
th
e
y
t
h
in
k
th
a
t
th
eir
d
ialec
t
s
h
o
u
ld
b
e
u
s
ed
f
ir
s
t.
As
a
g
en
er
al
ev
alu
ati
o
n
,
m
ales’
o
v
e
r
all
s
co
r
e
in
th
e
s
ca
le
is
h
ig
h
er
th
an
th
e
f
em
ales’
an
d
t
h
is
r
esu
lt c
an
b
e
s
tatis
tically
s
ig
n
if
ican
t a
n
d
s
u
p
p
o
r
ted
b
y
th
e
f
ac
t
o
r
s
in
t
h
e
s
ca
le
.
Acc
o
r
d
in
g
to
T
ab
le
3
s
h
o
ws
p
r
eser
v
ice
teac
h
er
s
’
attitu
d
es
to
war
d
d
ialec
ts
in
lin
e
with
th
e
f
ac
to
r
s
in
th
e
s
ca
le
ac
co
r
d
in
g
to
th
e
g
en
d
er
v
ar
iab
le.
W
h
en
th
e
s
ig
n
if
i
ca
n
ce
lev
el
is
tak
en
in
to
co
n
s
i
d
er
atio
n
,
it
is
s
ee
n
th
at
th
er
e
is
a
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
d
i
f
f
er
en
ce
in
f
av
o
r
o
f
m
ales
in
f
a
cto
r
s
1
,
3
an
d
4
o
f
th
e
s
ca
le
an
d
th
at
p
r
eser
v
ice
teac
h
er
s
’
av
er
ag
e
attitu
d
e
s
co
r
es
ar
e
v
er
y
clo
s
e
to
ea
ch
o
th
er
in
f
ac
to
r
2
.
T
h
e
s
tu
d
y
al
s
o
ex
am
in
es
p
r
eser
v
ice
teac
h
er
s
’
attitu
d
es to
war
d
d
ial
ec
ts
ac
co
r
d
in
g
to
th
eir
y
ea
r
s
at
u
n
iv
er
s
ity
.
Acc
o
r
d
in
g
to
T
ab
le
4
s
h
o
ws
th
e
p
r
eser
v
ice
teac
h
er
s
’
attit
u
d
es
to
war
d
d
i
alec
ts
ac
co
r
d
in
g
to
th
eir
y
ea
r
s
at
u
n
iv
er
s
ity
.
Acc
o
r
d
i
n
g
to
th
is
,
th
e
av
er
ag
e
o
f
th
e
f
ir
s
t
-
y
ea
r
p
r
eser
v
ice
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h
er
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i
s
3
.
0
7
,
s
ec
ond
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y
ea
r
teac
h
er
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is
3
.
1
9
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th
ir
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is
3
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5
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d
th
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o
u
r
th
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y
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rs
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is
2
.
9
7
.
T
h
e
h
ig
h
est
av
er
ag
e
s
co
r
e
b
elo
n
g
s
to
th
e
s
ec
o
n
d
-
y
ea
r
p
r
eser
v
ice
teac
h
er
s
(
=3
.
1
9
)
.
W
h
eth
er
th
er
e
is
a
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
d
if
f
er
en
ce
b
etwe
en
th
ese
d
ata
is
s
h
o
wn
in
T
ab
le
5
.
Acc
o
r
d
in
g
t
o
T
ab
le
5
th
er
e
i
s
n
o
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
d
if
f
er
en
ce
b
e
twee
n
th
e
p
r
eser
v
ice
teac
h
e
r
s
’
attitu
d
es
to
war
d
th
e
d
ialec
t.
Alth
o
u
g
h
t
h
e
av
er
ag
e
s
co
r
e
o
f
s
ec
o
n
d
-
y
ea
r
p
r
eser
v
ice
teac
h
er
s
is
h
ig
h
er
th
an
th
e
o
th
er
s
.
th
is
r
esu
lt
is
n
o
t
s
tatis
tically
s
ig
n
if
ican
t.
H
o
wev
er
,
wh
en
th
e
d
ata
a
r
e
a
n
aly
ze
d
in
t
h
e
c
o
n
tex
t
o
f
th
e
f
ac
to
r
s
.
b
ein
g
b
etwe
en
s
ec
o
n
d
-
y
ea
r
(
=3
.
