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a
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CC B
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li
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C
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r
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s
p
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ing
A
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Nu
r
u
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Facu
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De
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3
5
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T
an
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li
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d
a.
m
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@
f
p
m
.
u
p
s
i.e
d
u
.
m
y
1.
I
NT
RO
D
UCT
I
O
N
L
ea
r
n
i
n
g
e
n
v
ir
o
n
m
e
n
t
h
a
s
b
e
en
a
m
aj
o
r
co
n
ce
r
n
i
n
ed
u
ca
t
i
o
n
al
r
esear
ch
af
ter
it
w
a
s
i
n
tr
o
d
u
ce
d
b
y
L
e
w
i
n
[
1
]
an
d
Mu
r
r
a
y
[
2
]
,
d
u
e
to
its
cu
ci
al
r
o
le
in
d
eter
m
i
n
in
g
t
h
e
e
x
ten
t
to
w
h
ic
h
th
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tea
ch
in
g
a
n
d
lear
n
in
g
p
r
o
ce
s
s
is
e
f
f
ec
ti
v
e
[
3
,
4
]
.
I
t
i
m
p
lies
a
v
ar
iet
y
o
f
asp
ec
ts
th
at
i
n
f
lu
e
n
ce
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
'
i
n
tellect
u
al
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t,
w
h
ic
h
in
cl
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d
e
p
s
y
ch
o
lo
g
ical,
e
m
o
tio
n
al,
s
o
cial,
an
d
cu
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al
[5
]
.
H
ig
h
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ac
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m
ic
ac
h
ie
v
e
m
e
n
t
a
m
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s
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d
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th
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ex
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m
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ted
in
t
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at
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[6
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.
T
h
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w
it
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v
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’
ac
ad
e
m
ic
ac
h
iev
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m
en
t
[7
-
27
]
.
T
h
e
n
e
w
r
e
f
o
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m
in
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u
ca
tio
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e
m
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d
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n
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en
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ir
o
n
m
e
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ts
.
Ho
w
e
v
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,
m
o
s
t
teac
h
er
s
w
er
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f
o
u
n
d
to
b
e
co
n
tin
u
all
y
p
r
ac
ticin
g
tr
ad
itio
n
al
ap
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ac
h
,
esp
ec
iall
y
i
n
s
ec
o
n
d
ar
y
s
c
h
o
o
ls
[
2
8
]
.
T
h
e
y
p
r
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ed
to
u
s
e
lectu
r
e
as
th
eir
p
r
im
ar
y
teac
h
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n
g
m
e
th
o
d
[
3
,
2
9
]
an
d
e
m
p
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a
s
ized
s
u
m
m
ati
v
e
r
ath
er
th
a
n
f
o
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m
at
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a
s
s
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s
s
m
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n
t.
T
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p
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ac
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led
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p
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s
tu
d
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ts
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p
ar
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w
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ev
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u
all
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u
b
s
ta
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tu
d
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f
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m
an
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.
2.
B
RANSF
O
RD,
B
RO
WN
AND
CO
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N
G
L
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ARN
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E
NVIRO
NM
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M
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T
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B
r
an
s
f
o
r
d
,
B
r
o
w
n
,
an
d
C
o
ck
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n
g
[
3
0
]
s
o
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g
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t
to
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s
u
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th
at
a
h
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lis
tic
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Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
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8822
I
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J
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&
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Vo
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9
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T
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asp
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in
cl
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y
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lo
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ical,
em
o
tio
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cial,
an
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[
5
]
.
T
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e
m
o
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h
a
s
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if
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[
5
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3
1
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34
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.
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p
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k
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t
h
r
o
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h
ac
ti
v
e
lear
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g
[
3
5
,
3
6
]
.
I
n
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d
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to
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er
s
to
d
r
a
w
o
u
t
s
tu
d
en
ts
'
p
r
ec
o
n
ce
p
tio
n
s
to
b
e
u
s
ed
a
s
t
h
e
b
asi
s
f
o
r
a
m
o
r
e
f
o
r
m
al
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
i
n
g
o
f
w
h
a
t
i
s
b
ein
g
lear
n
t
[
3
7
]
.
