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in
d
u
s
tr
ial
cir
cle
s
.
T
ea
ch
er
s
p
lay
an
im
p
o
r
tan
t
r
o
le
in
d
eter
m
in
in
g
th
e
q
u
ality
o
f
s
u
p
er
v
is
io
n
.
Me
an
wh
ile,
s
tu
d
en
ts
lear
n
ab
o
u
t
t
h
eo
r
etica
l
k
n
o
wled
g
e
an
d
p
r
ac
tices
in
th
e
ac
tu
al
s
itu
atio
n
in
th
e
f
o
r
m
o
f
an
in
ter
n
s
h
ip
p
r
o
g
r
am
[
5
]
,
[
6
]
.
T
h
en
,
s
tu
d
en
ts
p
r
ac
tice
th
eo
r
et
ical
k
n
o
wled
g
e
in
t
h
e
ac
tu
al
s
itu
atio
n
i
n
th
e
f
o
r
m
o
f
i
n
ter
n
s
h
ip
p
r
o
g
r
am
s
.
I
n
p
r
ep
a
r
in
g
th
e
s
tu
d
en
ts
in
th
e
in
ter
n
s
h
ip
p
r
o
g
r
am
,
s
ch
o
o
ls
o
r
g
a
n
ize
a
p
r
ac
ticu
m
lear
n
i
n
g
f
o
r
s
tu
d
en
ts
.
T
h
e
p
r
ac
ticu
m
lear
n
in
g
is
h
eld
i
n
th
e
s
ch
o
o
l
lab
o
r
ato
r
y
wh
er
e
s
tu
d
en
ts
ca
n
d
o
a
s
im
u
latio
n
b
ased
o
n
th
e
ac
tu
al
co
n
d
itio
n
o
f
wo
r
k
p
lace
s
[
3
]
.
I
n
n
o
n
-
en
g
i
n
e
er
in
g
an
d
tech
n
ical
v
o
ca
tio
n
al
s
ec
o
n
d
ar
y
s
ch
o
o
ls
,
s
u
ch
as
o
f
f
ice
a
d
m
in
is
tr
atio
n
m
ajo
r
,
th
e
p
r
ac
ticu
m
u
s
u
ally
h
eld
b
y
r
o
le
a
n
d
p
la
y
m
o
d
el
o
f
lear
n
in
g
.
On
e
o
f
th
e
s
tu
d
e
n
t
s
ac
t
as
a
s
ec
r
etar
y
,
m
ea
n
wh
ile,
o
t
h
er
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
h
elp
p
lay
i
n
g
t
h
e
r
o
le.
T
ea
ch
er
s
g
iv
e
g
u
id
a
n
ce
a
n
d
o
b
s
er
v
in
g
s
tu
d
en
ts
’
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
.
At
least,
b
y
th
is
m
o
d
el,
s
tu
d
en
ts
ca
n
g
et
an
ar
tific
ial
ex
p
er
ien
ce
b
ef
o
r
e
th
ey
tak
e
an
in
ter
n
s
h
ip
p
r
o
g
r
a
m
.
T
h
e
u
s
e
o
f
p
r
ac
ticu
m
lear
n
i
n
g
b
ased
au
d
io
v
is
u
al
ca
n
b
ec
o
m
e
an
alter
n
ativ
e
m
o
d
el
o
f
l
ea
r
n
in
g
in
v
o
ca
tio
n
al
s
ec
o
n
d
ar
y
s
ch
o
o
ls
.
Alo
n
g
with
th
e
r
ap
id
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t
o
f
tech
n
o
l
o
g
y
,
th
e
p
r
a
cticu
m
lear
n
in
g
ca
n
b
e
u
s
ed
t
o
en
h
an
ce
th
e
q
u
al
ity
o
f
p
r
ac
ticu
m
lear
n
in
g
.
H
o
wev
er
,
u
n
t
il
to
d
a
y
,
p
r
ac
ticu
m
lear
n
in
g
b
ased
au
d
io
v
is
u
al
h
as
y
et
to
b
e
b
r
o
a
d
ly
u
tili
ze
d
in
v
o
ca
tio
n
al
s
ec
o
n
d
ar
y
s
ch
o
o
ls
.
Su
ch
m
ed
ia
ar
e
to
o
ls
th
at
ca
n
h
elp
th
e
teac
h
in
g
an
d
lear
n
in
g
p
r
o
ce
s
s
s
o
th
at
th
e
m
ea
n
in
g
o
f
t
h
e
m
ess
ag
e
d
eliv
er
e
d
b
ec
o
m
es
clea
r
er
,
an
d
th
e
p
u
r
p
o
s
e
o
f
ed
u
ca
tio
n
o
r
lear
n
in
g
ca
n
b
e
ac
h
iev
ed
ef
f
e
ctiv
ely
an
d
ef
f
icien
tly
[
7
]
–
[
9
]
.
B
ased
o
n
th
is
ass
u
m
p
tio
n
,
th
is
r
esear
ch
p
er
f
o
r
m
s
ex
p
e
r
im
en
tal
r
esear
c
h
to
im
p
lem
en
t
p
r
ac
ticu
m
lea
r
n
in
g
b
ased
a
u
d
io
v
is
u
al
in
o
f
f
ice
a
d
m
in
is
tr
atio
n
m
aj
o
r
.
T
h
e
ex
p
er
im
en
t
aim
s
s
p
ec
if
ically
to
ex
am
in
e
th
e
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
n
ess
o
f
p
r
ac
ticu
m
lear
n
in
g
b
ased
au
d
io
v
is
u
al
in
i
m
p
r
o
v
i
n
g
s
tu
d
en
ts
’
lear
n
in
g
o
u
tco
m
es.
Pra
cticu
m
lear
n
in
g
is
th
e
m
eth
o
d
o
f
teac
h
i
n
g
an
d
lea
r
n
in
g
b
ased
o
n
th
e
ac
tu
al
s
itu
atio
n
o
f
wo
r
k
p
lace
s
.
Stu
d
en
ts
ca
n
lea
r
n
p
r
ac
tical
k
n
o
wled
g
e
a
n
d
ac
h
iev
e
f
ield
ex
p
er
ien
ce
s
d
u
r
in
g
th
e
p
r
ac
ticu
m
lear
n
in
g
p
r
o
ce
s
s
.
