Int
ern
at
i
onal
Journ
al of E
valua
tio
n
an
d
Rese
arch
in
Educati
on (I
JE
RE)
Vo
l.
8
, No
.
4
,
Decem
ber
201
9
, p
p.
705
~
712
IS
S
N: 22
52
-
8822
,
DOI: 10
.
11
591/
ije
re
.
v8
i
4
.
20301
705
Journ
al h
om
e
page
:
http:
//
ia
es
core
.c
om/
journa
ls
/i
ndex.
ph
p/IJE
R
E
Concept
ual mod
el for the
integr
ation of p
ers
onal at
tribute s
kil
ls
in elect
rical
technolo
gy edu
ca
ti
on cur
ricul
um
Dahiru S
ale
Moham
med
1
,
Sa
ri
m
ah
Is
ma
il
2
1
Depa
rtment of
Scie
nc
e and
T
echnic
a
l
Edu
cation
,
Facu
lty
of Edu
ca
t
ion, Northwe
st Uni
ver
sit
y
K
a
no
,
Sta
te,
Nig
eria
2
School
of Educ
at
ion
,
Fa
cul
t
y
of
Social
Sci
ences
and
Hum
ani
ties, U
nive
rsiti T
ekno
logi
Ma
lay
sia
,
Malay
s
ia
Art
ic
le
In
f
o
ABSTR
A
CT
Art
ic
le
history:
Re
cei
ved
A
ug
27
, 201
9
Re
vised
Oct
2
6
, 2
01
9
Accepte
d
Nov
2
5
, 201
9
The
cur
r
ent
cu
rric
ulum
of
Elec
tr
ic
a
l
T
ec
hno
log
y
Educat
ion
(ET
E)
o
f
Niger
ia
n
Unive
rsiti
es
has
b
een
cri
t
ic
i
ze
d
for
not
m
ee
t
ing
t
he
desir
ed
cha
l
le
nges.
The
per
sonal
attribute
skill
s
were
fou
nd
are
not
integr
at
ed
in
th
e
cur
ric
u
lum.
Hen
ce
,
a
stud
y
was
conduc
t
ed
to
de
t
ermine
the
t
y
pes
of
per
sonal
at
tri
bu
te
skill
s,
t
hei
r
r
espe
c
ti
ve
i
ndic
a
tors
and
to
deve
lop
a
conce
ptua
l
m
odel
for
the
in
te
gr
at
i
on
of
per
sonal
at
tri
bu
te
ski
ll
s
f
or
ET
E
cur
ri
culum
.
Mixed
m
et
hods
expl
ora
tor
y
rese
arc
h
des
ign
was
emplo
y
e
d
for
th
e
stud
y
.
10
indust
r
y
te
chn
ic
a
l
m
ana
g
ers
were
int
erv
i
ewe
d
and
the
in
te
rvi
ew
dat
a
we
re
ana
l
y
z
ed
using
codi
ng
proc
ess
of
open
codi
ng,
axial
cod
in
g
and
sele
ctive
c
oding.
Th
e
int
erv
i
ew
data
were
used
to
d
evelop
a
struc
ture
d
qu
esti
onnaire
th
at
va
li
da
ted
b
y
4
expe
rts
.
Alpha
val
ue
for
pilot
te
st
was
0.
89.
Sam
ple
of
the
s
urve
y
wer
e
646
inc
ludi
ng
52
8
ET
E
gra
du
ates,
22
ET
E le
ct
ure
rs a
nd
96
industry
t
ec
hni
c
a
l
m
ana
ger
s.
Step
wise
Li
ne
ar
Re
gre
ss
ion
and
C
onfirmator
y
Fac
tor
Anal
y
sis
were
u
sed
to
anal
y
ze
th
e
surve
y
.
The
stud
y
dev
eloped
a
conc
ep
tu
al
m
odel
for
the
int
egr
at
ion
o
f
per
sonal
a
tt
rib
ute
skil
ls
th
at
c
onsists
of
two
m
aj
or
skill
s:
at
titude
skill
s
an
d
trait
ski
ll
s.
Th
is
stud
y
re
comm
ende
d
the
implementation
of
the
concept
ual
m
odel
for
t
he
integra
ti
on
of
emplo
y
ab
il
i
t
y
skil
ls
in
ET
E
cur
ri
cul
um
.
Ke
yw
or
d
s
:
Con
ce
ptu
al
m
od
el
Pers
on
al
a
tt
ri
bute
s
Tech
no
l
og
y
e
ducat
ion
TVET
c
urric
ulu
m
Copyright
©
201
9
Instit
ut
e
o
f Ad
vanc
ed
Engi
n
ee
r
ing
and
S
cienc
e
.
Al
l
rights re
serv
ed
.
Corres
pond
in
g
Aut
h
or
:
Sarim
ah
Ism
ail
Tech
nical
and
En
gin
eeri
ng E
du
cat
io
n De
partm
ent,
School
of E
ducat
ion
, Fac
ulty
of Soci
al
Scie
nces a
nd
Hu
m
aniti
es,
Un
i
ver
sit
i Te
knol
og
i M
al
ay
sia
,
Jo
ho
r
Ba
hru,
8131
0
S
kudai,
J
ohor, Mal
ay
sia
Em
a
il
: p
-
sarim
a@u
tm
.
m
y
1.
INTROD
U
CTION
The
Ni
ger
ia
n
tradit
ion
al
ed
uc
at
ion
s
we
re
enr
ic
hed
with
per
s
on
al
at
tribu
te
s
kill
s.
Fo
r
e
xam
ple,
per
s
onal
at
trib
ute
sk
il
ls
includi
ng
s
piritual
it
y,
m
or
al
it
y,
et
hics,
integ
rity
and
honesty
a
m
on
g
oth
e
rs
were
ta
ught
in
N
or
t
hern
Ni
ger
ia
n
sch
oo
ls
th
rou
gh
the
m
od
el
of
Im
a
m
Maliki
School
of
T
hought
as
res
ult
of
ho
ly
war
(Ji
had)
t
ha
r
le
d
by
S
heik
Usm
an
Bi
n
Fodio
i
n
1804.
Eve
ntu
al
ly
th
e
entire
co
nque
red
area
of
N
or
t
he
r
n
Nige
ria
acq
uir
ed
the
per
s
ona
l
at
tribu
te
sk
il
ls
ta
ught
by
the
S
heik
w
hich
becam
e
the
culture
of
the
N
ort
hern
Nige
ria
[
1]
.
Iron
ic
al
ly
,
the
A
us
tral
ia
n
C
ham
ber
of
Co
m
m
erce
and
I
ndus
try
(A
CC
I)
a
nd
Busi
nes
s
Co
un
ci
l
of
Au
st
rali
an
(B
CA)
ha
ve
devel
op
e
d
pe
rs
onal
at
tribu
te
sk
i
ll
s
within
the
Tech
nical
and
Vo
cat
io
nal
E
du
cat
io
n
and
Trai
ning
(TVET)
trai
ni
ng
pac
ka
ges
w
hic
h
was
ac
cepted
an
d
c
om
m
iss
ion
ed
by
Austral
ia
n
Nati
on
a
l
Trainin
g
A
uthority
(ANT
A)
in
2002.
T
he
A
CC
I
and
BC
A
init
ia
ti
ves
and
dev
el
op
m
ent
of
em
plo
ya
bili
t
y
sk
il
ls
was
m
ade
by
i
nclusi
on
of
pe
r
so
na
l
at
tribu
te
s
into
Com
pete
ncy
Ba
sed
Tra
ining
wh
ic
h
w
as
first
in
tro
duced
in
Au
st
rali
a
com
pr
isi
ng
knowle
dg
e
,
s
kill
s
an
d
pe
rsonal
at
tri
bu
te
s
.
T
he
at
tr
ibu
te
s
wer
e
di
scard
e
d
i
n
Austral
ia
un
ti
l afte
r
t
hey w
ere i
nclu
ded w
it
hin
the
Ame
rican Em
plo
ya
bili
ty
Sk
il
ls def
init
ion
.
