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t
h
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a
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h
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ll
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t
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n
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g
a
c
ti
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it
ies
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T
h
e
n
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m
in
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l
g
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p
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h
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iq
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e
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T)
a
p
p
ro
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se
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t
o
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e
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n
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rt
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t
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ted
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ld
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a
n
d
a
c
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ti
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th
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p
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rc
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n
tag
e
v
a
l
u
e
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f
a
g
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e
m
e
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t.
Th
e
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lu
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f
p
e
rc
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n
tag
e
o
f
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g
re
e
m
e
n
t
th
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t
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c
e
e
d
s
7
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(
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a
c
c
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tab
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Th
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n
g
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t
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p
h
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se
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re
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se
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ts
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th
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o
n
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ig
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tal
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m
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m
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rk
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se
d
o
n
p
ro
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lem
so
lv
i
n
g
s
k
il
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fo
r
p
re
sc
h
o
o
l
e
a
rly
m
a
th
e
m
a
ti
c
s
u
sin
g
th
e
i
n
terp
re
ti
v
e
stru
c
tu
ra
l
m
o
d
e
l
li
n
g
(IS
M
)
a
p
p
ro
a
c
h
.
K
ey
w
o
r
d
s
:
No
m
in
al
g
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o
u
p
tech
n
iq
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e
No
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-
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ig
ital g
am
es
Pre
s
ch
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Pro
b
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s
o
lv
in
g
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k
ills
Pro
Sk
iND
T
h
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s
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p
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c
c
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ss
a
rticle
u
n
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CC B
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C
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r
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A
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Mu
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Dep
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Me
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Ag
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Ko
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B
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4
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a
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I
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Play
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p
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r
ity
in
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r
ly
ch
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h
o
o
d
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u
ca
tio
n
[
1
]
.
T
h
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r
e,
th
e
a
p
p
r
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p
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teac
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in
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en
[
2
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.
P
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m
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lv
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k
ills
is
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m
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itiv
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ag
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d
b
etwe
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f
o
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r
to
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ix
y
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r
s
[
3
]
–
[
6
]
.
Pro
b
lem
-
s
o
lv
in
g
s
k
ills
ar
e
a
m
ea
s
u
r
i
n
g
to
o
l
aim
ed
f
o
r
ass
ess
in
g
th
e
n
ec
ess
ar
y
lev
el
o
f
m
aster
y
to
s
o
lv
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p
r
o
b
lem
s
r
elate
d
to
m
ath
em
atics o
f
th
e
ch
ild
r
e
n
at
th
at
ag
e
[
4
]
,
[
7
]
,
[
8
]
.
Gam
es
ar
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an
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
th
at
ca
n
h
elp
to
e
n
co
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ag
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d
ev
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p
th
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tial
s
k
ills
am
o
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th
e
ch
ild
r
en
.
B
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ter
in
g
p
r
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ch
o
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l,
p
r
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b
lem
-
s
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lv
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k
ills
ar
e
n
ec
es
s
ar
y
an
d
cr
u
c
ial
f
o
r
ch
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r
en
[
9
]
.
Acc
o
r
d
in
g
to
th
e
cu
r
r
ic
u
lu
m
an
d
ass
ess
m
en
t
s
tan
d
ar
d
d
o
cu
m
en
t
(
DSKP),
p
r
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b
le
m
-
s
o
lv
in
g
s
k
ills
ar
e
o
n
e
o
f
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
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:
2
2
5
2
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8
8
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2
I
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t
J
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&
R
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d
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c
,
Vo
l
.
11
,
No
.
1
,
Ma
r
ch
20
22
:
2
1
3
-
223
214
th
e
s
k
ills
th
at
ch
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r
en
n
ee
d
to
m
aster
in
2
1
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[
1
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T
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tatem
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also
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p
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ted
[
4
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[
8
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[
1
1
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,
[
1
2
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,
wh
er
e
p
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b
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-
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v
in
g
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k
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is
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f
th
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ess
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tial
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k
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,
ch
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r
en
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a
p
r
ep
a
r
ato
r
y
s
tep
to
m
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lear
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in
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allen
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21
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t
u
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B
ased
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aster
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e
ar
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ath
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atics
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p
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k
ills
is
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w
[
8
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,
[
9
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,
[
1
1
]
,
[
1
2
]
.
T
h
e
ca
u
s
e
is
d
u
e
to
ch
ild
r
en
f
in
d
in
g
it
d
if
f
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lt
to
p
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ac
tice
ex
is
tin
g
k
n
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wled
g
e
to
s
o
lv
e
p
r
o
b
lem
s
an
d
f
ailin
g
to
s
o
lv
e
p
r
o
b
lem
s
in
d
aily
life
[
6
]
.
T
h
is
n
ee
d
s
to
b
e
tak
en
s
er
io
u
s
ly
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ec
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s
e
p
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o
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ills
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ath
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atics
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e
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ills
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with
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e
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en
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[
1
1
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[
1
2
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.
R
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th
is
v
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e,
ch
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en
d
o
n
o
t
p
o
s
s
ess
p
r
o
b
lem
-
s
o
lv
in
g
s
k
ills
n
atu
r
a
lly
,
b
u
t
it
n
ee
d
s
to
b
e
d
ev
elo
p
e
d
.
C
h
ild
r
en
'
s
p
r
o
b
lem
-
s
o
lv
in
g
s
k
ills
n
ee
d
e
d
to
b
e
d
ev
elo
p
e
d
in
lin
e
with
th
e
ag
e
an
d
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
tal
s
tag
e
o
f
th
e
ch
ild
[
4
]
.
Stated
th
at
p
r
o
b
lem
-
s
o
lv
in
g
s
k
ills
n
ee
d
ed
to
b
e
d
ev
elo
p
e
d
as
ea
r
ly
as
th
e
ag
e
o
f
th
r
ee
b
y
p
la
y
g
am
es
[
9
]
.
C
h
ild
r
en
n
ee
d
to
s
o
lv
e
p
r
o
b
lem
s
f
r
o
m
o
n
e
s
ce
n
ar
io
to
an
o
th
e
r
ac
co
r
d
in
g
to
th
e
r
ig
h
t
s
tep
s
.
So
th
at
teac
h
er
s
p
lay
a
r
o
le
i
n
tr
ain
in
g
an
d
d
ir
ec
tin
g
ch
ild
r
en
to
ac
q
u
i
r
e
th
ese
s
k
ills
to
d
ev
elo
p
p
r
o
b
lem
-
s
o
lv
in
g
s
k
ills
in
lin
e
with
th
e
l
ev
el
o
f
co
g
n
itiv
e,
p
s
y
ch
o
m
o
to
r
,
m
en
tal,
s
o
cial
,
an
d
p
s
y
ch
o
s
ex
u
al
d
ev
el
o
p
m
en
t
o
f
p
r
esch
o
o
l
ch
ild
r
e
n
[
1
3
]
.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e,
teac
h
er
s
n
ee
d
to
p
lan
teac
h
in
g
a
n
d
lear
n
i
n
g
i
n
th
e
class
r
o
o
m
b
y
ad
o
p
tin
g
a
p
r
o
b
lem
-
s
o
lv
in
g
s
k
ills
’
elem
en
t in
ea
ch
ac
tiv
ity
.
B
esid
es,
o
n
e
o
f
th
e
ch
alle
n
g
e
s
in
m
ath
e
m
atics
lear
n
in
g
is
t
h
e
ap
p
licatio
n
o
f
p
r
o
b
lem
-
s
o
l
v
in
g
s
k
ills
am
o
n
g
th
e
teac
h
er
s
to
th
e
c
h
ild
r
en
[
1
4
]
.
T
ea
ch
er
s
n
ee
d
to
a
p
p
ly
d
if
f
er
en
t
elem
e
n
ts
o
f
p
r
o
b
lem
-
s
o
lv
in
g
s
k
ills
(
e
x
p
er
tis
e,
s
k
ills
,
an
d
v
alu
es)
d
u
r
in
g
th
e
lear
n
in
g
p
r
o
ce
s
s
.
T
o
ap
p
ly
p
r
o
b
lem
-
s
o
lv
in
g
s
k
ills
in
lear
n
in
g
ac
tiv
ities
,
teac
h
er
s
,
n
ee
d
to
h
av
e
an
ap
p
ar
e
n
t
m
aster
y
o
f
p
r
o
b
lem
-
s
o
lv
in
g
s
k
ills
,
s
tep
s
an
d
s
tr
ateg
ies
to
s
o
lv
e
p
r
o
b
lem
s
ap
p
r
o
p
r
iate
to
th
e
c
h
ild
'
s
lev
el
o
f
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t
[
1
4
]
,
[
1
5
]
.
Ho
wev
e
r
,
in
ca
r
r
y
in
g
o
u
t
th
ese
lear
n
in
g
ex
er
cises
,
th
er
e
ar
e
n
o
tr
an
s
p
ar
en
t
r
ef
er
en
ce
s
o
u
r
ce
s
th
at
c
an
b
e
u
s
ed
as
a
g
u
id
e
f
o
r
s
tu
d
en
ts
.
T
h
at
s
tu
d
y
r
elate
d
to
lear
n
in
g
e
x
p
er
ien
ce
s
f
o
cu
s
ed
o
n
p
r
o
b
lem
-
s
o
lv
i
n
g
s
k
ills
f
o
r
p
r
e
-
s
ch
o
o
l
ch
ild
r
e
n
is
les
s
em
p
h
asized
in
th
e
liter
atu
r
e
[
1
4
]
.
Mo
s
t
o
f
th
e
s
tu
d
ies
m
ain
ly
f
o
cu
s
ed
o
n
th
e
im
p
lem
e
n
tatio
n
o
f
lear
n
in
g
ac
tiv
ities
b
ased
o
n
p
r
o
b
lem
-
s
o
lv
in
g
s
k
ills
f
o
r
p
r
im
ar
y
s
ch
o
o
ls
[
1
6
]
,
s
ec
o
n
d
ar
y
s
ch
o
o
ls
[
1
7
]
,
a
n
d
in
s
titu
tio
n
s
o
f
h
ig
h
er
lear
n
in
g
[
1
8
]
.
Mo
r
eo
v
e
r
,
p
r
ev
io
u
s
s
tu
d
ies
h
av
e
d
ev
el
o
p
ed
g
am
es
s
p
ec
if
ic
f
o
r
a
p
ar
ticu
lar
ag
e
o
f
th
e
au
d
ien
ce
o
r
s
tu
d
en
ts
o
n
l
y
(
s
ec
o
n
d
ar
y
,
te
r
tiar
y
ed
u
ca
tio
n
)
[1
9
]
,
[
2
0
]
.
B
ased
o
n
th
e
p
r
ev
i
o
u
s
f
in
d
in
g
,
th
er
e
is
n
o
clea
r
clar
if
icatio
n
o
f
co
m
p
o
n
en
ts
an
d
elem
en
ts
r
eq
u
ir
ed
in
im
p
lem
en
tin
g
lear
n
in
g
ac
tiv
iti
es
b
y
u
s
in
g
n
o
n
-
d
ig
ital
g
am
es
f
o
c
u
s
ed
o
n
e
a
r
ly
m
ath
em
atic
s
p
r
o
b
lem
-
s
o
lv
in
g
s
k
ills
.
B
ased
o
n
th
e
ch
allen
g
es
an
d
is
s
u
es,
it
s
h
o
ws
th
at
th
er
e
is
a
n
ee
d
to
d
e
v
elo
p
a
n
o
n
-
d
ig
ital
g
a
m
e
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
(
Pro
Sk
iND)
th
at
f
o
cu
s
es
o
n
p
r
o
b
lem
-
s
o
lv
in
g
s
k
ills
elem
en
ts
s
p
ec
if
ically
f
o
r
p
r
esch
o
o
l
teac
h
er
s
.
I
n
ea
r
ly
m
ath
em
atics
lear
n
in
g
.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e,
th
is
s
tu
d
y
aim
ed
to
d
esig
n
th
e
m
a
i
n
co
m
p
o
n
e
n
ts
an
d
elem
en
ts
o
f
th
e
n
o
n
-
d
ig
ital g
am
e,
Pro
Sk
iND
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
b
ased
o
n
p
r
o
b
le
m
-
s
o
lv
in
g
s
k
ills
f
o
r
p
r
esch
o
o
l
ea
r
ly
m
ath
em
atics.