T
h
e
o
b
jectiv
e
o
f
p
r
ac
ticu
m
lear
n
i
n
g
is
to
l
in
k
th
eo
r
y
an
d
p
r
a
ctice
in
th
e
ac
tu
al
s
itu
atio
n
o
f
wo
r
k
p
la
ce
s
.
Pra
cticu
m
lear
n
in
g
ca
n
b
e
p
o
s
ited
as a
p
r
e
-
s
er
v
i
ce
tr
ain
in
g
b
ef
o
r
e
s
tu
d
en
ts
g
et
jo
b
s
.
I
t is aim
ed
to
m
in
im
ize
th
e
g
ap
b
etwe
en
co
u
r
s
ewo
r
k
an
d
p
r
ac
tices
[
1
0
]
.
Pra
cticu
m
ca
n
b
e
ca
teg
o
r
ized
in
to
f
o
u
r
m
o
d
els
o
f
p
r
ac
ticu
m
n
a
m
ely
th
e
ap
p
r
en
t
icesh
ip
p
r
ac
ticu
m
,
ac
ad
em
ic
p
r
ac
ticu
m
,
g
r
o
wth
o
r
c
o
u
r
s
ew
o
r
k
p
r
ac
ticu
m
,
an
d
ar
ticu
lated
p
r
ac
ticu
m
.
Sev
er
al
asp
ec
ts
th
at
s
h
o
u
ld
b
e
co
n
s
id
er
ed
in
p
r
ac
ticu
m
lear
n
i
n
g
s
u
ch
as
th
e
r
o
le
o
f
s
u
p
er
v
is
io
n
,
th
e
lea
r
n
in
g
g
o
als
an
d
o
u
tco
m
es,
an
d
th
e
len
g
th
an
d
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e
o
f
p
r
ac
ticu
m
[
1
1
]
.
Pra
cticu
m
lear
n
in
g
b
ased
au
d
io
v
is
u
al
ca
n
b
e
d
ef
in
ed
as
th
e
m
o
d
el
o
f
p
r
ac
ticu
m
lear
n
in
g
s
u
p
p
o
r
te
d
b
y
a
u
d
io
v
is
u
al
m
ed
ia.
T
h
e
o
r
e
tically
,
th
e
m
eth
o
d
an
d
m
ed
ia
o
f
lear
n
in
g
p
lay
an
ess
en
tial
r
o
le
in
d
eter
m
in
in
g
s
tu
d
en
ts
’
s
u
cc
ess
in
ac
h
ie
v
in
g
lear
n
in
g
o
u
tco
m
es
[
1
2
]
–
[
1
4
]
.
T
ec
h
n
o
lo
g
y
an
d
m
e
d
ia
ca
n
b
e
p
o
s
ited
as
a
to
o
l
to
p
r
o
v
id
e
s
im
u
latio
n
f
o
r
s
tu
d
en
ts
s
o
th
at
t
h
e
lear
n
in
g
p
r
o
ce
s
s
tak
es
p
lace
[
1
5
]
,
[
1
6
]
.
T
ec
h
n
o
lo
g
ical
d
ev
elo
p
m
e
n
ts
ar
e
b
ec
o
m
in
g
in
cr
ea
s
in
g
ly
p
r
e
v
alen
t,
p
r
o
v
id
i
n
g
ed
u
ca
to
r
s
with
th
e
ch
an
ce
to
u
s
e
d
i
g
ital
m
ed
ia
in
th
eir
ef
f
o
r
t
t
o
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
lear
n
in
g
in
th
e
class
r
o
o
m
[
1
7
]
–
[
1
9
]
.
E
x
p
ec
tatio
n
s
o
f
th
ese
tech
n
o
lo
g
ical
a
d
v
an
ce
s
r
eq
u
ir
e
teac
h
e
r
s
,
as
p
r
o
f
ess
io
n
al
ed
u
ca
to
r
s
,
to
b
e
ab
le
t
o
in
n
o
v
ate
in
cr
ea
tin
g
lear
n
i
n
g
m
e
d
ia
th
at
ca
n
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
lear
n
er
s
'
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
in
g
o
f
th
e
s
u
b
ject
m
atter
,
b
o
th
i
n
th
e
o
r
y
an
d
p
r
ac
tice
[
2
0
]
.
Ho
wev
er
,
t
h
e
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
n
ess
o
f
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
a
n
d
v
is
u
aliza
tio
n
h
as
to
b
e
m
ea
s
u
r
e
d
.
I
t
b
ec
au
s
e
th
e
u
s
e
o
f
tech
n
o
l
o
g
y
an
d
v
is
u
aliza
tio
n
h
as
to
b
e
alig
n
ed
with
th
e
p
ed
a
g
o
g
ical
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
es
t
h
at
ar
e
u
s
ed
in
th
e
class
r
o
o
m
[
2
1
]
.
M
o
r
eo
v
e
r
,
teac
h
er
s
n
ee
d
to
k
n
o
w
h
o
w
to
ef
f
ec
tiv
ely
in
teg
r
ate
lear
n
in
g
m
ed
ia
in
th
e
lear
n
in
g
p
r
o
ce
s
s
[
2
2
]
.
B
ased
o
n
th
o
s
e
th
eo
r
etica
l
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
s
,
p
r
ac
tic
u
m
lear
n
i
n
g
b
ased
au
d
io
v
is
u
al
m
ea
n
s
th
e
u
s
e
o
f
au
d
io
v
is
u
al
m
ed
ia
to
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
p
r
ac
ticu
m
lear
n
in
g
.
T
h
e
u
s
e
o
f
p
r
ac
ticu
m
lear
n
in
g
b
ased
au
d
io
v
is
u
al
is
in
lin
e
wi
th
th
e
m
o
d
el
p
r
ac
ticu
m
in
v
o
ca
tio
n
al
s
ec
o
n
d
ar
y
s
ch
o
o
l
s
.
T
h
e
m
o
d
el
u
s
ed
in
th
e
v
o
ca
tio
n
al
s
ec
o
n
d
ar
y
s
ch
o
o
ls
in
I
n
d
o
n
esia
is
s
im
ilar
to
th
e
ac
a
d
em
ic
p
r
ac
ticu
m
wh
er
e
s
tu
d
en
ts
f
o
c
u
s
to
ap
p
ly
th
eo
r
etica
l
co
n
ce
p
ts
f
r
o
m
co
u
r
s
ewo
r
k
in
t
o
th
e
ac
t
u
al
s
itu
atio
n
s
.
