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S
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it
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su
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s f
o
r
f
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ies
a
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K
ey
w
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s
:
Hap
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Ma
tter
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Op
tim
is
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Per
ce
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u
p
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T
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ss
a
rticle
u
n
d
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r th
e
CC B
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-
SA
li
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se
.
C
o
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s
p
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A
uth
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r
:
Ku
s
u
s
an
to
Ditto
Prih
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i
Dep
ar
tm
en
t o
f
Ps
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ch
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lo
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HE
L
P Un
iv
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s
ity
Per
s
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an
C
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awa
la,
Sectio
n
U4
,
Sh
ah
Alam
,
Ma
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s
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E
m
ail: p
r
ih
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i.k
@
h
elp
.
e
d
u
.
m
y
1.
I
NT
RO
D
UCT
I
O
N
Ma
tter
in
g
r
ef
er
s
to
th
e
s
en
s
e
o
f
b
ein
g
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
an
d
im
p
o
r
tan
t
to
o
th
er
p
eo
p
le
[
1
]
,
[
2
]
.
I
n
g
en
er
al
co
n
tex
t,
it
h
o
ld
s
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
r
o
les
in
s
o
cial
in
ter
ac
tio
n
s
;
f
o
r
in
s
tan
ce
,
in
d
iv
id
u
als
with
h
ig
h
e
r
lev
els
o
f
m
atter
in
g
wo
u
ld
lik
ely
to
d
e
v
elo
p
a
b
etter
s
tate
s
elf
-
esteem
,
an
d
h
en
ce
b
etter
s
atis
f
ac
tio
n
in
life
am
o
n
g
s
o
cial
m
ed
ia
u
s
er
s
[
3
]
,
a
n
d
i
n
th
e
co
n
tex
t
o
f
u
n
iv
e
r
s
ity
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
,
m
atter
in
g
was
r
e
p
o
r
te
d
to
b
e
a
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
p
r
o
tectiv
e
f
ac
to
r
to
war
d
s
d
e
p
r
ess
io
n
s
y
m
p
to
m
s
an
d
s
u
icid
e
id
ea
tio
n
[
4
]
.
I
n
g
en
e
r
al,
m
atte
r
in
g
is
r
ep
o
r
ted
to
b
e
a
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
p
r
e
d
icto
r
o
f
p
s
y
ch
o
lo
g
ical
well
-
b
ein
g
am
o
n
g
u
n
iv
er
s
ity
s
tu
d
en
ts
[
5
]
.
T
o
b
e
m
o
r
e
s
p
ec
if
ic,
th
e
s
ig
n
if
ican
ce
o
f
m
atter
in
g
lies
o
n
its
p
r
ed
ictiv
e
r
o
le
o
n
th
e
u
n
iv
er
s
ity
s
tu
d
en
ts
’
h
ap
p
in
ess
[
6
]
-
[
8
]
b
ec
au
s
e
wh
en
o
n
e
b
eliev
es
th
at
th
e
y
m
atter
to
o
th
er
s
a
r
o
u
n
d
th
em
,
th
ey
will
s
u
b
jectiv
ely
f
ee
l
t
h
at
th
ey
ar
e
d
o
i
n
g
well.
W
e
co
n
d
u
cte
d
th
is
s
tu
d
y
to
r
ec
o
n
f
ir
m
wh
et
h
er
d
u
r
in
g
th
e
‘
n
e
w
n
o
r
m
al’
(
p
o
s
t
-
q
u
ar
a
n
tin
e
s
itu
atio
n
am
id
s
t
th
e
p
an
d
em
ic)
,
h
ap
p
i
n
ess
am
o
n
g
u
n
iv
er
s
ity
s
tu
d
en
ts
is
st
ill
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
p
r
ed
icted
b
y
th
eir
s
e
n
s
e
th
at
th
ey
m
atter
to
o
th
er
s
,
k
n
o
win
g
th
at
th
eir
s
o
cial
in
ter
ac
tio
n
h
as
b
ee
n
ch
an
g
ed
b
y
th
e
n
atu
r
e
o
f
t
h
e
q
u
ar
an
tin
e
an
d
s
o
cia
l
d
is
tan
cin
g
[
9
]
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
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&
R
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I
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N:
2252
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8
8
2
2
Ha
p
p
in
ess
o
f u
n
ivers
ity
s
tu
d
en
ts
in
n
ew
n
o
r
ma
l Ma
la
ysia
:
Th
e
r
o
le
o
f m
a
tter
in
g
,
o
p
timis
m
… (
ZeWa
i F
o
o
)
449
Du
r
in
g
th
e
m
o
v
em
en
t
c
o
n
tr
o
l
o
r
d
e
r
(
MCO)
a
m
id
s
t
th
e
p
a
n
d
em
ic
b
etwe
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Ma
r
ch
an
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J
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2
0
2
0
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an
d
Octo
b
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r
,
2
0
2
0
,
m
o
s
t
r
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en
ts
o
f
Ma
lay
s
ia
wer
e
q
u
ar
an
tin
ed
s
itu
atio
n
an
d
m
o
s
t
o
f
th
e
ac
tiv
ities
wer
e
co
n
d
u
cte
d
o
n
lin
e.
I
n
s
u
ch
s
itu
atio
n
,
s
o
cial
in
ter
ac
tio
n
am
o
n
g
u
n
i
v
er
s
ity
s
tu
d
en
ts
was
alter
ed
.
First,
t
h
e
s
ize
o
f
th
e
p
h
y
s
ical
s
o
cial
en
v
i
r
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was
ch
an
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th
o
s
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wh
o
u
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to
liv
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clo
s
ely
with
m
an
y
o
th
er
s
in
co
m
m
o
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l
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r
en
ted
ap
ar
tm
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ts
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to
m
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to
t
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h
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m
es,
wh
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o
th
e
r
in
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id
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a
ls
m
ig
h
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h
av
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les
s
co
m
m
o
n
in
ter
ests
with
th
em
;
a
s
tu
d
y
b
ef
o
r
e
p
a
n
d
em
ic
s
u
g
g
ested
th
at
u
n
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s
ity
s
tak
eh
o
l
d
er
s
wh
o
r
esid
ed
in
a
m
o
r
e
c
r
o
wd
ed
liv
in
g
s
p
ac
e
t
en
d
to
d
ev
elo
p
lo
wer
le
v
els
o
f
m
atter
in
g
[
1
0
]
.
As
th
e
d
e
v
elo
p
m
en
t
o
f
m
atter
in
g
is
b
ased
o
n
o
u
r
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
with
th
o
s
e
wh
o
s
u
r
r
o
u
n
d
u
s
,
ch
an
g
es
in
th
eir
n
u
m
b
e
r
s
an
d
n
a
tu
r
e
o
f
r
elatio
n
s
h
i
p
m
ig
h
t a
ls
o
alter
th
e
m
atter
in
g
lev
els.
Seco
n
d
,
th
e
y
b
ec
am
e
m
o
r
e
i
n
clin
ed
to
war
d
s
d
ig
ital
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
[
1
1
]
as
s
o
cial
in
ter
ac
t
io
n
s
,
s
u
ch
as
class
e
s
,
co
n
s
u
ltatio
n
s
,
m
ee
tin
g
s
an
d
ev
e
n
ts
wer
e
h
eld
th
r
o
u
g
h
o
n
lin
e
m
ed
iu
m
.
I
n
a
n
y
f
o
r
m
,
h
ig
h
e
r
r
elian
ce
to
war
d
s
d
ig
ital
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
m
ig
h
t
h
av
e
d
i
f
f
er
en
t
s
o
cial
im
p
ac
ts
as
d
ig
ital
in
ter
ac
tio
n
s
wer
e
alm
o
s
t
alwa
y
s
p
r
em
ed
iated
o
r
ex
p
ec
ted
b
ef
o
r
e
it
to
o
k
p
lace
[
1
2
]
,
[
1
3
]
.
I
n
o
t
h
er
wo
r
d
s
,
d
ig
ital
s
o
cial
in
t
er
ac
tio
n
r
ed
u
ce
s
th
e
p
o
s
s
ib
ilit
ies
o
f
r
ec
eiv
in
g
s
p
o
n
tan
eo
u
s
s
o
cial
f
ee
d
b
ac
k
f
r
o
m
ac
cid
en
tal
o
r
u
n
p
lan
n
e
d
e
n
co
u
n
ter
with
o
th
e
r
p
eo
p
le.
M
o
r
eo
v
e
r
,
m
o
s
t
m
em
b
er
s
o
f
th
e
s
o
ciety
ten
d
to
p
u
t
s
o
cially
ac
ce
p
ted
p
r
o
f
ile
in
th
eir
s
o
cial
m
ed
ia
ac
co
u
n
t
o
r
a
n
y
d
ig
ital
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
p
latf
o
r
m
,
th
e
s
o
cial
f
ee
d
b
ac
k
th
e
y
r
ec
eiv
e
d
ten
d
to
b
e
m
o
r
e
p
o
s
itiv
e
th
an
wh
en
t
h
e
en
co
u
n
ter
o
cc
u
r
r
ed
n
o
n
-
d
ig
itally
[
1
4
]
.
Sy
m
b
o
lic
I
n
ter
ac
tio
n
th
e
o
r
y
[
1
5
]
ex
p
lain
e
d
th
at
p
o
s
itiv
e
s
o
cial
f
ee
d
b
ac
k
ten
d
s
to
lead
u
s
to
ev
alu
ate
o
u
r
s
elv
es
m
o
r
e
p
o
s
itiv
ely
a
n
d
in
cr
ea
s
e
th
e
f
ee
lin
g
th
at
w
e
m
atter
to
o
th
er
s
wh
o
p
r
o
v
id
ed
u
s
with
th
ei
r
f
ee
d
b
ac
k
s
.
I
n
lin
e
with
th
at,
elem
en
ts
o
f
m
atter
in
g
ar
e
d
ev
elo
p
e
d
b
ased
o
n
s
o
cial
f
ee
d
b
ac
k
,
s
u
ch
as
ac
k
n
o
wled
g
m
en
t
o
f
b
ein
g
p
r
e
s
en
t
an
d
r
eliab
le
[
2
]
as
well
a
s
b
ein
g
u
n
iq
u
e
an
d
ir
r
ep
lace
a
b
le
[
1
]
.