T
his
has
res
ulted i
n a very
slow
ad
opti
on
rate
of
pe
r
s
onal
at
tribu
te
sk
il
ls
in
e
m
plo
yab
il
it
y
sk
il
ls
fr
am
ewo
r
k
withi
n
the
TVE
T
[
2]
an
d
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2252
-
8822
In
t.
J
.
Eval
.
&
Re
s
.
E
du
c
.
Vo
l
.
8
, No
.
4
,
Dec
e
m
ber
2019
:
70
5
-
71
2
706
m
os
t
of
the
c
ount
ries
with
si
m
il
ar
te
chn
ol
ogy
ap
proac
hes
to
A
us
tral
ia
.
T
o
date
pe
rs
on
al
at
tribu
te
s
sk
il
ls
ha
ve
discar
ded exc
e
pt s
up
e
rf
ic
ia
l a
ckno
wled
gm
ent o
f
the
ro
le
of
at
tri
bu
te
s i
n
th
e cu
rr
ic
ul
um
[3]
.
Nige
ria
is
on
e
of
the
co
un
tr
ie
s
that
ado
pt
ed
Am
erican
Com
petency
Ba
sed
Traini
ng
m
od
el
that
popula
rly
known
i
n
the
co
untry
as
6,
3,
3,
4
syst
em
of
edu
cat
io
n
in
t
he
19
80’s
[
1]
wh
ic
h
has
not
been
integrate
d
with
per
s
onal
at
trib
ut
e
s
kill
s
excep
t
supe
rf
ic
ia
l
ackno
wled
gem
ent
in
the
Nati
onal
P
olicy
on
Ed
ucati
on
pres
ently
[4]
.
Pe
rs
on
al
at
tribu
te
s
are
good
at
ti
tu
des
a
nd
trai
ts
of
an
in
div
i
du
a
l
that
are
use
d
to
ge
t,
m
ai
ntain
and
s
ucceed
in
em
plo
ym
ent
[5]
.
T
he
com
pone
nts
of
pe
rsonal
at
tri
bu
te
s
s
kill
s
identifie
d
f
rom
the
li
te
ratur
e
wer
e
at
ti
tud
es an
d
t
r
ai
ts
[6
-
9]
.
The
analy
ti
cal
rev
ie
w
of
E
T
E
curriculum
of
Niger
ia
Fe
der
al
U
niv
e
rsi
ti
es
of
Tech
nolog
y
f
ur
th
e
r
ind
ic
at
es
that
the
la
ck
of
inc
orp
or
at
io
n
of
per
s
onal
at
tribu
te
s
course
tha
t
directl
y
te
ach
es
good
at
ti
tude
s
an
d
trai
ts
in
the
c
urricul
um
.
The
course
of
Ni
ge
rian
People
a
nd
C
ult
ur
e
i
n
th
e
ETE
c
urricul
um
is
a
course
w
hich
has
el
em
ent
of
per
s
on
al
at
tribu
te
s
with
good
at
ti
tud
es
a
nd
trai
ts
with
m
ai
n
go
al
of
the
co
ur
se
is
to
le
ar
n
diff
e
re
nt cu
lt
ur
es of
diff
e
re
nt tribes a
nd eth
ni
c gro
ups
for uni
ty
[1
0,
11]
.
The
Nige
rian
higher
ed
ucati
on
insti
tuti
ons
fail
ur
e
in
engi
neer
in
g
ed
uca
ti
on
pro
gr
am
m
es
including
ETE
has
bee
n
relat
ed
t
o
con
ti
nu
ous
ad
h
ere
nce
to
tr
aditi
on
al
te
ac
hing
m
et
ho
ds
su
ch
a
s
la
borat
or
y
exp
e
rim
ental
m
et
ho
d,
le
ct
ure
m
e
tho
d,
fiel
d
trip
m
et
ho
d
an
d
pr
oj
ect
m
et
ho
d
durin
g
the
fi
nal
ye
ar
in
a
un
i
ver
sit
y.
Th
e
insti
tuti
on
s
did
not
integ
r
at
e
te
aching
e
m
plo
ya
bili
t
y
s
kill
s
including
per
s
on
al
a
tt
ribu
te
s
need
e
d by in
du
strie
s in
t
heir
t
eachin
g
m
et
hods
[12].
The
se
ven
c
or
e
e
m
plo
ya
bili
ty
sk
il
ls
need
e
d
in
21
st
ce
ntu
ry
ide
ntifie
d
wer
e:
te
ch
nica
l,
prob
le
m
so
lvi
ng,
colla
borati
on,
c
ommun
ic
at
io
n,
in
form
ation
m
anag
e
m
ent,
crit
ic
al
think
in
g
an
d
creati
vity
w
hile
five
per
s
onal
at
trib
utes
ide
ntifie
d
we
re:
et
hical
awa
ren
e
ss,
c
ultur
al
a
wa
reness,
flexibili
ty
,
sel
f
-
di
recti
on
a
nd
li
felong
le
ar
ning
[13].
Be
cause
of
hi
gh
s
kill
ed
w
ork
ers
who
c
once
ptu
al
iz
e
kn
ow
l
edg
e
,
idea
s
a
nd
distrib
ute
in
f
or
m
at
ion
are
highly
nee
ded
by
cu
rr
e
nt
in
dustrie
s,
a
la
rg
e
-
scal
e
sur
vey
am
on
g
w
orkin
g
professi
onal
s
within
i
ndus
tri
es
wa
s
cond
ucted.
Th
e
fin
dings
in
di
cat
ed
that
the
le
vel
of
em
ploy
abili
ty
sk
il
ls
includi
ng
pe
rs
on
al
at
trib
utes
li
ke
so
ci
al
trai
ning
and
sup
port
var
ie
s
c
onside
rab
ly
an
d
the
r
efore,
eac
h
s
ki
ll
req
uire
uniqu
e
de
velo
pme
ntal
appr
oach
[
14
]
.
Qian
and
Cla
r
k
[15]
f
ound
gam
e
-
based
le
arn
i
ng
a
ppr
oac
h
m
igh
t
be
ef
f
ect
ive
in
facil
it
at
ing
stud
e
nts’
per
s
onal
at
tribu
te
s
ki
ll
dev
el
op
m
ent.
van
Laar
E.
[
16
]
f
ound
the
relat
ion
s
hip
s
be
tween
c
om
po
ne
nts
of
em
plo
ya
bili
ty
sk
il
ls
and
c
on
cl
ud
e
d
t
hat
al
l
e
m
plo
ya
bility
sk
il
ls
includi
ng
per
s
onal
at
tribu
te
s
s
kill
s
le
ad
t
o
pro
blem
-
so
lvin
g
s
kill
s.
T
he
re
su
lt
s con
firm
t
hat the a
naly
ze
d
s
kill
s w
e
re
buil
t on eac
h other seq
ue
ntial
ly
.
Ba
ckgrou
nd
of
this
st
ud
y
disc
us
se
d
the
gap
in
the
inte
gr
at
io
n
of
pe
rs
on
al
a
tt
ribu
te
s
kill
s
c
ourses
that
directl
y
te
ache
s
go
od
at
ti
tude
s
an
d
t
rait
s
and
the
co
nce
ptu
al
m
od
el
of
per
s
onal
at
tr
ibu
te
s
kill
s
in
ETE
Ba
chelor
De
gree
Cu
rr
ic
ulum
.
As
a
res
ult,
gra
du
at
es
of
ETE
pro
gr
am
m
e
has
high
pe
rce
nta
ge
of
un
em
plo
ym
ent
[
17
]
that
m
ig
ht
be
due
to
l
ack
ing
of
em
plo
ya
bili
ty
sk
il
l
of
per
s
onal
at
tribu
te
s
kill
s
ne
ed
e
d
by
the
industr
ie
s.
The
ETE
pr
og
ram
m
e
a
lso
has
no
co
ncep
t
ual
m
od
e
l
fo
r
the
inte
gr
at
io
n
of
personal
at
tribu
te
s
kill
s.
2.