I
n
t
h
is
m
o
d
el,
s
tu
d
en
ts
n
ee
d
t
o
k
n
o
w
a
b
o
u
t
m
an
y
p
r
o
b
lem
s
an
d
cir
cu
m
s
tan
ce
s
th
at
will
b
e
f
a
ce
d
b
y
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
in
wo
r
k
p
lac
es.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e
,
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
b
e
co
m
es
ess
en
tial
to
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
th
e
p
r
ac
ticu
m
in
t
h
is
m
o
d
el
o
f
p
r
ac
ticu
m
.
T
h
e
au
d
io
v
is
u
al
m
ed
ia
p
r
esen
ts
th
e
a
ctu
al
co
n
d
itio
n
s
in
wo
r
k
p
lace
s
.
Stu
d
en
ts
ca
n
s
en
s
e
th
e
clim
ate
o
f
wo
r
k
in
an
y
cir
cu
m
s
tan
ce
s
.
T
h
u
s
,
it
ca
n
b
e
s
u
p
p
o
s
ed
th
at
p
r
ac
tical
-
b
ased
au
d
i
o
v
is
u
al
le
ar
n
in
g
ca
n
im
p
r
o
v
e
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
’
lear
n
in
g
o
u
tco
m
es.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t
J
E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
8
2
2
Th
e
effec
t o
f p
r
a
cticu
m
lea
r
n
in
g
b
a
s
ed
a
u
d
io
visu
a
l o
n
… (
C
icilia
Dya
h
S
u
lis
tya
n
in
g
r
u
m
I
n
d
r
a
w
a
ti
)
405
2.
RE
S
E
ARCH
M
E
T
H
O
D
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
em
p
lo
y
e
d
a
q
u
as
i
-
ex
p
er
im
en
tal
r
esear
ch
s
tr
ate
g
y
in
v
o
l
v
in
g
a
p
r
etest
-
p
o
s
ttes
t
co
n
tr
o
l
g
r
o
u
p
d
esig
n
.
Stu
d
en
ts
wer
e
ca
teg
o
r
ized
in
to
th
e
co
n
tr
o
l
g
r
o
u
p
an
d
th
e
ex
p
er
im
e
n
tal
g
r
o
u
p
.
Pra
cticu
m
lear
n
in
g
b
ased
au
d
io
v
is
u
al
was
im
p
lem
en
ted
in
th
e
ex
p
er
i
m
en
tal
g
r
o
u
p
.
Me
a
n
wh
ile,
s
tu
d
en
ts
in
th
e
co
n
tr
o
l
g
r
o
u
p
u
s
ed
th
e
c
o
n
v
e
n
tio
n
al
m
o
d
el.
T
h
e
e
f
f
ec
t
o
f
p
r
ac
ticu
m
lear
n
in
g
b
ased
au
d
i
o
v
is
u
al
was
m
ea
s
u
r
ed
b
y
an
in
d
ep
en
d
en
t t
-
test
with
SP
SS
p
r
o
g
r
a
m
.
2
.
1
.
Resea
rc
h pa
rt
icipa
nts
T
h
e
p
o
p
u
latio
n
was
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
wh
o
m
ajo
r
in
g
ad
m
i
n
is
tr
ativ
e
o
f
f
ice
m
aj
o
r
in
a
v
o
ca
tio
n
al
s
ec
o
n
d
ar
y
s
ch
o
o
l
in
Su
r
ak
a
r
ta
C
ity
,
I
n
d
o
n
esia.
T
h
e
s
am
p
le
o
f
r
esear
c
h
wer
e
2
3
0
s
tu
d
en
ts
tak
en
u
s
in
g
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
r
tio
n
al
r
an
d
o
m
s
am
p
lin
g
tec
h
n
iq
u
e.
R
esp
o
n
d
en
ts
co
n
s
is
t
o
f
1
1
5
s
tu
d
en
ts
in
th
e
co
n
t
r
o
l
cl
ass
an
d
1
1
5
in
th
e
ex
p
er
im
en
tal
class
.
2
.
2
.
P
ro
ce
du
re
a
nd
m
a
t
er
ia
ls
Pra
cticu
m
lear
n
in
g
b
ased
au
d
io
v
is
u
al
was
im
p
lem
en
te
d
i
n
th
e
a
r
ch
iv
in
g
co
u
r
s
e
.
Stu
d
en
ts
in
th
e
ex
p
er
im
en
tal
g
r
o
u
p
wer
e
s
u
p
p
o
r
ted
b
y
th
e
au
d
io
v
is
u
al
lear
n
in
g
m
e
d
ia.
T
h
e
au
d
i
o
v
is
u
al
p
r
o
d
u
cts
u
s
ed
as
lear
n
in
g
m
ed
ia
f
o
r
p
r
ac
ticu
m
-
b
ased
a
r
c
h
iv
in
g
co
u
r
s
es
in
t
h
e
ex
p
er
im
en
tal
class
wer
e
l
ea
r
n
in
g
v
id
e
o
s
o
n
I
n
war
d
an
d
Ou
twar
d
L
etter
s
&
E
-
Ar
ch
iv
e
b
ased
o
n
th
e
2
0
1
3
C
u
r
r
ic
u
lu
m
.
Au
d
i
o
-
v
is
u
al
m
ed
ia
ar
ch
iv
in
g
s
u
b
jects
ar
e
p
r
o
d
u
cts
o
f
p
r
e
v
io
u
s
r
esear
ch
an
d
d
e
v
elo
p
m
e
n
t
[
2
3
]
.
T
h
e
co
p
y
r
i
g
h
t
h
as
b
ee
n
r
eg
is
ter
ed
at
th
e
Dir
ec
to
r
ate
Gen
er
al
o
f
I
n
tellectu
al
Pro
p
e
r
ty
,
en
titl
ed
L
ea
r
n
in
g
Vid
eo
o
n
I
n
war
d
an
d
O
u
twar
d
L
etter
s
&
E
-
Ar
ch
iv
e
b
ased
o
n
2
0
1
3
C
u
r
r
i
cu
lu
m
.
T
h
e
au
d
io
v
is
u
al
co
n
s
is
ts
o
f
d
ialo
g
r
ec
o
r
d
in
g
,
n
ar
r
a
tio
n
au
d
io
,
s
o
u
n
d
ef
f
ec
t a
n
d
i
n
s
tr
u
m
en
t,
h
an
d
p
r
o
p
er
ty
,
s
et
p
r
o
p
e
r
ty
,
in
c
o
m
in
g
m
ail
v
id
eo
,
a
n
d
o
u
tg
o
i
n
g
m
ail
.