R
elate
d
to
th
at,
in
o
r
d
er
to
r
ec
o
n
f
ir
m
t
h
e
r
o
b
u
s
tn
ess
o
f
m
atter
in
g
in
p
r
ed
ictin
g
h
ap
p
in
ess
am
o
n
g
u
n
i
v
er
s
ity
s
tu
d
en
ts
in
th
e
n
ew
n
o
r
m
al,
we
wo
u
ld
l
ik
e
to
in
v
o
lv
e
two
m
ed
iato
r
v
ar
iab
les,
n
am
ely
p
er
ce
i
v
ed
s
o
cial
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
an
d
o
p
tim
is
m
.
Per
ce
iv
ed
s
o
cial
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
(
PS
S)
was
ch
o
s
en
as
m
ed
iato
r
f
o
r
two
r
ea
s
o
n
s
,
f
ir
s
t
b
ec
au
s
e
it
is
a
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
p
r
e
d
icto
r
o
f
h
ap
p
in
ess
[
1
6
]
-
[
1
8
]
,
an
d
s
ec
o
n
d
,
it
is
p
o
s
itiv
ely
r
elate
d
to
th
e
s
en
s
e
o
f
m
atter
in
g
[
1
9
]
.
I
n
o
th
er
w
o
r
d
s
,
wh
en
o
n
e
b
e
liev
es
th
at
t
h
ey
m
atter
to
o
th
er
s
,
th
ey
wo
u
ld
lik
ely
to
p
er
ce
iv
e
th
at
th
ey
ar
e
s
o
cially
s
u
p
p
o
r
ted
,
an
d
ev
en
t
u
ally
th
is
will
lead
th
em
to
a
g
r
ea
ter
h
ap
p
in
ess
.
Op
tim
is
m
is
ch
o
s
en
th
r
o
u
g
h
s
im
ilar
ju
s
tific
atio
n
;
it
p
r
e
d
icts
h
ap
p
in
ess
[
2
0
]
,
an
d
p
r
ed
ict
ed
b
y
m
atter
in
g
[
2
1
]
.
T
h
er
eb
y
,
we
h
y
p
o
th
esized
th
at
th
er
e
p
er
ce
i
v
ed
s
o
cial
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
an
d
o
p
tim
is
m
will
f
u
lly
m
e
d
iate
th
e
co
n
tr
ib
u
ti
o
n
o
f
m
atter
in
g
o
n
h
ap
p
in
ess
am
o
n
g
u
n
i
v
er
s
ity
s
tu
d
en
ts
,
o
r
in
o
th
er
wo
r
d
s
,
wh
en
s
tu
d
en
ts
b
eliev
e
th
at
t
h
ey
m
atter
to
o
th
er
p
eo
p
le
ar
o
u
n
d
t
h
em
,
th
ey
w
o
u
ld
lik
ely
to
d
e
v
elo
p
h
i
g
h
er
o
p
tim
is
m
,
an
d
b
elief
th
at
th
ey
ar
e
s
u
p
p
o
r
te
d
b
y
th
e
s
o
ciety
,
an
d
in
tu
r
n
,
th
ese
two
f
ee
lin
g
will
lead
th
em
t
o
d
ev
e
lo
p
h
i
g
h
er
s
en
s
e
o
f
h
a
p
p
in
ess
o
r
s
u
b
jectiv
e
well
-
b
ei
ng
.
Pre
v
io
u
s
s
tu
d
ies
in
d
icate
d
th
at
th
e
s
en
s
e
th
at
o
n
e
m
atter
s
to
o
th
er
s
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
p
r
e
d
ict
h
a
p
p
in
ess
o
r
SW
B
[
6
]
an
d
it
is
co
n
s
id
er
ed
as
an
im
p
o
r
tan
t
ev
al
u
ativ
e
g
u
i
d
an
ce
to
co
m
p
ar
e
o
n
e’
s
s
o
cial
p
o
s
itio
n
s
to
o
th
er
s
[
1
]
.
A
s
tu
d
y
a
m
o
n
g
co
lleg
e
s
tu
d
en
ts
in
th
e
Un
ited
States
r
ep
o
r
ted
th
at
m
atter
i
n
g
ex
p
lain
s
th
e
r
o
b
u
s
tn
ess
o
f
f
r
ien
d
s
’
s
o
cial
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
i
n
p
r
ed
ictin
g
h
a
p
p
in
ess
[
2
2
]
,
in
o
th
er
wo
r
d
s
,
th
ey
r
ep
o
r
te
d
th
at
s
tu
d
en
ts
wh
o
p
er
ce
iv
ed
th
at
th
ey
r
ec
eiv
ed
m
o
r
e
s
o
cial
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
f
r
o
m
th
eir
f
r
ien
d
s
ten
d
to
b
eliev
e
th
at
th
ey
m
atter
m
o
r
e
a
n
d
t
h
u
s
b
eliev
e
th
at
th
ey
a
r
e
h
ap
p
y
.
I
n
lin
e
with
th
at,
an
o
th
er
s
tu
d
y
am
o
n
g
T
u
r
k
is
h
co
lleg
e
s
tu
d
en
ts
in
d
icate
d
th
at
m
atter
in
g
p
r
e
d
icted
th
eir
h
a
p
p
in
ess
,
m
ed
iated
b
y
f
r
ien
d
s
h
i
p
q
u
ality
[
2
3
]
.
A
n
o
th
er
s
tu
d
y
in
Asi
an
co
n
tex
t
y
ield
ed
th
e
s
am
e
r
esu
lts
,
wh
e
r
e
h
ap
p
in
ess
,
as
a
p
ar
t
o
f
p
s
y
ch
o
lo
g
ical
well
-
b
ei
n
g
am
o
n
g
u
n
iv
er
s
ity
s
tu
d
en
ts
,
was
r
ep
o
r
ted
to
b
e
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
p
r
ed
ic
ted
b
y
th
eir
s
en
s
e
t
h
at
th
ey
m
atter
to
o
th
er
s
an
d
to
th
eir
r
esp
ec
tiv
e
u
n
iv
er
s
ities
.
Nev
er
th
eless
,
d
esp
ite
th
e
r
eg
en
cy
,
t
h
e
two
af
o
r
em
en
tio
n
e
d
s
tu
d
ies
wer
e
c
o
n
d
u
cte
d
b
ef
o
r
e
th
e
g
lo
b
al
p
an
d
em
ic
p
u
s
h
e
d
m
o
s
t
o
f
th
e
co
lleg
e
s
tu
d
en
ts
to
s
tu
d
y
o
n
lin
e;
th
e
r
ef
o
r
e
,
it
ca
n
b
e
ass
u
m
ed
th
at
th
eir
s
en
s
es
o
f
m
atter
in
g
wer
e
n
o
t
r
eso
u
r
ce
d
m
o
s
tly
f
r
o
m
d
ig
ital
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
.
I
t
is
im
p
o
r
tan
t
to
n
o
te
th
at
t
h
er
e
is
an
en
o
r
m
o
u
s
g
ap
in
ter
m
s
o
f
m
in
d
s
et
am
o
n
g
m
o
s
t
p
eo
p
l
e
b
ef
o
r
e
an
d
af
ter
p
a
n
d
em
ic,
esp
ec
ially
f
o
r
th
o
s
e
wh
o
liv
e
in
t
h
e
p
lace
th
at
en
f
o
r
ce
d
q
u
a
r
an
tin
e
p
o
licy
[
9
]
.
Ou
r
r
ev
iew
o
n
th
e
p
r
e
v
io
u
s
s
tu
d
ies
in
d
icate
d
th
at
th
e
n
ew
n
o
r
m
al
m
ig
h
t
alter
i
n
d
iv
id
u
als’
m
atter
in
g
b
ec
au
s
e
o
f
s
ev
er
al
r
ea
s
o
n
s
: f
ir
s
t,
th
er
e
was a
s
ig
n
if
ican
t c
h
an
g
e
in
th
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
p
e
o
p
le
liv
in
g
ar
o
u
n
d
t
h
em
; a
s
tu
d
y
am
o
n
g
T
ex
an
u
n
iv
er
s
ities
with
lar
g
e
s
tak
eh
o
ld
er
s
h
as
estab
lis
h
ed
th
at
th
e
s
ize
o
f
th
e
im
m
ed
iate
s
o
cial
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
t
was
n
e
g
ativ
ely
r
elate
d
to
t
h
eir
m
atter
in
g
,
w
h
ich
m
ea
n
s
t
h
at
th
e
lar
g
er
t
h
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
th
eir
im
m
ed
iate
s
o
cial
s
ize,
th
e
lo
w
er
th
ey
wo
u
ld
s
en
s
e
th
at
th
ey
m
atter
[
1
0
]
.
I
t
was
ex
p
lain
ed
b
ec
au
s
e
o
n
e
o
f
th
e
f
u
n
ctio
n
s
o
f
m
atter
in
g
,
m
is
s
ed
wh
en
ab
s
en
t
[
1
]
,
m
ig
h
t
n
o
t
b
e
em
p
h
asized
i
n
lar
g
e
r
s
o
ciety
,
s
am
e
as
th
e
u
n
iq
u
e
n
ess
an
d
im
p
o
r
tan
ce
.
S
ec
o
n
d
,
th
e
p
an
d
em
ic
p
u
t
m
an
y
u
n
iv
e
r
s
ity
s
tu
d
en
ts
,
wh
o
ar
e
m
o
s
tly
in
th
e
lo
w
-
r
is
k
ca
teg
o
r
y
o
f
C
OVI
D
,
in
to
b
eliev
in
g
th
at
th
ey
m
atter
ed
m
o
r
e
to
th
eir
s
ig
n
if
ican
t o
th
er
s
wh
o
n
ee
d
th
eir
ca
r
e
an
d
atten
tio
n
,
esp
ec
ially
th
o
s
e
with
h
ig
h
er
C
OVI
D
r
is
k
[
9
]
.
L
astl
y
,
in
d
iv
id
u
als
wer
e
m
o
r
e
co
n
n
ec
ted
to
s
o
cial
m
ed
ia,
wh
er
e
th
e
y
r
ec
ei
v
ed
m
o
r
e
d
esira
b
le
s
o
cial
f
ee
d
b
ac
k
d
u
e
to
th
eir
ten
d
e
n
cy
t
o
f
r
a
m
e
th
em
s
elv
es
in
a
m
an
n
er
th
at
attr
ac
ts
s
u
ch
s
o
c
ial
f
ee
d
b
ac
k
[
1
1
]
,
an
d
ev
en
t
u
ally
,
m
atter
in
g
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
p
r
ed
icted
h
ap
p
in
ess
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
-
8
8
2
2
I
n
t
J
E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
,
Vo
l
.