LIT
ERATUR
E REVIE
W
In
2004,
a
stu
dy
was
c
onduct
ed
by
[
6]
to
fin
d
ou
t
t
he
disc
r
epan
ci
es
bet
we
en
per
ce
ptio
ns
of
i
ndus
try
te
chn
ic
al
m
ana
ger
s
a
nd
highe
r
educat
ion
ins
ti
tuti
on
s
on
the
i
m
po
rtance
of
e
m
plo
ya
bili
ty
sk
il
ls
that
gr
ad
uates
po
s
sesse
d
w
he
n
ente
rin
g
w
or
kp
la
ce
a
nd
the
ir
su
ccess
i
n
t
he
place
of
w
ork
.
The
data
w
as
colle
ct
ed
th
rou
gh
rand
om
sa
m
pli
ng
te
c
hn
i
ques
from
un
iversit
y
head
s
of
de
pa
rtm
ent
and
in
du
st
ry
te
chn
ic
a
l
m
anag
ers
ac
r
os
s
the
Un
it
ed
Stat
es.
Find
i
ng
of
the
stu
dy
in
dicat
ed
that
in
dustry
te
ch
nica
l
m
anag
ers
ra
te
d
six
ou
t
of
12
e
m
plo
ya
bili
ty
sk
il
ls
as
ver
y
im
po
rtant
wh
il
e
head
s
of
departm
ents
ran
ke
d
only
two
em
plo
ya
bili
ty
sk
il
ls
as
ver
y
i
m
po
rta
nt.
The
ag
reed
s
kill
s
between
industry
te
ch
nical
m
anag
ers
and
higher
ed
uc
at
ion
insti
tuti
ons
ar
e
at
ti
tud
es
(inte
gri
ty
)
an
d
trai
ts
(
et
hics)
.
Wh
il
e
the
discre
pan
c
ie
s
betwee
n
th
e
industry
te
c
hnic
al
m
anag
ers
an
d
higher
educat
ion
s
are
p
e
rse
ve
ran
ce
, a
dap
ta
bili
ty
, life sk
il
ls an
d
le
a
der
s
hi
p
s
kill
s.
An
em
pirical
stud
y
was
co
nducte
d
on
45
m
anag
ers
that
ha
ve
five
dif
fer
e
nt
j
ob
f
unct
ion
s
i
n
si
x
industries
in
Ma
la
ysi
a,
wh
ic
h
are
cust
ome
r
serv
ic
e
,
ad
m
inist
rati
ve,
m
ark
et
ing,
fin
ance
an
d
acco
un
ti
ng,
a
nd
hu
m
an
res
our
ce.
T
he
in
du
strie
s
in
vo
l
ve
d
wer
e
hype
r
m
ark
et
,
ins
ura
nce,
te
le
com
m
un
ic
at
ion
,
ba
nk
i
ng,
m
anu
fact
ur
i
ng,
and
acco
unti
ng.
All
res
pond
ents
ha
ve
bee
n
inv
ol
ved
in
th
e
recru
it
m
ent
fo
r
j
ob
can
did
at
es
in
their
res
pecti
ve
job
f
un
ct
io
ns
an
d
in
dustrie
s
,
with
a
ve
rag
e
of
3.8
4
ye
ars
of
recr
uitm
ent
exp
e
rience
.
90%
of
the
m
anag
ers
hav
e
be
en
in
volve
d
i
n
set
ti
ng
th
e
j
ob
re
qu
i
rem
ent
and
jo
b
desc
riptio
n
f
or
a
pa
r
ti
cular
posit
ion,
cond
ucting
j
ob
inte
rv
ie
w
a
nd
pre
-
em
plo
ym
ent
te
sts,
as
well
as
deci
ding
on
sel
ect
ion
an
d
em
plo
ym
ent.
Find
i
ngs
re
vea
le
d
that
bein
g
r
esp
on
si
ble,
a
da
ptable
a
nd
dec
ent
at
ti
tud
e
with
60
%
,
40%
a
nd
40%
res
pec
ti
vely
are
the
m
os
t
im
po
rtant
pe
rs
on
al
at
trib
utes
in
du
st
ry
te
ch
nical
m
anag
er
s
w
he
n
it
c
ome
s
to
em
plo
ym
ent
in
Ma
la
ysi
a.
Pear
so
n
Chi
-
squa
r
e
te
sts
dem
on
s
trat
e
that
these
at
tribu
te
s
a
re
no
t
sta
ti
sti
cal
ly
associat
ed
t
o
both
industry a
nd jo
b po
sit
io
n, in
dicat
ing
th
at
the
y are
need
e
d
i
n al
l i
ndus
trie
s a
nd jo
bs
i
n
the
c
ountry
[9
]
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
In
t J
E
val & R
es Educ
.
IS
S
N:
22
52
-
8822
Con
ce
ptual
model for
the i
ntegra
ti
on o
f
pers
onal
attri
bu
te
s
ki
ll
s in
el
ect
ric
al
(
D
ah
ir
u Sa
l
e Mo
ham
me
d
)
707
Em
pirical
stud
ie
s
on
t
he
ba
nk
i
ng
an
d
fin
ancial
ser
vice
industries
un
der
sc
ore
the
ne
ed
f
or
both
te
chn
ic
al
s
kill
s
an
d
pe
rsonali
ty
trai
ts
ex
plici
tl
y
and
im
plicit
ly
.
As
obser
ve
d
by
[
18]
,
th
er
e
has
be
en
inc
r
easi
ng
dem
and
f
or
I
T
sk
il
ls
in
the
fi
nan
ci
al
se
r
vices
sect
or,
su
c
h
as
ba
nkin
g
to
i
m
pr
ov
e
t
he
ca
pacit
y
of
ba
ck
-
office
syst
e
m
s
in
han
dlin
g
unex
pe
ct
ed
tradi
ng
a
ct
ivit
ie
s.
How
ever,
pe
rs
on
al
i
ty
trai
ts
li
ke
l
oan
m
anag
e
rs
le
vel
of
m
ot
ivati
on
a
re
fou
nd to ha
ve
l
ow
e
r
i
nf
lue
nce
on bad
loa
ns
i
n banks
[19
]
.
So
m
e
per
s
on
a
l
at
tribu
te
s
s
uch
as
res
pe
ct
fu
l,
c
onfid
e
nce,
i
nd
e
pe
nd
ence
a
nd
ef
fi
ci
ency
are
sta
ti
sti
cally
as
so
ci
at
ed
to
bo
t
h
job
posit
ion
and
in
dustry,
ind
ic
at
in
g
that
they
are
var
ie
d
by
in
du
st
ries.
For
instance,
83%
of
m
anag
ers
in
te
le
co
m
m
un
icati
on
an
d
50%
of
insura
nce
industries
ex
pr
essed
the
co
nf
i
den
ce
at
work
as
im
po
rta
nt
perso
nal
at
tribu
te
.
T
his
m
ay
be
du
e
t
o
the
natu
re
of
t
he
busi
ness
in
te
le
com
m
un
ic
a
ti
on
and
ins
ur
a
nce
industries
w
he
re
a
pp
li
cat
ions
of
c
onfide
nce
in
handlin
g
pot
entia
l
cust
om
ers
an
d
j
ob
t
asks
a
re
highly
v
al
ue
d [
9].
Nu
m
ber
of
pe
r
so
na
l
at
trib
utes
are
s
pecific
t
o
job
posit
io
ns
i
nclu
ding
c
oope
rati
ve
am
on
g
co
-
w
orker
s
,
sel
f
-
a
war
e
ness
of
own
a
ppear
ance,
bein
g
pa
ti
ent,
ad
ven
t
uro
us
,
a
nd
ta
king
init
ia
ti
ve.
67
%
of
hum
an
reso
ur
c
e
m
anag
ers
valu
ed
co
operati
on
a
m
on
g
c
o
-
w
orker
s
as
t
he
m
os
t
i
m
po
rtant
pe
rsonal
at
trib
ute
wh
ic
h
is
oppo
sit
e
to
custom
er
ser
vice
an
d
m
ark
et
ing
m
anag
e
rs.