3.
RE
SU
L
T
S AN
D
D
I
SCU
SS
I
O
N
3
.
1
.
T
he
re
s
ult
o
f
pret
est
T
h
e
d
ata
o
b
tain
ed
f
r
o
m
th
e
p
o
s
ttes
t
an
d
p
r
etest
wer
e
a
n
a
ly
ze
d
u
s
in
g
SP
SS
1
6
.
T
h
e
an
aly
s
is
wa
s
f
o
cu
s
ed
to
d
eter
m
in
e
th
e
d
is
tr
i
b
u
tio
n
o
f
d
ata,
th
e
a
v
er
ag
e
v
alu
e,
an
d
th
e
s
tan
d
ar
d
d
e
v
iatio
n
.
T
h
e
r
esu
lts
o
f
th
e
an
aly
s
is
u
s
in
g
th
e
s
tu
d
en
ts
'
p
r
etest
d
ata
f
o
r
m
s
a
r
e
s
h
o
wn
in
T
ab
les
1
an
d
2
.
T
ab
le
1
s
h
o
ws
th
e
m
ea
n
o
f
th
e
p
r
etest
s
co
r
e
o
f
th
e
ex
p
er
im
e
n
tal
g
r
o
u
p
is
6
7
.
1
3
an
d
th
e
m
ea
n
o
f
th
e
co
n
t
r
o
l
g
r
o
u
p
is
7
2
.
T
h
e
co
n
tr
o
l
g
r
o
u
p
an
d
e
x
p
er
im
e
n
tal
g
r
o
u
p
h
a
d
t
h
e
s
am
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
p
ar
ticip
an
ts
with
th
e
s
co
r
e
o
f
th
e
co
n
tr
o
l g
r
o
u
p
is
s
u
p
e
r
io
r
to
th
e
ex
p
e
r
im
en
t
g
r
o
u
p
.
Fu
r
th
er
m
o
r
e,
a
n
in
d
ep
en
d
en
t
t
-
test
w
as
co
n
d
u
cte
d
to
an
aly
ze
th
e
d
if
f
er
en
ce
b
etwe
en
th
e
co
n
tr
o
l
g
r
o
u
p
a
n
d
th
e
e
x
p
e
r
im
en
tal
g
r
o
u
p
.
T
h
e
r
esu
lt o
f
t
h
e
t
-
test
o
f
th
e
p
r
etest sco
r
e
is
s
h
o
wn
in
T
ab
le
2
.
T
ab
le
2
s
h
o
ws
th
e
v
alu
es
o
f
L
ev
en
e'
s
test
f
o
r
eq
u
ality
o
f
v
ar
ian
ce
s
ar
e
0
.
1
8
1
,
wh
ich
m
e
an
s
th
at
th
e
d
ata
v
ar
ian
ce
b
etwe
en
th
e
ex
p
er
im
en
tal
g
r
o
u
p
a
n
d
th
e
co
n
tr
o
l
g
r
o
u
p
is
h
o
m
o
g
en
eo
u
s
.
T
h
e
v
alu
e
o
f
eq
u
al
v
ar
ian
ce
s
ass
u
m
ed
is
0
.
0
0
,
wh
ich
m
ea
n
s
th
at
H0
is
r
ej
ec
ted
an
d
Ha
is
ac
c
ep
ted
.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e
,
it
ca
n
b
e
co
n
clu
d
e
d
th
at
th
e
r
e
is
a
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
d
if
f
e
r
en
ce
b
etwe
en
t
h
e
av
er
a
g
e
lear
n
in
g
o
u
tco
m
e
s
o
f
s
tu
d
en
ts
in
th
e
ex
p
er
im
en
tal
g
r
o
u
p
an
d
th
e
co
n
tr
o
l
g
r
o
u
p
.
I
n
ter
m
s
o
f
t
h
e
p
r
etest,
th
e
co
n
tr
o
l
g
r
o
u
p
is
s
u
p
er
io
r
to
th
e
ex
p
er
im
en
tal
g
r
o
u
p
.
T
ab
le
1
.
E
x
p
er
im
en
tal
a
n
d
c
o
n
tr
o
l c
lass
p
r
etest st
atis
tics
C
l
a
s
s
N
M
e
a
n
S
t
d
.
d
e
v
i
a
t
i
o
n
S
t
d
.
e
r
r
o
r
mea
n
C
o
n
t
r
o
l
c
l
a
ss
1
1
5
7
2
.
0
0
7
.
5
4
5
.
7
0
4
Ex
p
e
r
i
m
e
n
t
a
l
c
l
a
ss
1
1
5
6
7
.
1
3
8
.
5
6
0
.
7
9
8
T
ab
le
2
.
Pre
test
t
-
t
est
r
esu
lts
V
a
l
u
e
Le
v
e
n
e
's
t
e
s
t
f
o
r
e
q
u
a
l
i
t
y
o
f
v
a
r
i
a
n
c
e
s
t
-
t
e
s
t
f
o
r
e
q
u
a
l
i
t
y
o
f
m
e
a
n
s
F
S
i
g
.
T
Df
S
i
g
.
(2
-
t
a
i
l
e
d
)
M
e
a
n
d
i
f
f
e
r
e
n
c
e
S
t
d
.
e
r
r
o
r
d
i
f
f
e
r
e
n
c
e
9
5
%
c
o
n
f
i
d
e
n
c
e
i
n
t
e
r
v
a
l
o
f
t
h
e
d
i
f
f
e
r
e
n
c
e
Lo
w
e
r
U
p
p
e
r
Eq
u
a
l
v
a
r
i
a
n
c
e
s
a
ssu
m
e
d
1
.
7
9
9
.
1
8
1
4
.
5
7
6
2
2
8
.
0
0
0
4
.
8
7
0
1
.
0
6
4
2
.
7
7
3
6
.
9
6
6
Eq
u
a
l
v
a
r
i
a
n
c
e
s
n
o
t
a
ssu
m
e
d
4
.
5
7
6
2
2
4
.
4
6
4
.
0
0
0
4
.
8
7
0
1
.
0
6
4
2
.
7
7
3
6
.
9
6
6
3
.
2
.