T
h
is
d
esig
n
p
r
o
ce
s
s
in
v
o
l
v
es selectin
g
ex
p
er
t
v
alid
atio
n
,
th
e
r
ef
o
r
e,
s
ev
er
al
r
esear
c
h
q
u
esti
o
n
s
wer
e
d
ev
elo
p
e
d
n
am
ely
:
i
)
W
h
at
ar
e
t
h
e
m
ain
co
m
p
o
n
en
ts
th
at
n
ee
d
to
b
e
in
clu
d
ed
in
d
ev
elo
p
in
g
Pro
Sk
iND
n
o
n
-
d
ig
ital
g
am
e
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
b
ased
o
n
p
r
o
b
lem
s
o
lv
in
g
s
k
ills
f
o
r
p
r
esch
o
o
l
e
a
r
ly
m
ath
em
atics
b
ased
o
n
ex
p
er
t
v
iews
;
ii
)
W
h
at
ar
e
th
e
elem
en
ts
f
o
r
ea
ch
o
f
th
e
m
ain
co
m
p
o
n
e
n
ts
th
at
n
e
ed
to
b
e
i
n
clu
d
ed
in
d
e
v
elo
p
i
n
g
Pro
Sk
iND
n
o
n
-
d
ig
ital
g
am
e
f
r
am
ew
o
r
k
b
ased
o
n
s
o
lv
in
g
s
k
ills
f
o
r
p
r
esch
o
o
l
e
ar
ly
m
at
h
em
atics
b
ased
o
n
ex
p
e
r
t
v
iews
;
iii
)
W
h
at
ar
e
th
e
m
ain
co
m
p
o
n
en
ts
o
f
Pro
Sk
iND
n
o
n
-
d
ig
ital
g
am
e
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
b
ased
o
n
s
o
lv
in
g
s
k
ills
f
o
r
p
r
esch
o
o
l
e
ar
ly
m
ath
e
m
atics
b
ased
o
n
ex
p
er
t
ag
r
ee
m
en
t
;
a
n
d
iv
)
W
h
at
ar
e
th
e
elem
en
ts
o
f
ea
ch
o
f
th
e
m
ain
co
m
p
o
n
en
ts
o
f
Pro
Sk
iND
n
o
n
-
d
ig
ital
g
am
e
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
b
ased
o
n
s
o
lv
in
g
s
k
ills
f
o
r
p
r
esch
o
o
l
e
ar
ly
m
ath
e
m
atics b
ased
o
n
e
x
p
er
t a
g
r
ee
m
en
t.
2.
RE
S
E
ARCH
M
E
T
H
O
D
Gen
er
ally
,
th
is
s
tu
d
y
ad
o
p
te
d
th
e
d
esig
n
an
d
d
e
v
elo
p
m
e
n
t
r
esear
ch
(
DDR)
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
,
wh
ich
was
in
tr
o
d
u
ce
d
b
y
R
ich
ey
a
n
d
Kl
ein
[
2
1
]
a
n
d
co
n
s
is
ts
o
f
th
r
ee
m
ain
p
h
ases
wh
ich
ar
e
n
ee
d
ed
an
aly
s
is
,
d
esig
n
,
an
d
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t
an
d
ev
al
u
at
io
n
.
I
n
th
is
p
ap
er
,
r
esear
ch
e
r
f
o
cu
s
o
n
s
ec
o
n
d
p
h
ase
o
f
t
h
e
d
ev
elo
p
m
e
n
t
o
f
Pro
Sk
iND
n
o
n
-
d
ig
it
al
g
a
m
e
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
b
ased
o
n
p
r
o
b
lem
s
o
lv
in
g
s
k
ills
f
o
r
p
r
esch
o
o
l
e
ar
ly
m
ath
e
m
atics.
B
ased
o
n
th
e
f
in
d
in
g
s
o
f
n
ee
d
an
aly
s
is
s
h
o
ws
clea
r
ly
th
at
th
er
e
is
a
n
ee
d
to
d
ev
elo
p
a
n
o
n
-
d
ig
ital
g
am
e
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
s
p
ec
if
ically
f
o
r
p
r
esch
o
o
l
teac
h
er
s
wh
o
f
o
cu
s
o
n
s
tep
s
to
c
a
r
r
y
o
u
t
lear
n
in
g
ac
tiv
ities
to
s
o
lv
e
e
ar
ly
m
ath
em
atics
p
r
o
b
lem
s
b
y
u
s
in
g
n
o
n
-
d
ig
ital
g
am
es.
Af
ter
n
o
m
in
al
g
r
o
u
p
t
ec
h
n
iq
u
e
(
NGT
)
p
r
o
ce
s
s
,
th
is
p
h
ase
was
co
n
tin
u
e
d
ad
o
p
ted
th
e
i
n
ter
p
r
etiv
e
s
tr
u
ctu
r
al
m
o
d
ellin
g
(
I
SM)
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
.
Ho
wev
er
,
b
ef
o
r
e
th
e
d
ev
elo
p
m
e
n
t
Pro
Sk
iND
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
,
th
e
r
esear
ch
e
r
h
a
d
ad
o
p
ted
th
e
NGT
to
d
esig
n
a
n
d
v
er
if
y
th
e
m
ain
co
m
p
o
n
en
ts
an
d
elem
en
ts
o
f
th
e
Pro
Sk
iND
f
r
a
m
ewo
r
k
b
as
ed
o
n
p
r
o
b
lem
s
o
lv
in
g
s
k
ills
f
o
r
p
r
esch
o
o
l
e
ar
ly
m
ath
em
atics.
T
h
e
NGT
u
s
ed
in
th
e
d
esig
n
an
d
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t
p
h
ase
is
a
p
r
o
ce
s
s
o
f
co
n
tr
ib
u
tin
g
to
d
is
cu
s
s
ab
o
u
t
th
e
is
s
u
es
an
d
p
r
o
b
lem
s
an
d
d
esig
n
in
g
a
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
to
b
e
d
ev
elo
p
ed
[
2
2
]
.
Fig
u
r
e
1
s
h
o
ws
th
e
p
h
ase
an
d
m
eth
o
d
u
s
in
g
in
DDR ap
p
r
o
ac
h
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t
J
E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
8
2
2
N
o
min
a
l g
r
o
u
p
tech
n
iq
u
e
a
p
p
l
ica
tio
n
to
w
a
r
d
s
d
esig
n
o
f c
o
mp
o
n
en
ts
a
n
d
elem
en
ts
… (
S
iti
K
h
a
d
ija
h
A
n
is
)
215
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
Ph
ase
an
d
m
eth
o
d
u
s
in
g
in
DDR
a
p
p
r
o
ac
h
2
.
1
.
Def
ini
t
io
ns
o
f
NG
T
NGT
is
a
s
tr
u
ctu
r
ed
v
ar
iatio
n
o
f
a
s
m
all
-
g
r
o
u
p
d
is
cu
s
s
io
n
to
r
ea
ch
c
o
n
s
en
s
u
s
[
2
3
]
.
I
t
is
also
a
tech
n
iq
u
e
o
f
o
b
tain
in
g
r
esear
c
h
d
ata
b
ased
o
n
f
ac
e
-
to
-
f
ac
e
m
ee
tin
g
s
an
d
aim
ed
to
g
et
t
h
e
ex
p
er
t
co
n
s
en
s
u
s
in
id
en
tify
in
g
an
d
ac
ce
p
tin
g
th
e
co
m
p
o
n
en
ts
o
r
th
e
elem
en
ts
[
2
4
]
.
B
esid
es
th
at,
NGT
i
s
o
f
ten
u
s
ed
an
d
ap
p
lied
in
th
e
s
tu
d
y
t
o
o
b
tain
ex
ac
t
f
i
n
d
in
g
s
an
d
is
n
o
t
p
er
ce
p
tiv
e
v
iews.
I
t
is
also
a
p
r
o
ce
s
s
o
f
s
em
i
-
q
u
an
titativ
e
an
d
s
tr
u
ctu
r
ed
b
ec
au
s
e
th
is
tech
n
i
q
u
e
is
ab
le
to
co
m
b
in
e
q
u
alita
tiv
e
m
eth
o
d
s
[
2
5
]
.
I
t
is
s
u
p
p
o
r
ted
b
y
th
e
f
ac
t
th
at
O'
Ne
il
an
d
J
ac
k
s
o
n
[
2
5
]
,
wh
er
e
th
e
p
r
o
ce
s
s
b
eg
in
s
with
th
e
p
r
o
ce
s
s
o
f
'
ac
ce
p
tan
ce
o
f
id
ea
s
with
o
u
t
ju
d
g
m
en
t'
(
q
u
alitativ
e)
a
n
d
is
f
o
llo
we
d
b
y
th
e
p
r
o
ce
s
s
o
f
o
r
d
er
in
g
th
e
p
r
io
r
ity
o
f
id
ea
s
b
ased
o
n
th
e
o
r
d
er
o
f
n
u
m
b
er
s
.
I
n
th
is
s
tu
d
y
,
NGT
is
u
s
ed
f
o
r
d
esig
n
s
th
e
m
ain
c
o
m
p
o
n
en
t
an
d
elem
en
ts
in
Pro
Sk
iND
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
b
ased
o
n
p
r
o
b
lem
s
o
l
v
in
g
s
k
ills
f
o
r
e
a
r
ly
m
ath
em
atics o
f
p
r
esch
o
o
l.
2
.
2
.
P
a
rt
icipa
nts o
f
NG
T
T
h
er
e
h
as
b
ee
n
d
eb
ate
as
to
wh
at
co
n
s
titu
tes
th
e
o
p
tim
al
s
ize
o
f
g
r
o
u
p
f
o
r
NGT
.
T
h
e
N
GT
g
r
o
u
p
s
s
h
o
u
ld
b
e
m
a
d
e
u
p
o
f
n
o
m
o
r
e
th
an
f
iv
e
t
o
n
in
e
p
a
r
ticip
an
t
s
,
b
u
t
th
at
lar
g
e
g
r
o
u
p
(
9
-
m
o
r
e
th
an
2
0
0
)
ca
n
b
e
ac
co
m
m
o
d
ate
d
with
in
th
is
p
r
o
ce
s
s
[
2
6
]
.
I
d
en
tifie
d
h
is
g
r
o
u
p
s
as
r
an
g
in
g
f
r
o
m
9
-
1
2
p
er
s
o
n
s
.
B
esid
es,
Har
v
ey
an
d
Ho
lm
es
[
2
7
]
ass
er
ted
th
a
t
th
e
m
o
s
t
id
ea
l
g
r
o
u
p
o
f
s
tu
d
y
p
a
r
ticip
an
ts
is
6
-
1
2
p
er
s
o
n
s
.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e,
t
h
er
e
wer
e
1
2
e
x
p
er
ts
in
v
o
lv
ed
in
t
h
is
NGT
s
ess
io
n
.
A
p
an
el
o
f
ex
p
er
ts
wer
e
in
v
o
lv
ed
to
v
alid
ate
Pro
Sk
iND
m
ain
co
m
p
o
n
en
t
an
d
th
e
elem
en
ts
u
s
in
g
o
n
lin
e
wo
r
k
s
h
o
p
p
latf
o
r
m
(
C
is
co
W
E
B
E
X)
.
T
ab
le
1
s
h
o
ws
th
e
lis
t
o
f
ex
p
er
ts
in
v
o
l
v
ed
i
n
th
e
d
esig
n
o
f
th
e
m
ain
co
m
p
o
n
en
ts
a
n
d
elem
en
ts
in
ea
ch
m
ai
n
co
m
p
o
n
en
t
f
o
r
th
e
d
ev
elo
p
m
e
n
t o
f
t
h
e
Pro
Sk
iND
n
o
n
-
d
ig
ital g
am
e
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
.
T
ab
le
1
.
L
is
t o
f
e
x
p
er
ts
in
v
o
lv
ed
in
NGT
Ex
p
e
r
t
Le
v
e
l
o
f
e
d
u
c
a
t
i
o
n
F
i
e
l
d
o
f
e
x
p
e
r
t
i
se
Y
e
a
r
s
o
f
e
x
p
e
r
i
e
n
c
e
P1
D
o
c
t
o
r
o
f
P
h
i
l
o
s
o
p
h
y
Ea
r
l
y
c
h
i
l
d
h
o
o
d
e
d
u
c
a
t
i
o
n
8
y
e
a
r
s
P2
B
a
c
h
e
l
o
r
M
a
t
h
e
ma
t
i
c
s
1
4
y
e
a
r
s
P3
D
o
c
t
o
r
o
f
P
h
i
l
o
s
o
p
h
y
P
r
o
b
l
e
m
s
o
l
v
i
n
g
I
n
st
r
u
c
t
i
o
n
a
l
d
e
s
i
g
n
1
0
y
e
a
r
s
P4
B
a
c
h
e
l
o
r
Ea
r
l
y
c
h
i
l
d
h
o
o
d
e
d
u
c
a
t
i
o
n
7
y
e
a
r
s
P5
D
o
c
t
o
r
o
f
P
h
i
l
o
s
o
p
h
y
I
n
st
r
u
c
t
i
o
n
a
l
d
e
s
i
g
n
R
e
k
a
B
e
n
t
u
k
Ea
r
l
y
c
h
i
l
d
h
o
o
d
e
d
u
c
a
t
i
o
n
1
5
y
e
a
r
s
P6
B
a
c
h
e
l
o
r
Ea
r
l
y
c
h
i
l
d
h
o
o
d
e
d
u
c
a
t
i
o
n
1
4
y
e
a
r
s
P7
D
o
c
t
o
r
o
f
P
h
i
l
o
s
o
p
h
y
R
e
se
a
r
c
h
m
e
t
h
o
d
o
l
o
g
y
c
u
r
r
i
c
u
l
u
m
7
y
e
a
r
s
P8
D
o
c
t
o
r
o
f
P
h
i
l
o
s
o
p
h
y
R
e
se
a
r
c
h
m
e
t
h
o
d
o
l
o
g
y
P
r
e
sch
o
o
l
c
u
r
r
i
c
u
l
u
m
1
3
y
e
a
r
s
P9
D
o
c
t
o
r
o
f
P
h
i
l
o
s
o
p
h
y
P
r
o
b
l
e
m
s
o
l
v
i
n
g
1
4
y
e
a
r
s
P
1
0
B
a
c
h
e
l
o
r
Ea
r
l
y
c
h
i
l
d
h
o
o
d
e
d
u
c
a
t
i
o
n
1
0
y
e
a
r
s
P
1
1
B
a
c
h
e
l
o
r
M
a
t
h
e
ma
t
i
c
s
1
5
y
e
a
r
s
P
1
2
D
e
g
r
e
e
Ea
r
l
y
c
h
i
l
d
h
o
o
d
e
d
u
c
a
t
i
o
n
1
3
y
e
a
r
s
T
h
e
cr
iter
ia
o
f
th
e
ex
p
er
ts
in
v
o
lv
ed
in
th
e
g
r
o
u
p
wh
ich
ar
e:
i)
I
n
d
iv
id
u
als
with
ex
ten
s
iv
e
e
x
p
er
ien
ce
,
b
ac
k
g
r
o
u
n
d
an
d
ex
p
er
ien
ce
r
e
lated
to
th
e
s
co
p
e
o
f
s
tu
d
y
;
ii
)
T
im
ely
r
eliab
ilit
y
an
d
s
u
itab
ilit
y
to
p
ar
ticip
ate;
iii)
Hav
e
g
o
o
d
c
o
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
ab
ilit
ies;
a
n
d
iv
)
Hav
e
m
o
r
e
th
an
f
iv
e
y
ea
r
s
'
ex
p
er
ien
ce
.