This
m
ay
be
due
to
a
dm
inist
rati
ve
natu
r
e
of
jo
b
f
unct
ion
s
i
n
hu
m
an
res
ourc
e
de
par
tm
ent
wh
ic
h
re
quires
c
oope
rati
on
a
m
on
g
co
-
w
ork
ers
a
nd
te
am
wo
r
k
within
t
he
sam
e
dep
a
rtm
ent
and
across
dif
fere
nt
dep
a
rtm
ent
s
within
the
sam
e
or
gan
iz
at
io
n.
This
di
ff
e
rs
with
the
natu
re
of
jo
b
ta
sk
s
c
us
tom
er
ser
vice
an
d
m
ark
et
in
g
sta
ff
t
hat
oft
en
deal
with
on
e
cust
om
er
at
a
tim
e.
T
he
c
us
tom
ers
pr
e
fer
to
be
fo
ll
owe
d
up
by
the
sam
e
sta
ff
that
sta
rt
ed
co
nvincin
g
them
.
Ho
we
ve
r,
m
ark
et
ing
m
anag
e
rs
em
ph
a
siz
ed
at
tribu
te
s
on m
ark
et
er
s incl
uding
a
ppeara
nce
and
bein
g
c
ourag
e
ous
with
56% a
nd
33
%
r
e
sp
ect
ively
[9].
Anothe
r
stu
dy
rev
eal
e
d
the
im
p
or
ta
nce
of
a
ff
ect
ive
trai
ts
a
nd
pr
act
ic
al
ski
ll
s
a
m
on
g
pla
nt
m
anag
ers
includi
ng
i
nter
per
s
onal
be
havi
or
s
an
d
m
anag
erial
proces
se
s
(S
m
i
th
et
al
.,
2009).
F
or
ins
ta
nce,
aest
heti
c
and
so
ci
al
sk
il
ls
are
con
si
der
e
d
m
or
e
im
po
rtant
than
te
c
hn
ic
al
s
kill
s
in
interact
ive
ser
vice
wor
k.
T
hese
sk
il
ls
m
us
t
be
unde
rstoo
d
by
t
he
i
nter
act
ive
ser
vice
w
orkers
to
i
m
pr
ov
e
t
heir
e
m
otion
s
i
nte
ntion
al
ly
f
or
qu
al
it
y
serv
ic
e
[
20
]
.
Jo
b
ap
plica
nts
'
per
sonal
at
tr
ibu
te
is
re
ga
r
ded
determ
inant
of
sel
ect
in
g
un
i
ver
sit
y
grad
uate
f
or
e
m
plo
ym
e
nt
by
ind
ust
ry
te
chn
ic
al
m
anag
e
rs
in
Ma
la
ysi
a.
For
insta
nc
e,
60%
of
t
hem
hig
hlig
hte
d
the
i
m
po
rtance
of
per
s
onal
at
tribu
te
,
a
nd
the
evide
nce
f
r
om
the
Pear
son
Chi
-
s
qu
a
re
re
ve
al
ed
that
the
sk
il
l
is
gen
e
rical
ly
req
ui
red
ac
ro
s
s
industries
but
sp
eci
fical
ly
diff
e
red
by
job
po
sit
io
ns
.
Pers
on
al
at
trib
utes
wer
e
highly
value
d
by
al
l
adm
inist
rati
ve
m
anag
ers
i
nclu
ding
m
ark
et
ing
m
anag
e
rs
67%
wh
il
e
acco
unti
ng
a
nd
fina
nce
m
ana
ger
s
had
33%
.
Othe
r
perso
nal
at
tribu
te
s
need
e
d
f
or
holding
a
dm
inistr
at
ive
posit
ions
are
punctuali
t
y,
be
ing
res
pons
i
bl
e,
sel
f
-
c
ontr
ol
an
d
good
at
ti
tud
e
wh
il
e
good
m
ark
et
ers
re
qu
ire
d
sk
il
ls
of
app
ea
ra
nce a
nd
qu
al
it
y o
f being co
nfi
de
nt [9
]
.
Pers
on
al
at
trib
ute
sk
il
ls
we
r
e
slow
ly
ad
op
te
d
into
t
he
TVET
tr
ai
ning
pac
ka
ges
by
Au
stral
ia
n
Nati
on
al
T
rain
ing
A
utho
rity
(ANT
A)
in
2002
c
om
pr
isi
ng
know
le
dge,
s
kill
s
and
pe
rs
onal
at
tribu
te
s
be
caus
e
the
at
tribu
te
s
wer
e
t
hrown
ou
t
in
A
us
tr
al
ia
un
ti
l
after
they
we
re
i
ncor
porated
w
it
hin
the
Ame
rican
Em
plo
ya
bili
t
y
Sk
il
ls
fr
am
ework
withi
n
the
in
dustry
a
nd
m
os
t
of
th
e
countries
wi
th
sim
il
ar
te
c
hnology
appr
oach
es
t
o
Au
st
rali
a
hav
e
to
date
av
oid
e
d
anyt
hing
m
or
e
than
insi
ncer
e
recog
niti
on
of
the
ro
le
of
pers
on
al
at
tribu
te
s i
n
th
e em
plo
ya
bili
t
y skil
ls i
nto
C
om
petency B
ased T
rainin
g pac
kag
e
s [3].
Find
i
ngs
of
a
s
tud
y
in
dicat
e
a
tt
it
ud
e
with
56
%
as
the
m
ai
n
cause
of
f
res
h
un
i
ver
sit
y
gra
duat
es
to
be
un
s
ucces
sf
ully
em
plo
ye
d
as
per
cei
ved
by
m
anag
ers
in
Ma
la
ysi
a,
fo
ll
ow
e
d
by
En
gli
sh
c
omm
un
ic
a
ti
on
s
kill
(36%
)
an
d
w
ork
e
xp
e
rience
(
31%).
The
se
fi
nd
i
ngs
we
re
t
ot
al
ly
agr
eed
by
m
anag
ers
f
r
om
diff
e
ren
t
in
dustrie
s
and
j
ob
posit
ion
s
.
L
ack
of
work
i
ng
e
xp
e
r
ie
nce
m
ay
be
du
e
to
the
fact
that
they
ha
ve
just
gr
a
duat
ed
wh
il
e
la
cking
of
good
E
ng
li
s
h
c
omm
un
ic
at
ion
sk
i
ll
m
ay
be
the
con
s
eq
ue
nce
of
the
grad
uates
’
cho
ic
e
of
m
edi
um
of
com
m
un
ic
at
ion
durin
g
t
heir
c
ou
rse
i
n
the
un
iversity
[9].
3.
METHO
D
Ther
e
are
th
re
e
m
e
tho
ds
f
or
ch
oosin
g
a
re
search
de
sig
n
wh
ic
h
a
re
qu
a
ntit
at
ive
m
e
tho
d
f
or
post
po
sit
ivist
s,
qual
it
at
ive
m
et
ho
d
for
co
ns
tr
uc
ti
vists
and
m
ixed
m
et
ho
ds
researc
h
f
or
pragm
at
ist
s
[2
1]
.
The
sel
ect
ion
of th
os
e re
sea
rc
h
m
et
hods
are base
d
on p
e
rs
onal
ex
pe
rience
of
t
he
r
esearc
her, a
ud
ie
nce to
who
m
the
researc
her
repor
ts
his
re
sear
ch
an
d
m
at
ch
betwee
n
resea
r
ch
quest
io
ns
and
the
m
et
ho
ds
[22]
.
Ex
plor
at
or
y
Sequentia
l
res
earch
desig
n
was
ad
opte
d
f
or
th
is
st
ud
y
be
cause
of
the
m
at
ch
betwee
n
the
resea
rch
quest
io
ns
and
m
et
ho
ds.
The
qu
al
it
at
ive
m
et
ho
d
w
as
em
plo
ye
d
to
ans
wer
t
he
first
resea
rch
qu
e
sti
on
w
hile
the
qu
a
ntit
at
ive
m
et
hod
was
to
a
ns
we
r
sec
ond
r
esearch
quest
ion
of
th
e
st
udy.
The
res
ults
of
both
m
et
hods
were
us
e
d
f
or
the
c
on
ce
ptu
al
m
odel
dev
el
op
m
ent.
10
in
dustry
te
chn
ic
al
m
a
nag
e
rs
wer
e
inter
viewe
d.