P
o
s
t
t
est
r
esu
lt
s
T
h
e
p
o
s
ttes
t
d
ata
wer
e
o
b
tain
ed
af
ter
t
h
e
tr
ea
tm
en
t
i
n
th
e
ex
p
er
im
en
tal
g
r
o
u
p
.
T
h
e
e
x
p
er
im
en
tal
g
r
o
u
p
was
g
iv
e
n
tr
ea
tm
en
t
u
s
in
g
au
d
i
o
v
is
u
al
lear
n
i
n
g
m
ed
ia.
Me
an
wh
ile,
th
e
co
n
t
r
o
l
g
r
o
u
p
u
s
ed
t
h
e
co
n
v
en
tio
n
al
m
o
d
el
o
f
p
r
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ticu
m
with
o
u
t
u
s
in
g
a
u
d
io
v
is
u
al
lear
n
in
g
m
e
d
ia.
Su
b
s
eq
u
en
tl
y
,
s
tu
d
en
ts
in
b
o
th
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
-
8
8
2
2
I
n
t
J
E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
,
Vo
l
.
11
,
No
.
1
,
Ma
r
ch
20
22
:
4
0
3
-
408
406
g
r
o
u
p
s
wer
e
g
iv
en
a
test
in
th
e
f
o
r
m
o
f
p
o
s
ttes
t
q
u
esti
o
n
s
.
T
h
e
an
aly
s
is
o
f
th
e
p
o
s
ttes
t
ca
n
b
e
s
ee
n
in
T
ab
le
3
.
T
ab
le
3
r
ev
ea
ls
t
h
e
m
ea
n
o
f
p
r
etest
in
th
e
ex
p
e
r
im
en
tal
g
r
o
u
p
is
8
5
.
3
5
.
Me
a
n
wh
ile,
t
h
e
m
ea
n
o
f
th
e
c
o
n
tr
o
l
g
r
o
u
p
is
7
8
.
7
4
.
T
h
is
in
d
icate
s
th
at
th
e
co
n
tr
o
l
class
m
ay
n
o
t
h
av
e
ex
p
er
ien
ce
d
a
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
in
c
r
ea
s
e
in
lear
n
in
g
o
u
tco
m
es.
T
h
at
th
e
s
co
r
e
o
f
th
e
lear
n
in
g
o
u
tco
m
es
in
th
e
ex
p
er
im
en
tal
g
r
o
u
p
,
wh
ich
wer
e
g
i
v
en
tr
ea
tm
en
t,
b
ec
o
m
e
s
u
p
er
i
o
r
to
th
e
co
n
tr
o
l
g
r
o
u
p
.
T
o
p
r
o
v
e
th
e
d
if
f
er
e
n
ce
s
,
an
in
d
e
p
en
d
en
t
t
-
test
was
co
n
d
u
cte
d
o
n
th
e
p
o
s
ttes
t d
ata
to
f
in
d
t
h
e
s
ig
n
if
ican
ce
v
alu
e.
T
h
e
r
esu
lts
o
f
th
e
t
-
test
ar
e
p
r
esen
ted
in
T
ab
le
4
.
T
ab
le
3
.
E
x
p
er
im
en
tal
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3
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T
h
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m
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etwe
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ass
u
m
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with
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(
2
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tailed
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o
f
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h
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ejec
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Ha
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ac
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h
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it
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g
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ticu
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n
in
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ased
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u
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n
im
p
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v
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s
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lear
n
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tco
m
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th
e
ex
p
e
r
im
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tal
g
r
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T
h
er
e
is
a
s
tan
d
ar
d
to
d
eter
m
i
n
e
th
e
ef
f
ec
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n
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ac
tic
u
m
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g
b
ased
a
u
d
io
v
is
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al,
wh
ich
is
if
th
e
p
er
ce
n
tag
e
lev
el
o
f
s
tu
d
en
ts
’
co
m
p
leten
ess
is
g
r
ea
ter
th
an
o
r
e
q
u
al
to
8
5
%,
it
ca
n
b
e
d
ec
lar
ed
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f
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,
wh
er
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s
if
it
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n
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ch
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if
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clu
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th
at
th
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r
ac
ti
cu
m
lear
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g
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ased
au
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io
v
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al
is
n
o
t
ef
f
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in
im
p
r
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v
in
g
s
tu
d
en
ts
’
lear
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in
g
o
u
tco
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es.
B
ased
o
n
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e
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aly
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is
o
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ata,
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co
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p
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im
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9
2
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wh
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is
g
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ter
t
h
an
8
5
%.
B
ased
o
n
th
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ased
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im
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v
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g
s
tu
d
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ts
’
lear
n
in
g
o
u
tco
m
es.
3
.
3
.
Dis
cu
s
s
io
n
T
h
e
in
s
tr
u
m
e
n
t
u
s
ed
in
co
lle
ctin
g
d
ata
o
n
th
e
ef
f
ec
tiv
en
es
s
o
f
th
e
m
ed
ia
was
a
test
.
T
h
e
test
was
co
n
d
u
cte
d
to
co
llect
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ata
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s
tu
d
en
t
lear
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in
g
o
u
tco
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es,
th
r
o
u
g
h
a
p
r
e
-
test
at
th
e
b
eg
in
n
in
g
o
f
th
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lear
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n
g
p
r
o
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s
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d
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p
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t
-
test
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th
e
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in
al
lear
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p
r
o
ce
s
s
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af
ter
i
m
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lem
en
tin
g
th
e
a
u
d
io
v
is
u
al
p
r
ac
tical
lear
n
in
g
-
b
ased
ar
ch
iv
in
g
lea
r
n
in
g
m
ed
ia.
T
h
e
test
co
m
p
r
is
ed
m
u
ltip
l
e
-
ch
o
ice
test
q
u
esti
o
n
s
,
with
a
to
tal
o
f
3
0
item
s
,
an
d
co
m
p
ar
e
d
th
e
lear
n
in
g
o
u
tco
m
es
o
f
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
b
ef
o
r
e
an
d
af
ter
im
p
lem
en
tin
g
th
e
lear
n
i
n
g
m
e
d
ia,
u
s
in
g
an
in
d
ep
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d
en
t t
-
test
.
T
h
e
r
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lts
o
f
th
e
r
esear
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s
h
o
w
th
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f
f
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o
f
p
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ac
ticu
m
le
ar
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ased
au
d
i
o
v
is
u
al
in
im
p
r
o
v
in
g
s
tu
d
en
ts
’
lear
n
in
g
o
u
tco
m
es.