2
0
)
a
n
d
f
o
u
r
th
-
y
ea
r
(
=2
.
7
0
)
p
r
eser
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h
e
r
s
,
th
e
r
e
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a
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
d
if
f
er
en
ce
in
f
av
o
r
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f
s
ec
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n
d
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r
p
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h
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p
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.
O
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d
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ay
th
at
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An
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lian
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ts
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lev
el
ac
co
r
d
in
g
t
o
th
e
y
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r
v
ar
iab
le.
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ialec
t.
2
.
d
eter
m
i
n
in
g
th
e
e
q
u
iv
alen
ce
o
f
lo
ca
l
d
ialec
t
in
wr
itten
la
n
g
u
ag
e.
3
.
c
h
ec
k
in
g
wh
eth
e
r
t
h
e
co
r
r
ec
ted
u
s
e
o
f
d
ialec
t
co
n
tin
u
es
o
r
n
o
t
[
8
]
.
I
n
a
m
o
r
e
g
en
er
al
s
en
s
e
.
Dem
ir
e
l
.
s
tates
th
at
ch
ild
r
en
wh
o
s
p
e
ak
in
lo
ca
l
d
ialec
ts
s
h
o
u
ld
n
o
t
b
e
co
r
r
ec
ted
esp
e
cially
with
h
is
f
r
ien
d
s
ar
o
u
n
d
in
ca
s
e
it
m
ay
ca
u
s
e
af
f
ec
tiv
e
p
r
o
b
lem
s
[
1
9
]
.
He
also
s
tate
s
th
at
r
ea
d
in
g
a
l
o
t
to
th
e
ch
ild
with
a
lo
ca
l
d
ia
lect
.
m
ak
in
g
h
im
/h
e
r
r
ea
d
al
o
u
d
.
r
ec
o
r
d
in
g
h
is
/h
er
s
o
u
n
d
an
d
th
en
p
lay
in
g
it c
o
u
l
d
b
e
b
e
n
ef
icial
to
co
r
r
ec
t th
e
u
s
e
o
f
d
ialec
ts
.
W
h
en
th
e
s
tu
d
ies
in
th
e
liter
at
u
r
e
ar
e
ev
alu
ated
h
o
lis
tically
.
it
is
u
n
d
er
s
to
o
d
th
at
th
e
u
s
e
o
f
d
ialec
t
is
a
d
ef
ec
t
an
d
th
is
u
s
e
s
h
o
u
l
d
b
e
co
r
r
ec
ted
in
teac
h
in
g
th
e
T
u
r
k
is
h
la
n
g
u
a
g
e
as
a
m
o
th
e
r
to
n
g
u
e.
Ho
wev
er
,
wh
ile
th
e
u
s
e
o
f
d
ialec
ts
in
ed
u
ca
tio
n
ca
n
b
e
en
co
u
n
ter
ed
.
teac
h
er
s
s
h
o
u
ld
c
o
n
s
id
er
s
tu
d
en
t
an
x
iety
in
teac
h
in
g
th
e
r
u
les o
f
th
e
s
tan
d
ar
d
lan
g
u
ag
e
an
d
d
ev
el
o
p
s
tr
at
eg
ies
in
th
is
d
ir
ec
tio
n
.
I
f
th
is
s
itu
atio
n
is
ig
n
o
r
ed
.
s
tu
d
en
ts
’
an
x
iety
ab
o
u
t
b
asic
lan
g
u
ag
e
s
k
ills
is
in
ev
itab
ly
h
ig
h
er
th
a
n
it
s
h
o
u
ld
b
e.
T
h
e
s
tu
d
ies
co
n
f
ir
m
th
is
id
ea
[
2
0
-
2
1
]
.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e
.
it
is
im
p
o
r
ta
n
t
to
k
ee
p
th
e
a
n
x
iet
y
at
an
o
p
tim
u
m
le
v
el
s
o
th
a
t
s
tu
d
en
ts
d
ev
elo
p
ter
m
in
al
b
eh
a
v
io
r
s
.