M
e
m
be
r
check
i
ng
te
c
hniq
ue
was
a
dopted
a
nd
deter
m
ined
the
reli
abili
ty
of
interview
res
ults
in
th
e
stud
y,
M
e
m
ber
check
i
ng
ref
e
r
s
to
ta
kin
g
the
transc
ribe
d
dat
a
back
to
pa
rtic
ipan
ts
to
re
vi
ew
an
d
co
nf
ir
m
the
cred
ibil
it
y
of
the
data
an
d
acc
uracy
of
the
na
rrat
ive
desc
ription
[
23
]
.
In
t
his
stud
y,
m
e
m
ber
chec
king
was
done
by
ha
nding
t
he
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2252
-
8822
In
t.
J
.
Eval
.
&
Re
s
.
E
du
c
.
Vo
l
.
8
, No
.
4
,
Dec
e
m
ber
2019
:
70
5
-
71
2
708
intervie
w
tran
script
to
the
inter
viewe
d
pa
rtic
ipants
(in
dustry
te
chn
ic
al
m
anag
ers
).
T
he
m
anag
ers
c
he
cke
d
against c
orrect
ness of t
he
d
at
a re
ported
i
n
t
he
inter
view
t
ra
ns
cri
pt in rel
at
ion t
o
t
heir
i
nterv
ie
w
sessi
ons.
The
resu
lt
s
of
the
qual
it
at
ive
m
et
ho
d
we
re
use
d
to
pr
oduce
struct
ur
e
d
qu
e
sti
onnaire.
Fou
r
resea
r
c
h
exp
e
rts
wer
e
va
li
dated
the
qu
est
ionnaire.
D
r
aft
ve
rsion
of
the
qu
est
i
onnai
re
wa
s
a
dm
inis
te
red
by
7
le
ct
ur
e
rs,
27
gr
a
duat
es
and
5
industr
y
te
chn
ic
al
m
anag
e
rs
with
the
reli
abili
ty
value
of
al
pha
cr
onbac
h
of
th
e
qu
e
sti
onnaire
was
=
.85
4
T
hi
s
al
ph
a
coe
ff
i
ci
ent
ind
ic
at
e
d
that
the
quest
ionnaire
posses
sed
str
on
g
reli
abili
ty
.
The
total
sam
ple
fo
r
t
he
sur
ve
y
was
646
,
w
hich
incl
ud
e
d
96
i
ndus
try
te
c
hn
ic
al
m
anag
e
rs,
22
E
TE
l
ect
ur
er
s
and
528
E
TE
g
raduates.
T
he
s
ta
ti
sti
ca
l
m
e
tho
d
of
s
te
pwise
li
near
re
gr
es
sion
a
nd
co
nf
i
r
m
at
or
y
factor
analy
sis
wer
e
us
e
d
to
a
naly
ze
the
su
r
ve
y.
The
sur
vey
resu
lt
s
we
re
use
d
f
or
t
he
de
ve
lop
m
ent
of
a
con
ce
ptu
al
m
od
el
of
the integ
rati
on
of p
e
rs
on
al
att
r
ibu
te
s
kill
s in ETE
c
urriculu
m
.
4.
RESEA
R
CH
AND DIS
C
USSION
4.1.
Types
and
ind
ic
ators of
pers
onal a
tt
ri
b
ut
e
skil
ls
The
inter
view
with
in
du
st
ry
m
anag
ers
per
c
ei
ved
tw
o
ty
pe
s
of
per
s
onal
at
tribu
te
s
sk
il
ls
consi
sti
ng
of
at
ti
tud
e
sk
il
ls
and
trai
t
s
kill
s
f
or
ETE
cu
rr
i
culum
integrat
ion
we
re
i
den
t
ifie
d
from
the
op
i
nions
of
in
du
st
ry
with the
in
dica
tors
a
s e
xp
la
in
ed belo
w
:
4.1.1.
Att
itude
skil
ls
This
stu
dy
f
ound
at
ti
tude
sk
il
ls
as
unde
rstan
dings
a
nd
a
ppli
cat
ion
s
of
inte
gr
it
y
sk
il
ls
includi
ng
sel
f
-
discipli
ne,
c
om
m
i
t
m
ent,
ho
nesty
,
res
ponsi
bili
ty
,
enthu
si
asm
,
reli
abilit
y
and
high
m
or
al
ity
sk
il
ls
.
Fou
r
industry t
ech
ni
cal
m
anag
er
s
of the
c
om
pan
ie
s stat
ed:
Perso
nal
attri
bu
te
s
ski
ll
s
ar
e
abil
it
ie
s
to
ha
ve
keen
ness
an
d
intere
st
t
o
w
or
k
hard,
au
t
he
ntici
ty
and
veracit
y
to
pe
rform
a
jo
b
as
we
ll
as
ab
il
it
ie
s
to
be
co
ns
ist
ent
an
d
de
dicated
i
n
ac
hievi
ng
goals
of
the
or
ga
niza
ti
ons
(Ma
nager O
ne).
Perso
nal
attri
bu
te
s
ski
ll
s
are
ab
il
it
ie
s
attitud
e
ski
ll
s
including
abil
it
ie
s
to
be
rel
iabl
e,
credible,
trustw
or
thi
nes
s uprig
ht
and r
ect
it
ud
e to
wor
k wi
th li
tt
le
su
pe
rvi
sion
i
n
th
e
comp
an
y
(Ma
nage
r T
hr
ee)
.
These
fin
dings
ex
plaine
d
personal
at
trib
ute
sk
il
l
s
sim
il
ar
to
at
ti
tud
e
s
kill
s
w
hich
are
ac
countabil
it
y,
sel
f
-
discipli
ne,
coopera
ti
on,
need
t
o
do
w
el
l,
hig
h
m
or
a
li
ty
,
op
tim
is
m
,
confide
nt,
lo
ya
lt
y,
co
m
m
itm
ent,
honesty
, res
pons
ibil
it
y, enth
usi
as
m
, r
el
ia
bili
ty
an
d
i
nteg
rity
.
4.1.2.
Tr
aits
s
kil
ls
This
stu
dy
found
trai
ts
s
ki
ll
s
as
unde
rst
and
i
ngs
an
d
app
li
cat
io
ns
of
et
hical
s
kill
s
inclu
ding
hard
work
i
ng,
punct
ualit
y,
entr
epr
e
ne
ur
ia
l
m
i
nd,
a
nd
well
-
dressi
ng
sk
il
ls.
F
ive
in
dustry
te
chn
ic
al
m
anagers
of
the co
m
pan
ie
s
sta
te
d:
Perso
nal
attri
bu
te
s
ski
ll
s
are
ab
il
it
ie
s
to
be
painst
akin
g,
tho
r
ough
and
meti
cul
ou
s
i
n
ac
hievi
ng
ob
je
ct
iv
es o
f
th
e
co
mpa
ny;
ab
il
ities
to
be
ti
m
ekee
ping,
reg
ul
ar
it
y
and
pro
mp
t
ness
i
n
the p
lace o
f
wo
rk a
s
we
ll
as
ab
il
it
ie
s to b
e wel
com
i
ng, a
pp
r
oac
hable
and o
pe
n
wi
th
ot
her
staff
’
’
(
M
anager Tw
o)
Perso
na
l
attri
bu
te
s
ski
ll
s
are
abil
it
ie
s
to
ha
ve
c
ommerc
ial,
risk
t
akin
g
and
in
no
v
at
iv
e
mind
f
or
ef
fe
ct
iv
e
impr
ov
emen
t
in
the
pla
ce
of
wo
rk
in
additi
on
to
ab
il
it
ie
s
to
ha
v
e
vi
sion
,
or
i
gi
na
li
ty
,
inve
ntive
ness
,
reso
ur
cef
ul
nes
s
and
ins
pir
ations
to
de
al
wi
th
hu
m
an
an
d
m
ate
rials
pro
blem
s
in
the
co
mpa
ny.’’
(
Manag
e
r T
hr
e
e)
.