10
,
No
.
2
,
J
u
n
e
2
0
2
1
:
4
4
8
-
4
5
4
450
th
r
o
u
g
h
s
tate
s
elf
-
esteem
am
o
n
g
s
o
cial
m
ed
ia
u
s
er
s
[
3
]
.
T
h
e
af
o
r
em
e
n
tio
n
ed
s
tu
d
ies
in
d
icate
d
th
at
m
atter
in
g
p
lay
s
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
r
o
le
in
p
r
e
d
ictin
g
h
ap
p
in
ess
,
eith
er
d
ir
ec
tly
o
r
in
d
ir
e
ctly
;
th
er
ef
o
r
e
,
an
y
alter
atio
n
o
f
m
atter
in
g
d
u
r
i
n
g
th
e
p
an
d
em
i
c
m
ig
h
t
also
alter
th
e
h
ap
p
in
ess
it
s
elf
.
Fu
r
th
er
m
o
r
e,
th
e
in
v
o
lv
em
en
t
o
f
o
th
er
v
ar
iab
les
th
at
wer
e
lik
ely
to
b
e
alter
ed
b
y
th
e
p
an
d
em
ic,
s
u
ch
as
o
p
tim
is
m
a
n
d
PS
S
m
ig
h
t
ch
an
g
e
th
e
way
m
atter
in
g
p
r
e
d
icts
h
ap
p
in
ess
.
Op
tim
is
m
r
ef
er
s
to
th
e
ten
d
en
cy
to
th
in
k
o
f
th
eir
f
u
tu
r
e
i
n
a
p
o
s
itiv
e
m
an
n
er
a
n
d
ex
p
ec
t
th
at
life
will
b
e
g
en
e
r
ally
f
av
o
r
ab
le
[
1
8
]
.
I
t
is
a
co
g
n
itiv
e
c
o
n
s
tr
u
ct,
th
e
r
ef
o
r
e
it
ca
m
e
t
h
r
o
u
g
h
a
th
o
u
g
h
t p
r
o
ce
s
s
,
in
s
tead
o
f
af
f
ec
tiv
e
o
r
em
o
tio
n
al
[
2
4
]
,
th
er
ef
o
r
e
in
d
i
v
id
u
als
with
h
ig
h
o
p
tim
is
m
ten
d
to
s
ee
th
e
lo
g
ic
th
at
t
h
e
ac
h
iev
em
en
t
o
f
a
f
av
o
r
ab
le
f
u
tu
r
e
clo
s
ely
r
elate
d
to
t
h
eir
p
r
esen
t
ef
f
o
r
t,
wh
ile
in
d
iv
id
u
als
with
lo
w
o
p
tim
is
m
ten
d
to
av
o
id
p
ay
in
g
ef
f
o
r
t
b
ec
au
s
e
th
e
p
er
ce
iv
e
d
ass
o
ciatio
n
b
etwe
en
th
ei
r
ef
f
o
r
t
an
d
f
av
o
r
a
b
le
f
u
tu
r
e
is
in
s
ig
n
if
ican
t.
Op
tim
is
m
h
as
b
ee
n
r
ep
o
r
ted
t
o
in
ter
ac
t
wi
th
s
elf
-
ef
f
icac
y
a
p
er
ce
iv
ed
s
o
cial
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
in
p
r
ed
ictin
g
h
ap
p
in
ess
am
o
n
g
th
e
eld
er
ly
[
2
5
]
as
well
as
a
m
o
n
g
ch
ild
r
e
n
r
ef
u
g
ee
s
[
2
6
]
.
Fu
r
th
er
e
m
p
ir
ical
ev
id
en
ce
o
f
th
e
r
o
b
u
s
tn
ess
o
f
o
p
tim
is
m
in
p
r
ed
ictin
g
h
ap
p
i
n
ess
r
ec
en
tly
ca
m
e
f
r
o
m
a
s
tu
d
y
a
m
o
n
g
m
id
d
le
s
ch
o
o
l
s
tu
d
en
ts
in
So
u
th
Ko
r
ea
,
wh
er
e
o
p
tim
is
m
was
r
ep
o
r
ted
to
f
u
lly
m
ed
iated
th
e
a
s
s
o
ciatio
n
b
etwe
en
s
tr
ess
an
d
h
ap
p
in
ess
[
2
7
]
.
W
h
ile
it
is
ev
id
en
t
in
m
an
y
in
s
tan
ce
s
th
at
o
p
tim
is
m
is
a
r
o
b
u
s
t
p
r
ed
icto
r
o
f
h
ap
p
i
n
ess
,
an
d
it
te
n
d
to
b
e
co
n
s
is
ten
t
in
d
if
f
er
en
t
tim
e
s
an
d
s
itu
atio
n
s
[
2
8
]
,
th
e
w
o
r
k
o
f
E
liza
b
eth
an
d
C
h
an
g
in
2
0
1
9
s
u
g
g
ested
th
at
o
p
tim
is
m
is
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
p
r
ed
icted
b
y
th
e
s
en
s
e
o
f
m
atter
in
g
[
2
1
]
;
th
ey
r
ep
o
r
te
d
th
at
o
p
ti
m
is
m
was
p
r
ed
icted
b
y
th
e
in
ter
ac
ti
o
n
o
f
m
atter
i
n
g
an
d
p
r
esen
ce
o
f
m
ea
n
in
g
o
f
life
f
o
r
Asi
an
Am
er
ican
s
tu
d
en
ts
an
d
with
s
ea
r
ch
in
g
f
o
r
m
ea
n
in
g
o
f
lif
e
f
o
r
E
u
r
o
p
ea
n
Am
er
ican
s
t
u
d
en
ts
.
I
n
s
u
m
,
o
p
tim
is
m
w
as
r
ep
o
r
ted
to
b
e
a
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
p
r
ed
ict
o
r
o
f
h
a
p
p
in
ess
,
an
d
s
o
m
e
o
th
er
s
tu
d
ies
r
ep
o
r
ted
th
at
m
atter
i
n
g
p
lay
ed
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
p
r
ed
ictiv
e
r
o
le
to
o
p
tim
is
m
,
wh
ich
led
u
s
to
h
y
p
o
th
esize
th
at
o
p
tim
is
m
m
ig
h
t
f
u
lly
ex
p
lain
(
m
ed
iate)
th
e
ass
o
ciatio
n
b
etwe
en
m
atter
in
g
an
d
h
a
p
p
in
ess
.
T
esti
n
g
th
e
af
o
r
em
en
tio
n
ed
h
y
p
o
t
h
esis
is
im
p
o
r
tan
t,
b
ec
au
s
e
am
id
s
t
th
e
p
an
d
em
ic,
in
d
iv
id
u
als
wh
o
ar
e
n
o
t
im
m
ed
iatel
y
r
elate
d
to
m
e
d
ical
p
r
o
f
ess
io
n
o
r
p
o
licy
m
a
k
er
m
ig
h
t
p
e
r
ce
iv
e
th
at
th
eir
f
u
tu
r
e
is
less
p
r
ed
ictab
le,
wh
ic
h
m
ea
n
s
th
at
th
ey
m
ig
h
t
d
ev
el
o
p
lo
wer
o
p
tim
is
m
lev
els
[
9
]
.
I
n
th
e
co
n
tex
t
o
f
co
lleg
e
s
tu
d
en
ts
,
a
s
tu
d
y
in
So
u
th
Ko
r
ea
y
ield
ed
a
r
esu
lt
th
at
wh
en
th
e
s
tu
d
en
ts
p
er
ce
iv
ed
th
at
th
e
y
r
ec
eiv
e
s
u
p
p
o
r
ts
f
r
o
m
th
eir
p
ar
en
ts
an
d
ed
u
ca
to
r
s
th
ey
will
ex
p
er
ie
n
ce
lo
wer
lev
els
o
f
d
ep
r
ess
iv
e
s
y
m
p
to
m
s
an
d
g
r
e
ater
h
ap
p
in
ess
[
2
9
]
.
I
n
a
n
o
th
er
s
tu
d
y
with
th
e
s
am
e
co
n
tex
t,
i
t
was
also
r
ep
o
r
ted
th
at
PS
S
f
u
lly
ex
p
lain
ed
th
e
l
in
k
b
etwe
en
ex
tr
a
v
er
s
io
n
an
d
h
ap
p
in
ess
[
3
0
]
.
T
h
e
af
o
r
em
e
n
tio
n
ed
two
s
tu
d
ies
claim
ed
th
at
wh
e
n
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
p
er
ce
iv
ed
th
at
th
eir
s
o
cial
en
v
i
r
o
n
m
en
t
is
s
u
p
p
o
r
tiv
e,
th
ey
wo
u
ld
f
ee
l
h
ap
p
ier
,
less
d
ep
r
ess
ed
,
an
d
th
e
lin
k
b
etwe
en
th
eir
tr
ait
ex
tr
av
er
s
io
n
an
d
h
ap
p
in
ess
wo
u
ld
b
e
s
tr
o
n
g
er
.
I
t
is
an
in
d
icatio
n
th
at
in
t
h
e
co
n
tex
t
o
f
co
lleg
e
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
,
th
eir
h
a
p
p
in
ess
is
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
p
r
ed
icted
b
y
t
h
e
p
e
r
ce
p
tio
n
th
at
th
ey
ar
e
s
u
p
p
o
r
te
d
b
y
p
eo
p
le
ar
o
u
n
d
th
em
.
So
m
e
s
tu
d
ies
s
h
o
wed
ev
id
e
n
c
e
th
at
m
atter
in
g
is
a
m
o
r
e
r
o
b
u
s
t
p
r
ed
icto
r
o
f
h
ap
p
i
n
ess
th
an
PS
S;
a
s
tu
d
y
am
o
n
g
r
etir
ee
s
d
is
clo
s
ed
th
at
th
e
f
ee
lin
g
th
at
th
eir
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
f
am
ily
m
em
b
er
s
s
u
p
p
o
r
ted
th
em
wi
ll
m
ak
e
th
em
h
a
p
p
y
o
n
ly
w
h
en
th
ey
f
ee
l
th
ey
m
atter
to
th
eir
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
f
am
ily
m
em
b
er
s
[
1
9
]
.
I
n
o
th
er
wo
r
d
s
,
ev
en
th
o
u
g
h
th
ey
f
elt
th
e
s
u
p
p
o
r
t,
if
th
ey
d
id
n
o
t
f
ee
l
th
ey
m
atter
,
th
ey
wo
u
ld
n
o
t
d
ev
e
lo
p
an
y
h
ap
p
in
ess
.