T
h
e
cr
iter
ia
in
th
e
Pha
se
a
n
d
M
e
t
h
o
d
Pha
se
1
:
N
e
e
d
A
n
a
l
y
si
s P
h
a
se
S
t
a
t
i
st
i
c
D
e
scri
p
t
i
v
e
(
M
e
a
n
S
c
o
r
e
a
n
d
S
t
a
n
d
a
r
d
D
e
v
i
a
t
i
o
n
)
Pha
se
2
:
D
e
si
g
n
a
n
d
D
e
v
e
l
o
p
me
n
t
P
h
a
se
D
e
si
g
n
P
h
a
s
e
:
N
o
m
i
n
a
l
G
r
o
u
p
Te
c
h
n
i
q
u
e
(
N
G
T)
D
e
v
e
l
o
p
m
e
n
t
P
h
a
s
e
:
I
n
t
e
r
p
r
e
t
i
v
e
S
t
r
u
c
t
u
r
a
l
M
e
t
h
o
d
(
I
S
M
)
Pha
se
3
:
E
v
a
l
u
a
t
i
o
n
Pha
s
e
F
u
z
z
y
D
e
l
p
h
i
M
e
t
h
o
d
(
F
D
M
)
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
-
8
8
2
2
I
n
t
J
E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
,
Vo
l
.
11
,
No
.
1
,
Ma
r
ch
20
22
:
2
1
3
-
223
216
s
elec
tio
n
o
f
ex
p
e
r
ts
ar
e
a
p
e
r
s
o
n
wh
o
at
least
h
av
e
f
iv
e
y
ea
r
s
'
ex
p
er
ien
ce
in
ea
r
ly
c
h
ild
h
o
o
d
e
d
u
ca
tio
n
,
m
ath
em
atics
ex
p
er
ts
,
in
s
tr
u
c
tio
n
al
d
esig
n
e
x
p
er
ts
,
p
r
o
b
l
em
s
o
lv
in
g
e
x
p
er
ts
,
m
eth
o
d
o
lo
g
y
e
x
p
er
ts
,
a
n
d
p
r
esch
o
o
l
cu
r
r
icu
lu
m
ex
p
er
ts
.
I
n
th
is
s
es
s
io
n
,
a
p
an
el
o
f
ex
p
er
ts
was
d
is
cu
s
s
in
g
o
n
th
e
im
p
r
o
v
em
e
n
t,
ev
alu
atio
n
a
n
d
v
alid
atio
n
o
f
t
h
e
m
ain
co
m
p
o
n
e
n
ts
an
d
ele
m
en
ts
n
ee
d
ed
in
th
e
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t
o
f
th
e
Pro
Sk
iND
non
-
d
ig
ital
g
am
e
f
r
am
ew
o
r
k
.
E
x
p
er
ts
wer
e
r
eq
u
ir
e
d
to
v
alid
ate
th
e
m
ain
co
m
p
o
n
en
ts
an
d
elem
en
ts
to
d
esig
n
Pro
Sk
iND
n
o
n
-
d
i
g
ital g
am
e
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
b
ased
o
n
th
e
g
iv
e
n
q
u
esti
o
n
n
air
e.
2
.
3
.
I
ns
t
rum
ent
o
f
NG
T
T
h
e
in
s
tr
u
m
en
t
u
s
ed
in
NGT
i
s
a
q
u
esti
o
n
n
air
e
an
d
th
e
item
s
g
en
er
ated
f
r
o
m
liter
atu
r
e
r
ev
iew
b
ased
o
n
th
r
ee
e
x
is
tin
g
m
o
d
els.
T
h
e
m
o
d
els
ar
e
p
r
o
b
lem
-
s
o
lv
i
n
g
m
o
d
el
[
2
8
]
,
T
ASC
m
o
d
el
[
2
9
]
,
an
d
Ma
g
ic
m
o
d
el
[
3
0
]
.
T
h
is
q
u
esti
o
n
n
air
e
h
as
th
r
ee
m
ain
p
ar
ts
wh
ich
ar
e
p
ar
t
A
is
th
e
d
em
o
g
r
ap
h
ic
o
f
th
e
r
esp
o
n
d
en
ts
(
ex
p
er
ts
)
,
p
ar
t B is
th
e
m
ain
c
o
m
p
o
n
en
t
,
an
d
p
ar
t C is
th
e
el
em
en
t p
ar
t o
f
ea
ch
m
ain
co
m
p
o
n
en
t.
I
n
ter
m
s
o
f
v
alid
ity
an
d
r
elia
b
ilit
y
o
f
th
e
q
u
esti
o
n
n
air
e
o
f
th
e
NGT
is
r
ef
er
r
in
g
to
th
e
s
elec
tio
n
o
f
g
r
o
u
p
m
em
b
er
s
(
ex
p
er
ts
)
wh
o
f
u
lf
il
th
e
s
co
p
e
o
f
th
is
s
tu
d
y
an
d
th
e
item
s
to
b
e
d
is
cu
s
s
ed
in
th
e
s
ess
io
n
NGT
r
elate
d
to
th
e
b
ac
k
g
r
o
u
n
d
o
f
t
h
e
ex
p
e
r
ts
in
v
o
lv
e
d
.
T
h
is
is
s
u
p
p
o
r
ted
b
y
p
r
e
v
io
u
s
s
tu
d
y
[
3
1
]
,
wh
ich
s
tated
t
h
at
th
e
v
alid
ity
an
d
r
eliab
ilit
y
o
f
th
is
tech
n
iq
u
e
ca
n
b
e
im
p
r
o
v
ed
b
y
d
eter
m
in
in
g
th
e
cr
iter
ia
f
o
r
s
elec
tio
n
o
f
g
r
o
u
p
ex
p
e
r
ts
,
th
r
o
u
g
h
p
ilo
t
s
tu
d
ies
an
d
d
eter
m
in
at
io
n
o
f
co
r
r
ec
t
d
is
cu
s
s
io
n
q
u
e
s
tio
n
s
.
T
h
e
NGT
q
u
esti
o
n
n
air
es
was
g
iv
en
(
em
ailed
)
to
th
e
e
x
p
er
ts
a
d
a
y
b
ef
o
r
e
th
e
o
n
lin
e
NGT
wo
r
k
s
h
o
p
.
Du
r
in
g
th
e
NGT
s
ess
io
n
,
ex
p
er
ts
wer
e
ask
ed
to
p
r
o
v
id
e
v
iews
an
d
o
p
in
io
n
s
o
n
all
m
ain
co
m
p
o
n
en
ts
an
d
el
em
en
ts
.
T
h
ey
n
ee
d
to
v
o
te
b
y
m
ar
k
in
g
o
n
th
e
L
ik
er
t scale
in
NGT
q
u
esti
o
n
n
air
e
r
an
g
ed
1
(
t
o
tally
d
is
ag
r
ee
)
to
7
(
to
tally
ag
r
ee
)
.
2
.
4
.
I
m
plem
ent
a
t
io
n o
f
NG
T
T
h
e
im
p
lem
en
tatio
n
o
f
NGT
in
v
o
lv
es
ex
p
er
ts
wh
o
h
a
v
e
b
ee
n
s
elec
ted
ac
co
r
d
in
g
to
th
e
s
co
p
e
o
f
th
e
s
tu
d
y
an
d
th
is
wo
r
k
s
h
o
p
was
u
s
in
g
o
n
lin
e
wo
r
k
s
h
o
p
p
latf
o
r
m
(
C
is
co
W
E
B
E
X)
.
T
h
e
o
n
lin
e
wo
r
k
s
h
o
p
was
co
n
d
u
cte
d
b
y
a
m
o
d
er
ato
r
.
Mo
d
er
ato
r
s
ar
e
as
a
co
n
tr
o
ll
er
o
f
in
ter
ac
tio
n
in
th
e
NG
T
s
ess
io
n
[
2
5
]
.
T
h
e
d
u
r
atio
n
tak
e
n
b
y
th
e
NGT
wo
r
k
s
h
o
p
is
ab
o
u
t
two
h
o
u
r
s
.
T
h
is
d
u
r
atio
n
tim
e
is
an
id
ea
l
tim
e
to
im
p
lem
en
t
NGT
s
es
s
io
n
.
T
h
is
p
er
io
d
is
an
id
ea
l
p
er
io
d
.
T
h
e
id
ea
l
p
er
i
o
d
f
o
r
p
a
r
ticip
an
ts
to
an
s
wer
an
d
ac
tiv
ely
f
o
llo
w
th
e
s
tu
d
en
t
wo
r
k
s
h
o
p
is
b
etw
ee
n
two
h
o
u
r
s
to
two
h
o
u
r
s
a
n
d
th
ir
ty
m
in
u
tes.
T
o
im
p
lem
en
tatio
n
NGT
,
th
er
e
ar
e
f
iv
e
s
tep
s
o
f
s
p
ec
if
ic
g
u
id
e
wh
ich
ar
e
r
esear
ch
er
f
o
llo
w
ed
in
th
is
r
esear
ch
.
T
a
b
le
2
s
h
o
ws
th
e
b
asic
s
tep
s
to
ca
r
r
y
o
u
t th
e
NGT
p
r
o
ce
s
s
as p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
[
3
2
]
.
T
ab
le
2
.
Fiv
e
s
tep
s
o
f
s
p
ec
if
ic
g
u
id
e
to
i
m
p
lem
en
t N
GT
s
ess
io
n
S
t
e
p
A
c
t
i
v
i
t
y
S
t
e
p
1
A
d
e
s
c
r
i
p
t
i
o
n
o
f
t
h
e
st
u
d
y
w
i
l
l
b
e
c
o
n
d
u
c
t
e
d
b
y
t
h
e
m
o
d
e
r
a
t
o
r
S
t
e
p
2
P
r
o
c
e
ss
o
f
t
r
i
g
g
e
r
i
n
g
i
d
e
a
s
b
y
st
u
d
y
p
a
r
t
i
c
i
p
a
n
t
s
(
e
x
p
e
r
t
s)
S
t
e
p
3
S
h
a
r
i
n
g
i
d
e
a
s
b
e
t
w
e
e
n
st
u
d
y
p
a
r
t
i
c
i
p
a
n
t
s
(
e
x
p
e
r
t
s)
S
t
e
p
4
D
i
scu
ssi
o
n
o
f
c
o
mp
o
n
e
n
t
s
a
n
d
e
l
e
m
e
n
t
s
o
f
t
h
e
i
ssu
e
s s
t
u
d
i
e
d
S
t
e
p
5
Th
e
v
o
t
i
n
g
p
r
o
c
e
ss
o
f
st
u
d
y
p
a
r
t
i
c
i
p
a
n
t
s
I
n
th
is
s
ess
io
n
,
ex
p
er
ts
wer
e
d
is
cu
s
s
in
g
o
n
th
e
im
p
r
o
v
em
e
n
t,
ev
alu
atio
n
an
d
v
alid
atio
n
o
f
th
e
m
ai
n
co
m
p
o
n
en
ts
an
d
elem
en
ts
n
ee
d
ed
in
t
h
e
d
e
v
elo
p
m
e
n
t
o
f
th
e
Pro
Sk
iND
n
o
n
-
d
ig
ital
g
am
e
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
.
A
p
an
el
o
f
ex
p
er
ts
was
r
eq
u
ir
ed
to
s
elec
t
an
d
v
alid
ate
th
e
m
ain
co
m
p
o
n
e
n
ts
an
d
elem
en
ts
to
d
esig
n
Pro
Sk
iND
n
o
n
-
d
ig
ital
g
am
e
b
ased
o
n
th
e
g
i
v
en
q
u
esti
o
n
n
air
e.
T
h
e
NGT
q
u
esti
o
n
n
air
es
wer
e
g
i
v
en
(
e
m
ailed
)
to
ex
p
er
ts
a
d
ay
b
ef
o
r
e
th
e
o
n
lin
e
NGT
wo
r
k
s
h
o
p
.
Du
r
in
g
th
e
NGT
s
ess
io
n
,
ex
p
er
ts
wer
e
ask
ed
to
p
r
o
v
id
e
v
iews
an
d
o
p
in
io
n
s
o
n
all
m
ain
co
m
p
o
n
e
n
ts
an
d
elem
e
n
ts
.
T
h
e
y
n
ee
d
t
o
r
esp
o
n
d
i
n
th
e
NGT
q
u
esti
o
n
n
air
e
b
ased
o
n
th
e
L
ik
er
t
s
ca
le.
A
d
escr
ip
ti
v
e
an
aly
s
is
was
co
n
d
u
cted
s
u
ch
as
s
co
r
e
an
d
th
e
p
er
ce
n
tag
e
was
co
n
d
u
cted
to
d
eter
m
in
e
th
e
p
e
r
ce
n
tag
e
o
f
a
g
r
ee
m
en
t.