Perso
nal
attri
bu
te
s
ski
ll
s
are
ab
il
it
ie
s
to
be
ener
getic
,
dyna
mic
and
go
-
ah
e
ad
to
work
we
ll
for
pr
ogres
s
in
t
he
fi
el
d
of
e
mp
l
oym
e
nt
as
we
ll
as
abil
it
ie
s
to
ha
ve
ba
l
an
ce
d
c
har
acter,
behavio
ur
and
te
m
per
ament i
n
the
p
l
ace
of
work in
the c
omp
any’
’
(
Ma
nage
r Five)
These
fin
dings
exp
la
ine
d
personal
at
tribu
te
sk
il
ls
si
m
il
ar
to
trai
ts
sk
il
ls
wh
ic
h
are
bein
g
patie
nt
at
work,
dili
ge
nt,
prom
ptn
ess,
balance
d
pe
rs
onal
it
y,
courtesy
,
sincerit
y,
w
ork
with
good
m
ann
er,
w
ork
with
pr
i
nciple,
a
pp
ro
ac
ha
ble
sta
f
f,
well
-
dr
esse
d,
c
reati
vity
,
and
ha
r
dwork
ing
.
T
he
i
nter
view
fin
dings
we
re
su
m
m
arized and
pr
ese
nted
in Ta
ble
1.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
In
t J
E
val & R
es Educ
.
IS
S
N:
22
52
-
8822
Con
ce
ptual
model for
the i
ntegra
ti
on o
f
pers
onal
attri
bu
te
s
ki
ll
s in
el
ect
ric
al
(
D
ah
ir
u Sa
l
e Mo
ham
me
d
)
709
Table
1.
Su
m
ary of ypes a
nd i
nd
ic
at
ors
of
pe
rsonal s
kill
s
Ty
p
es
Ind
icato
rs
Attitu
d
e Skills
Accou
n
tab
ility,
Se
lf
-
Discip
lin
e,
Co
o
p
eration
,
Need to
d
o
W
ell,
High
M
o
r
a
lity
,
Op
ti
m
is
m
,
Co
n
f
id
en
t,
Loyalty
,
Co
m
m
it
m
en
t,
Ho
n
esty,
R
esp
o
n
sib
ilit
y
,
Enth
u
sias
m
,
Rel
iab
ility
an
d
I
n
teg
ri
ty
Tr
aits Sk
ills
Bein
g
Patient at
W
o
rk,
Dilig
en
t,
p
ro
m
p
tn
ess
,
balan
ced
p
erso
n
ality
,
Co
u
rte
sy
,
Sin
ce
rit
y
,
wo
rk with
go
o
d
m
an
n
er,
wo
rk with
prin
cip
le,
ap
p
roach
ab
le sta
f
f
,
Bein
g
Patient at W
o
rk,
Well
-
D
ress
ed
,
Creativ
it
y
,
an
d
Har
d
wo
rkin
g
.
4.2.
T
he
best
indic
ators o
f
pers
onal
attribu
te
s
kil
ls
The
s
urvey
da
ta
wer
e
fir
st
s
ubj
ect
ed
to
St
epw
ise
Linea
r
Re
gr
e
ssio
n
(
SLR)
of
SP
SS
ve
rsion
22
com
pu
te
r
software
a
nd
sec
ond
SLR
r
esults
wer
e
co
nf
i
rm
e
d
by
us
in
g
Co
nf
irm
at
or
y
Fact
or
A
naly
sis
(
CFA)
of
AMOS com
pu
t
er soft
war
e.
4.2.1.
SLR
a
n
aly
sis
The
SLR
res
ults
determ
ined
the
be
st
them
es
and
best
in
dic
at
or
s
of
perso
na
l
at
tribu
te
sk
i
ll
s
fo
r
t
he
integrati
on i
nto ETE c
urricul
um
. Th
e res
ults of SLR
wer
e
s
umm
arized and
pr
ese
nted
in Ta
ble
2.
Table
2.
T
he
best
ind
ic
at
ors
of
per
s
onal
att
ribu
te
sk
il
ls f
or
ETE c
urriculu
m
Ty
p
es
Bes
t
Ind
icato
rs
Attitu
d
e Skills
Ho
n
esty,
High
Morality
,
Reliab
ilit
y
,
Co
m
m
it
m
en
t,
Inte
g
rity
,
Self
-
Discip
li
n
e,
an
d
Resp
o
n
sib
i
lity
Tr
aits Sk
ills
Bein
g
Patient at
W
o
rk, W
ell
-
D
ressed
,
Creativit
y
,
Sin
ce
ri
ty
,
Co
u
rtes
y
and
H
ardwo
rkin
g
4.2.2.
CFA
anal
ys
is
1
st
S
tep: Initi
al
mod
el
of per
so
n
al attr
ibut
es skil
ls bef
or
e calcula
tio
n
of the d
ata
The
init
ia
l
m
o
del
of
pe
rs
on
a
l
at
tribu
te
sk
il
ls
was
sel
ect
ed
by
Step
wise
Linear
Re
gr
es
s
ion
m
et
ho
d.
The
ty
pes
of
pe
rsonal
at
trib
ute
sk
il
ls
in
AM
OS
are
cal
le
d
f
act
or
s
wh
ic
h
incl
ude
at
ti
tud
e
sk
il
ls
and
trai
t
sk
il
ls.
The
best
in
dicat
or
s
of
eac
h
t
ype
are
known
in
AM
OS
as
ob
s
er
ve
va
riab
le
s
and
t
heir
e
r
rors
known
i
n
AMO
S
as
la
te
nt
va
ria
bles.
T
he
obse
rv
e
va
riables
of
per
s
onal
at
ti
tud
e
we
re
t
he
s
even
be
st
in
dic
at
or
ss
of
at
ti
tu
des
for
ET
E
Cu
rr
ic
ulum
In
te
gr
at
io
n
by
the
ETE
gra
du
at
es
,
ET
E
le
ct
ur
er
s
a
nd
in
dustry
te
ch
nical
m
anag
ers
c
on
sist
ing
of
honesty
(PAS
1)
,
high
m
or
al
it
y
(P
A
S2)
,
reli
abili
ty
(P
AS3),
c
omm
i
t
m
ent
(P
AS4
),
integrity
(PAS
5),
sel
f
-
discipli
ne
(PA
S6
)
,
an
d
res
po
ns
ibil
it
y
(P
AS7)
.
The
obse
rve
var
ia
bles
of
trai
t
sk
il
ls
wer
e
being
patie
nt
at
wor
k
(TRS
1)
,
well
-
dr
ess
ed
(TR
S
2),
creati
vity
(TRS
3)
,
since
rity
(TRS4
),
courtesy
(TRS
5)
an
d
ha
r
dworki
ng
(TRS
6)
.
T
hese
ob
s
er
ve varia
bles and t
heir res
pecti
ve
la
te
nt
va
riables
wer
e
s
how
n
in
Fig
ure
1
.
Fi
gure
1.
I
niti
al
m
od
el
of
pe
rs
on
al
att
ri
bu
te
s
sk
il
ls be
fore ca
lc
ulati
on
of the
d
at
a
2
nd
St
e
p:
Fir
st
calcula
tio
n
and inspec
tio
n
of fact
or
l
oading to re
m
ov
e
prob
le
m
at
ic
vari
ab
le
s
The
data
wa
s
f
irst
cal
culat
ed
in
the
i
niti
al
m
od
el
of
pe
rs
onal
at
tribu
te
s,
t
he
facto
r
loa
ding
of
at
ti
tude
sk
il
ls
of
0.3
4,
0.30,
0.28,
0.3
3,
0.6
9,
0.77
a
nd
1.0
0
for
honesty
(PAS
1),
high
m
or
al
it
y
(P
A
S2),
reli
ab
il
ity
(P
A
S3),
com
m
itm
ent
(P
A
S4
)
,
i
nteg
rity
(PAS
5),
sel
f
-
discipli
ne
(
PA
S
6),
a
nd
respo
ns
ibil
it
y
(PAS
7)
resp
ect
ive
ly
a
nd
the
facto
r
l
oa
ding
of
t
rait
s
sk
il
ls
of
1.9
0,
1.96,
1.42,
1.4
7,
1.5
7
a
nd
1.0
0
f
or
bei
ng
pat
ie
nt
at
work
(
TRS1
),
well
-
dresse
d
(
TRS2
),
c
reati
vi
ty
(TRS3
)
,
si
nc
erit
y
(TRS
4)
,
co
ur
te
sy
(TR
S5
)
a
nd
ha
r
dworkin
g
(TRS
6)
res
pec
ti
vely
wer
e
found.