T
h
is
r
eq
u
ir
es
teac
h
er
s
to
p
r
a
ctice
lear
n
er
-
ce
n
ter
ed
ap
p
r
o
a
ch
es
in
th
e
ir
class
r
o
o
m
s
,
s
u
c
h
as
d
iag
n
o
s
tic
an
d
r
esp
o
n
s
iv
e
teac
h
i
n
g
[
3
8
-
40
].
B
esid
es,
teac
h
er
s
ar
e
also
e
x
p
ec
ted
to
lin
k
w
h
at
i
s
lear
n
t
in
t
h
e
clas
s
r
o
o
m
to
th
e
r
ea
l
w
o
r
ld
ex
p
er
ie
n
ce
en
co
u
n
ter
ed
b
y
s
t
u
d
en
t
s
o
u
t
s
id
e
th
e
s
c
h
o
o
l
s
etti
n
g
,
as
a
n
a
p
p
r
o
ac
h
to
cu
ltiv
ate
au
th
e
n
tic
lear
n
i
n
g
[
3
5
,
3
6
]
.
Kn
o
w
led
g
e
-
ce
n
ter
ed
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
ts
p
u
t
s
tr
o
n
g
e
m
p
h
a
s
is
o
n
lear
n
in
g
w
it
h
u
n
d
er
s
ta
n
d
in
g
an
d
s
u
b
s
eq
u
en
t
tr
an
s
f
er
.
I
n
ad
d
itio
n
,
s
u
ch
en
v
ir
o
n
m
e
n
ts
also
s
tr
ess
o
n
s
en
s
e
-
m
a
k
in
g
th
r
o
u
g
h
m
etac
o
g
n
it
iv
e
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
es
[
4
1
-
43
]
th
at
ca
n
h
elp
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
to
b
ec
o
m
e
m
et
ac
o
g
n
iti
v
e
ex
p
er
ts
,
w
h
o
ca
n
r
eg
u
late
t
h
eir
o
w
n
lear
n
in
g
.
L
ea
r
n
i
n
g
w
i
t
h
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
in
g
in
v
o
l
v
es
th
e
ab
ilit
y
to
o
r
g
an
ize
k
n
o
w
led
g
e
i
n
a
m
ea
n
in
g
f
u
l
p
atter
n
[
4
4
]
,
w
h
ile
tr
a
n
s
f
er
en
tails
th
e
ab
ilit
y
to
ap
p
l
y
k
n
o
w
led
g
e
in
m
u
lti
p
le
co
n
tex
t
s
[
4
5
]
.
I
n
o
r
d
er
to
en
co
u
r
ag
e
lear
n
i
n
g
w
it
h
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
i
n
g
an
d
lear
n
in
g
tr
an
s
f
er
,
k
n
o
w
led
g
e
-
ce
n
te
r
ed
en
v
ir
o
n
m
e
n
ts
f
o
cu
s
o
n
t
h
e
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
an
d
ac
tiv
itie
s
th
at
ar
e
b
eliev
ed
to
h
elp
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
d
ev
elo
p
an
in
-
d
ep
th
an
d
in
te
g
r
ated
u
n
d
er
s
ta
n
d
in
g
o
f
a
p
ar
ticu
lar
d
is
cip
lin
e.
B
esid
es,
s
u
c
h
e
n
v
i
r
o
n
m
e
n
ts
al
s
o
r
eq
u
ir
e
t
h
e
tea
ch
in
g
o
f
m
aj
o
r
co
n
ce
p
ts
in
v
ar
io
u
s
co
n
te
x
t
s
[
4
6
]
to
p
r
o
m
o
te
lear
n
i
n
g
tr
a
n
s
f
er
.
Ass
es
s
m
en
t
-
ce
n
ter
ed
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
ts
h
i
g
h
l
ig
h
t
t
h
e
i
m
p
o
r
tan
ce
o
f
co
n
ti
n
u
o
u
s
f
ee
d
b
ac
k
i
n
i
m
p
r
o
v
i
n
g
s
tu
d
e
n
t
lear
n
i
n
g
[
4
7
]
.