T
h
e
p
er
ce
n
tag
e
o
f
ag
r
ee
m
en
t
s
h
o
u
ld
b
e
m
o
r
e
th
a
n
7
0
%
(
≥
7
0
%)
as
it
ca
n
b
e
ac
ce
p
te
d
f
o
r
f
u
r
th
er
r
e
v
iews in
th
is
s
tu
d
y
.
2
.
5
.
Da
t
a
a
na
ly
s
is
o
f
NG
T
T
h
e
d
ata
an
aly
s
is
p
r
o
ce
s
s
f
o
r
NGT
is
v
er
y
s
im
p
le
b
ec
au
s
e
i
t
is
b
ased
o
n
th
e
v
alu
e
o
f
p
er
ce
n
tag
e
o
f
ag
r
ee
m
en
t.
Ass
er
ts
th
at
th
e
p
er
ce
n
tag
e
o
f
ag
r
ee
m
en
t
v
al
u
e
in
d
icate
s
ea
ch
th
e
co
m
p
o
n
en
t
an
d
elem
e
n
t
is
ac
ce
p
ted
wh
e
n
th
e
v
al
u
e
o
f
p
er
ce
n
tag
e
le
v
el
o
f
a
g
r
ee
m
en
t
i
s
7
0
%
an
d
a
b
o
v
e
[
3
3
]
.
T
h
e
s
o
f
twar
e
u
s
ed
in
t
h
is
s
tag
e
is
a
Mic
r
o
s
o
f
t
E
x
ce
l
b
ased
o
n
th
e
tem
p
late
p
r
o
v
id
e
d
wh
ich
is
to
o
b
tain
a
p
er
ce
n
tag
e
s
co
r
e
v
alu
e.
T
ab
le
3
s
h
o
ws f
iv
e
s
tep
s
o
f
d
a
ta
an
aly
s
is
f
o
r
NGT
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t
J
E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
8
2
2
N
o
min
a
l g
r
o
u
p
tech
n
iq
u
e
a
p
p
l
ica
tio
n
to
w
a
r
d
s
d
esig
n
o
f c
o
mp
o
n
en
ts
a
n
d
elem
en
ts
… (
S
iti
K
h
a
d
ija
h
A
n
is
)
217
T
ab
le
3
.
T
h
e
s
tep
s
o
f
d
ata
a
n
aly
s
is
f
o
r
NGT
S
t
e
p
s
A
c
t
i
v
i
t
y
S
t
e
p
1
En
s
u
r
i
n
g
t
h
e
n
u
m
b
e
r
o
f
p
a
r
t
i
c
i
p
a
n
t
s (
e
x
p
e
r
t
s)
i
n
v
o
l
v
e
d
w
i
t
h
t
h
e
s
t
u
d
y
S
t
e
p
2
Th
e
f
o
r
ma
t
i
o
n
a
n
d
c
a
l
c
u
l
a
t
i
o
n
o
f
sc
o
r
e
v
a
l
u
e
i
s
b
a
se
d
o
n
t
h
e
t
e
mp
l
e
t
d
a
t
a
a
n
a
l
y
s
i
s
o
f
N
G
T
S
t
e
p
3
C
o
n
v
e
r
t
sc
o
r
e
v
a
l
u
e
s
i
n
t
o
p
e
r
c
e
n
t
a
g
e
f
o
r
m t
o
g
e
t
t
h
e
v
a
l
u
e
o
f
p
e
r
c
e
n
t
a
g
e
o
f
a
g
r
e
e
me
n
t
Pe
r
c
e
n
t
a
ge
(
%
)
=
T
o
t
a
l
of
s
c
o
r
e
x
100
(
A
x
B
)
A
=
To
t
a
l
o
f
e
x
p
e
r
t
s
B
=
L
i
k
e
r
t
s
c
a
l
e
u
s
e
d
i
.
e
.
7
p
o
i
n
t
s
S
t
e
p
4
D
e
t
e
r
m
i
n
i
n
g
t
h
e
a
c
c
e
p
t
a
n
c
e
o
f
c
o
m
p
o
n
e
n
t
s
a
n
d
e
l
e
m
e
n
t
s
b
a
s
e
d
o
n
p
e
r
c
e
n
t
a
g
e
o
f
a
g
r
e
e
me
n
t
S
t
e
p
5
D
e
t
e
r
m
i
n
e
t
h
e
p
o
s
i
t
i
o
n
o
f
t
h
e
e
l
e
m
e
n
t
a
c
c
o
r
d
i
n
g
t
o
t
h
e
h
i
g
h
e
s
t
t
o
l
o
w
e
st
o
f
p
e
r
c
e
n
t
a
g
e
o
f
a
g
r
e
e
m
e
n
t
R
ef
er
r
in
g
to
th
e
f
if
th
s
tep
,
th
is
s
tep
is
to
d
eter
m
in
e
th
e
p
o
s
itio
n
o
f
ea
ch
elem
en
t f
o
r
ea
c
h
c
o
m
p
o
n
en
t.
T
h
e
elem
en
ts
o
f
ea
ch
m
ain
c
o
m
p
o
n
en
ts
wer
e
p
r
io
r
itized
b
ased
o
n
th
e
r
a
n
k
in
g
n
u
m
b
er
.
T
h
e
h
ig
h
e
r
n
u
m
b
er
wo
u
ld
b
e
th
e
m
o
s
t
p
r
io
r
ity
ele
m
en
ts
in
th
e
lis
t
o
f
ea
ch
m
ai
n
co
m
p
o
n
en
ts
.
I
t
also
h
elp
s
r
es
ea
r
ch
er
to
c
o
m
p
ile
an
d
in
co
r
p
o
r
ate
th
ese
elem
en
ts
in
to
th
e
co
n
ce
p
t
s
tar
s
o
f
twar
e
to
d
e
v
elo
p
th
e
Pro
Sk
iND
n
o
n
-
d
ig
ital
g
am
e
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
u
s
in
g
I
SM
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
.
3.
RE
SU
L
T
S AN
D
D
I
SCU
SS
I
O
N
T
h
e
d
esig
n
p
h
ase
o
f
th
e
m
ain
co
m
p
o
n
en
ts
o
f
t
h
e
Pro
Sk
iND
n
o
n
-
d
ig
ital
g
am
e
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
i
s
b
ased
o
n
th
r
ee
ex
is
tin
g
m
o
d
els.
T
h
e
m
o
d
els
in
v
o
lv
e
d
ar
e
Kr
u
lik
an
d
R
u
d
n
ick
p
r
o
b
lem
-
s
o
lv
in
g
m
o
d
el
[
2
8
]
,
T
ASC
m
o
d
el
[
3
4
]
,
an
d
Ma
g
ic
m
o
d
e
l
[
3
5
]
.
B
ased
o
n
th
e
th
r
ee
m
o
d
els
,
th
r
ee
co
m
m
o
n
co
m
p
o
n
en
ts
wer
e
s
elec
ted
wh
ich
is
th
e
r
o
le
o
f
teac
h
er
s
,
th
e
r
o
le
o
f
ch
ild
r
e
n
an
d
ass
ess
m
en
t
o
f
ac
tiv
ities
to
d
esig
n
Pr
o
Sk
iND
n
o
n
-
d
ig
ital
g
am
e
f
r
am
ew
o
r
k
.
B
esid
es,
th
er
e
ar
e
two
m
ain
co
m
p
o
n
en
ts
wer
e
ad
d
ed
wh
ich
is
ac
tiv
ities
’
o
b
jectiv
e
asp
ec
t
an
d
teac
h
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p
r
ac
tices
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d
tr
ain
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g
p
r
e
p
ar
atio
n
as
s
u
g
g
ested
in
th
e
liter
atu
r
e.
T
h
e
ju
s
tific
atio
n
f
o
r
ad
d
in
g
th
e
o
b
jectiv
e
ac
tiv
ity
an
d
teac
h
e
r
p
r
e
p
ar
atio
n
is
f
o
cu
s
ed
o
n
th
e
g
o
als
an
d
o
b
jectiv
es
to
d
ev
elo
p
n
o
n
-
d
ig
ital
Pro
Sk
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g
am
e
s
y
s
tem
an
d
s
er
v
es
as
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co
m
p
lete
g
u
id
e
a
n
d
r
ef
er
e
n
ce
f
o
r
p
r
e
-
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l
t
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ch
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s
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ig
ital g
am
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ile
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ctin
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p
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b
lem
-
s
o
lv
in
g
ac
tiv
ities
f
o
r
ea
r
ly
m
ath
em
atics.
3
.
1
.
Resea
rc
h
f
ind
i
ng
s
f
o
r
d
esig
n
o
f
m
a
in
c
o
m
po
nent
a
nd
e
le
m
ent
s
f
o
r
P
ro
S
k
iND
T
h
er
e
wer
e
f
iv
e
m
ain
c
o
m
p
o
n
en
ts
o
f
th
e
Pro
Sk
iND
non
-
d
ig
ital
g
am
e
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
,
n
am
e
ly
:
ac
tiv
ity
o
b
jectiv
es,
teac
h
er
p
r
ep
ar
atio
n
,
teac
h
er
’
s
r
o
les,
th
e
r
o
le
o
f
ch
ild
r
en
,
an
d
ac
tiv
ity
ev
alu
a
tio
n
.
T
o
cr
ea
te
th
e
co
m
p
o
n
en
ts
,
th
e
d
im
en
s
io
n
s
o
f
ea
ch
m
o
d
el
h
av
e
b
ee
n
ch
o
s
en
b
ased
o
n
th
ese
r
elate
d
m
o
d
els.
T
ab
le
4
s
h
o
ws
th
e
r
elate
d
m
o
d
els
f
o
r
th
e
d
esig
n
an
d
d
e
v
elo
p
m
e
n
t
o
f
th
e
m
ain
co
m
p
o
n
en
ts
a
n
d
ele
m
en
ts
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f
th
e
m
ain
co
m
p
o
n
en
ts
o
f
th
e
Pro
Sk
iND
n
o
n
-
d
ig
ital g
a
m
e
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
.
T
ab
le
4
.
R
elate
d
m
o
d
el
f
o
r
d
e
s
ig
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d
e
v
elo
p
m
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t o
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M
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P
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se
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l
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f
o
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B
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se
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t
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Te
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r
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p
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R
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a
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t
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o
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M
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k
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d
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s
Ev
a
l
u
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d
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c
t
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l
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a
t
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mm
u
n
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c
a
t
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Le
a
r
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f
r
o
m
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x
p
e
r
i
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e
R
esear
ch
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s
d
ef
in
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ea
ch
d
im
en
s
io
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in
th
e
c
r
ea
tio
n
o
f
c
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m
p
o
n
en
ts
f
o
r
th
e
n
o
n
-
d
ig
ita
l
g
am
e
o
f
Pro
Sk
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f
r
am
ewo
r
k
.
T
ab
le
5
p
r
esen
ts
th
e
s
elec
ted
an
d
v
alid
ate
elem
en
ts
f
o
r
ea
ch
co
m
p
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n
e
n
t
f
r
o
m
th
r
ee
ex
p
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ts
th
at
ex
p
er
ien
c
e
in
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r
l
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ch
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o
o
d
ed
u
c
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.
I
n
th
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ar
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o
f
ea
r
ly
c
h
ild
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o
o
d
ed
u
ca
tio
n
,
th
ese
ex
p
er
ts
h
av
e
m
o
r
e
ex
p
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wh
er
e
th
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ec
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ter
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B
ased
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m
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non
-
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g
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teac
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r
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u
s
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g
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n
-
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f
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c
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r
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p
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r
ly
m
ath
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atica
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b
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All
ex
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ag
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all
ex
p
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f
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elem
en
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th
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r
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lem
s
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r
ly
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ath
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atics.
T
ab
le
5
.
Deta
ils
o
f
m
ain
c
o
m
p
o
n
en
ts
an
d
elem
e
n
ts
o
f
ea
ch
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ain
co
m
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n
en
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Pr
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Sk
i
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M
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El
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Te
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p
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atics
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x
p
er
ts
.
3
.
2
.
Ver
if
ica
t
io
n
o
f
m
a
in
c
o
m
po
nents
a
nd
elem
ent
s
f
o
r
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c
h
m
a
in
co
m
po
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f
ra
m
ew
o
rk
ba
s
ed
o
n
ex
pert
a
g
re
e
m
ent
us
ing
m
o
d
if
ied
NG
T
a
pp
ro
a
ch
T
h
is
s
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tio
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d
th
e
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g
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th
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d
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o
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t
h
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esti
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n
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s
to
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alu
ate
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d
v
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ate
th
e
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ai
n
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m
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d
elem
en
ts
o
f
th
e
Pro
Sk
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n
o
n
-
d
ig
ital
g
a
m
e
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
.
I
t
is
to
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s
u
r
e
th
at
ea
ch
elem
en
t
is
ap
p
r
o
p
r
iate
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d
n
ec
ess
ar
y
ac
co
r
d
in
g
to
th
e
co
n
tex
t
o
f
ea
r
ly
m
at
h
em
a
tics
lear
n
in
g
ta
k
es
ac
co
u
n
t
th
e
p
r
o
b
lem
-
s
o
l
v
in
g
s
k
ills
u
s
in
g
n
o
n
-
d
ig
ital
g
am
e.