T
he
m
od
el
did
no
t
m
ee
t
the
crit
erion
of
sta
nda
rd
iz
e
d
m
od
el
fitness
wh
e
re
the
chi
s
quare/
degree
of
fr
ee
do
m
=12
.
854,
GF
I=
0.7
51,
A
GF
I=
0.6
46,
N
FI
=0
.64
2,
N
N
FI
=0
.58
3,
CF
I
=0.658,
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2252
-
8822
In
t.
J
.
Eval
.
&
Re
s
.
E
du
c
.
Vo
l
.
8
, No
.
4
,
Dec
e
m
ber
2019
:
70
5
-
71
2
710
RM
SEA
=0
.16
9
an
d
pcl
os
e=
000.
T
his
deci
sion
was
base
d
on
the
m
od
el
fit
ind
ic
es
f
ound
i
n
the
init
ia
l
m
od
el
of
pe
rs
on
al
at
tr
ibu
te
s
kill
s.
H
ow
e
ve
r,
t
o
asc
ertai
n
good
m
od
el
fit
of
pe
rs
onal
at
trib
utes,
a
log
ic
al
trim
m
ing
of
the m
od
el
d
ee
m
ed
necessa
ry
by r
em
ov
al
of
po
s
sible
prob
le
m
at
ic
o
bs
er
ve varia
bles (
el
em
ents) wit
h
l
ow
facto
r
loading
that
m
i
gh
t
ha
ve
cause
d
po
or
fit
of
th
e
init
ia
l
m
od
el
.
These
pro
blem
at
ic
var
ia
bles
that
wer
e
gr
a
dual
ly
rem
ov
ed
as
a
r
esult o
f
lo
w fa
ct
or
l
oad
i
ng
s
c
on
sist
of P
AS1
, PAS
2,
PAS3
and P
AS
3
th
Ste
p: Sec
ond
c
alcula
tion o
f
d
ata an
d i
nspecti
on
of c
ovaria
nce
to impro
ve
m
od
el
f
it
The
First
Im
pr
ov
e
d
Mo
del
of
Pers
on
al
Attribu
te
S
kill
s
wa
s
cal
culat
ed
ag
ai
n
in
AM
OS
.
The
m
od
el
factor
loa
dings
we
re
im
pr
ove
d
wh
e
re
t
he
fa
ct
or
l
oad
i
ng
of
at
ti
tud
e
s
kill
s
of
0.77,
0.90
and
1.0
0
f
or
P
AS5,
PA
S
6
a
nd
P
A
S7
respec
ti
vely
and
t
he
fact
or
loa
ding
of
tra
it
s
sk
il
ls
of
1.8
5,
1.9
4,
1.42,
1.4
7,
1.5
9
an
d
1.0
0
f
or
TRS1,
TRS
2,
TRS3,
TR
4,
T
RS5,
TRS
5,
T
RS6
a
nd TRS
7 res
pecti
vely
were f
ound.
The
First
Im
prov
e
d
M
odel
of
Pers
onal
Attri
bu
te
Sk
il
ls
fit
ind
ic
es
wer
e
im
pr
ov
e
d
bu
t
di
d
not
m
eet
the
crit
erio
n
of
sta
nda
rd
iz
e
d
m
od
el
fit
ness
that
the
chi
sq
uar
e/
degre
e
of
fr
e
ed
om=
14.12
6,
G
FI=
0.845
,
AGFI=
0.732,
NF
I=
0.7
86,
N
NF
I=
0.7
19,
C
FI
=0
.79
7,
RM
SEA
=
0.1
78
a
nd
pcl
os
e=
000.
The
4
th
sta
ge
was
the
insp
ect
io
n of c
ov
a
riance
to de
al
w
it
h
c
ov
a
ria
nce
betwee
n
e
r
rors of
the
sam
e co
ns
tr
uct (fa
ct
or
)
.
T
he
ins
pecti
on
of
the
AMO
S
ou
t
pu
t
Mo
difi
cat
ion
I
ndic
es
(MI)
rev
eal
e
d
that
e2<
--
>e3
,
e10
<
--
>e
11
and
e
8<
--
>e
11
had
t
he
hi
gh
e
st
MI
at
their
r
especti
ve
fact
ors.
T
his
sta
ti
stics
necessit
at
ed
for
their
c
ov
a
r
ia
nce.
The
ins
pecti
on
of
the
AM
OS
ou
t
pu
t
fit
ind
ic
es
rev
eal
e
d
tha
t
the
best
m
od
el
fit
was
no
t
achieve
d
that
th
e
chi
sq
ua
re/de
gree
of
f
reedom
=5.124,
GFI
=0.941,
AGF
I=0.8
84,
N
FI=
0.931,
NNF
I=0.9
12,
CFI
=0.944,
RM
SEA
=0
.10
0
a
nd p
cl
os
e=
000 as s
how
n
i
n Fi
gure
2.
4
th
St
ep
:
Thi
rd
calcula
tion
an
d
inspec
ti
on
of
st
andar
diz
e
d
resi
dua
l
covariance
to
im
pr
ov
e
mod
el
fit
Since
the
va
riables
can
no
t
be
fu
rt
her
trim
m
ed
or
co
-
va
r
ie
d,
the
final
s
ta
ge
was
the
inspe
ct
ion
of
sta
nd
a
rd
iz
e
d
re
sidu
al
co
va
rian
ce
to
fin
d
an
d
r
e
m
ov
e
the
va
ri
ables
with
bigger
a
bsolute
va
lues
ab
ov
e
2.4.
The
var
ia
b
le
w
hich
has
the
hi
gh
es
t
value
of
sta
ndar
dized
resi
dual
c
ov
a
riance
fou
nd
was
TR
S4
a
s
s
how
n
i
n
Table
2.
T
he
TRS4
was
rem
ov
ed
from
the
First
Im
pr
oved
Mo
del
of
Pe
rs
on
a
l
Attrib
ute
S
kill
s
and
c
al
cula
te
d
i
n
Am
os
.
Her
e
th
e
sta
nd
ar
dized
m
od
el
of
pe
rs
on
al
at
trib
ute
sk
il
ls
was
confi
rm
ed
after
m
e
et
ing
the
crit
er
ia
fo
r
m
od
el
fit
ind
i
ces
that
the
chi
s
qu
a
re/de
gree
of
fr
ee
do
m
=4.
319,
GFI
=0.958,
A
GFI
=0.911,
N
FI
=
0.948,
NNFI=
0.932,
CFI=0
.95
9,
R
MSEA=
0.089
and
pcl
os
e=
001.
The
m
od
el
in
dicat
ed
that
the
val
ue
of
c
hi
sq
ua
re/de
gree
of
f
ree
do
m
was
betwee
n
5
a
nd
2
in
dicat
ing
excell
ent
fit,
RM
SEA
wa
s
bet
ween
0.081
to
0.090
wh
ic
h
in
dicat
e
s v
e
ry go
od f
it
and GFI,
AGF
I
, NFI, N
NFI a
nd CF
I were
abov
e
0.90
0
in
di
cat
ing
e
xcell
en
t fit
.
The
m
od
el
con
firm
ed
two
c
on
st
ru
ct
s
of
P
ersonal
Attrib
utes
s
kill
s
and
their
ob
s
er
ve
var
ia
bles
of
at
ti
tud
e
sk
il
ls
with
integ
rity
sk
il
ls
(P
A
S5),
sel
f
-
discipli
ne
sk
il
ls
(P
A
S6)
and
respo
ns
ibi
li
ty
sk
il
ls
(P
A
S7
)
a
nd
the
trai
ts
sk
il
ls
(TRS)
with
be
ing
patie
nt
at
wor
k
sk
il
ls
(T
RS1),
well
-
dr
e
ssed
s
kill
s
(TR
S2
)
,
creati
vity
s
kill
s
(TRS
3)
,
co
ur
te
sy
sk
il
ls
(TRS
5)
a
nd
hard
work
i
ng
sk
il
ls
(T
RS6)
f
or
ETE
curriculum
integrati
on
by
gra
du
at
e
s
,
ETE lec
tu
rer
s
and in
dustry t
echn
ic
al
m
anagers.