I
n
o
r
d
e
r
to
b
e
ef
f
ec
ti
v
e,
s
u
c
h
f
ee
d
b
ac
k
s
h
o
u
ld
b
e
o
n
ti
m
e,
s
p
ec
if
i
c,
u
n
d
er
s
ta
n
d
ab
le,
an
d
p
r
o
v
id
e
s
r
o
o
m
f
o
r
i
m
p
r
o
v
e
m
en
t
[
4
8
]
.
B
esid
es
th
at,
th
es
e
en
v
ir
o
n
m
e
n
ts
al
s
o
r
eq
u
ir
e
th
at
as
s
ess
m
e
n
ts
ar
e
d
esig
n
ed
to
as
s
ess
s
t
u
d
en
t
s
'
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
in
g
a
n
d
p
r
o
v
id
e
o
p
p
o
r
tu
n
ities
f
o
r
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
to
e
n
h
a
n
ce
th
eir
lear
n
i
n
g
[
4
9
]
.
T
h
is
m
o
d
el
p
u
t
g
r
ea
ter
e
m
p
h
a
s
is
on
f
o
r
m
ati
v
e
a
s
s
ess
m
e
n
ts
s
in
ce
t
h
e
y
ca
n
p
r
o
v
id
e
i
n
f
o
r
m
a
tio
n
ab
o
u
t s
tu
d
e
n
ts
'
lev
el
o
f
u
n
d
er
s
ta
n
d
i
n
g
co
n
ti
n
u
o
u
s
l
y
.
A
p
ar
t
f
r
o
m
th
a
t,
s
u
ch
en
v
ir
o
n
m
e
n
t
s
also
s
tr
ess
th
e
i
m
p
o
r
tan
ce
o
f
d
ev
elo
p
in
g
s
elf
-
a
s
s
e
s
s
m
en
t s
k
ills
a
m
o
n
g
s
t
u
d
en
t
s
in
o
r
d
er
to
h
elp
th
e
m
m
o
n
ito
r
th
eir
o
w
n
l
ea
r
n
in
g
[
5
0
].
C
o
m
m
u
n
i
t
y
-
ce
n
ter
ed
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
ts
p
u
t
a
s
tr
o
n
g
e
m
p
h
a
s
is
o
n
t
h
e
estab
lis
h
m
e
n
t
o
f
p
o
s
iti
v
e
n
o
r
m
s
to
lear
n
f
r
o
m
ea
ch
o
th
er
th
r
o
u
g
h
th
e
co
llab
o
r
atio
n
a
m
o
n
g
lear
n
in
g
co
m
m
u
n
it
y
m
e
m
b
er
s
.
I
n
th
i
s
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
t
,
teac
h
er
s
an
d
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
ar
e
g
iv
en
f
r
ee
d
o
m
to
m
a
k
e
m
is
tak
e
s
in
o
r
d
e
r
to
im
p
r
o
v
e
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
'
lear
n
in
g
[
5
1
,
5
2
]
.
T
o
p
r
o
m
o
te
s
u
c
h
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
ts
,
lear
n
i
n
g
co
m
m
u
n
it
y
m
e
m
b
er
s
,
in
clu
d
i
n
g
th
o
s
e
i
n
s
id
e
an
d
o
u
ts
id
e
o
f
s
ch
o
o
l
s
etti
n
g
,
n
ee
d
to
w
o
r
k
to
g
et
h
er
to
ac
h
ie
v
e
co
m
m
o
n
lear
n
i
n
g
g
o
als
[
5
3
]
.
L
ea
r
n
i
n
g
co
m
m
u
n
it
y
i
n
s
id
e
t
h
e
s
ch
o
o
l
s
etti
n
g
,
w
h
ic
h
i
n
v
o
lv
es
clas
s
r
o
o
m
a
n
d
s
c
h
o
o
l
co
m
m
u
n
it
y
,
ca
n
b
e
p
r
o
m
o
ted
th
r
o
u
g
h
c
o
o
p
er
ativ
e
lear
n
in
g
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
es
[
5
4
,
5
5
]
.