Similar
f
i
n
d
in
g
s
wer
e
r
ep
o
r
te
d
in
th
e
co
n
te
x
t
o
f
wo
r
k
in
g
ad
u
lts
an
d
c
o
lleg
e
s
tu
d
en
ts
[
1
6
]
,
[
1
7
]
,
wh
er
e
b
y
in
d
iv
id
u
als
wo
u
ld
n
o
t
f
ee
l
an
y
h
ap
p
in
ess
d
esp
ite
th
ey
u
n
d
e
r
s
tan
d
th
at
th
ey
ar
e
s
u
p
p
o
r
ted
b
y
th
eir
co
wo
r
k
er
s
o
r
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
s
tak
eh
o
ld
e
r
s
,
u
n
til th
ey
f
ee
l th
at
th
o
s
e
p
eo
p
le
co
n
s
id
er
ed
t
h
at
th
ey
m
atter
[
1
7
]
.
W
h
ile
th
e
af
o
r
em
en
tio
n
ed
s
t
u
d
y
in
d
icate
d
d
if
f
er
e
n
t
d
ir
ec
tio
n
o
f
p
r
e
d
ictiv
e
r
elatio
n
s
h
i
p
b
etwe
en
m
atter
in
g
an
d
PS
S,
in
th
is
cu
r
r
en
t stu
d
y
,
we
p
u
t m
atter
in
g
as
o
u
r
f
o
ca
l p
r
e
d
icto
r
,
wh
ich
will p
r
ed
ict
h
a
p
p
in
ess
th
r
o
u
g
h
PS
S
f
o
r
two
r
ea
s
o
n
s
.
First,
th
e
p
ast
s
tu
d
ies
th
at
we
r
ev
iewe
d
u
s
ed
t
h
e
d
ata
t
h
at
was
r
etr
iev
ed
b
e
f
o
r
e
th
e
p
an
d
em
ic,
w
h
er
eb
y
th
e
s
o
u
r
ce
o
f
m
atter
i
n
g
h
as
b
ee
n
s
tab
le
o
v
er
y
e
ar
s
,
an
d
s
ec
o
n
d
,
t
h
e
p
r
esen
ce
o
f
th
e
p
an
d
em
ic
its
elf
d
r
o
v
e
in
d
i
v
id
u
als
to
d
ev
elo
p
t
h
eir
s
en
s
e
o
f
m
atter
in
g
with
o
u
t
th
e
p
r
esen
c
e
o
f
PS
S
[
9
]
.
T
h
u
s
,
o
u
r
n
ex
t
h
y
p
o
th
esis
was
d
r
a
wn
b
ased
o
n
t
h
e
k
n
o
wled
g
e
th
at
th
e
n
ew
n
o
r
m
al
h
ad
el
ev
ated
th
e
s
en
s
e
o
f
m
atter
in
g
d
u
e
to
th
e
p
e
r
ce
p
ti
o
n
th
at
in
d
iv
id
u
als
b
eliev
ed
th
at
th
ey
m
atter
ed
m
o
r
e
to
th
e
ir
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
o
th
er
s
d
u
r
in
g
p
an
d
em
ic
[
9
]
an
d
th
a
t
th
eir
in
clin
atio
n
to
war
d
s
o
n
lin
e
s
o
cial
in
ter
ac
tio
n
,
wh
ic
h
g
av
e
th
em
m
o
r
e
p
o
s
itiv
e
s
o
cial
f
ee
d
b
ac
k
[
1
4
]
.
W
e
h
y
p
o
th
esized
th
at
m
atter
in
g
will
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
p
r
ed
ict
h
ig
h
er
PS
S,
wh
ich
ev
en
tu
ally
lead
t
o
h
ig
h
er
lev
e
ls
o
f
h
ap
p
in
ess
.
Fig
u
r
e
1
illu
s
tr
ates
th
e
h
y
p
o
th
etica
l
m
o
d
el
to
b
e
test
ed
in
th
is
cu
r
r
en
t stu
d
y
.
I
t
is
im
p
o
r
tan
t
to
n
o
te
th
at
we
d
o
n
o
t
h
y
p
o
th
esize
a
n
y
in
ter
ac
tio
n
o
r
s
tatis
tical
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
b
etwe
en
o
p
tim
is
m
an
d
PS
S
b
ec
au
s
e
o
u
r
liter
atu
r
e
s
u
g
g
ested
th
at
b
o
t
h
o
f
th
em
m
ig
h
t
m
e
d
iate
th
e
a
s
s
o
ciatio
n
b
etwe
en
m
atter
in
g
a
n
d
h
ap
p
i
n
ess
s
ep
ar
ately
.
An
o
t
h
er
im
p
o
r
ta
n
t
n
o
te
is
th
at
th
is
s
tu
d
y
is
q
u
an
tit
ativ
e
co
r
r
elatio
n
al,
th
er
ef
o
r
e
d
esp
ite
we
m
ig
h
t
co
llect
s
o
m
e
ev
id
en
ce
o
f
r
elat
io
n
s
h
ip
;
o
u
r
f
i
n
d
in
g
s
d
o
n
o
t
im
p
ly
an
y
ca
u
s
al
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
b
etwe
en
a
n
y
p
air
o
f
v
ar
ia
b
les.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
8
2
2
Ha
p
p
in
ess
o
f u
n
ivers
ity
s
tu
d
en
ts
in
n
ew
n
o
r
ma
l Ma
la
ysia
:
Th
e
r
o
le
o
f m
a
tter
in
g
,
o
p
timis
m
… (
ZeWa
i F
o
o
)
451
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
Hy
p
o
th
etica
l
m
o
d
el
2.
RE
S
E
ARCH
M
E
T
H
O
D
2
.
1
.
P
a
rt
icipa
nts
We
r
ec
r
u
ited
4
0
0
u
n
i
v
er
s
ity
s
tu
d
en
ts
b
etwe
en
1
8
an
d
3
0
y
ea
r
s
o
f
a
g
e
t
o
p
a
r
ticip
ate
in
t
h
is
cu
r
r
en
t
s
tu
d
y
th
r
o
u
g
h
p
u
r
p
o
s
iv
e
s
am
p
lin
g
.
All
o
f
th
e
p
ar
ticip
an
ts
w
er
e
s
tu
d
y
in
g
f
r
o
m
h
o
m
e
d
u
r
i
n
g
th
e
MCO
an
d
in
th
e
tim
e
wh
er
e
d
ata
was
co
llected
.
A
Go
o
g
le
f
o
r
m
co
n
ta
in
in
g
an
in
f
o
r
m
ed
c
o
n
s
en
t
f
o
r
m
,
d
em
o
g
r
ap
h
i
c
q
u
esti
o
n
n
air
e,
an
d
all
t
h
e
s
ca
l
es
to
g
a
u
g
e
th
e
v
ar
iab
les
was
ac
ce
s
s
ib
le
th
r
o
u
g
h
a
lin
k
t
h
a
t
was
d
is
s
em
in
ated
th
r
o
u
g
h
o
u
r
s
o
cial
m
ed
ia
s
u
ch
as
Face
b
o
o
k
,
I
n
s
tag
r
am
,
L
in
k
ed
I
n
,
W
h
atsAp
p
,
W
eCh
at,
T
eleg
r
am
,
as
well
as
em
ails
.
2
.
2
.
Sca
les
T
h
e
R
ev
is
ed
L
if
e
Or
ien
tatio
n
T
est
(
L
OT
-
R
)
[
3
1
]
was
u
tili
ze
d
to
m
ea
s
u
r
e
th
e
lev
el
o
f
o
p
tim
is
m
am
o
n
g
o
u
r
p
a
r
ticip
an
ts
,
wh
ile
th
eir
lev
els
o
f
h
ap
p
in
ess
wer
e
g
au
g
e
d
b
y
u
tili
zin
g
th
e
s
atis
f
ac
tio
n
with
life
s
ca
le
(
SW
L
S),
[
3
2
]
.
Ma
tter
i
n
g
to
o
t
h
er
s
q
u
esti
o
n
n
air
e
(
MT
OQ)
[
3
3
]
wh
e
r
e
a
h
ig
h
e
r
m
ea
n
to
tal
s
co
r
e
in
d
icate
s
a
g
r
ea
ter
le
v
el
o
f
p
er
ce
iv
ed
m
atter
in
g
was
u
tili
z
ed
to
m
ea
s
u
r
e
th
e
s
en
s
e
o
f
m
atter
in
g
,
an
d
th
e
m
u
ltid
im
en
s
io
n
al
s
ca
le
o
f
p
e
r
ce
iv
ed
s
o
cial
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
(
MSPSS
)
[
3
4
]
wh
e
r
e
a
h
ig
h
er
m
ea
n
s
c
o
r
e
in
d
icate
s
h
ig
h
er
lev
els
o
f
p
er
ce
iv
e
d
s
o
cial
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
was
e
m
p
lo
y
e
d
t
o
m
ea
s
u
r
e
th
e
PS
S.
R
eliab
ilit
y
(
C
r
o
n
b
a
ch
’
s
Alp
h
a)
o
f
ea
c
h
s
ca
le
wer
e
.
7
6
,
.
8
2
,
.
9
3
,
a
n
d
.
7
2
r
esp
ec
tiv
ely
.
3.
RE
SU
L
T
S
AND
D
I
SCU
SS
I
O
N
T
h
e
an
aly
s
es
wer
e
co
n
d
u
cted
b
y
u
tili
zin
g
PR
OC
E
SS
Ma
cr
o
m
o
d
el
4
b
ec
au
s
e
we
o
p
ted
to
co
n
d
u
ct
th
e
an
aly
s
es
with
B
o
o
ts
tr
ap
m
eth
o
d
in
o
r
d
e
r
to
s
ee
th
e
s
ig
n
if
ican
ce
o
f
th
e
m
ed
iatio
n
e
f
f
ec
ts
.
T
h
e
B
o
o
ts
tr
ap
was
co
n
d
u
cted
with
5
,
0
0
0
s
am
p
lin
g
s
at
9
5
%
co
n
f
id
en
ce
in
te
r
v
al.
T
ab
le
1
in
d
icat
es
th
at
m
atter
in
g
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
p
r
ed
ict
b
o
th
m
ed
iato
r
s
.
T
ab
le
1
.