Fo
cu
s
in
g
o
n
h
o
w
s
tu
d
en
ts
ex
p
r
ess
th
e
m
s
elv
es
.
r
ath
er
th
an
w
h
at
th
e
y
ar
e
s
ay
in
g
o
r
h
o
w
th
ey
ca
n
im
p
r
o
v
e
an
d
p
lan
t
h
eir
co
n
ten
t
o
f
s
p
ee
ch
.
ca
n
h
in
d
er
th
e
s
u
cc
ess
in
ed
u
ca
tio
n
.
Fo
r
th
is
r
ea
s
o
n
,
th
e
ef
f
icien
cy
o
f
th
e
lea
r
n
in
g
p
r
o
ce
s
s
s
h
o
u
ld
n
o
t b
e
ig
n
o
r
e
d
wh
ile
co
r
r
ec
tly
teac
h
in
g
th
e
T
u
r
k
is
h
lan
g
u
ag
e.
I
n
ter
n
atio
n
al
s
tu
d
ies
f
o
cu
s
in
g
o
n
th
e
u
s
e
o
f
d
ialec
t
.
ac
ce
n
t
a
n
d
lo
ca
l
lan
g
u
ag
e
in
ed
u
ca
tio
n
r
esp
o
n
d
to
h
o
w
th
e
p
r
o
ce
s
s
s
h
o
u
ld
b
e
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
ed
.
Un
lik
e
th
e
o
n
es
in
T
u
r
k
e
y
.
th
ese
s
tu
d
ies
f
o
cu
s
o
n
m
in
o
r
ity
lan
g
u
ag
e
an
d
th
e
u
s
e
o
f
ac
c
e
n
ts
as
well.
Yiak
o
u
m
etti
.
i
n
h
is
s
tu
d
y
b
ased
o
n
m
u
ltil
in
g
u
alis
m
in
ed
u
ca
tio
n
.
co
n
clu
d
es
th
at
th
e
u
s
e
o
f
d
ialec
tical
d
iv
er
s
ity
(
d
ialec
t
.
lo
ca
l
d
ialec
t)
in
th
e
class
r
o
o
m
p
r
o
v
id
es
m
an
y
ad
v
an
tag
es
[
2
2
]
.
Oth
er
s
tu
d
ies
in
wh
ich
s
im
ilar
d
is
cu
s
s
io
n
s
h
av
e
b
ee
n
m
ad
e
ca
n
b
e
lis
t
ed
as
f
o
llo
ws:
[
2
3
-
3
0
]
.
I
n
th
ese
s
tu
d
ies
.
r
esear
ch
er
s
p
o
in
t
o
u
t
th
at
th
e
u
s
e
o
f
d
ialec
t
s
an
d
lo
ca
l
lan
g
u
ag
es
in
e
d
u
ca
tio
n
ca
n
b
e
allo
wed
an
d
th
is
m
ay
h
av
e
p
o
s
itiv
e
r
esu
lts
.
Acc
o
r
d
in
g
to
t
h
e
liter
atu
r
e
,
it
i
s
an
im
p
o
r
tan
t
a
r
ea
o
f
r
esear
c
h
to
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
wh
at
p
r
eser
v
ice
T
u
r
k
is
h
lan
g
u
ag
e
teac
h
e
r
s
th
in
k
ab
o
u
t
th
e
u
s
e
o
f
d
ialec
ts
in
ed
u
ca
tio
n
an
d
h
o
w
th
ey
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
th
i
s
is
s
u
e
in
ter
m
s
o
f
ef
f
icien
cy
o
f
th
e
teac
h
in
g
p
r
o
ce
s
s
.
I
n
t
h
is
s
tu
d
y
.
wh
ich
aim
s
to
d
eter
m
in
e
p
r
eser
v
ice
T
u
r
k
is
h
la
n
g
u
ag
e
teac
h
er
s
’
attitu
d
es
to
war
d
A
n
ato
lian
d
ialec
ts
.
it
is
f
o
u
n
d
o
u
t
th
at
p
r
eser
v
ice
teac
h
er
s
’
attitu
d
es
ar
e
at
an
av
er
ag
e
lev
el
a
n
d
th
er
e
is
a
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
d
if
f
er
e
n
ce
in
f
a
v
o
r
o
f
m
ales
wh
ile
th
e
y
ea
r
v
ar
iab
le
m
ak
es
n
o
d
if
f
er
en
ce
o
n
attitu
d
es.