Me
an
w
h
i
le,
th
e
lear
n
i
n
g
co
m
m
u
n
it
y
o
u
ts
id
e
s
ch
o
o
l sett
in
g
w
h
ic
h
en
ta
ils
th
e
co
n
n
ec
t
io
n
s
b
et
w
ee
n
class
r
o
o
m
lear
n
in
g
ex
p
er
ien
ce
an
d
o
u
t
-
of
-
s
c
h
o
o
l
lear
n
in
g
ex
p
er
ien
ce
ca
n
b
e
p
r
o
m
o
ted
th
r
o
u
g
h
af
ter
-
s
ch
o
o
l p
r
o
g
r
a
m
s
[
5
6
].
A
cc
o
r
d
in
g
to
B
r
an
s
f
o
r
d
,
B
r
o
w
n
a
n
d
C
o
ck
i
n
g
[
3
0
]
,
in
co
r
p
o
r
atin
g
th
e
ele
m
en
t
s
o
f
lear
n
er
-
ce
n
ter
ed
,
k
n
o
w
led
g
e
-
ce
n
ter
ed
,
ass
e
s
s
m
en
t
-
ce
n
ter
ed
,
an
d
co
m
m
u
n
it
y
-
ce
n
ter
ed
lear
n
i
n
g
e
n
v
ir
o
n
m
en
ts
c
a
n
o
p
ti
m
ize
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
'
lear
n
i
n
g
.
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
w
a
s
co
n
d
u
cted
to
(
i)
ex
p
lo
r
e
t
h
e
f
o
u
r
d
i
m
e
n
s
io
n
s
o
f
lear
n
in
g
en
v
ir
o
n
m
e
n
t m
o
d
el
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
b
y
B
r
an
s
f
o
r
d
,
B
r
o
w
n
a
n
d
C
o
ck
i
n
g
[
3
0
]
u
s
in
g
E
x
p
lo
r
ato
r
y
Facto
r
An
al
y
s
is
(
E
FA
)
,
an
d
(
ii)
test
th
e
ad
eq
u
ac
y
of
th
e
m
ea
s
u
r
e
m
en
t
m
o
d
el
by
u
s
i
n
g
th
e
C
o
n
f
ir
m
ato
r
y
Facto
r
A
n
a
l
y
s
is
(
C
F
A
)
.
3.
RE
S
E
ARCH
M
E
T
H
O
D
A
s
u
r
v
e
y
m
et
h
o
d
w
as
u
s
ed
f
o
r
d
ata
co
llectio
n
th
r
o
u
g
h
t
h
e
2
0
-
ite
m
L
E
I
w
h
ich
w
a
s
d
ev
elo
p
ed
ac
co
r
d
in
g
to
t
h
e
f
o
u
r
d
i
m
e
n
s
i
o
n
s
o
f
lear
n
i
n
g
en
v
ir
o
n
m
e
n
t
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
b
y
B
r
an
s
f
o
r
d
,
B
r
o
w
n
an
d
C
o
c
k
in
g
[
3
0
]
.
I
n
to
tal,
4
1
8
s
ec
o
n
d
ar
y
s
c
h
o
o
l
s
tu
d
en
t
s
r
esp
o
n
d
ed
to
th
e
q
u
esti
o
n
n
air
e.
Fro
m
th
is
n
u
m
b
er
,
d
ata
f
r
o
m
1
5
0
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
w
er
e
s
u
b
j
ec
ted
to
th
e
E
x
p
lo
r
ato
r
y
Facto
r
A
n
al
y
s
i
s
(
E
FA
)
in
v
o
l
v
i
n
g
P
r
in
cip
al
C
o
m
p
o
n
en
t
An
al
y
s
is
(
P
C
A
)
w
i
th
v
a
r
i
m
a
x
r
o
tatio
n
,
in
o
r
d
er
to
o
b
tain
p
o
s
s
ib
le
f
ac
to
r
s
o
f
th
e
L
E
I
.