Ma
tter
in
g
as a
s
ig
n
if
i
ca
n
t p
r
ed
icto
r
o
f
t
h
e
m
ed
iato
r
s
R²
β
F
p
d
f
1
d
f
2
O
p
t
i
mi
sm
.
1
3
2
.
3
2
5
9
.
0
7
.
0
0
1
.
0
0
3
9
8
.
0
0
PSS
.
3
1
.
8
1
1
7
9
.
5
1
.
0
0
1
.
0
0
3
9
8
.
0
0
T
ab
le
1
p
r
esen
ts
th
at
m
atter
in
g
is
a
s
tr
o
n
g
er
p
r
ed
icto
r
f
o
r
o
p
tim
is
m
th
an
PS
S,
b
ec
au
s
e
o
n
e
p
o
in
t
o
f
in
cr
em
en
t
i
n
m
atter
in
g
p
r
ed
ic
ts
2
.
3
2
p
o
i
n
ts
o
f
in
cr
ea
s
e
i
n
o
p
tim
is
m
an
d
0
.
8
1
p
o
i
n
ts
in
PS
S.
Ho
wev
er
,
th
e
co
n
tr
ib
u
tio
n
o
f
m
atter
in
g
is
m
o
r
e
p
r
e
v
alen
t
in
PS
S,
b
ec
au
s
e
it
ex
p
lain
ed
3
1
%
o
f
v
a
r
ian
ce
in
PS
S
an
d
o
n
ly
1
3
% o
f
v
a
r
ian
ce
in
o
p
tim
is
m
.
Desp
ite
th
e
d
if
f
er
en
ce
,
it is
s
till
in
d
icate
d
th
at
s
tatis
tically
,
m
atter
in
g
is
a
s
alien
t
p
r
ed
icto
r
o
f
b
o
th
PS
S
an
d
o
p
tim
is
m
.
Fu
r
th
er
m
o
r
e,
T
ab
le
2
in
f
o
r
m
s
th
e
ef
f
ec
t
o
f
ea
c
h
v
a
r
iab
le
o
n
h
ap
p
i
n
ess
wh
en
co
n
tr
o
llin
g
f
o
r
th
e
r
est.
T
ab
le
2
.
Ma
tter
in
g
as a
s
ig
n
if
i
ca
n
t p
r
ed
icto
r
o
f
t
h
e
m
ed
iato
r
s
β
se
t
p
LLC
I
U
LC
I
M
a
t
t
e
r
i
n
g
.
5
2
.
4
1
1
.
2
6
.
2
1
-
.
2
9
1
.
3
3
O
p
t
i
mi
sm
.
5
3
.
0
6
9
.
7
3
.
0
0
0
.
4
3
.
6
4
PSS
1
.
7
3
.
2
8
6
.
2
7
.
0
0
0
1
.
1
9
2
.
2
7
Op
tim
is
m
Ma
tter
in
g
Hap
p
in
ess
Per
ce
iv
ed
So
cial
Su
p
p
o
r
t
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
-
8
8
2
2
I
n
t
J
E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
,
Vo
l
.
10
,
No
.
2
,
J
u
n
e
2
0
2
1
:
4
4
8
-
4
5
4
452
Fro
m
T
ab
le
2
,
we
ca
n
s
ee
th
at
m
atter
in
g
is
n
o
lo
n
g
er
a
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
p
r
e
d
icto
r
o
f
h
a
p
p
in
ess
am
o
n
g
u
n
iv
er
s
ity
s
tu
d
en
ts
d
u
r
i
n
g
th
e
n
ew
n
o
r
m
al
wh
e
n
co
n
t
r
o
llin
g
f
o
r
o
p
tim
is
m
an
d
PS
S.
T
ab
le
3
s
h
o
w
s
h
o
w
m
atter
in
g
p
r
ed
icts
h
ap
p
i
n
ess
th
r
o
u
g
h
o
p
tim
is
m
an
d
PS
S.
I
t
is
im
p
o
r
tan
t
to
n
o
te
t
h
at
we
u
s
ed
PR
OC
E
SS
Ma
cr
o
m
o
d
el
4
(
f
o
r
m
u
ltip
le
m
ed
iatio
n
)
in
s
tead
o
f
m
o
d
el
6
(
f
o
r
s
er
ial
m
ed
iatio
n
)
,
b
ec
au
s
e
o
u
r
liter
atu
r
e
d
i
d
n
o
t
ju
s
tify
a
n
y
p
r
ed
ictiv
e
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
b
etwe
en
PS
S
an
d
o
p
tim
is
m
;
th
er
ef
o
r
e,
in
t
h
e
co
n
tex
t
o
f
th
is
s
tu
d
y
,
t
h
e
m
ed
iatio
n
r
o
les o
f
o
p
tim
is
m
a
n
d
PS
S a
r
e
ass
u
m
ed
to
o
cc
u
r
r
ed
s
im
u
ltan
eo
u
s
ly
y
et
s
ep
a
r
ately
.
T
ab
le
3
.
T
h
e
in
d
ir
ec
t e
f
f
ec
t o
f
m
atter
in
g
o
n
h
ap
p
in
ess
th
r
o
u
g
h
o
p
tim
is
m
an
d
PS
S
β
B
o
o
t
S
E
B
o
o
t
LLC
I
B
o
o
t
U
L
C
I
O
p
t
i
mi
sm
1
.
2
4
.
1
9
.
8
5
1
.
6
2
PSS
1
.
4
0
.
2
8
.
8
8
1
.
9
8
T
ab
le
3
in
d
icate
s
th
at
b
o
th
o
p
tim
is
m
an
d
PS
S
ar
e
th
e
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
m
ed
iato
r
s
o
f
th
e
a
s
s
o
ciatio
n
b
etwe
en
m
atter
in
g
an
d
h
ap
p
i
n
ess
.
T
h
e
g
ap
b
etwe
en
u
p
p
er
an
d
lo
wer
lim
it
o
f
co
n
f
id
en
t
in
ter
v
al
f
o
r
b
o
th
m
ed
iato
r
s
d
id
n
o
t
co
n
tain
ze
r
o
,
wh
ich
in
d
icate
d
th
at
n
o
ef
f
ec
t
am
o
n
g
th
e
5
0
0
0
B
o
o
ts
tr
ap
s
am
p
lin
g
s
s
h
o
ws
in
s
ig
n
if
ican
ce
.
I
n
o
t
h
er
wo
r
d
s
,
o
u
r
f
in
d
in
g
s
lead
u
s
to
co
n
cl
u
d
e
th
at
in
th
e
n
ew
n
o
r
m
al
s
itu
atio
n
in
Ma
lay
s
ia,
s
tu
d
en
ts
’
m
atter
in
g
d
id
n
o
t
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
p
r
e
d
ict
th
eir
h
ap
p
i
n
ess
an
y
lo
n
g
er
,
u
n
less
it
p
r
ed
icted
th
eir
s
en
s
e
o
f
o
p
tim
is
m
an
d
p
e
r
ce
p
tio
n
th
at
t
h
ey
ar
e
s
o
cially
s
u
p
p
o
r
te
d
.
Ou
r
f
in
d
in
g
s
in
d
icate
d
th
at
b
o
th
o
p
tim
is
m
an
d
PS
S f
u
lly
m
ed
iated
th
e
ass
o
ciatio
n
b
etwe
en
m
atter
in
g
an
d
h
ap
p
in
ess
am
o
n
g
u
n
iv
er
s
ity
s
tu
d
en
ts
in
th
e
n
ew
n
o
r
m
al.
I
n
o
th
er
w
o
r
d
s
,
wh
ile
th
e
n
ew
n
o
r
m
al
m
ig
h
t
h
av
e
elev
ate
d
th
e
s
tu
d
en
ts
’
m
atter
in
g
d
u
e
to
th
e
s
m
aller
s
ize
o
f
im
m
ed
iate
o
t
h
er
s
[
1
0
]
,
f
ee
lin
g
to
war
d
s
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
o
th
er
s
with
h
ig
h
er
C
OVI
D
r
i
s
k
s
[
9
]
an
d
h
ig
h
er
r
elian
ce
to
d
ig
ital
co
m
m
u
n
ica
tio
n
th
r
o
u
g
h
s
o
cial
m
ed
ia
[
3
]
,
[
1
1
]
,
[
1
4
]
,
it
will
n
o
t
im
m
ed
iately
elev
ate
th
eir
lik
elih
o
o
d
to
b
e
h
a
p
p
ier
b
e
f
o
r
e
th
e
elev
atio
n
o
f
th
eir
m
atter
in
g
b
r
o
u
g
h
t p
o
s
itiv
e
ch
an
g
es to
th
ei
r
o
p
tim
is
m
an
d
PS
S.
I
t
is
wo
r
th
wh
ile
to
r
ev
iew
th
e
d
if
f
er
e
n
ce
s
o
f
th
e
n
atu
r
es
o
f
o
u
r
s
tu
d
y
a
n
d
th
e
p
r
ev
io
u
s
o
n
es.
I
n
o
u
r
s
tu
d
y
,
th
e
m
o
s
t
s
alien
t
f
ac
to
r
co
u
ld
h
a
v
e
b
ee
n
th
e
n
ew
n
o
r
m
al
an
d
th
e
in
clu
s
io
n
o
f
PS
S
an
d
o
p
tim
is
m
.
Fo
r
in
s
tan
ce
,
f
ew
y
ea
r
s
b
ef
o
r
e
t
h
e
p
an
d
e
m
ic,
Dem
ir
,
et
a
l
.
[
2
3
]
r
e
p
o
r
te
d
th
at
m
atter
in
g
was
th
e
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
m
ed
iato
r
o
f
th
e
ass
o
ciatio
n
b
e
twee
n
f
r
ien
d
s
h
ip
q
u
ality
an
d
h
ap
p
in
ess
,
wh
ich
m
ea
n
s
th
at
th
e
f
r
ien
d
s
h
ip
q
u
ality
s
h
o
u
ld
elev
ate
th
e
m
atter
in
g
f
i
r
s
t
b
ef
o
r
e
ev
en
tu
ally
m
atter
in
g
,
in
cr
ea
s
ed
th
e
l
ev
el
o
f
h
ap
p
i
n
ess
,
an
d
th
er
e
was
n
o
m
ed
iatin
g
v
ar
iab
le
r
ep
o
r
te
d
b
etwe
en
m
atter
in
g
an
d
h
ap
p
in
ess
.