T
ab
le
6
p
r
esen
t
s
th
e
NG
T
d
at
a
f
i
n
d
in
g
s
f
o
r
d
eter
m
in
in
g
m
ain
co
m
p
o
n
en
t
o
f
Pro
Sk
iND
n
o
n
-
d
ig
ital g
a
m
e
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
.
T
ab
le
6
.
NGT
f
in
d
in
g
s
f
o
r
th
e
m
ain
c
o
m
p
o
n
en
ts
o
f
th
e
Pro
S
k
iND
M
a
i
n
c
o
mp
o
n
e
n
t
s
S
c
o
r
e
P
e
r
c
e
n
t
a
g
e
A
c
c
e
p
t
a
n
c
e
s
t
a
t
u
s
A
c
t
i
v
i
t
y
o
b
j
e
c
t
i
v
e
s
76
9
0
%
A
c
c
e
p
t
e
d
Te
a
c
h
e
r
’
s
p
r
e
p
a
r
a
t
i
o
n
77
9
2
%
A
c
c
e
p
t
e
d
Te
a
c
h
e
r
's ro
l
e
76
9
0
%
A
c
c
e
p
t
e
d
C
h
i
l
d
r
e
n
’
s ro
l
e
76
9
0
%
A
c
c
e
p
t
e
d
A
c
t
i
v
i
t
y
e
v
a
l
u
a
t
i
o
n
77
9
2
%
A
c
c
e
p
t
e
d
N
o
t
e
:
A
c
c
e
p
t
a
n
c
e
p
e
r
c
e
n
t
a
g
e
≥
7
0
%
T
h
e
d
etails
o
f
ea
ch
o
f
t
h
e
m
ain
co
m
p
o
n
en
ts
ar
e
d
is
cu
s
s
ed
an
d
im
p
r
o
v
ed
in
ter
m
s
o
f
s
en
ten
ce
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e
an
d
th
e
lan
g
u
a
g
e
h
a
s
o
b
tain
ed
ex
p
er
t
ap
p
r
o
v
al.
E
x
p
er
t
co
n
s
en
t
is
tr
an
s
lated
b
y
m
ar
k
in
g
th
e
NGT
L
ik
er
t
s
ca
le
f
o
u
n
d
i
n
th
e
q
u
es
tio
n
n
air
e.
Af
ter
th
e
f
o
r
m
atio
n
o
f
th
e
m
ain
c
o
m
p
o
n
en
ts
o
f
t
h
e
Pro
Sk
iND
n
o
n
-
d
ig
ital g
am
e
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
was a
cc
ep
ted
an
d
ag
r
ee
d
u
p
o
n
b
ased
o
n
ex
p
er
t e
r
r
o
r
.
Actio
n
tar
g
e
ts
,
teac
h
er
tr
ain
in
g
,
teac
h
er
r
o
les,
ch
ild
r
o
les
,
an
d
ac
tiv
ity
ass
ess
m
en
t
ar
e
th
e
r
esu
lts
o
b
tain
ed
f
o
r
th
e
co
r
e
co
m
p
o
n
en
ts
o
f
th
e
Pro
Sk
iND
n
o
n
-
d
ig
ital
g
am
e
s
y
s
tem
.
T
h
e
r
esu
lts
o
f
th
e
s
u
r
v
ey
s
ca
r
r
ied
o
u
t
b
y
ex
p
er
ts
an
d
th
e
r
esu
lts
o
b
tain
ed
will b
e
u
s
ed
to
p
r
o
d
u
ce
m
ain
c
o
m
p
o
n
en
ts
o
f
th
e
Pro
Sk
iND
n
o
n
-
d
ig
ital g
a
m
e.
T
h
e
f
iv
e
co
m
p
o
n
en
ts
f
o
r
m
e
d
i
n
th
e
Pro
Sk
iND
n
o
n
-
d
ig
ital
g
a
m
e
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
is
p
ar
allel
with
th
e
b
asic
co
m
p
o
n
en
ts
o
f
th
e
ex
is
tin
g
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
a
n
d
m
o
d
el,
wh
ic
h
ar
e
o
b
jectiv
es,
th
e
in
s
tr
u
ct
o
r
p
r
ep
a
r
atio
n
,
th
e
in
s
tr
u
cto
r
r
o
le,
th
e
s
tu
d
en
t
r
o
l
e,
an
d
ass
es
s
m
en
t
[
3
6
]
.
I
t
will
b
e
a
g
u
id
elin
e
an
d
a
r
ef
er
en
c
e
in
im
p
lem
en
tin
g
th
e
teac
h
in
g
an
d
lear
n
in
g
p
r
o
c
ess
.
T
ab
le
7
r
ev
ea
ls
th
e
s
co
r
e
v
alu
es,
p
er
ce
n
tag
es,
a
n
d
p
r
io
r
i
ty
p
o
s
itio
n
s
f
o
r
th
e
ac
tiv
ity
o
b
jectiv
e
elem
e
n
ts
to
b
e
u
s
ed
in
th
e
Pro
Sk
iND
n
o
n
-
d
ig
ital
g
am
e
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
th
r
o
u
g
h
th
e
NGT
m
eth
o
d
an
aly
s
is
.
T
ab
le
8
s
h
o
ws
th
e
s
co
r
e
v
alu
es,
p
er
c
en
tag
es,
an
d
p
r
io
r
ity
p
o
s
itio
n
s
f
o
r
th
e
te
ac
h
er
p
r
ep
ar
atio
n
elem
en
ts
o
f
t
h
e
Pr
o
Sk
iND
n
o
n
-
d
ig
ital g
am
e
f
r
a
m
ewo
r
k
th
r
o
u
g
h
an
al
y
s
is
o
f
th
e
NGT
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
.
T
ab
le
9
s
h
o
ws
th
e
s
co
r
e
v
alu
es,
p
er
ce
n
ta
g
es,
an
d
p
r
io
r
ity
p
o
s
itio
n
s
f
o
r
teac
h
er
r
o
le
elem
en
ts
in
th
e
Pro
Sk
iND
n
o
n
-
d
ig
ital
g
a
m
e
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
th
r
o
u
g
h
an
al
y
s
is
o
f
th
e
NGT
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
.
T
a
b
le
1
0
s
h
o
ws
th
e
s
co
r
e
v
alu
es,
p
er
ce
n
ta
g
es,
an
d
p
r
io
r
ity
p
o
s
itio
n
s
o
f
th
e
ch
ild
r
o
le
elem
en
ts
o
f
th
e
Pr
o
Sk
iND
n
o
n
-
d
ig
ital
g
am
e
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
th
r
o
u
g
h
an
al
y
s
is
o
f
th
e
NGT
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
.
T
ab
le
1
1
s
h
o
ws
th
e
s
co
r
e
v
alu
es,
p
er
ce
n
tag
es,
an
d
p
r
i
o
r
it
y
p
o
s
itio
n
s
o
f
th
e
ac
tiv
ity
e
v
alu
atio
n
elem
en
ts
f
o
r
th
e
Pro
Sk
i
ND
n
o
n
-
d
ig
ital
g
a
m
e
f
r
am
ew
o
r
k
th
r
o
u
g
h
an
aly
s
is
o
f
th
e
NGT
m
eth
o
d
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
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J
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2252
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8
8
2
2
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a
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r
o
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p
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n
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u
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a
p
p
l
ica
tio
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s
d
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f c
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… (
S
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A
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)
219
T
ab
le
7
.
T
h
e
a
ctiv
ity
o
b
jectiv
e
e
lem
en
t o
f
Pr
o
Sk
iND
b
ased
o
n
NGT
m
eth
o
d
a
n
aly
s
is
No
El
e
m
e
n
t
s
S
c
o
r
e
P
e
r
c
e
n
t
a
g
e
A
c
c
e
p
t
a
n
c
e
s
t
a
t
u
s
R
a
n
k
i
n
g
1.
I
mp
r
o
v
e
k
n
o
w
l
e
d
g
e
o
f
e
a
r
l
y
m
a
t
h
e
m
a
t
i
c
s
80
9
5
%
A
c
c
e
p
t
e
d
1
2.
I
mp
r
o
v
e
k
n
o
w
l
e
d
g
e
o
f
p
r
o
b
l
e
m
-
so
l
v
i
n
g
st
e
p
s
i
n
e
a
r
l
y
m
a
t
h
e
m
a
t
i
c
s
79
9
4
%
A
c
c
e
p
t
e
d
2
3.
I
mp
r
o
v
e
p
r
o
b
l
e
m
-
s
o
l
v
i
n
g
s
k
i
l
l
s
i
n
e
a
r
l
y
mat
h
e
ma
t
i
c
s
79
9
4
%
A
c
c
e
p
t
e
d
3
4.
To
s
o
l
v
e
p
r
o
b
l
e
ms a
c
c
o
r
d
i
n
g
t
o
p
r
o
b
l
e
m
-
so
l
v
i
n
g
s
t
e
p
s,
a
p
p
l
y
k
n
o
w
l
e
d
g
e
o
f
e
a
r
l
y
ma
t
h
e
ma
t
i
c
s
79
9
4
%
A
c
c
e
p
t
e
d
4
5.
A
p
p
l
y
e
a
r
l
y
ma
t
h
e
ma
t
i
c
a
l
p
r
o
b
l
e
m
-
so
l
v
i
n
g
s
k
i
l
l
s
i
n
d
a
i
l
y
l
i
f
e
78
9
3
%
A
c
c
e
p
t
e
d
5
A
c
c
e
p
t
a
n
c
e
p
e
r
c
e
n
t
a
g
e
≥
7
0
%
T
ab
le
8
.
E
lem
e
n
ts
o
f
t
ea
ch
er
p
r
ep
ar
atio
n
i
n
Pro
Sk
iND
b
ased
o
n
NGT
m
eth
o
d
a
n
aly
s
is
No
El
e
m
e
n
t
s
S
c
o
r
e
P
e
r
c
e
n
t
a
g
e
A
c
c
e
p
t
a
n
c
e
st
a
t
u
s
R
a
n
k
i
n
g
1.
Te
a
c
h
e
r
s p
l
a
n
l
e
a
r
n
i
n
g
c
o
n
t
e
n
t
80
9
5
%
A
c
c
e
p
t
e
d
1
2.
Th
e
t
e
a
c
h
e
r
d
e
t
e
r
mi
n
e
s
t
h
e
t
o
p
i
c
o
f
l
e
a
r
n
i
n
g
77
9
2
%
A
c
c
e
p
t
e
d
2
3.
Te
a
c
h
e
r
s d
e
t
e
r
mi
n
e
c
o
n
t
e
n
t
s
t
a
n
d
a
r
d
s,
l
e
a
r
n
i
n
g
s
t
a
n
d
a
r
d
s
,
a
n
d
p
e
r
f
o
r
m
a
n
c
e
s
t
a
n
d
a
r
d
s
77
9
2
%
A
c
c
e
p
t
e
d
3
4.
Te
a
c
h
e
r
s p
r
o
v
i
d
e
n
o
n
-
d
i
g
i
t
a
l
g
a
m
e
s
t
h
a
t
f
i
t
t
h
e
t
i
t
l
e
a
n
d
l
e
a
r
n
i
n
g
st
a
n
d
a
r
d
s
77
9
2
%
A
c
c
e
p
t
e
d
4
5.
Th
e
t
e
a
c
h
e
r
d
e
t
e
r
mi
n
e
s
t
h
e
p
l
a
y
a
c
t
i
v
i
t
i
e
s
t
h
a
t
a
r
e
a
p
p
r
o
p
r
i
a
t
e
f
o
r
t
h
e
n
o
n
-
d
i
g
i
t
a
l
g
a
m
e
s
u
se
d
77
9
2
%
A
c
c
e
p
t
e
d
5
6.
Th
e
t
e
a
c
h
e
r
d
e
t
e
r
mi
n
e
s
t
h
e
p
e
r
f
o
r
ma
n
c
e
s
t
a
n
d
a
r
d
s
b
a
se
d
o
n
t
h
e
l
e
v
e
l
o
f
mast
e
r
y
t
o
b
e
m
e
a
s
u
r
e
d
**
76
9
0
%
A
c
c
e
p
t
e
d
6
7.
Th
e
t
e
a
c
h
e
r
d
e
t
e
r
mi
n
e
s
t
h
e
a
p
p
r
o
p
r
i
a
t
e
a
ss
e
ssm
e
n
t
me
t
h
o
d
.
76
9
0
%
A
c
c
e
p
t
e
d
7
8.
Th
e
t
e
a
c
h
e
r
se
t
s t
h
e
n
u
m
b
e
r
o
f
c
h
i
l
d
r
e
n
i
n
a
g
r
o
u
p
w
i
t
h
a
v
a
r
i
e
t
y
o
f
l
e
v
e
l
s
76
9
0
%
A
c
c
e
p
t
e
d
8
9.
Te
a
c
h
e
r
s se
t
r
u
l
e
s
f
o
r
t
h
e
u
se
o
f
n
o
n
-
d
i
g
i
t
a
l
g
a
mes
**
75
8
9
%
A
c
c
e
p
t
e
d
9
1
0
.
Te
a
c
h
e
r
s se
t
t
i
m
e
p
e
r
i
o
d
s t
o
c
a
r
r
y
o
u
t
l
e
a
r
n
i
n
g
a
c
t
i
v
i
t
i
e
s
73
8
7
%
A
c
c
e
p
t
e
d
10
A
c
c
e
p
t
a
n
c
e
p
e
r
c
e
n
t
a
g
e
≥
7
0
%
**
El
e
me
n
t
su
g
g
e
st
e
d
f
r
o
m
a
p
a
n
e
l
o
f
e
x
p
e
r
t
T
ab
le
9
.