T
h
e
au
d
io
v
is
u
al
h
elp
s
s
tu
d
en
ts
to
ex
p
er
ien
ce
th
e
ac
tu
al
s
itu
atio
n
o
f
wo
r
k
p
lace
s
b
y
s
im
u
latin
g
s
ev
er
al
ca
s
es
th
at
h
av
e
to
s
o
lv
ed
b
y
s
tu
d
en
ts
.
I
t
m
ea
n
s
th
at
th
e
m
o
d
el
o
f
p
r
ac
ticu
m
ca
n
b
e
p
o
s
i
ted
as
a
lear
n
in
g
s
im
u
lato
r
[
1
5
]
,
[
1
6
]
.
T
o
p
r
ac
tices
th
e
lear
n
in
g
m
ater
ials
,
th
er
e
is
n
o
n
ee
d
to
p
r
esen
t
a
r
e
al
o
n
e,
as
it
ca
n
b
e
r
ep
lace
d
b
y
o
n
e
th
at
ca
n
r
ep
r
esen
t
its
ac
tu
al
s
itu
atio
n
[
2
3
]
–
[2
5]
.
T
h
u
s
,
p
r
ac
ticu
m
lear
n
i
n
g
b
ased
au
d
i
o
v
is
u
al
ca
n
b
e
u
s
ed
to
p
r
ep
ar
e
s
tu
d
en
ts
f
o
r
th
e
ac
tu
al
s
itu
atio
n
o
f
wo
r
k
p
lace
s
.
Pra
cticu
m
lear
n
in
g
b
ased
au
d
io
v
is
u
al
b
ec
o
m
es
m
o
r
e
e
f
f
ec
ti
v
e
th
an
co
n
v
en
tio
n
al
lear
n
in
g
m
ed
ia
in
im
p
r
o
v
in
g
s
tu
d
en
ts
’
lear
n
in
g
o
u
tco
m
es.
T
h
is
is
in
lin
e
with
p
r
ev
i
o
u
s
s
tu
d
ies
[
1
3
]
,
[
2
6
]
th
at
m
en
tio
n
ed
t
h
e
ef
f
ec
tiv
en
ess
o
f
th
e
m
ed
ia
o
f
lear
n
in
g
.
T
h
e
au
d
io
v
is
u
al
is
th
e
b
est
m
ed
iu
m
th
at
ca
n
b
e
u
s
e
d
to
m
ak
e
lear
n
in
g
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
[
8
]
,
[
1
5
]
,
[
2
0
]
,
[
2
7
]
,
[
2
8
]
.
Pra
cticu
m
lear
n
in
g
b
a
s
ed
au
d
io
v
is
u
al
also
h
el
p
s
s
tu
d
en
ts
to
m
aster
a
s
p
ec
if
ic
s
k
ill
[
8
]
,
[
9
]
,
[
1
6
]
,
[
2
5
]
,
[
2
7
]
,
[
2
9
]
,
s
u
ch
as
ar
ch
i
v
in
g
s
k
ills
in
o
f
f
ice
ad
m
in
is
t
r
atio
n
.
I
t
m
ea
n
s
th
e
p
r
ac
ticu
m
lear
n
i
n
g
b
ased
au
d
i
o
v
is
u
al
ca
n
im
p
r
o
v
e
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
’
lear
n
in
g
o
u
tco
m
es a
n
d
s
k
ills
.
T
h
is
r
esear
ch
h
as
s
h
o
wn
th
e
p
o
s
itiv
e
im
p
ac
t
o
f
t
h
e
u
s
e
o
f
m
ed
ia
a
n
d
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
.
T
h
e
u
s
e
o
f
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
ap
p
ea
r
s
to
b
e
co
n
s
is
ten
t
with
th
e
n
ee
d
s
an
d
d
em
an
d
s
o
f
t
h
e
in
d
u
s
tr
y
t
o
d
ay
.
T
h
e
au
d
io
v
is
u
al
b
r
in
g
s
v
is
u
aliza
tio
n
o
f
th
e
ac
t
u
al
s
itu
atio
n
in
wo
r
k
p
lace
s
th
at
cr
ea
tes a
d
if
f
er
en
t ty
p
e
o
f
lear
n
in
g
en
v
ir
o
n
m
e
n
t.
T
h
e
lear
n
in
g
e
n
v
ir
o
n
m
en
t
c
o
n
tr
ib
u
tes
to
c
r
ea
tin
g
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
’
co
n
ce
p
tio
n
o
f
lear
n
in
g
[
3
0
]
.
Pra
cticu
m
lear
n
in
g
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
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t
J
E
v
al
&
R
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d
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c
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N:
2252
-
8
8
2
2
Th
e
effec
t o
f p
r
a
cticu
m
lea
r
n
in
g
b
a
s
ed
a
u
d
io
visu
a
l o
n
… (
C
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Dya
h
S
u
lis
tya
n
in
g
r
u
m
I
n
d
r
a
w
a
ti
)
407
b
ased
au
d
io
v
is
u
al
ca
n
r
ep
r
es
en
t
th
e
s
itu
atio
n
o
f
wo
r
k
p
lac
es
in
an
y
cir
cu
m
s
tan
ce
s
.
T
h
e
p
r
ac
ticu
m
lear
n
i
n
g
b
ased
au
d
io
v
is
u
al
ca
n
b
e
a
m
ed
iu
m
to
p
r
e
p
ar
e
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tu
d
en
ts
b
ef
o
r
e
th
ey
jo
in
in
in
d
u
s
tr
ial
cir
cles.
T
h
e
im
p
lem
en
tatio
n
o
f
p
r
ac
ticu
m
lear
n
in
g
b
ased
au
d
io
v
is
u
al
ca
n
b
ec
o
m
e
a
n
ad
v
an
ce
d
m
o
d
el
o
f
p
r
ac
ticu
m
lear
n
in
g
,
esp
ec
ially
in
n
o
n
-
e
n
g
in
ee
r
in
g
an
d
tech
n
ical
v
o
c
atio
n
al
s
ec
o
n
d
ar
y
s
ch
o
o
ls
[
2
0
]
,
[
3
1
]
.