E
FA
o
f
th
e
d
ata
f
r
o
m
th
is
g
r
o
u
p
w
a
s
ca
r
r
ied
o
u
t
u
s
i
n
g
Sta
tis
tical
P
ac
k
ag
e
f
o
r
So
cial
Sci
en
ce
s
Ver
s
io
n
2
1
(
SP
SS
2
1
)
.
P
r
io
r
to
E
FA
,
Kaiser
-
Me
y
er
-
Ol
k
in
(
KM
O)
an
d
B
ar
lett'
s
Sp
h
er
ici
t
y
T
est
w
er
e
co
n
d
u
cted
to
d
eter
m
i
n
e
th
e
ad
eq
u
ac
y
o
f
th
e
s
a
m
p
le
an
d
to
in
d
icate
th
e
ex
ten
t
to
w
h
ich
t
h
e
d
ata
f
it
to
th
e
f
ac
to
r
an
al
y
s
i
s
.
Nex
t,
d
ata
f
r
o
m
2
6
8
s
tu
d
en
ts
w
er
e
s
u
b
j
ec
ted
to
th
e
C
o
n
f
ir
m
ato
r
y
Facto
r
An
al
y
s
i
s
(
C
F
A
)
in
o
r
d
er
to
cr
o
s
s
-
v
alid
ate
th
e
r
esu
lt
s
o
b
tain
ed
f
r
o
m
E
F
A
.
I
n
t
h
is
r
eg
ar
d
,
t
h
e
ac
ce
p
tab
le
in
d
ex
e
s
f
o
r
C
F
A
w
er
e
[
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Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
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2252
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8822
I
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J
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RE
F
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R
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NC
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S
[1
]
L
e
w
in
,
K.
,
Prin
c
ip
les
o
f
T
o
p
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Psy
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Ne
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:
M
c
Gra
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Hill
,
1
9
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.
[2
]
M
u
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,
H.
A
.
,
Exp
lo
ra
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s i
n
P
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Ne
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Yo
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:
Ox
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Un
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P
re
ss
,
1
9
3
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.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
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383
[3
]
Af
a
ri,
E.
,
A
ld
rid
g
e
,
J.
M
.
a
n
d
F
ra
se
r,
B.
J.
,
“
Ef
f
e
c
ti
v
e
n
e
ss
o
f
u
sin
g
g
a
m
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s
in
tertiary
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l
m
a
th
e
m
a
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s
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las
sro
o
m
s
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In
ter
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S
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ien
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e
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M
a
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ti
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s E
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10
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[4
]
Ro
b
i
n
so
n
,
E.
a
n
d
F
ra
se
r,
B.
J
,
“
Kin
d
e
rg
a
rten
stu
d
e
n
ts’
a
n
d
p
a
re
n
ts
’
p
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rc
e
p
ti
o
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f
sc
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c
la
ss
ro
o
m
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v
iro
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ts:
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tt
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.
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p
.
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–
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.
[5
]
Af
a
ri,
E.
,
e
t
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,
“
S
tu
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p
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[6
]
A
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,
J.,
G
re
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A
.
,
L
u
n
,
J.,
H
a
m
re
,
B.
a
n
d
P
ian
ta,
R
,
“
Ob
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with
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42
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1
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p
.
76
–
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.
[7
]
Ka
z
u
,
I.
Y.,
a
n
d
De
m
irk
o
l,
M
.
,
“
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o
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1
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p
.
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-
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.
[8
]
S
id
ik
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.
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.
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.
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.
,
a
n
d
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d
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.
R.
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m
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ry
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ts
(in
M
a
lay
)
,
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3
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p
.
67
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.
[9
]
Bro
a
d
b
e
n
t,
J.,
a
n
d
P
o
o
n
,
W
.
L
.
,
“
S
e
lf
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re
g
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late
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&
a
c
a
d
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m
ic
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c
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m
e
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t
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d
u
c
a
ti
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lea
rn
in
g
e
n
v
iro
n
m
e
n
ts:
A
s
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m
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ti
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re
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w
,
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In
ter
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a
n
d
Hi
g
h
e
r E
d
u
c
a
ti
o
n
,
v
o
l.