T
ea
c
h
er
’
s
r
o
le
e
lem
e
n
t f
o
r
Pr
o
Sk
iND
b
ased
o
n
NG
T
m
eth
o
d
a
n
aly
s
is
No
El
e
m
e
n
t
s
S
c
o
r
e
P
e
r
c
e
n
t
a
g
e
A
c
c
e
p
t
a
n
c
e
st
a
t
u
s
R
a
n
k
i
n
g
1.
Te
a
c
h
e
r
s p
r
o
v
i
d
e
a
p
p
r
o
p
r
i
a
t
e
e
x
a
mp
l
e
s t
o
e
n
s
u
r
e
t
h
a
t
c
h
i
l
d
r
e
n
u
n
d
e
r
s
t
a
n
d
t
h
e
i
n
f
o
r
m
a
t
i
o
n
p
r
e
s
e
n
t
e
d
79
9
4
%
A
c
c
e
p
t
e
d
1
2.
Te
a
c
h
e
r
s i
n
st
r
u
c
t
c
h
i
l
d
r
e
n
t
o
a
p
p
l
y
n
e
w
i
n
f
o
r
ma
t
i
o
n
t
o
e
x
i
st
i
n
g
k
n
o
w
l
e
d
g
e
t
h
a
t
h
a
s
b
e
e
n
a
c
q
u
i
r
e
d
78
9
3
%
A
c
c
e
p
t
e
d
2
3.
Te
a
c
h
e
r
s
e
n
c
o
u
r
a
g
e
c
h
i
l
d
r
e
n
t
o
r
e
v
i
e
w
t
h
e
d
a
t
a
p
r
o
v
i
d
e
d
b
y
q
u
e
s
t
i
o
n
i
n
g
f
r
i
e
n
d
s
a
n
d
t
e
a
c
h
e
r
s
77
9
2
%
A
c
c
e
p
t
e
d
3
4.
Th
e
t
e
a
c
h
e
r
a
s
k
s
t
h
e
c
h
i
l
d
t
o
ma
k
e
s
u
r
e
t
h
e
i
n
f
o
r
m
a
t
i
o
n
r
e
c
e
i
v
e
d
i
s
c
l
e
a
r
76
9
0
%
A
c
c
e
p
t
e
d
4
5.
Th
e
t
e
a
c
h
e
r
g
u
i
d
e
s t
h
e
c
h
i
l
d
r
e
n
t
o
m
a
k
e
p
l
a
n
s
a
f
t
e
r
u
n
d
e
r
st
a
n
d
i
n
g
t
h
e
i
n
f
o
r
mat
i
o
n
b
e
f
o
r
e
st
a
r
t
i
n
g
t
h
e
p
r
o
b
l
e
m
-
so
l
v
i
n
g
a
c
t
i
v
i
t
y
u
s
i
n
g
g
a
m
e
s
75
8
9
%
A
c
c
e
p
t
e
d
5
6.
Th
e
t
e
a
c
h
e
r
c
l
e
a
r
l
y
e
x
p
l
a
i
n
s
t
h
e
p
r
o
b
l
e
m
-
so
l
v
i
n
g
a
c
t
i
v
i
t
i
e
s
u
si
n
g
g
a
me
s t
o
c
h
i
l
d
r
e
n
74
8
8
%
A
c
c
e
p
t
e
d
6
7.
Te
a
c
h
e
r
s st
a
t
e
t
h
e
st
a
n
d
a
r
d
o
f
l
e
a
r
n
i
n
g
t
o
c
h
i
l
d
r
e
n
*
56
6
7
%
R
e
j
e
c
t
e
d
-
A
c
c
e
p
t
a
n
c
e
p
e
r
c
e
n
t
a
g
e
≥
7
0
%
*
El
e
me
n
t
r
e
j
e
c
t
e
d
(
A
c
c
e
p
t
a
n
c
e
p
e
r
c
e
n
t
a
g
e
f
o
r
t
h
i
s
e
l
e
me
n
t
i
s
≤
7
0
%)
T
ab
le
1
0
.
C
h
ild
r
e
n
’
s
r
o
le
elem
en
ts
f
o
r
Pro
Sk
iND
b
ased
o
n
N
GT
m
eth
o
d
a
n
aly
s
is
No
El
e
m
e
n
t
s
S
c
o
r
e
P
e
r
c
e
n
t
a
g
e
A
c
c
e
p
t
a
n
c
e
s
t
a
t
u
s
R
a
n
k
i
n
g
1.
C
h
i
l
d
r
e
n
c
h
o
o
s
e
t
h
e
b
e
s
t
i
d
e
a
s
b
a
s
e
d
o
n
t
h
e
r
e
su
l
t
s
o
f
d
i
sc
u
ssi
o
n
s
w
i
t
h
f
r
i
e
n
d
s i
n
g
r
o
u
p
s
75
8
9
%
A
c
c
e
p
t
e
d
1
2.
Ea
c
h
c
h
i
l
d
i
n
t
h
e
g
r
o
u
p
i
s
e
n
c
o
u
r
a
g
e
d
t
o
t
h
i
n
k
o
f
a
l
t
e
r
n
a
t
i
v
e
i
d
e
a
s
t
o
so
l
v
e
p
r
o
b
l
e
ms
u
si
n
g
g
a
m
e
s
73
8
7
%
A
c
c
e
p
t
e
d
2
3.
C
h
i
l
d
r
e
n
i
d
e
n
t
i
f
y
p
r
o
b
l
e
ms f
o
u
n
d
i
n
a
c
t
i
v
i
t
i
e
s w
i
t
h
p
e
e
r
s i
n
g
r
o
u
p
s
72
8
6
%
A
c
c
e
p
t
e
d
3
4.
C
h
i
l
d
r
e
n
d
e
t
e
r
mi
n
e
st
r
a
t
e
g
i
e
s f
o
r
s
o
l
v
i
n
g
p
r
o
b
l
e
ms
b
a
s
e
d
o
n
t
h
e
b
e
s
t
i
d
e
a
s
t
h
e
y
h
a
v
e
c
h
o
se
n
72
8
6
%
A
c
c
e
p
t
e
d
4
5.
C
h
i
l
d
r
e
n
c
a
r
r
y
o
u
t
p
r
o
b
l
e
m
-
s
o
l
v
i
n
g
a
c
t
i
v
i
t
i
e
s
u
si
n
g
g
a
mes
w
i
t
h
i
n
a
set
p
e
r
i
o
d
72
8
6
%
A
c
c
e
p
t
e
d
5
6.
Ea
c
h
c
h
i
l
d
i
n
t
h
e
g
r
o
u
p
t
h
i
n
k
s
o
f
a
n
i
d
e
a
t
o
so
l
v
e
a
p
r
o
b
l
e
m
i
n
a
n
a
c
t
i
v
i
t
y
t
h
a
t
u
s
e
s
g
a
m
e
s w
i
t
h
t
e
a
c
h
e
r
g
u
i
d
a
n
c
e
71
8
5
%
A
c
c
e
p
t
e
d
6
7.
C
h
i
l
d
r
e
n
n
e
e
d
t
o
j
u
s
t
i
f
y
c
l
e
a
r
l
y
w
h
y
t
h
e
i
d
e
a
w
a
s
c
h
o
s
e
n
70
8
3
%
A
c
c
e
p
t
e
d
7
8.
C
h
i
l
d
r
e
n
n
e
e
d
t
o
r
e
v
i
e
w
t
h
e
g
a
mes
p
r
o
v
i
d
e
d
b
y
t
h
e
t
e
a
c
h
e
r
b
e
f
o
r
e
st
a
r
t
i
n
g
t
h
e
p
r
o
b
l
e
m
-
s
o
l
v
i
n
g
a
c
t
i
v
i
t
y
70
8
3
%
A
c
c
e
p
t
e
d
8
9.
C
h
i
l
d
r
e
n
e
x
c
h
a
n
g
e
i
d
e
a
s t
o
e
x
p
r
e
ss
i
d
e
a
s
t
o
so
l
v
e
p
r
o
b
l
e
ms
69
8
2
%
A
c
c
e
p
t
e
d
9
1
0
.
C
h
i
l
d
r
e
n
c
a
n
d
e
t
e
c
t
e
r
r
o
r
s c
r
e
a
t
e
d
b
y
u
si
n
g
g
a
me
s
d
u
r
i
n
g
p
r
o
b
l
e
m
-
so
l
v
i
n
g
t
a
s
k
s
68
8
1
%
A
c
c
e
p
t
e
d
10
1
1
.
D
u
r
i
n
g
p
r
o
b
l
e
m
-
s
o
l
v
i
n
g
e
x
e
r
c
i
s
e
s
u
si
n
g
g
a
mes
,
c
h
i
l
d
r
e
n
w
i
l
l
a
c
t
q
u
i
c
k
l
y
t
o
c
o
r
r
e
c
t
e
r
r
o
r
s m
a
d
e
67
8
0
%
A
c
c
e
p
t
e
d
11
A
c
c
e
p
t
a
n
c
e
p
e
r
c
e
n
t
a
g
e
≥
7
0
%
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
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2
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11
,
No
.
1
,
Ma
r
ch
20
22
:
2
1
3
-
223
220
T
ab
le
1
1
.
E
lem
en
ts
o
f
ac
tiv
ity
ev
alu
atio
n
o
f
Pro
Sk
iND
b
ase
d
o
n
NGT
m
et
h
o
d
a
n
aly
s
is
No
El
e
m
e
n
t
s
S
c
o
r
e
P
e
r
c
e
n
t
a
g
e
A
c
c
e
p
t
a
n
c
e
s
t
a
t
u
s
R
a
n
k
i
n
g
1.
C
h
i
l
d
r
e
n
a
r
e
r
e
w
a
r
d
e
d
b
y
t
h
e
t
e
a
c
h
e
r
i
f
t
h
e
y
ma
n
a
g
e
t
o
s
o
l
v
e
t
h
e
p
r
o
b
l
e
m
b
y
u
si
n
g
t
h
e
g
a
me
**
77
9
2
%
A
c
c
e
p
t
e
d
1
2.
Th
e
t
e
a
c
h
e
r
o
b
ser
v
e
s
t
h
e
c
h
i
l
d
r
e
n
t
h
r
o
u
g
h
o
u
t
t
h
e
p
r
o
b
l
e
m
-
so
l
v
i
n
g
a
c
t
i
v
i
t
y
u
s
i
n
g
g
a
m
e
s
76
9
0
%
A
c
c
e
p
t
e
d
2
3.
C
h
i
l
d
r
e
n
a
r
e
a
s
k
e
d
b
y
t
h
e
t
e
a
c
h
e
r
t
o
e
x
c
h
a
n
g
e
a
n
sw
e
r
s/
a
ss
i
g
n
m
e
n
t
s
w
i
t
h
f
r
i
e
n
d
s fr
o
m
o
t
h
e
r
g
r
o
u
p
s
73
8
7
%
A
c
c
e
p
t
e
d
3
4.
C
h
i
l
d
r
e
n
a
r
e
e
n
c
o
u
r
a
g
e
d
b
y
t
h
e
t
e
a
c
h
e
r
t
o
r
e
v
i
e
w
t
h
e
a
n
sw
e
r
s
/
a
ss
i
g
n
m
e
n
t
s wi
t
h
o
t
h
e
r
f
r
i
e
n
d
s
73
8
7
%
A
c
c
e
p
t
e
d
4
5.
C
h
i
l
d
r
e
n
r
e
l
a
t
e
t
h
e
a
n
sw
e
r
s
/
r
e
s
u
l
t
s
o
b
t
a
i
n
e
d
t
o
d
a
i
l
y
l
i
f
e
72
8
6
%
A
c
c
e
p
t
e
d
5
6.
C
h
i
l
d
r
e
n
c
a
n
i
n
f
o
r
m
a
f
r
i
e
n
d
i
f
t
h
e
r
e
i
s a
n
e
r
r
o
r
i
n
t
h
e
a
n
sw
e
r
/
r
e
s
u
l
t
o
f
h
i
s fr
i
e
n
d
's
a
ssi
g
n
me
n
t
71
8
5
%
A
c
c
e
p
t
e
d
6
7.
C
h
i
l
d
r
e
n
c
a
n
i
d
e
n
t
i
f
y
mi
s
t
a
k
e
s
f
o
u
n
d
i
n
t
h
e
a
n
sw
e
r
s/
r
e
s
u
l
t
s
o
f
a
f
r
i
e
n
d
's
a
ssi
g
n
me
n
t
.
69
8
2
%
A
c
c
e
p
t
e
d
7
8.
Th
e
c
h
i
l
d
e
x
p
l
a
i
n
s t
h
e
a
n
sw
e
r
/
r
e
su
l
t
o
f
t
h
e
a
s
si
g
n
m
e
n
t
t
o
a
f
r
i
e
n
d
.
69
8
2
%
A
c
c
e
p
t
e
d
8
9.
C
h
i
l
d
r
e
n
c
a
n
a
c
t
i
mm
e
d
i
a
t
e
l
y
t
o
i
mp
r
o
v
e
e
r
r
o
r
s
o
n
a
n
sw
e
r
s/
r
e
su
l
t
s
o
f
t
a
sk
s
t
h
a
t
h
a
v
e
b
e
e
n
n
o
t
i
f
i
e
d
b
y
f
r
i
e
n
d
s.
68
8
1
%
A
c
c
e
p
t
e
d
9
A
c
c
e
p
t
a
n
c
e
p
e
r
c
e
n
t
a
g
e
≥
7
0
%
*
*
El
e
me
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t
s
u
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g
e
st
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f
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o
m
a
p
a
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l
o
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e
x
p
e
r
t
s
3
.