Pra
cticu
m
l
ea
r
n
in
g
b
ased
a
u
d
io
v
is
u
al
ca
n
b
e
d
ef
i
n
ed
as
th
e
u
s
e
o
f
a
u
d
io
v
is
u
al
lear
n
i
n
g
to
c
r
ea
te
a
n
ar
tific
ial
c
o
n
d
itio
n
o
f
wo
r
k
p
lace
s
d
u
r
in
g
p
r
ac
ticu
m
lear
n
in
g
.
Vis
u
aliza
tio
n
o
f
an
o
f
f
ice
ca
n
im
p
r
o
v
e
th
e
clim
ate
o
f
w
o
r
k
in
g
i
n
p
r
ac
ticu
m
lea
r
n
in
g
.
I
t
is
h
i
g
h
ly
r
ec
o
m
m
e
n
d
ed
th
at
e
d
u
ca
to
r
s
o
r
teac
h
er
s
o
b
tain
au
d
io
v
is
u
al
m
ed
ia
f
r
o
m
tr
u
s
ted
s
o
u
r
ce
s
f
o
r
u
s
e
in
th
e
l
ea
r
n
in
g
p
r
o
ce
s
s
to
en
s
u
r
e
t
h
at
th
ey
h
av
e
a
p
o
s
itiv
e
im
p
ac
t
o
n
s
tu
d
en
ts
.
4.
CO
NCLU
SI
O
N
T
h
is
r
esear
ch
h
as
s
h
o
wn
th
e
ef
f
ec
tiv
en
ess
o
f
p
r
ac
ticu
m
l
ea
r
n
in
g
b
ased
a
u
d
io
v
is
u
al
in
im
p
r
o
v
in
g
s
tu
d
en
ts
’
lear
n
in
g
o
u
tc
o
m
es
in
v
o
ca
tio
n
al
s
ec
o
n
d
a
r
y
s
ch
o
o
ls
.
I
t
ca
n
b
e
p
r
o
v
ed
b
y
t
h
e
r
esu
lt o
f
an
in
d
e
p
en
d
e
n
t
t
-
test
th
at
s
h
o
ws
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
d
i
f
f
er
en
ce
s
in
s
tu
d
en
ts
’
lear
n
in
g
o
u
tco
m
es
in
th
e
co
n
tr
o
l
g
r
o
u
p
an
d
ex
p
er
im
en
tal
g
r
o
u
p
.
B
as
ed
o
n
th
e
r
esu
lts
o
f
r
esear
ch
,
t
h
e
m
o
d
el
o
f
p
r
ac
t
icu
m
b
ased
a
u
d
io
v
is
u
al
lear
n
i
n
g
ca
n
b
ec
o
m
e
an
ad
v
an
ce
d
m
o
d
el
o
f
p
r
ac
ticu
m
lear
n
in
g
in
v
o
ca
tio
n
al
s
ec
o
n
d
ar
y
s
ch
o
o
ls
,
esp
ec
ially
in
n
o
n
-
en
g
in
ee
r
in
g
an
d
tech
n
ic
m
ajo
r
s
.
T
h
e
u
s
e
o
f
a
u
d
io
v
is
u
al
lear
n
i
n
g
ca
n
h
elp
s
tu
d
en
ts
to
g
et
ex
p
er
ien
ce
s
b
ased
o
n
th
e
ac
t
u
al
s
itu
atio
n
o
f
wo
r
k
p
lace
s
.
T
h
is
b
ec
o
m
es
v
e
r
y
ess
en
tial
f
o
r
s
tu
d
en
ts
b
ef
o
r
e
th
ey
jo
in
in
g
in
t
h
e
in
d
u
s
tr
ial
cir
cle.
B
esid
es
its
ef
f
ec
tiv
en
ess
,
an
o
t
h
er
asp
ec
t
o
f
p
r
ac
ticu
m
lear
n
i
n
g
b
ased
au
d
io
v
is
u
al
s
u
ch
as
th
e
n
e
g
ativ
e
im
p
ac
t
o
n
s
tu
d
en
ts
’
s
o
cial
s
k
ills
an
d
ch
ar
ac
ter
b
u
ild
in
g
s
h
o
u
ld
b
e
ex
am
in
ed
in
f
u
r
t
h
er
r
esear
ch
.
T
h
e
u
s
e
o
f
au
d
io
v
is
u
al,
p
er
h
ap
s
,
ca
n
en
h
an
ce
th
e
p
r
ac
tical
ex
p
er
ien
ce
o
f
s
tu
d
en
ts
b
u
t
it
ca
n
b
e
less
p
o
wer
f
u
l
to
s
h
ap
e
s
tu
d
en
ts
’
s
o
cial
an
d
ch
ar
ac
ter
co
n
s
tr
u
cted
b
y
s
o
cial
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
a
n
d
i
n
ter
ac
tio
n
.
Desp
ite
th
is
lim
itatio
n
,
th
e
u
s
e
o
f
a
u
d
io
v
is
u
al
m
ed
ia
i
n
p
r
ac
ticu
m
lear
n
in
g
s
h
o
u
l
d
b
e
co
n
s
id
er
ed
b
y
teac
h
er
s
an
d
s
ch
o
o
ls
as
ad
v
an
ce
d
m
ed
ia
to
p
r
e
p
ar
e
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
f
o
r
t
h
e
jo
b
s
.
RE
F
E
R
E
NC
E
S
[
1
]
P
r
e
si
d
e
n
t
of
T
h
e
R
e
p
u
b
l
i
c
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n
d
o
n
e
s
i
a
,
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a
w
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o
.
2
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f
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h
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t
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n
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a
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a
k
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(
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n
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,
2
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3
.
[
2
]
I
.
M
.
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a
m
b
a
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“
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x
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o
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l
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n
o
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1
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p
p
.
1
3
3
–
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5
5
,
2
0
1
9
.
[
3
]
M
.
B
.
Tr
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y
o
n
o
a
n
d
K
.
M
a
t
e
e
k
e
M
o
ses,
“
T
e
c
h
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c
a
l
a
n
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o
c
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a
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c
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t
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a
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a
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n
d
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e
si
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,
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i
n
Vo
c
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
E
d
u
c
a
t
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o
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a
n
d
T
r
a
i
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n
AS
EAN
M
e
m
b
e
r
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t
a
t
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s
.
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e
rs
p
e
c
t
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e
s
o
n
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t
h
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n
k
i
n
g
a
n
d
R
e
f
o
rm
i
n
g
Ed
u
c
a
t
i
o
n
,
S
i
n
g
a
p
o
r
e
:
S
p
r
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n
g
e
r
,
2
0
1
9
,
p
p
.