I
n
a
s
tu
d
y
b
y
C
r
o
s
s
,
DeV
an
ey
an
d
J
o
n
es
,
p
r
e
s
er
v
ice
teac
h
e
r
s
’
attitu
d
es
to
war
d
d
ialec
ts
d
o
n
o
t
d
if
f
er
ac
co
r
d
in
g
to
th
eir
g
en
d
er
a
n
d
ac
a
d
em
ic
ac
h
iev
em
e
n
t
[
3
1
]
.
R
e
g
ar
d
in
g
th
is
r
esu
lt
.
Dem
ir
ci
,
f
o
u
n
d
o
u
t th
at
th
e
att
itu
d
es to
war
d
An
ato
lian
d
ialec
ts
d
o
n
o
t d
if
f
er
ac
c
o
r
d
in
g
to
g
en
d
er
[
3
2
]
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
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2
2
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I
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c
.
Vo
l.
9
,
No
.
1
,
Ma
r
ch
2
0
2
0
:
93
-
99
98
4.
CO
NCLU
SI
O
N
I
n
a
h
o
lis
tic
ev
alu
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.
th
e
r
esu
lts
o
f
th
is
s
tu
d
y
s
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o
w
th
at
p
r
eser
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teac
h
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attitu
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th
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th
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.
wh
ich
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Dialec
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u
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n
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en
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h
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to
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ese
r
v
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T
u
r
k
is
h
la
n
g
u
a
g
e
teac
h
er
s
’
v
iews
s
tu
d
y
in
g
at
T
o
k
at
Gaz
io
s
m
an
p
aşa
Un
iv
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s
ity
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r
s
'
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tu
d
es
to
war
d
An
ato
lian
d
ialec
ts
.
RE
F
E
R
E
NC
E
S
[1
]
Tek
in
.
F.
,
v
e
Ca
n
t
ü
rk
.
S.
,
“
G
ir
e
su
n
v
e
Yö
re
si
Ağ
ızla
rın
d
a
n
De
rlem
e
S
ö
z
lü
ğ
ü
’n
e
Ka
tk
ıl
a
r
.
”
D
iya
lek
to
lo
g
-
Ağ
ı
z
Ara
ştırma
la
rı
De
rg
isi
,
v
o
l
.
9
,
p
p
.
2
2
-
46
,
2
0
1
4
.
[2
]
Ka
ra
a
ğ
a
ç
.
G.
,
Dil
Bi
li
mi
T
e
rimle
ri S
ö
zl
ü
ğ
ü
,
A
n
k
a
ra
:
T
ü
rk
Di
l
Ku
r
u
m
u
Ya
y
ın
l
a
rı
,
2
0
1
3
.
[3
]
Ak
sa
n
.
D.
,
T
ü
rk
iye
T
ü
rk
ç
e
sin
in
Dü
n
ü
.
B
u
g
ü
n
ü
,
Y
a
rın
ı
,
An
k
a
ra
:
Bil
g
i
Ya
y
ı
n
e
v
i
,
2
0
0
5
.
[4
]
G
ü
rlek
.
M
.
v
e
Ak
su
.
E.
,
“
Ko
n
u
şm
a
h
a
tala
rı
,
”
Ab
d
u
l
lah
Ş
a
h
i
n
(Ed
.
)
,
K
o
n
u
şm
a
Eğ
i
ti
mi
–
Y
ö
n
tem
ler
,
Et
k
in
li
k
ler
için
d
e
,
A
n
k
a
ra
:
P
e
g
e
m
Ak
a
d
e
m
i
Ya
y
ın
ları
,
2
0
1
5
.
[5
]
G
ö
ğ
ü
ş
,
B.
İlkö
ğ
re
ti
m Ok
u
ll
a
rın
d
a
T
ü
rk
ç
e
Öğ
re
ti
mi
v
e
S
o
r
u
n
l
a
rı
,
A
n
k
a
ra
:
TE
D Ya
y
ı
n
ları
,
1
9
9
3
.