T
h
is
d
if
f
er
en
ce
m
ig
h
t o
cc
u
r
as o
p
tim
is
m
,
as
d
ef
in
ed
as
th
e
ten
d
e
n
cy
to
b
eliev
e
th
at
th
e
f
u
tu
r
e
h
o
ld
s
d
esira
b
le
o
u
tco
m
es
[
1
8
]
,
m
ig
h
t
b
e
ass
u
m
ed
to
b
e
d
is
p
o
s
itio
n
ally
s
tab
le
b
ef
o
r
e
t
h
e
p
an
d
em
ic
an
d
th
e
n
ew
n
o
r
m
al,
h
en
ce
th
e
ex
clu
s
io
n
i
n
th
e
s
tu
d
y
.
Fin
d
in
g
s
o
f
th
is
cu
r
r
en
ts
s
tu
d
y
is
in
lin
e
with
th
e
f
in
d
in
g
s
o
f
Sim
an
d
Prih
ad
i,
wh
o
r
ep
o
r
ted
th
at
m
atter
in
g
lo
s
t
its
s
ig
n
if
ican
ce
in
p
r
ed
i
ctin
g
h
a
p
p
in
ess
wh
en
co
n
tr
o
llin
g
f
o
r
s
tate
s
el
f
-
esteem
[
3
]
.
T
h
e
d
if
f
er
en
ce
was
th
at
wh
ile
th
e
y
p
r
e
f
er
to
ex
p
lai
n
th
e
lin
k
b
etwe
en
m
atter
in
g
a
n
d
h
ap
p
in
ess
with
s
tate
s
elf
-
esteem
,
we
wer
e
m
o
r
e
i
n
ter
ested
to
s
ee
h
o
w
o
p
tim
is
m
an
d
PS
S
ac
co
u
n
ted
f
o
r
th
e
s
am
e
l
in
k
.
I
t
is
s
o
m
eh
o
w
s
u
g
g
ested
f
o
r
f
u
tu
r
e
s
tu
d
y
to
i
n
v
esti
g
ate
th
e
lin
k
b
etwe
en
s
t
ate
s
elf
-
esteem
an
d
o
p
tim
is
m
o
r
PS
S,
b
ec
au
s
e
th
e
th
r
ee
v
a
r
iab
les
wer
e
s
im
ilar
l
y
ab
le
to
e
x
p
lain
th
e
lin
k
b
etwe
en
m
atter
in
g
a
n
d
h
ap
p
in
ess
.
I
t
wo
u
ld
b
e
im
p
er
ativ
e
to
s
ee
wh
ich
o
n
e
a
m
o
n
g
t
h
e
th
r
ee
is
th
e
r
o
b
u
s
t p
r
ed
icto
r
.
4.
CO
NCLU
SI
O
N
T
h
e
s
tu
d
y
co
n
clu
d
ed
th
at
m
at
ter
in
g
is
s
till
a
r
o
b
u
s
t
p
r
ed
icto
r
o
f
h
ap
p
in
ess
an
d
th
at
b
o
th
p
er
ce
iv
ed
s
o
cial
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
an
d
o
p
tim
is
m
o
n
ly
p
ar
tially
m
ed
iated
th
e
ass
o
ciatio
n
.
T
h
e
k
n
o
wled
g
e
th
a
t
we
h
av
e
o
b
tain
ed
f
r
o
m
t
h
is
cu
r
r
e
n
t
s
tu
d
y
s
u
g
g
ested
th
at
k
ee
p
in
g
th
e
s
tab
ilit
y
o
f
PS
S
an
d
o
p
tim
is
m
is
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
to
k
ee
p
u
n
iv
er
s
ity
s
tu
d
en
ts
in
an
a
d
eq
u
ate
h
ap
p
in
ess
lev
el
.
I
n
o
th
er
wo
r
d
s
,
it
is
im
p
o
r
ta
n
t
to
k
ee
p
th
e
s
tu
d
en
t
s
to
f
ee
l
th
at
o
th
er
p
eo
p
le
ar
o
u
n
d
th
em
ar
e
s
u
p
p
o
r
tiv
e
as
well
as
to
k
ee
p
th
em
ab
le
to
s
ee
th
at
th
e
s
itu
atio
n
in
th
e
n
ea
r
f
u
tu
r
e
will
b
e
m
o
r
e
d
esira
b
le
th
an
to
d
ay
.
Am
id
s
t
th
e
n
ew
n
o
r
m
al,
wh
er
e
th
e
s
o
cial
in
ter
a
ctio
n
an
d
r
eso
u
r
ce
s
ar
e
lim
ited
,
it
m
ig
h
t
b
e
e
asier
f
o
r
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
s
tak
eh
o
ld
er
s
to
p
ay
m
o
r
e
ef
f
o
r
t
to
im
p
r
o
v
e
s
tu
d
en
ts
’
s
en
s
e
o
f
m
atter
in
g
.
M
o
r
eo
v
er
,
an
im
p
r
o
v
ed
s
en
s
e
o
f
m
atter
in
g
p
r
ed
i
cts
h
ig
h
er
o
p
tim
is
m
a
n
d
PS
S,
wh
ich
ev
en
tu
ally
elev
ate
h
ap
p
in
ess
lev
el.
T
h
u
s
,
it
is
h
ig
h
l
y
s
u
g
g
ested
to
th
e
s
tak
eh
o
l
d
er
s
o
f
h
ig
h
e
r
ed
u
ca
tio
n
to
tr
ea
t
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
with
in
cr
ea
s
in
g
th
eir
m
atter
in
g
in
m
in
d
;
th
e
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
to
th
e
s
tu
d
en
ts
s
h
o
u
ld
m
ak
e
s
tu
d
en
ts
f
ee
ls
th
at
th
eir
p
r
esen
ce
an
d
r
eliab
ilit
y
a
r
e
ac
k
n
o
wled
g
ed
,
as we
ll a
s
th
eir
b
ein
g
u
n
iq
u
e
an
d
i
r
r
ep
lace
ab
le.
ACK
NO
W
L
E
DG
E
M
E
NT
S
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
is
f
u
n
d
e
d
b
y
th
e
I
n
ter
n
al
R
esear
ch
Gr
an
t Sch
em
e
f
r
o
m
HE
L
P Un
iv
e
r
s
ity
#
20
-
07
-
0
2
4
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
8
2
2
Ha
p
p
in
ess
o
f u
n
ivers
ity
s
tu
d
en
ts
in
n
ew
n
o
r
ma
l Ma
la
ysia
:
Th
e
r
o
le
o
f m
a
tter
in
g
,
o
p
timis
m
… (
ZeWa
i F
o
o
)
453
RE
F
E
R
E
NC
E
S
[1
]
G
.
F
lett,
T
h
e
p
sy
c
h
o
lo
g
y
o
f
ma
tt
e
rin
g
:
U
n
d
e
rs
ta
n
d
i
n
g
th
e
h
u
ma
n
n
e
e
d
to
b
e
sig
n
if
ica
n
t
.
Ac
a
d
e
m
ic P
re
ss
,
2
0
1
8
.
[2
]
M
.
R
o
se
n
b
e
rg
a
n
d
B.
C.
M
c
Cu
l
lo
u
g
h
,
“
M
a
tt
e
rin
g
:
In
fe
rre
d
sig
n
i
fica
n
c
e
a
n
d
m
e
n
tal
h
e
a
lt
h
a
m
o
n
g
a
d
o
les
c
e
n
ts,
”
Res
e
a
rc
h
in
C
o
mm
u
n
i
ty
&
M
e
n
t
a
l
He
a
lt
h
,
v
o
l.
2
,
p
p
.
1
6
3
-
1
8
2
,
1
9
8
1
.
[3
]
P
.
P
.
S
im
a
n
d
K.
P
rih
a
d
i,
“
Th
e
y
Lo
g
g
e
d
-
i
n
,
Co
m
p
a
re
d
,
a
n
d
S
a
ti
sfi
e
d
:
S
e
rial
M
e
d
iati
o
n
o
f
M
a
tt
e
ri
n
g
a
n
d
S
tate
S
e
lf
-
e
ste
e
m
o
n
th
e
Li
n
k
b
e
twe
e
n
S
o
c
ial
Co
m
p
a
riso
n
a
n
d
Li
fe
S
a
ti
sf
a
c
ti
o
n
,
”
In
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
Pu
b
li
c
He
a
lt
h
S
c
ien
c
e
(IJ
PHS
)
,
v
o
l.
9
,
n
o
.
3
,
p
p
.
2
4
5
-
2
5
4
,
2
0
2
0
.
[4
]
K.
D.
P
r
ih
a
d
i
,
C.
Y.
Wo
n
g
,
E.
Y.
Ch
o
n
g
a
n
d
K.
Y.
C
h
o
n
g
,
“
S
u
icid
a
l
Th
o
u
g
h
ts
a
m
o
n
g
Un
i
v
e
rsity
S
tu
d
e
n
ts
i
n
M
a
lay
sia
a
n
d
In
d
o
n
e
sia
:
Th
e
Ro
l
e
o
f
M
a
tt
e
rin
g
,
S
tate
S
e
lf
-
Estee
m
a
n
d
De
p
re
ss
io
n
Lev
e
l
,
”
In
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
J
o
u
r
n
a
l
o
f
Eva
lu
a
ti
o
n
a
n
d
Res
e
a
rc
h
i
n
E
d
u
c
a
ti
o
n
(IJ
ER
E)
,
v
o
l.
9
,
n
o
.
3
,
p
p
.
4
9
4
-
5
0
2
,
2
0
2
0
.
[5
]
G
.
F
lett,
A.
Kh
a
n
a
n
d
C.
S
u
,
“
M
a
tt
e
rin
g
a
n
d
P
sy
c
h
o
lo
g
ica
l
Wel
l
-
b
e
in
g
in
Co
ll
e
g
e
a
n
d
Un
i
v
e
rsity
S
t
u
d
e
n
ts:
Re
v
ie
w
a
n
d
Re
c
o
m
m
e
n
d
a
ti
o
n
s
fo
r
Ca
m
p
u
s
-
Ba
se
d
In
it
iati
v
e
s
,
”
In
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
J
o
u
r
n
a
l
o
f
M
e
n
ta
l
He
a
lt
h
a
n
d
Ad
d
ictio
n
,
v
o
l.
1
7
,
p
p
.
6
6
7
–
6
8
0
,
2
0
1
9
,
d
o
i:
1
0
.
1
0
0
7
/s1
1
4
6
9
-
0
1
9
-
0
0
0
7
3
-
6
.
[6
]
G
.
El
li
o
tt
,
S
.