3
.
Dis
cu
s
s
io
n
Fro
m
th
e
T
ab
le
6
to
T
ab
le
1
1
,
all
th
e
co
m
p
o
n
en
ts
o
b
tain
e
d
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
liter
atu
r
e
an
d
r
ela
ted
m
o
d
el
wer
e
v
alid
ated
b
y
th
e
ex
p
er
t
d
u
r
in
g
NGT
s
ess
io
n
.
I
n
a
d
d
itio
n
,
th
e
elem
en
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f
o
u
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in
ea
ch
co
m
p
o
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t
ar
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also
ap
p
r
o
p
r
iate
to
t
h
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tex
t
o
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t
h
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tu
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y
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T
h
er
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o
r
e,
af
ter
o
b
t
ain
in
g
ag
r
ee
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en
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in
ex
p
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r
t
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s
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io
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s
,
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o
m
e
o
f
elem
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ts
th
at
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e
b
ee
n
im
p
r
o
v
ed
i
n
ter
m
s
o
f
s
en
ten
ce
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e
an
d
lan
g
u
ag
e
f
o
r
f
u
r
t
h
er
r
esear
ch
.
B
ased
o
n
th
e
r
esu
lts
,
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en
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e
g
r
o
u
p
e
d
b
ased
o
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th
e
p
e
r
ce
n
tag
e
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f
ac
ce
p
ta
n
ce
ac
co
r
d
in
g
to
t
h
e
p
r
io
r
ity
.
T
h
e
p
r
io
r
ity
p
o
s
itio
n
is
im
p
o
r
tan
t
b
ec
au
s
e
it
is
o
n
e
o
f
th
e
p
r
o
c
ed
u
r
es
n
ee
d
ed
t
o
in
teg
r
ate
wi
th
th
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c
o
n
ce
p
t
s
tar
s
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f
twar
e
d
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r
i
n
g
th
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p
r
o
ce
s
s
o
f
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ev
elo
p
in
g
a
n
o
n
-
d
ig
ital
g
a
m
e
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
a
d
o
p
te
d
th
e
I
SM
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
.
T
h
is
f
in
d
in
g
will
b
e
u
s
ed
f
o
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th
e
d
ev
elo
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n
ts
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Pro
Sk
iND
non
-
d
ig
ital g
am
e
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
a
n
d
s
h
all
r
ep
o
r
ted
in
t
h
e
s
u
b
s
eq
u
en
t p
u
b
licatio
n
.
B
ased
o
n
th
e
f
in
d
in
g
f
o
r
ele
m
en
ts
o
f
ac
tiv
ity
o
b
jectiv
es,
th
e
f
in
d
in
g
s
ar
e
p
ar
allel
s
tated
th
at
th
e
o
b
jectiv
es
o
f
th
e
m
o
d
el
o
r
f
r
a
m
ewo
r
k
ar
e
b
ased
o
n
th
e
k
n
o
wled
g
e
p
o
s
s
ess
ed
b
y
s
tu
d
en
ts
,
s
k
ills
m
as
ter
ed
b
y
s
tu
d
en
ts
an
d
t
h
e
ab
ilit
y
o
f
s
tu
d
en
ts
to
a
p
p
ly
k
n
o
wled
g
e
an
d
s
k
ills
[
3
7
]
.
T
o
p
r
o
d
u
ce
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
lear
n
i
n
g
,
teac
h
er
s
n
ee
d
to
k
n
o
w
an
d
b
e
clea
r
ab
o
u
t
t
h
e
o
b
jectiv
es
o
f
t
h
e
ac
tiv
ity
.
T
h
is
s
tatem
en
t
is
s
u
p
p
o
r
ted
s
tates
th
at
a
g
o
o
d
lear
n
in
g
o
b
jectiv
e
s
h
o
u
ld
in
clu
d
e
t
h
e
f
o
llo
win
g
ele
m
en
ts
th
at
ar
e
o
b
jectiv
es
m
u
s
t
b
e
m
o
r
e
s
p
ec
if
ic,
o
b
jectiv
es
m
u
s
t
clea
r
ly
in
clu
d
e
k
n
o
wled
g
e
an
d
s
k
ills
,
o
b
j
ec
tiv
es
ca
n
b
e
m
ea
s
u
r
e
d
,
a
n
d
o
b
jectiv
es
ca
n
b
e
ass
es
s
ed
th
r
o
u
g
h
o
b
s
er
v
atio
n
an
d
test
.
T
o
d
ev
elo
p
h
ig
h
e
r
o
r
d
er
th
in
k
in
g
,
teac
h
in
g
f
r
a
m
e
wo
r
k
o
r
m
o
d
el
,
th
e
elem
en
ts
m
u
s
t
in
clu
d
e
ar
e
p
r
e
p
ar
a
tio
n
o
f
o
b
jectiv
es,
s
elec
tio
n
o
f
co
n
te
n
t,
co
n
te
n
t,
o
r
g
an
i
za
tio
n
,
s
elec
tio
n
o
f
lear
n
in
g
ex
p
er
ien
ce
s
an
d
th
e
p
r
ep
ar
atio
n
o
f
lea
r
n
in
g
ac
tiv
ities
[
1
4
]
.
B
ased
o
n
th
e
s
tatem
en
t,
a
g
u
i
d
e
m
u
s
t
h
av
e
c
o
m
p
o
n
en
ts
th
at
h
a
v
e
a
r
el
atio
n
s
h
ip
with
ea
c
h
o
th
er
s
o
th
at
th
e
g
u
id
e
ca
n
im
p
ac
t
th
e
teac
h
in
g
an
d
lear
n
in
g
p
r
o
ce
s
s
.
T
h
e
f
in
d
in
g
s
o
f
th
e
teac
h
er
p
r
ep
ar
atio
n
elem
en
ts
also
p
ar
allel
with
th
e
ar
g
u
m
en
ts
o
f
th
e
s
tu
d
y
[
3
8
]
,
p
r
ep
ar
atio
n
b
ef
o
r
e
s
tar
tin
g
t
h
e
teac
h
in
g
a
n
d
lear
n
in
g
p
r
o
ce
s
s
s
h
o
u
ld
b
e
d
o
n
e
b
y
te
ac
h
er
s
.
Am
o
n
g
th
e
p
r
ep
ar
atio
n
s
th
at
n
ee
d
to
b
e
d
o
n
e
b
y
teac
h
er
s
ar
e
s
u
c
h
as
d
eter
m
in
in
g
c
o
n
ten
t
s
tan
d
ar
d
s
an
d
lear
n
in
g
s
tan
d
ar
d
s
,
d
eter
m
in
in
g
th
e
d
u
r
atio
n
o
f
lear
n
i
n
g
ac
tiv
ities
,
d
et
er
m
in
in
g
th
e
s
ize
o
f
s
tu
d
en
t
g
r
o
u
p
s
,
d
eter
m
i
n
in
g
th
e
g
am
e
m
ater
ials
to
b
e
u
s
ed
in
lear
n
in
g
ac
tiv
ities
an
d
d
eter
m
in
in
g
th
e
ass
ess
m
en
t
m
e
th
o
d
s
to
b
e
u
s
ed
t
o
ass
es
s
s
tu
d
en
ts
.
T
h
is
f
in
d
in
g
is
th
e
p
r
ep
ar
atio
n
s
th
at
n
ee
d
to
b
e
d
o
n
e
b
y
teac
h
e
r
ar
e
p
lan
n
in
g
to
lear
n
to
p
ics,
d
eter
m
in
in
g
lear
n
in
g
th
e
m
es,
d
eter
m
in
in
g
lear
n
in
g
o
b
ject
iv
es,
p
r
o
v
id
i
n
g
lear
n
i
n
g
m
at
er
ials
an
d
s
ettin
g
lear
n
in
g
p
er
i
o
d
ap
p
r
o
p
r
iate
to
th
e
s
tu
d
en
t le
v
el.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e,
it
ca
n
b
e
co
n
clu
d
ed
th
at
teac
h
er
p
r
ep
ar
atio
n
b
ef
o
r
e
teac
h
in
g
an
d
lear
n
i
n
g
p
r
o
ce
s
s
i
s
an
im
p
o
r
tan
t
co
m
p
o
n
e
n
t
wh
er
e
it
is
o
n
e
o
f
th
e
d
eter
m
in
an
ts
o
f
th
e
ef
f
ec
tiv
en
ess
o
f
lear
n
i
n
g
o
b
jec
tiv
es.
Fo
r
teac
h
er
'
s
r
o
le
elem
en
ts
,
it
ca
n
b
e
co
n
clu
d
e
d
th
at
th
e
f
in
d
in
g
s
f
o
r
th
e
f
o
r
m
atio
n
o
f
th
e
elem
en
t's
teac
h
er
’
s
r
o
le
a
r
e
p
a
r
allel
with
th
e
p
r
ev
io
u
s
r
esear
ch
.
T
h
e
r
o
le
o
f
teac
h
er
s
is
o
n
e
o
f
t
h
e
i
m
p
o
r
tan
t
asp
ec
ts
o
f
th
e
ef
f
ec
tiv
en
ess
in
th
e
lear
n
in
g
p
r
o
ce
s
s
[
3
6
]
.
T
h
at
th
e
elem
en
ts
o
f
in
s
tr
u
cto
r
co
m
m
itm
en
t
ar
e
in
s
tr
u
cto
r
is
r
esp
o
n
s
ib
le
f
o
r
g
u
i
d
in
g
s
tu
d
en
ts
to
g
ath
er
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
,
i
n
s
tr
u
cto
r
s
ask
s
tu
d
en
ts
to
c
o
m
p
ar
e
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
o
b
tain
ed
f
r
o
m
d
is
cu
s
s
io
n
s
wit
h
p
ee
r
s
,
in
s
tr
u
cto
r
s
g
u
id
e
s
tu
d
en
ts
to
co
m
p
lete
a
g
iv
en
task
an
d
in
s
tr
u
cto
r
s
ar
e
cr
ea
ted
to
s
tim
u
late
s
tu
d
en
t in
t
er
est d
u
r
in
g
i
n
d
u
ctio
n
s
ess
io
n
s
.
Ov
er
all
f
in
d
in
g
s
f
o
r
th
e
f
o
r
m
atio
n
o
f
an
elem
en
t'
s
r
o
le
o
f
c
h
ild
r
en
a
r
e
s
u
p
p
o
r
ted
b
y
p
re
v
io
u
s
s
tu
d
y
[
3
9
]
,
w
h
er
e
th
e
r
o
le
o
f
ch
ild
r
en
in
th
e
lear
n
in
g
p
r
o
ce
s
s
will
b
e
ab
le
to
in
cr
ea
s
e
m
o
tiv
at
io
n
,
r
esp
o
n
s
ib
ilit
y
,
in
teg
r
ity
,
ex
p
er
ien
ce
s
,
ac
tiv
e
i
n
v
o
lv
em
e
n
t
in
ac
tiv
ities
an
d
i
n
ap
p
ly
in
g
th
e
s
k
ills
ac
q
u
ir
ed
in
th
eir
d
aily
liv
es.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
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t
J
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&
R
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2252
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8
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o
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p
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tio
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s
d
esig
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f c
o
mp
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en
ts
a
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elem
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ts
… (
S
iti
K
h
a
d
ija
h
A
n
is
)
221
T
h
e
s
tu
d
en
ts
'
co
m
m
itm
en
ts
ar
e
s
tu
d
en
ts
ca
n
r
elate
th
e
m
ater
ial
g
iv
en
b
y
teac
h
e
r
w
ith
lear
n
in
g
t
h
em
e,
s
tu
d
en
ts
ar
e
p
u
n
ctu
al
d
u
r
in
g
l
ea
r
n
in
g
ac
tiv
ities
,
s
tu
d
en
ts
as
k
an
d
an
s
wer
th
e
q
u
esti
o
n
s
with
th
e
in
s
tr
u
cto
r
an
d
s
tu
d
en
ts
p
ay
atten
tio
n
t
o
th
e
in
s
tr
u
ctio
n
s
an
d
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
p
r
e
s
en
ted
b
y
th
e
i
n
s
tr
u
cto
r
.
L
astl
y
is
th
e
f
in
d
in
g
o
f
f
o
r
m
at
io
n
o
f
t
h
e
ac
tiv
ity
ev
alu
atio
n
elem
en
t
ar
e
p
ar
allel
with
s
ev
e
r
al
s
tu
d
ies
[
4
0
]
–
[
4
3
]
,
w
h
er
e
t
h
e
e
v
alu
atio
n
co
n
d
u
cted
b
y
teac
h
er
s
af
ter
th
e
ac
tiv
ity
is
an
im
p
o
r
ta
n
t
as
p
ec
t
b
ec
a
u
s
e
it
ca
n
m
ea
s
u
r
e
s
tu
d
en
ts
lear
n
in
g
o
u
tco
m
es
an
d
th
e
q
u
ality
o
f
te
ac
h
in
g
o
f
th
e
teac
h
er
.