[6
]
Ay
d
ın
.
İ.
,
“
Tü
r
k
ç
e
Öğ
re
ti
m
in
d
e
Ya
z
ıl
ı
An
latım
Ça
lı
şm
a
ların
d
a
k
i
S
o
ru
n
lar
Üz
e
rin
e
Bir
İ
n
c
e
lem
e
,
”
KM
Ü
S
o
sy
a
l
v
e
Eko
n
o
m
ı
̇
k
Ara
ştırma
l
a
r De
rg
ı
̇
si
,
v
o
l.
16
,
p
p
.
1
6
6
-
1
7
0
,
2
0
1
4
.
[7
]
Alp
e
re
n
.
N.
,
T
ü
rk
ç
e
(Gü
ze
l
Ko
n
u
şm
a
.
Ok
u
ma
v
e
Y
a
zm
a
)
Öğ
re
ti
m
Reh
b
e
ri
,
İsta
n
b
u
l
:
M
EB
Ba
sım
e
v
i
,
1
9
9
1
.
[8
]
Ery
ıl
m
a
z
,
R.
Ça
me
li
Ilçe
si
Ağ
zı
v
e
Ça
me
li
Or
ta
o
k
u
ll
a
rın
d
a
E
ğ
it
i
m
Gö
re
n
Öğ
re
n
c
il
e
rin
Y
e
re
l
Ağ
ı
z
Öz
e
ll
ikle
rin
in
T
ü
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ir:
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1
.
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0
]
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iz
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1
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,
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a
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2
]
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v
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,
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ö
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AS
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l.
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7
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p
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0
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2
0
1
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.
[1
3
]
Erd
e
m
.
İ.
,
“
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n
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imi E
sn
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sın
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r
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e
Bu
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Dü
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lt
m
e
Yo
ll
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rı
,
”
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o
u
rn
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o
f
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o
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e
s
,
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o
l.
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,
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o
.
11
,
p
p
.
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5
-
452
,
2
0
1
3
.
[1
4
]
Ak
k
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,
“
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id
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t
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p
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ms
,
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u
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a
Ke
ma
l
U
n
ive
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o
u
rn
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o
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e
s In
sti
tu
te
,
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l.
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,
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o
.
20
,
p
p
.
4
0
5
-
4
2
0
,
2
0
1
2
.
[1
5
]
Öz
b
a
y
.
M.
,
Ba
ğ
c
ı
.
H.
,
ve
Uy
a
r
.
Y.
,
“
Tü
rk
ç
e
Öğ
re
tme
n
i
A
d
a
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ları
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ın
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k
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m
a
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a
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n
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li
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u
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ğ
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lere
G
ö
re
D
e
ğ
e
rlen
d
iri
lme
si
,
”
İn
ö
n
ü
Ün
ive
rs
it
e
si
Eğ
it
im
Fa
k
ü
lt
e
si
De
rg
isi
,
v
o
l.
9
,
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o
.
15
,
p
p
.
1
1
7
-
136
.
2
0
0
8
.
[1
6
]
Ka
ra
sa
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.
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.,
Bi
li
ms
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l
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ştırma
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ö
n
tem
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,
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n
k
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ra
:
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l
Ak
a
d
e
m
i
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ın
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ık
,
2
0
1
4
.
[1
7
]
P
e
h
li
v
a
n
.
A.
,
“
Öğ
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tme
n
Ad
a
y
l
a
rın
ın
An
a
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A
ğ
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e
li
k
T
u
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u
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n
in
G
e
ç
e
rli
k
v
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G
ü
v
e
n
irl
i
k
Ça
lı
şm
a
sı
,
”
Bilig
,
v
o
l.
63
,
p
p
.
1
3
5
,
2
0
1
2
.
[1
8
]
Aly
ıl
m
a
z
.
S
.
a
n
d
Aly
ıl
m
a
z
.
C.
,
“
Th
e
imp
o
rtan
c
e
o
f
d
iale
c
to
lo
g
y
s
tu
d
ies
in
re
g
a
rd
s
t
o
Tu
r
k
ish
tea
c
h
in
g
.