Ka
o
a
n
d
A.
-
M
.
G
ra
n
t,
“
M
a
tt
e
rin
g
:
Em
p
iri
c
a
l
Va
li
d
a
ti
o
n
o
f
a
S
o
c
ial
-
P
sy
c
h
o
l
o
g
ica
l
Co
n
c
e
p
t,
”
S
e
lf
a
n
d
Id
e
n
ti
ty
,
v
o
l.
3
,
n
o
.
4
,
p
.
3
3
9
-
3
5
4
,
2
0
0
4
.
[7
]
C.
M
a
tera
,
N.
Bo
sc
o
a
n
d
P
.
M
e
rin
g
o
lo
,
“
P
e
rc
e
iv
e
d
M
a
tt
e
rin
g
t
o
F
a
m
il
y
a
n
d
F
r
ien
d
s,
S
e
lf
-
Este
e
m
,
a
n
d
Well
-
Be
in
g
,
”
Psy
c
h
o
l
He
a
lt
h
M
e
d
.
,
v
o
l
.
2
5
,
n
o
.
5
,
p
p
.
5
5
0
-
5
5
8
,
2
0
2
0
.
[8
]
H.
Tan
i
g
u
c
h
i
,
“
In
terp
e
rso
n
a
l
M
a
t
terin
g
in
F
rien
d
sh
i
p
a
s
a
P
re
d
ict
o
r
o
f
Ha
p
p
i
n
e
ss
in
Ja
p
a
n
:
Th
e
Ca
se
o
f
To
k
y
o
it
e
s,
”
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
Ha
p
p
i
n
e
ss
S
t
u
d
ies
,
v
o
l
.
1
6
,
n
o
.
6
,
p
p
.
1
4
7
5
-
1
4
9
1
,
2
0
1
5
.
[9
]
S
.
Ca
sa
le
a
n
d
G
.
L.
F
lett,
“
In
ter
p
e
rso
n
a
ll
y
-
b
a
se
d
fe
a
rs
d
u
ri
n
g
t
h
e
c
o
v
i
d
-
1
9
p
a
n
d
e
m
ic:
Re
flec
ti
o
n
s
o
n
t
h
e
fe
a
r
o
f
m
issin
g
o
u
t
a
n
d
t
h
e
f
e
a
r
o
f
n
o
t
m
a
tt
e
rin
g
c
o
n
stru
c
ts
,
”
Cl
in
ica
l
Ne
u
ro
p
sy
c
h
ia
try
,
v
o
l.
1
7
,
n
o
.
2
,
p
.
8
8
-
9
3
,
2
0
2
0
.
[1
0
]
J.
C.
S
to
n
e
r
a
n
d
Y
.
Zh
a
n
g
,
“
Re
si
d
e
n
t
As
sista
n
t
M
a
tt
e
ri
n
g
:
D
o
P
la
c
e
m
e
n
t
a
n
d
Co
m
m
u
n
it
y
S
ize
M
a
t
ter?
”
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
Co
ll
e
g
e
&
Un
ive
rs
it
y
S
t
u
d
e
n
t
Ho
u
sin
g
,
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l.
4
3
,
n
o
.
2
,
p
p
.
2
8
-
4
3
,
2
0
1
7
.
[1
1
]
M
.
Tsa
y
-
Vo
g
e
l,
J.
S
h
a
n
a
h
a
n
a
n
d
N.
S
i
g
n
o
rielli
,
“
S
o
c
ial
m
e
d
ia
c
u
lt
iv
a
ti
n
g
p
e
rc
e
p
ti
o
n
s
o
f
p
ri
v
a
c
y
:
A
5
-
y
e
a
r
a
n
a
l
y
sis
o
f
p
r
iv
a
c
y
a
tt
i
tu
d
e
s
a
n
d
se
lf
-
d
isc
lo
su
re
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e
h
a
v
i
o
rs
a
m
o
n
g
F
a
c
e
b
o
o
k
u
se
rs,
”
Ne
w
M
e
d
ia
&
S
o
c
iety
,
v
o
l.
2
0
,
n
o
.
1
,
p
p
.
1
4
1
-
1
6
1
,
2
0
1
8
.
[1
2
]
L.
Ba
re
k
e
t
-
Bo
jme
l,
S
.
M
o
ra
n
,
a
n
d
G
.
S
h
a
h
a
r,
“
S
trate
g
ic
se
lf
-
p
r
e
se
n
tatio
n
o
n
F
a
c
e
b
o
o
k
:
P
e
rso
n
a
l
m
o
ti
v
e
s
a
n
d
a
u
d
ien
c
e
re
sp
o
n
se
to
o
n
li
n
e
b
e
h
a
v
io
r,
”
C
o
mp
u
ter
s in
H
u
ma
n
Beh
a
v
io
r
,
v
o
l.
5
5
,
p
p
.
7
8
8
-
7
9
5
,
2
0
1
6
.
[1
3
]
E.
A.
Vo
g
e
l,
J.
P
.
Ro
se
,
B
.
M
.
O
k
d
ie,
K
.
Ec
k
les
a
n
d
B.
F
ra
n
z
,
“
Wh
o
c
o
m
p
a
re
s
a
n
d
d
e
sp
a
irs?
Th
e
e
ffe
c
t
o
f
so
c
ia
l
c
o
m
p
a
riso
n
o
rien
tatio
n
o
n
so
c
ial
m
e
d
ia
u
se
a
n
d
it
s
o
u
tc
o
m
e
s,
”
P
e
rso
n
a
li
t
y
a
n
d
I
n
d
i
v
i
d
u
a
l
Dif
fe
re
n
c
e
s,
v
o
l
.
8
6
,
p
p
.
2
4
9
-
2
5
6
,
2
0
1
5
.
[1
4
]
A.
K.
P
rz
y
b
y
ls
k
i,
K.
M
u
ra
y
a
m
a
,
C.
R.
De
Ha
a
n
,
a
n
d
V.
G
lad
we
ll
,
“
M
o
t
iv
a
ti
o
n
a
l,
e
m
o
ti
o
n
a
l,
a
n
d
b
e
h
a
v
i
o
ra
l
c
o
rre
late
s o
f
fe
a
r
o
f
m
issin
g
o
u
t,
”
Co
mp
u
ter
s in
H
u
ma
n
Beh
a
v
i
o
r
,
v
o
l.
2
9
,
p
p
.
1
8
4
1
-
1
8
4
8
,
2
0
1
3
.
[1
5
]
N.
Ak
sa
n
,
B.
Kısa
c
,
M
.
A
y
d
ı
n
,
a
n
d
S
.
De
m
irb
u
k
e
n
,
“
S
y
m
b
o
li
c
i
n
te
ra
c
ti
o
n
th
e
o
r
y
,
”
Pro
c
e
d
i
a
-
S
o
c
ia
l
a
n
d
Be
h
a
v
io
r
a
l
S
c
ien
c
e
s
,
v
o
l
.
1
,
n
o
.
1
,
p
p
.
9
0
2
-
9
0
4
,
2
0
0
9
.
[1
6
]
C.
F
.
Ra
telle,
K.
S
ima
rd
,
a
n
d
F
.
G
u
a
y
,
“
Un
iv
e
rsity
stu
d
e
n
ts’
su
b
j
e
c
ti
v
e
we
ll
-
b
e
in
g
:
T
h
e
ro
le
o
f
a
u
to
n
o
m
y
su
p
p
o
rt
fro
m
p
a
re
n
ts,
fr
ien
d
s,
a
n
d
th
e
r
o
m
a
n
ti
c
p
a
rtn
e
r
,
”
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
Ha
p
p
in
e
ss
S
tu
d
ies
,
v
o
l.
1
4
,
n
o
.
3
,
p
p
.
8
9
3
-
9
1
0
,
2
0
1
3
.
[1
7
]
K.
L.
S
ied
lec
k
i,
T.
A.
S
a
lt
h
o
u
se
,
S
.
Oish
i
,
a
n
d
S
.
Je
sw
a
n
i,
“
Th
e
Re
latio
n
s
h
ip
b
e
twe
e
n
S
o
c
i
a
l
S
u
p
p
o
rt
a
n
d
S
u
b
jec
ti
v
e
Well
-
Be
in
g
a
c
ro
ss
Ag
e
,
”
S
o
c
ia
l
In
d
ica
t
o
rs
Res
e
a
rc
h
,
v
o
l.
1
1
7
,
n
o
.
2
,
p
p
.
5
6
1
-
5
7
6
,
2
0
1
4
.
[1
8
]
C.
S
.
Ca
rv
e
r,
M
.
F
.
S
c
h
e
ier
,
a
n
d
S
.
C.
S
e
g
e
rstro
m
,
“
Op
ti
m
ism
,
”
Cli
n
ica
l
Psy
c
h
o
lo
g
y
Rev
iew
,
v
o
l.
3
0
,
n
o
.
7
,
p
p
.
8
7
9
-
8
9
9
,
2
0
1
0
.
[1
9
]
A.
F
r
o
id
e
v
a
u
x
,
A.
Hirsc
h
i
,
a
n
d
M
.
Wa
n
g
,
“
T
h
e
ro
le
o
f
m
a
tt
e
rin
g
a
s
a
n
o
v
e
rl
o
o
k
e
d
k
e
y
c
h
a
ll
e
n
g
e
in
re
ti
re
m
e
n
t
p
lan
n
in
g
a
n
d
a
d
j
u
stm
e
n
t,
”
J
o
u
r
n
a
l
o
f
V
o
c
a
t
io
n
a
l
Beh
a
v
i
o
r
,
v
o
l.
9
4
,
p
p
.
5
7
-
6
9
,
2
0
1
6
.
[2
0
]
T.
Din
ism
a
n
,
A
.
Zeira
,
Y.
s
u
li
m
a
n
i
Aid
a
n
,
a
n
d
R.
Be
n
b
e
n
ish
t
y
,
“
Th
e
su
b
jec
ti
v
e
we
ll
-
b
e
i
n
g
o
f
y
o
u
n
g
p
e
o
p
le
a
g
in
g
o
u
t
o
f
c
a
re
,
”
Ch
il
d
re
n
a
n
d
Y
o
u
t
h
S
e
rv
ice
s R
e
v
iew,
v
o
l.
3
5
,
n
o
.
1
0
,
p
p
.
1
7
0
5
-
1
7
1
1
,
2
0
1
3
.
[2
1
]
A.
Y.
El
iza
b
e
th
a
n
d
E.
C.