I
n
ass
ess
m
en
t
d
im
en
s
io
n
,
in
s
tr
u
cto
r
s
ca
n
m
a
k
e
o
b
s
er
v
at
io
n
s
th
r
o
u
g
h
o
u
t
th
e
le
a
r
n
in
g
p
r
o
ce
s
s
,
s
tu
d
en
ts
h
elp
ea
c
h
o
th
er
to
r
e
d
ev
elo
p
th
e
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
o
b
tain
ed
,
in
s
tr
u
c
to
r
s
s
h
o
u
ld
b
e
tr
a
n
s
p
ar
en
t
w
h
en
m
a
k
in
g
ass
ess
m
en
ts
,
f
air
in
s
tr
u
cto
r
s
m
a
k
e
ass
es
s
m
en
ts
o
f
s
tu
d
en
t
wo
r
k
,
in
s
tr
u
cto
r
s
h
o
n
est
to
co
r
r
ec
t
s
tu
d
en
t
m
is
tak
es,
th
e
s
tu
d
en
t
is
co
n
f
id
en
t
in
p
r
esen
tin
g
t
h
e
wo
r
k
to
th
e
in
s
tr
u
cto
r
an
d
th
e
s
tu
d
en
t
n
ee
d
s
to
r
ef
lect
th
eir
s
elf
af
ter
lea
r
n
in
g
ac
tiv
ity
[
4
4
]
.
T
h
u
s
,
in
ass
ess
m
en
t,
teac
h
er
s
an
d
s
tu
d
en
ts
n
ee
d
to
p
lay
r
o
le
s
o
th
at
th
e
o
b
jectiv
es
o
f
th
e
ac
tiv
ities
th
at
h
av
e
b
ee
n
s
et
ca
n
b
e
ac
h
iev
ed
an
d
p
r
o
d
u
ce
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
lea
r
n
in
g
.
4.
CO
NCLU
SI
O
N
B
ased
o
n
th
e
f
i
n
d
in
g
s
,
m
ain
co
m
p
o
n
en
ts
,
an
d
elem
en
ts
o
f
Pro
Sk
iND
n
o
n
-
d
ig
ital
g
a
m
e
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
was
d
esig
n
ed
u
s
in
g
NGT
m
eth
o
d
.
An
e
x
p
er
t
v
alid
atio
n
wa
s
co
n
d
u
cted
to
d
eter
m
in
e
th
e
lev
el
o
f
ag
r
ee
m
e
n
t
f
o
r
ea
c
h
s
elec
ted
co
m
p
o
n
e
n
t
a
n
d
elem
en
ta
r
y
.
T
h
e
f
i
n
al
co
m
p
o
n
en
t
an
d
elem
en
t
o
b
tain
e
d
in
th
e
s
tu
d
y
,
will
b
e
f
u
r
th
er
u
s
ed
in
th
e
d
ev
elo
p
m
e
n
t
p
h
ase
o
f
Pro
Sk
iND
n
o
n
-
d
i
g
ital
g
am
e
f
r
am
ew
o
r
k
ad
o
p
te
d
th
e
I
SM
a
p
p
r
o
a
ch
.
As
m
en
tio
n
ed
,
th
e
co
m
p
o
n
e
n
t
an
d
elem
en
ts
s
elec
ted
in
th
is
s
tu
d
y
ar
e
m
ain
ly
f
o
cu
s
ed
o
n
th
e
p
r
o
b
lem
-
s
o
lv
in
g
s
k
ill
d
ev
elo
p
m
e
n
t
in
ea
r
ly
c
h
ild
h
o
o
d
e
d
u
ca
tio
n
,
esp
ec
iall
y
in
m
ath
em
atics
s
u
b
ject.
T
h
is
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
is
in
ten
d
ed
aim
ed
as
r
ef
er
en
c
e
an
d
g
u
id
an
ce
f
o
r
teac
h
er
s
in
d
esig
n
in
g
an
d
m
aster
in
g
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
ea
r
l
y
m
ath
em
atics
lear
n
in
g
ac
tiv
itie
s
u
s
in
g
n
o
n
-
d
ig
ital
g
a
m
es.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e,
th
e
k
n
o
wled
g
e
,
s
k
ills
an
d
v
alu
es
in
ea
r
ly
m
ath
em
atics
ca
n
b
e
ap
p
lied
b
y
teac
h
er
s
to
c
h
ild
r
en
d
u
r
i
n
g
lear
n
in
g
ac
tiv
ities
ca
r
r
ied
o
u
t
u
s
in
g
n
o
n
-
d
ig
ital
g
am
es.
I
t
also
h
elp
s
ch
ild
r
en
im
p
r
o
v
e
th
ei
r
p
r
o
b
lem
-
s
o
lv
in
g
k
n
o
wled
g
e
an
d
s
k
ills
in
e
ar
ly
m
ath
em
atics
an
d
ch
ild
r
en
ca
n
ap
p
ly
th
ese
s
k
ills
in
th
eir
d
aily
life
.
RE
F
E
R
E
NC
E
S
[
1
]
J.
M
o
y
l
e
s,
T
h
e
e
x
c
e
l
l
e
n
c
e
o
f
p
l
a
y
,
4
t
h
e
d
.
M
a
i
d
e
n
h
e
a
d
:
O
p
e
n
U
n
i
v
e
r
si
t
y
P
r
e
ss,
2
0
1
4
.
[
2
]
P
.
W
a
s
t
i
a
u
,
C
.
K
e
a
r
n
e
y
,
a
n
d
W
.
V
a
n
d
e
n
B
e
r
g
h
e
,
H
o
w
a
r
e
d
i
g
i
t
a
l
g
a
m
e
s
u
sed
i
n
sc
h
o
o
l
s
?
B
r
u
sse
l
s:
E
u
r
o
p
e
a
n
S
c
h
o
o
l
n
e
t
,
2
0
0
9
.
[
3
]
M
.
A
k
c
a
o
g
l
u
,
“
L
e
a
r
n
i
n
g
p
r
o
b
l
e
m
-
s
o
l
v
i
n
g
t
h
r
o
u
g
h
ma
k
i
n
g
g
a
mes
a
t
t
h
e
g
a
me
d
e
s
i
g
n
a
n
d
l
e
a
r
n
i
n
g
s
u
mm
e
r
p
r
o
g
r
a
m,
”
E
d
u
c
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
T
e
c
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
Re
se
a
r
c
h
a
n
d
D
e
v
e
l
o
p
m
e
n
t
,
v
o
l
.
6
2
,
n
o
.
5
,
p
p
.
5
8
3
–
6
0
0
,
O
c
t
.
2
0
1
4
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
0
0
7
/
s
1
1
4
2
3
-
0
1
4
-
9
3
4
7
-
4.
[
4
]
D
.
A
.
P
e
r
i
h
a
n
,
“
P
r
e
sc
h
o
o
l
c
h
i
l
d
r
e
n
s
s
k
i
l
l
s
i
n
s
o
l
v
i
n
g
m
a
t
h
e
m
a
t
i
c
a
l
w
o
r
d
p
r
o
b
l
e
ms
,
”
Ed
u
c
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
R
e
se
a
rc
h
a
n
d
Re
v
i
e
w
s
,
v
o
l
.
1
0
,
n
o
.
1
8
,
p
p
.
2
5
3
9
–
2
5
4
9
,
2
0
1
5
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
5
8
9
7
/
e
r
r
2
0
1
5
.
2
4
3
1
.
[
5
]
J.
M
.
S
p
e
c
t
o
r
,
M
.
D
.
M
e
r
r
i
l
l
,
J.
E
l
e
n
,
a
n
d
M
.
J
.
B
i
sh
o
p
,
H
a
n
d
b
o
o
k
o
f
res
e
a
rc
h
o
n
e
d
u
c
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
c
o
m
m
u
n
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
s
a
n
d
t
e
c
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
,
4
t
h
e
d
.
N
e
w
Y
o
r
k
,
N
Y
:
S
p
r
i
n
g
e
r
N
e
w
Y
o
r
k
,
2
0
1
4
.
[
6
]
N
i
z
a
r
u
d
d
i
n
,
M
u
h
t
a
r
o
m
,
a
n
d
S
u
g
i
y
a
n
t
i
,
“
I
mp
r
o
v
i
n
g
st
u
d
e
n
t
s
’
p
r
o
b
l
e
m
-
s
o
l
v
i
n
g
a
b
i
l
i
t
y
i
n
ma
t
h
e
ma
t
i
c
s
t
h
r
o
u
g
h
g
a
me
-
b
a
s
e
d
l
e
a
r
n
i
n
g
a
c
t
i
v
i
t
i
e
s
,
”
W
o
rl
d
T
ra
n
s
a
c
t
i
o
n
s
o
n
E
n
g
i
n
e
e
ri
n
g
a
n
d
T
e
c
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
E
d
u
c
a
t
i
o
n
,
v
o
l
.
1
5
,
n
o
.
2
,
p
p
.
1
0
2
–
1
0
7
,
2
0
1
7
,
[
O
n
l
i
n
e
]
.
A
v
a
i
l
a
b
l
e
:
h
t
t
p
:
/
/
e
p
r
i
n
t
s.
u
p
g
r
i
s.a
c
.
i
d
/
5
7
1
.
[
7
]
R
.
C
h
a
r
l
e
sw
o
r
t
h
a
n
d
S
.
A
.
Le
a
l
i
,
“
U
s
i
n
g
p
r
o
b
l
e
m
s
o
l
v
i
n
g
t
o
a
ssess
y
o
u
n
g
c
h
i
l
d
r
e
n
’
s
m
a
t
h
e
m
a
t
i
c
s
k
n
o
w
l
e
d
g
e
,
”
Ea
rl
y
C
h
i
l
d
h
o
o
d
Ed
u
c
a
t
i
o
n
J
o
u
r
n
a
l
,
v
o
l
.
3
9
,
n
o
.
6
,
p
p
.
3
7
3
–
3
8
2
,
J
a
n
.
2
0
1
2
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
0
0
7
/
s
1
0
6
4
3
-
011
-
0
4
8
0
-
y.
[
8
]
M
.
A
.
S
h
i
a
k
a
l
l
i
,
“
C
o
n
st
r
u
c
t
i
n
g
sq
u
a
r
e
s a
s a
m
a
t
h
e
m
a
t
i
c
a
l
p
r
o
b
l
e
m s
o
l
v
i
n
g
p
r
o
c
e
ss
i
n
p
r
e
-
sc
h
o
o
l
,
”
Re
v
i
e
w
o
f
S
c
i
e
n
c
e
M
a
t
h
e
m
a
t
i
c
s
& ICT E
d
u
c
a
t
i
o
n
,
v
o
l
.
8
,
n
o
.
1
,
p
p
.
4
3
–
6
1
,
2
0
1
4
.
[
9
]
F
.
S
.
B
a
k
e
r
,
“
Te
a
c
h
e
r
s
’
v
i
e
w
s
o
n
p
l
a
y
-
b
a
s
e
d
p
r
a
c
t
i
c
e
i
n
A
b
u
D
h
a
b
i
k
i
n
d
e
r
g
a
r
t
e
n
s,
”
I
n
t
e
r
n
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
J
o
u
r
n
a
l
o
f
E
a
rl
y
Y
e
a
r
s
Ed
u
c
a
t
i
o
n
,
v
o
l
.
2
2
,
n
o
.
3
,
p
p
.
2
7
1
–
2
8
6
,
J
u
l
.
2
0
1
4
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
0
8
0
/
0
9
6
6
9
7
6
0
.
2
0
1
4
.
9
4
4
8
8
4
.
[
1
0
]
M
.
N
u
r
t
a
n
t
o
,
N
.
K
h
o
l
i
f
a
h
,
A
.
M
a
se
k
,
P
.
S
u
d
i
r
a
,
a
n
d
A
.
S
a
msu
d
i
n
,
“
C
r
u
c
i
a
l
p
r
o
b
l
e
ms
i
n
a
r
r
a
n
g
e
d
t
h
e
l
e
ss
o
n
p
l
a
n
o
f
v
o
c
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
t
e
a
c
h
e
r
,
”
I
n
t
e
r
n
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
J
o
u
r
n
a
l
o
f
Ev
a
l
u
a
t
i
o
n
a
n
d
Re
s
e
a
r
c
h
i
n
E
d
u
c
a
t
i
o
n
(
I
J
ERE)
,
v
o
l
.
1
0
,
n
o
.
1
,
p
p
.
3
4
5
–
3
5
4
,
M
a
r
.
2
0
2
1
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
1
5
9
1
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j
e
r
e
.
v
1
0
i
1
.
2
0
6
0
4
.
[
1
1
]
J.
C
.
V
C
l
a
v
i
o
a
n
d
A
.
C
.
F
a
j
a
r
d
o
,
“
To
y
s
a
s
i
n
s
t
r
u
c
t
i
o
n
a
l
t
o
o
l
s
i
n
d
e
v
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o
p
i
n
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p
r
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b
l
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m
-
s
o
l
v
i
n
g
s
k
i
l
l
s
i
n
c
h
i
l
d
r
e
n
,
”
Ed
u
c
a
t
i
o
n
Q
u
a
r
t
e
r
l
y
,
v
o
l
.
6
6
,
n
o
.
1
,
p
p
.
8
7
–
1
0
0
,
2
0
0
8
,
[
O
n
l
i
n
e
]
.
A
v
a
i
l
a
b
l
e
:
h
t
t
p
:
/
/
w
w
w
.
j
o
u
r
n
a
l
s.
u
p
d
.
e
d
u
.
p
h
/
i
n
d
e
x
.
p
h
p
/
e
d
q
/
a
r
t
i
c
l
e
/
v
i
e
w
/
1
5
6
6
.
[
1
2
]
R
.
K
e
e
n
,
“
Th
e
d
e
v
e
l
o
p
me
n
t
o
f
p
r
o
b
l
e
m
s
o
l
v
i
n
g
i
n
y
o
u
n
g
c
h
i
l
d
r
e
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