”
.
T
u
rk
ish
W
o
rld
J
o
u
r
n
a
l
Of
L
a
n
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u
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g
e
A
n
d
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it
e
ra
tu
re
,
v
o
l
.
4
5
,
p
p
.
7
-
38
,
2
0
1
8
.
[1
9
]
De
m
irel
.
Ö.
,
İlkö
ğ
re
ti
m Ok
u
ll
a
rın
d
a
T
ü
rk
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Öğ
re
ti
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,
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u
l:
M
il
lî
Eğ
i
ti
m
Ba
k
a
n
l
ı
ğ
ı
Ya
y
ı
n
ları
,
1
9
9
9
.
[2
0
]
İşc
a
n
.
A.
&
ve
Ka
ra
g
ö
z
.
B.
,
“
Tü
rk
ç
e
Öğ
re
tme
n
i
Ad
a
y
ların
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n
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n
u
şm
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Ka
y
g
ıl
a
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n
c
e
len
m
e
si
(G
a
z
io
sm
a
n
p
a
şa
Ün
iv
e
rsites
i
ö
r
n
e
ğ
i)
,
”
J
o
u
rn
a
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f
Kirs
e
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ir E
d
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ti
o
n
F
a
c
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lt
y
,
v
o
l.
17
,
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o
.
3
,
p
p
.
1
9
3
-
2
0
6
,
2
0
1
6
.
[2
1
]
Ürü
n
Ka
ra
h
a
n
.
B.
,
“
Tü
r
k
ç
e
Öğ
re
tme
n
i
Ad
a
y
ların
ı
n
Ya
z
m
a
K
a
y
g
ı
ları
i
le
Y
a
z
m
a
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a
n
lı
k
ları
Ara
sın
d
a
k
i
İ
li
ş
k
i
,
”
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
th
e
H
u
ma
n
&
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o
c
ia
l
S
c
ien
c
e
Res
e
a
rc
h
e
s
,
v
o
l.
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o
.
5
,
p
p
.
3
0
6
5
-
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0
7
5
,
2
0
1
7
.
[2
2
]
Yia
k
o
u
m
e
tt
i
.
A.
,
“
Ch
o
ice
o
f
c
las
sro
o
m
lan
g
u
a
g
e
in
Bid
iale
c
tal
c
o
m
m
u
n
it
ies
:
To
i
n
c
lu
d
e
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r
t
o
e
x
c
lu
d
e
th
e
d
iale
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t
?
,
”
Ca
mb
rid
g
e
J
o
u
r
n
a
l
o
f
Ed
u
c
a
ti
o
n
,
v
o
l
.
3
7
,
n
o
.
1
,
p
p
.
5
1
-
66
,
2
0
0
7
.
[2
3
]
Re
in
e
c
ke
.
J.
E.
,
L
a
n
g
u
a
g
e
a
n
d
di
a
lec
t
in
Ha
w
a
ii
.
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so
c
io
li
n
g
u
isti
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h
isto
r
y
to
1
9
3
5
,
Ha
n
o
l
u
l
u
:
Un
iv
e
rsity
o
f
Ha
wa
ii
.
1
9
6
9
.
[2
4
]
F
ish
m
a
,
J.
A.
“
S
tan
d
a
rd
”
Ve
rsu
s
“
Dia
lec
t”
in
Bil
in
g
u
a
l
e
d
u
c
a
t
i
o
n
:
An
o
l
d
p
r
o
b
lem
in
a
n
e
w
c
o
n
te
x
t
,
”
T
h
e
M
o
d
e
r
n
L
a
n
g
u
a
g
e
J
o
u
rn
a
l
,
v
o
l.
61
,
n
p
.
7
,
p
p
.
3
1
5
-
325
,
1
9
7
7
.
[2
5
]
Ad
g
e
r
.
C.
,
Wo
lfram
.
W.
,
De
twy
ler
.
J.
&
Ha
rry
.
B.