C
h
a
n
g
,
“
M
e
a
n
in
g
i
n
li
fe
a
s
a
p
re
d
icto
r
o
f
o
p
t
imis
m
:
Ho
w
p
a
re
n
ts
m
a
tt
e
r
in
g
m
a
tt
e
rs
t
o
As
ian
a
n
d
E
u
ro
p
e
a
n
Am
e
rica
n
s,
”
Per
so
n
a
li
ty
a
n
d
I
n
d
ivi
d
u
a
l
Diff
e
r
e
n
c
e
s
,
v
o
l.
1
3
8
,
p
p
.
3
6
6
-
3
6
9
,
2
0
1
9
.
[2
2
]
A.
D.
Ra
y
le
a
n
d
K.
Y.
Ch
u
n
g
,
“
Re
v
isit
in
g
first
-
y
e
a
r
c
o
ll
e
g
e
st
u
d
e
n
ts'
m
a
tt
e
rin
g
:
S
o
c
ial
su
p
p
o
rt,
a
c
a
d
e
m
ic
stre
s
s,
a
n
d
t
h
e
m
a
tt
e
rin
g
e
x
p
e
rien
c
e
,
”
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
C
o
ll
e
g
e
S
tu
d
e
n
t
Rete
n
t
io
n
:
Res
e
a
rc
h
,
T
h
e
o
ry
&
Pra
c
ti
c
e
,
v
o
l
.
9
,
n
o
.
1
,
p
p
.
2
1
-
3
7
,
2
0
0
7
.
[2
3
]
M
.
De
m
ir,
A.
Öz
e
n
,
a
n
d
A.
Do
ğ
a
n
,
“
F
rie
n
d
sh
i
p
,
P
e
rc
e
iv
e
d
M
a
tt
e
rin
g
a
n
d
Ha
p
p
in
e
ss
:
A
S
tu
d
y
o
f
Am
e
rica
n
a
n
d
Tu
rk
is
h
Co
ll
e
g
e
S
t
u
d
e
n
ts,
”
T
h
e
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
S
o
c
ia
l
Psy
c
h
o
l
o
g
y
,
v
o
l.
1
5
2
,
n
o
.
5
,
p
p
.
6
5
9
-
6
6
4
,
2
0
1
2
.
[2
4
]
C.
S
.
Ca
rv
e
r
a
n
d
M
.
F
.
S
c
h
e
ier,
“
Op
ti
m
ism
,
”
in
Ha
n
d
b
o
o
k
o
f
Po
s
it
ive
Psy
c
h
o
lo
g
y
,
Ne
w
Yo
rk
,
Ox
f
o
rd
:
U
n
iv
e
rsit
y
P
re
ss
,
2
0
0
5
,
p
p
.
2
3
1
-
2
5
6
.
[2
5
]
R.
Lara
,
M
.
L.
Vá
z
q
u
e
z
,
A.
Og
a
l
lar,
a
n
d
D.
G
o
d
o
y
-
Iz
q
u
ier
d
o
,
“
O
p
ti
m
ism
a
n
d
so
c
ial
su
p
p
o
rt
m
o
d
e
ra
te
th
e
in
d
irec
t
re
latio
n
sh
i
p
b
e
twe
e
n
se
lf
-
e
ffica
c
y
a
n
d
h
a
p
p
i
n
e
ss
th
ro
u
g
h
m
e
n
tal
h
e
a
lt
h
in
t
h
e
e
ld
e
rly
,
”
He
a
lt
h
Ps
y
c
h
o
lo
g
y
Op
e
n
,
v
o
l.
7
,
n
o
.
2
,
p
p
.
1
-
1
2
,
2
0
2
0
.
[2
6
]
G
.
Ve
ro
n
e
se
,
M
.
Ca
sti
g
li
o
n
i
,
M
.
To
m
b
o
la
n
i
a
n
d
M
.
S
a
i
d
,
“
'
M
y
h
a
p
p
i
n
e
ss
is
t
h
e
re
fu
g
e
e
c
a
m
p
,
m
y
f
u
tu
re
P
a
les
ti
n
e
’
:
o
p
ti
m
ism
,
li
fe
sa
ti
sfa
c
ti
o
n
a
n
d
p
e
rc
e
iv
e
d
h
a
p
p
in
e
ss
in
a
g
ro
u
p
o
f
P
a
les
ti
n
ian
c
h
il
d
re
n
,
”
S
c
a
n
d
in
a
v
ia
n
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
Ca
rin
g
S
c
ien
c
e
s
,
v
o
l.
2
6
,
n
o
.
3
,
p
p
.
1
-
7
,
2
0
1
2
.
[2
7
]
T.
E.
Kim
,
“
Th
e
M
e
d
iati
n
g
Eff
e
c
t
o
f
Op
ti
m
ism
o
n
t
h
e
Re
latio
n
sh
ip
Be
twe
e
n
S
tres
s
a
n
d
Ha
p
p
in
e
ss
a
t
S
c
h
o
o
l
P
e
rc
e
iv
e
d
b
y
M
i
d
d
le
S
c
h
o
o
l
S
tu
d
e
n
ts,
”
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
Di
g
it
a
l
Co
n
v
e
rg
e
n
c
e
,
v
o
l
.
1
7
,
n
o
.
2
,
p
p
.
4
1
3
-
4
2
1
,
2
0
1
9
.
[2
8
]
Q.
-
Q.
Li
u
,
Z.
-
K.
Zh
o
u
,
X.
-
J.
Y
a
n
g
,
G
.
-
F
.
Niu
,
Y.
Ti
a
n
a
n
d
C.
-
Y.
F
a
n
,
“
Up
wa
rd
so
c
ial
c
o
m
p
a
riso
n
o
n
so
c
ia
l
n
e
two
rk
sites
a
n
d
d
e
p
re
ss
iv
e
sy
m
p
to
m
s:
A
m
o
d
e
ra
ted
m
e
d
iati
o
n
m
o
d
e
l
o
f
se
lf
-
e
ste
e
m
a
n
d
o
p
ti
m
is
m
,
”
Per
so
n
a
li
ty
a
n
d
In
d
ivid
u
a
l
Diff
e
re
n
c
e
s
,
v
o
l.
1
1
3
,
p
p
.
2
2
3
-
2
2
8
,
2
0
1
7
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
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8
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I
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t
J
E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
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c
,
Vo
l
.
10
,
No
.
2
,
J
u
n
e
2
0
2
1
:
4
4
8
-
4
5
4
454
[2
9
]
C.
H.
Bu
m
a
n
d
I.
K.
Je
o
n
,
“
S
tr
u
c
tu
ra
l
re
latio
n
s
h
ip
s
b
e
twe
e
n
stu
d
e
n
ts'
so
c
ial
su
p
p
o
rt
a
n
d
se
lf
-
e
ste
e
m
,
d
e
p
re
ss
io
n
,
a
n
d
h
a
p
p
i
n
e
ss
,
”
S
o
c
i
a
l
Be
h
a
v
io
r
a
n
d
Per
so
n
a
li
ty:
An
I
n
ter
n
a
t
io
n
a
l
J
o
u
rn
a
l
,
v
o
l.
4
4
,
n
o
.
1
1
,
p
p
.
1
7
6
1
-
1
7
7
4
,
2
0
1
6
.
[3
0
]
C.
S
.
Tan
,
S
.
K.
Lo
w
a
n
d
G
.
N.
Via
p
u
d
e
,
“
Ex
trav
e
rsio
n
a
n
d
h
a
p
p
in
e
ss
:
Th
e
m
e
d
iatin
g
r
o
le
o
f
so
c
i
a
l
su
p
p
o
rt
a
n
d
hope
,
”
Psy
Ch
J
o
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rn
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l
,
v
o
l.
7
,
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o
.
3
,
p
p
.
1
3
3
-
1
4
3
,
2
0
1
8
.
[3
1
]
M
.
F
.
S
c
h
e
ier,
C.
S
.
Ca
rv
e
r
a
n
d
M
.
W.
Bri
d
g
e
s,
“
Distin
g
u
is
h
in
g
o
p
ti
m
ism
fro
m
n
e
u
ro
ti
c
ism
(a
n
d
tr
a
it
a
n
x
iety
,
se
lf
-
m
a
ste
ry
,
a
n
d
se
lf
-
e
ste
e
m
):
a
re
e
v
a
lu
a
ti
o
n
o
f
t
h
e
Li
fe
Orie
n
tatio
n
Tes
t
,
”
J
o
u
r
n
a
l
o
f
Per
so
n
a
l
it
y
and
S
o
c
i
a
l
Psy
c
h
o
lo
g
y
,
v
o
l.
6
7
,
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o
.
6
,
p
p
.
1
0
6
3
-
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0
7
8
,
1
9
9
4
.
[3
2
]
E.
Die
n
e
r,
R.
A.
Emm
o
n
s,
R
.
J.
Lars
e
n
a
n
d
S
.
G
riff
in
,
“
T
h
e
S
a
ti
sfa
c
ti
o
n
wi
th
Li
fe
S
c
a
le
,
”
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
Per
so
n
a
li
t
y
Asse
ss
me
n
t
,
v
o
l.
4
9
,
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o
.
1
,
p
p
.
7
1
-
7
5
,
1
9
8
5
.
[3
3
]
S
.
K.
M
a
rsh
a
ll
,
“
Do
I
M
a
tt
e
r?
Co
n
stru
c
t
v
a
li
d
a
ti
o
n
o
f
a
d
o
les
c
e
n
ts'
p
e
rc
e
iv
e
d
m
a
tt
e
rin
g
to
p
a
re
n
ts
a
n
d
frien
d
s
,
”
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
A
d
o
les
c
e
n
c
e
,
v
o
l.
2
4
,
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o
.
4
,
p
p
.
4
7
3
-
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9
0
,
2
0
0
1
.
[3
4
]
G
.
D.
Zi
m
e
t,
N.
W.
Da
h
lem
,
S
.
G
.
Zi
m
e
t
a
n
d
G
.
K.
F
a
rley
,
“
T
h
e
M
u
l
ti
d
ime
n
si
o
n
a
l
S
c
a
le
o
f
P
e
rc
e
iv
e
d
S
o
c
ial
S
u
p
p
o
rt
,
”
J
o
u
r
n
a
l
o
f
Per
so
n
a
li
ty
Ass
e
ss
me
n
t
,
v
o
l.
5
2
,
n
o
.
1
,
p
p
.
3
0
-
4
1
,
1
9
8
8
.
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