4
5
–
7
9
.
[
4
]
S
u
h
a
r
n
o
,
N
.
A
.
P
a
mb
u
d
i
,
a
n
d
B
.
H
a
r
j
a
n
t
o
,
“
V
o
c
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
e
d
u
c
a
t
i
o
n
i
n
I
n
d
o
n
e
si
a
:
H
i
st
o
r
y
,
d
e
v
e
l
o
p
m
e
n
t
,
o
p
p
o
r
t
u
n
i
t
i
e
s
,
a
n
d
c
h
a
l
l
e
n
g
e
s,”
C
h
i
l
d
re
n
a
n
d
Y
o
u
t
h
S
e
r
v
i
c
e
s
Re
v
i
e
w
,
v
o
l
.
1
1
5
,
p
.
1
0
5
0
9
2
,
A
u
g
.
2
0
2
0
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
0
1
6
/
j
.
c
h
i
l
d
y
o
u
t
h
.
2
0
2
0
.
1
0
5
0
9
2
.
[
5
]
S
.
S
h
i
n
,
A
.
R
a
c
h
ma
t
u
l
l
a
h
,
F
.
R
o
s
h
a
y
a
n
t
i
,
M
.
H
a
,
a
n
d
J
.
K
.
L
e
e
,
“
C
a
r
e
e
r
mo
t
i
v
a
t
i
o
n
o
f
s
e
c
o
n
d
a
r
y
st
u
d
e
n
t
s
i
n
S
TEM
:
a
c
r
o
ss
-
c
u
l
t
u
r
a
l
s
t
u
d
y
b
e
t
w
e
e
n
K
o
r
e
a
a
n
d
I
n
d
o
n
e
s
i
a
,
”
I
n
t
e
r
n
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
J
o
u
r
n
a
l
f
o
r
Ed
u
c
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
a
n
d
Vo
c
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
G
u
i
d
a
n
c
e
,
v
o
l
.
1
8
,
n
o
.
2
,
p
p
.
2
0
3
–
2
3
1
,
J
u
l
.
2
0
1
8
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
0
0
7
/
s1
0
7
7
5
-
0
1
7
-
9
3
5
5
-
0.
[
6
]
A
.
P
.
S
a
sm
i
t
o
,
D
.
K
u
s
t
o
n
o
,
P
u
r
n
o
m
o
,
a
n
d
H
.
El
mu
n
s
y
a
h
,
“
C
o
n
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e
p
t
u
a
l
mo
d
e
l
f
o
r
i
m
p
r
o
v
i
n
g
q
u
a
l
i
t
y
o
f
t
e
a
c
h
e
r
i
n
i
n
d
o
n
e
si
a
n
v
o
c
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
sc
h
o
o
l
,
”
I
n
t
e
r
n
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
Ev
a
l
u
a
t
i
o
n
a
n
d
R
e
se
a
rc
h
i
n
E
d
u
c
a
t
i
o
n
(
I
J
E
RE)
,
v
o
l
.
9
,
n
o
.
1
,
p
p
.
3
9
–
4
4
,
M
a
r
.
2
0
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0
,
d
o
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:
1
0
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1
1
5
9
1
/
i
j
e
r
e
.
v
9
i
1
.
2
0
3
9
0
.
[
7
]
T.
N
u
r
r
i
t
a
,
“
D
e
v
e
l
o
p
m
e
n
t
o
f
Le
a
r
n
i
n
g
M
e
d
i
a
t
o
I
mp
r
o
v
e
S
t
u
d
e
n
t
Le
a
r
n
i
n
g
O
u
t
c
o
mes
(
i
n
I
n
d
o
n
e
s
i
a
n
)
,
”
MI
S
Y
K
AT:
J
u
r
n
a
l
I
l
m
u
-
i
l
m
u
A
l
-
Q
u
r
a
n
,
H
a
d
i
st
,
S
y
a
ri
’
a
h
d
a
n
T
a
rb
i
y
a
h
,
v
o
l
.
3
,
n
o
.
1
,
p
.
1
7
1
,
J
u
n
.
2
0
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8
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
3
3
5
1
1
/
m
i
sy
k
a
t
.
v
3
n
1
.
1
7
1
.
[
8
]
S
.
M
o
g
h
a
v
v
e
m
i
,
A
.
S
u
l
a
i
ma
n
,
N
.
I
.
Jaa
f
a
r
,
a
n
d
N
.
K
a
sem
,
“
S
o
c
i
a
l
me
d
i
a
a
s
a
c
o
mp
l
e
me
n
t
a
r
y
l
e
a
r
n
i
n
g
t
o
o
l
f
o
r
t
e
a
c
h
i
n
g
a
n
d
l
e
a
r
n
i
n
g
:
T
h
e
c
a
s
e
o
f
Y
o
u
T
u
b
e
,”
I
n
t
e
rn
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
J
o
u
r
n
a
l
o
f
M
a
n
a
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e
m
e
n
t
Ed
u
c
a
t
i
o
n
,
v
o
l
.
1
6
,
n
o
.
1
,
p
p
.
3
7
–
4
2
,
M
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r
.
2
0
1
8
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
0
1
6
/
j
.
i
j
me.
2
0
1
7
.
1
2
.
0
0
1
.
[
9
]
A
.
Ex
p
ó
s
i
t
o
,
J
.
S
á
n
c
h
e
z
-
R
i
v
a
s,
M
.
P
.
G
ó
mez
-
C
a
l
e
r
o
,
a
n
d
M
.
P
.
P
a
b
l
o
-
R
o
mero
,
“
E
x
a
m
i
n
i
n
g
t
h
e
u
s
e
o
f
i
n
s
t
r
u
c
t
i
o
n
a
l
v
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d
e
o
c
l
i
p
s
f
o
r
t
e
a
c
h
i
n
g
m
a
c
r
o
e
c
o
n
o
m
i
c
s
,
”
C
o
m
p
u
t
e
rs
a
n
d
Ed
u
c
a
t
i
o
n
,
v
o
l
.
1
4
4
,
p
.
1
0
3
7
0
9
,
Ja
n
.
2
0
2
0
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
0
1
6
/
j
.
c
o
m
p
e
d
u
.
2
0
1
9
.
1
0
3
7
0
9
.
[
1
0
]
D
.
A
.
P
r
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