,
“
Co
n
fro
n
ti
n
g
d
iale
c
t
m
in
o
rit
y
issu
e
s
i
n
sp
e
c
ial
e
d
u
c
a
ti
o
n
:
R
e
a
c
ti
v
e
a
n
d
p
r
o
a
c
ti
v
e
p
e
rsp
e
c
ti
v
e
s
”
,
[On
li
n
e
]
Av
a
il
a
b
le:
h
t
tp
s://
f
il
e
s.e
ric.ed
.
g
o
v
/fu
l
lt
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t/
ED
3
5
6
6
7
3
.
p
d
f
,
1
9
9
3
.
[2
6
]
P
a
v
lo
u
.
P
.
&
P
a
p
a
p
a
v
l
o
u
.
A.
,
“
Iss
u
e
s
o
f
d
iale
c
t
u
se
i
n
e
d
u
c
a
ti
o
n
fro
m
th
e
G
re
e
k
Cy
p
rio
t
p
e
rsp
e
c
ti
v
e
.
”
In
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
A
p
p
li
e
d
L
i
n
g
u
isti
c
s
,
v
o
l.
14
,
n
o
.
2
,
p
p
.
2
4
3
-
2
5
8
,
2
0
0
4
.
[2
7
]
S
ieg
e
l
.
J.
,
“
Cre
o
les
a
n
d
M
in
o
rit
y
d
iale
c
ts
in
e
d
u
c
a
ti
o
n
:
A
n
u
p
d
a
te
,
”
L
a
n
g
u
a
g
e
a
n
d
E
d
u
c
a
ti
o
n
,
v
o
l.
21
,
n
o
.
1
,
p
p
.
6
6
-
86
,
2
0
0
7
.
[2
8
]
F
a
rr
.
M.
,
S
e
lo
n
i
.
L.
&
S
o
n
g
.
J.
,
e
t
a
l
,
Et
h
n
o
li
n
g
u
isti
c
d
ive
rs
it
y
a
n
d
e
d
u
c
a
ti
o
n
:
L
a
n
g
u
a
g
e
.
li
ter
a
c
y
a
n
d
c
u
lt
u
re
.
Ro
u
tl
e
d
g
e
.
2
0
0
9
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
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99
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9
]
Bry
n
e
s
.
D.
a
n
d
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a
ry
K.
,
“
Lan
g
u
a
g
e
a
tt
it
u
d
e
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o
f
tea
c
h
e
rs
sc
a
le
,
”
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u
c
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n
d
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h
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ica
l
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e
a
su
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me
n
t
,
v
o
l.
54
,
n
o
.
1
,
p
p
.
22
7
-
2
3
1
,
1
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9
4
.
[3
0
]
Las
a
g
a
b
a
ste
r
.
D.
a
n
d
An
g
e
l
H.
,
M
u
lt
il
in
g
u
a
li
sm
i
n
Eu
r
o
p
e
a
n
B
il
in
g
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l
C
o
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tex
t:
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a
n
g
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a
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e
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n
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t
it
u
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e
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,
Clev
e
d
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:
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u
lt
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in
g
u
a
l
M
a
t
ters
,
2
0
0
6
.
[3
1
]
Cro
ss
.
J
.
B.
,
De
Va
n
e
y
.
T.
&
Jo
n
e
s
.
G.
,
“
P
re
-
se
rv
ice
tea
c
h
e
r
a
tt
it
u
d
e
s
to
wa
rd
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g
d
ia
lec
ts
,
”
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in
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u
isti
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n
d
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u
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a
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v
o
l
.
12
,
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.
2
,
pp
.
2
1
1
-
2
2
7
,
2
0
0
1
.
[3
2
]
De
m
irci
.
M.
,
“
G
e
n
d
e
r
d
iffere
n
c
e
s
in
t
h
e
p
e
rc
e
p
ti
o
n
o
f
T
u
r
k
i
sh
re
g
i
o
n
a
l
d
iale
c
ts
,
”
H
a
n
b
o
o
k
o
f
Per
c
e
p
tu
a
l
Dia
lec
to
lo
g
y
2
,
E
d
s.
Da
n
iel
L
o
n
g
a
n
d
R.
De
n
n
is
P
ri
sto
n
,
Am
ste
rd
a
m
:
Jo
h
n
Be
n
jam
in
s
,
p
p
.
4
1
-
50
,
2
0
0
2
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.