Figure
2.
Stan
da
rd
iz
e
d
m
od
el
of p
e
rs
on
al
att
r
ibu
te
s
kill
s
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
In
t J
E
val & R
es Educ
.
IS
S
N:
22
52
-
8822
Con
ce
ptual
model for
the i
ntegra
ti
on o
f
pers
onal
attri
bu
te
s
ki
ll
s in
el
ect
ric
al
(
D
ah
ir
u Sa
l
e Mo
ham
me
d
)
711
4.3.
Concept
ua
l
m
od
el
f
or
t
he
in
teg
r
at
i
on
o
f
p
erson
al
attrib
ut
e s
kil
ls i
n ETE
curric
ulum
Ba
sed
on
the
sta
nd
a
rd
iz
e
d
m
od
el
of
pe
rsonal
at
trib
ute
sk
il
ls
wh
ic
h
was
co
nfi
rm
ed
f
ro
m
the
confirm
at
or
y
f
act
or
a
naly
sis,
the
c
on
ce
ptua
l
m
od
el
f
or
the
integ
rati
on
of
pe
rs
on
al
at
tribu
te
s
kill
s
into
el
ect
rical
technolo
gy educat
io
n
c
urriculum
was co
ns
tr
ucted
as sho
wn in Fi
gure
3.
Figure
3.
Co
nc
eptual
m
od
el
for t
he
i
ntegrat
ion o
f per
sonal
at
tribu
te
s
kill
s in
ETE
curric
ul
um
Pers
on
al
at
tri
bute
sk
il
ls
ref
e
r
to
set
of
s
kill
s
for
i
nd
i
vi
du
al
qu
al
it
ie
s
of
at
ti
tud
es
and
trai
ts,
per
se
ve
ran
ce
,
adap
ta
bili
ty
,
lif
e
s
kill
s
an
d
le
ader
s
hip
s
kill
s
[6
]
,
res
pons
i
ble,
ada
pta
ble
an
d
decen
t
at
ti
tud
e
[9
]
.
The
sta
ndar
diz
ed
m
od
el
of
pe
rsonal
at
tribu
te
sk
il
ls
confirm
ed
tw
o
co
ns
tr
uc
ts:
per
sonal
at
ti
tud
es
sk
il
ls
(
PA
S
)
and trai
ts s
kill
s (
TRS
).
Pers
on
al
at
ti
tu
des
s
kill
s
ref
e
r
to
abili
ty
of
be
ing
tr
ue
t
o
w
ords
t
hat
dem
on
st
rate
go
od
beh
a
vior
for
oth
e
rs
to
c
opy,
bein
g
a
uth
e
ntic
in
sp
eec
h
a
nd
act
io
ns
eve
n
un
de
r
stress
be
cause
of
e
norm
ou
s
be
nef
it
to
der
i
ve
from
it
[2
4].
Con
ce
ptu
al
m
od
el
of
this
stud
y
con
fi
rm
ed
three
best
ind
ic
at
or
s
of
P
AS
w
hi
ch
are
integrit
y
sk
il
ls
(P
A
S5),
self
-
di
sci
pline s
kill
s (PAS
6) an
d res
pons
i
bili
ty
sk
il
ls (P
AS7).
Trait
s
are
et
hical
values
that
sh
ould
inclu
de
m
or
e
than
f
a
m
iliariz
at
ion
of
pr
of
essi
on
a
l
cod
es
of
cond
uct
an
d
m
achine
ry
for
en
forcin
g
them
,
stud
e
nts
m
us
t
be
awar
e
that
tr
ai
ts
sk
il
ls
are
instr
um
ent
that
aff
ect
the
qu
al
it
y
of
li
fe
[2
5].
T
his
stud
y
f
ound
five
best
in
dicat
or
s
of
TRS
in
cl
ud
in
g
bei
ng
patie
nt
at
wo
r
k
sk
il
ls
(TRS
1)
,
well
-
dresse
d
sk
il
ls
(
TRS2
),
creati
vi
ty
sk
il
ls
(TRS3
)
,
co
ur
te
sy
ski
ll
s
(TRS5
)
a
nd
ha
rdw
orkin
g
sk
il
ls
(TRS
6)
for
E
TE
cu
rr
ic
ulu
m
integrati
on
by
gr
a
duat
es,
E
T
E
le
ct
ur
e
rs
a
nd
in
dustry
te
c
hn
ic
al
m
anag
e
rs.
T
he
Fi
gure
3
s
how
ed
the
Stan
dardized
Mo
del
of
Personal
Sk
il
l
s
after
cal
culat
ing
the d
at
a
for
Confirm
at
or
y
Fact
or
An
al
ysi
s in
AM
OS
c
om
pu
te
r
s
of
tw
are.
5.
CONCL
US
I
O
N
The
pe
rsonal
at
tribu
te
sk
il
ls
wer
e
re
j
ect
ed
i
n
Austral
ia
n
edu
cat
io
n
m
od
el
fo
r
TVE
T
unti
l
after
t
hey
wer
e
inc
orp
or
a
te
d
in
US
A
a
nd
up
to
tod
ay
,
m
os
t
of
the
na
ti
on
s
with
com
par
a
ble
te
chno
log
y
ap
proache
s
to
Au
st
rali
a
ha
ve
re
j
ect
ed
the
i
nteg
rati
on
of
per
s
onal
at
trib
utes
in
th
ei
r
e
du
cat
io
n
m
od
el
for
T
VET
.
Nige
ria
adopted
Am
erican
e
d
uc
at
ion
m
od
el
fo
r
T
V
ET
an
d
t
hat
re
j
ect
ed
he
r
per
s
on
al
at
tr
i
bu
te
sk
il
ls
li
ke
Au
s
tral
ia
.
The
a
bove
li
te
ratur
e
highli
gh
t
ed
the
la
ck
of
i
nteg
rati
on
of
pe
rsonal
at
trib
ute
sk
il
ls
in
TVE
T
Curri
culum
.
Thi
s
stud
y
fou
nd
t
he
s
pecific
pe
rsonal
at
trib
ut
e
sk
il
ls
re
qu
i
r
ed
by
industry
m
anag
ers
f
or
t
he
inte
gr
at
io
n
ETE
curriculum
and
the
co
nce
ptu
al
m
od
el
of
pers
on
al
at
tri
bu
te
s
kill
s
that
can
guide
it
s
im
ple
m
entat
ion
.
T
hi
s
is
to
ens
ur
e
the
sk
il
ls
po
ssesse
d
by
ETE
gr
ad
uat
es
of
Ni
ger
ia
Fede
ral
Un
i
versi
ti
es
of
Technolo
gy
are
relevan
t
t
o
industry
f
or
the
gr
ad
uates’
e
m
plo
ym
ents
and
to
sa
ve
c
os
t
of
f
urt
he
r
trai
nin
g
of
the
ETE
grad
ua
te
that
e
m
plo
ye
d by t
he
in
dustry.
REFERE
NCE
S
[1]
Fafunwa,
A.
B,
"
Histor
y
of
e
ducation
in
Niger
ia,"
London:
George
Allen
and
Unwi
n
,
2004
.
[2]
Kerka
,
"
Com
pet
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base
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at
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iona
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t
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ng
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y
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y
ab
il
i
t
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s
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Revi
si
ti
ng
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t
he
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Ke
y
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Com
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i
es
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or
-
a
-
new
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.
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IS
S
N
:
2252
-
8822
In
t.
J
.
Eval
.
&
Re
s
.
E
du
c
.
Vo
l
.
8
, No
.
4
,
Dec
e
m
ber
2019
:
70
5
-
71
2
712
[4]
FG
N
(
Feder
al
Governm
ent
of
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ia
)
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