27
,
p
p
.
1
-
13
,
2
0
1
5
.
[1
0
]
W
a
n
g
,
T
.
H.
,
“
De
v
e
lo
p
in
g
a
n
a
ss
e
ss
m
e
n
t
-
c
e
n
tere
d
e
-
lea
rn
in
g
sy
st
e
m
f
o
r
im
p
ro
v
in
g
stu
d
e
n
t
lea
rn
i
n
g
e
ff
e
c
ti
v
e
n
e
ss
,
”
Co
mp
u
ter
s &
Ed
u
c
a
ti
o
n
,
v
o
l
.
73
,
p
p
.
1
8
9
-
203
,
2
0
1
4
.
[1
1
]
Ch
e
n
,
B.
H.,
a
n
d
Ch
i
o
u
,
H.
H.
,
“
L
e
a
rn
in
g
st
y
le,
se
n
se
o
f
c
o
m
m
u
n
it
y
a
n
d
lea
rn
in
g
e
f
fe
c
ti
v
e
n
e
s
s
in
h
y
b
rid
lea
rn
in
g
e
n
v
iro
n
m
e
n
t
,
”
In
ter
a
c
ti
v
e
L
e
a
rn
i
n
g
E
n
v
iro
n
me
n
ts,
v
o
l
.
22
,
n
o
.
4
,
p
p
.
4
8
5
-
4
9
6
,
2
0
1
4
.
[1
2
]
Rich
a
rd
so
n
,
C.
,
a
n
d
M
ish
ra
,
P
.
,
“
L
e
a
rn
in
g
e
n
v
iro
n
m
e
n
ts
th
a
t
su
p
p
o
rt
st
u
d
e
n
t
c
re
a
ti
v
it
y
:
De
v
e
lo
p
in
g
th
e
S
CAL
E
,
”
T
h
in
k
i
n
g
S
k
il
ls
a
n
d
Cre
a
ti
v
it
y
,
v
o
l.
27
,
p
p
.
45
-
54
,
2
0
1
8
.
[1
3
]
T
ra
n
,
V
.
D
,
“
T
h
e
e
ffe
c
ts
o
f
c
o
o
p
e
ra
ti
v
e
lea
rn
in
g
o
n
th
e
a
c
a
d
e
m
ic
a
c
h
iev
e
m
e
n
t
a
n
d
k
n
o
w
le
d
g
e
re
ten
ti
o
n
,
”
In
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
jo
u
rn
a
l
o
f
h
ig
h
e
r e
d
u
c
a
ti
o
n
,
v
o
l.
3
,
n
o
.
2
,
p
p
.
1
3
1
-
1
4
0
,
2
0
1
4
.
[1
4
]
Ra
sia
h
,
R.
R
.
V
.
,
“
T
ra
n
sf
o
r
m
a
ti
v
e
h
ig
h
e
r
e
d
u
c
a
ti
o
n
tea
c
h
in
g
a
n
d
lea
rn
in
g
:
Us
i
n
g
so
c
ial
m
e
d
ia
in
a
tea
m
-
b
a
se
d
lea
rn
i
n
g
e
n
v
iro
n
m
e
n
t
,
”
Pro
c
e
d
ia
-
S
o
c
i
a
l
a
n
d
Be
h
a
v
io
r
a
l
S
c
ien
c
e
s
,
v
o
l.
1
2
3
,
p
p
.
3
6
9
-
3
7
9
,
2
0
1
4
.
[1
5
]
Zh
o
n
g
g
e
n
,
Y.,
Yin
g
,
Z
.
,
Z
h
ich
u
n
,
Y.,
a
n
d
W
e
n
tao
,
C.
,
“
S
t
u
d
e
n
t
sa
t
isf
a
c
ti
o
n
,
lea
rn
i
n
g
o
u
tco
m
e
s,
a
n
d
c
o
g
n
it
iv
e
lo
a
d
s
w
it
h
a
m
o
b
il
e
lea
rn
in
g
p
latf
o
rm
,
”
Co
mp
u
ter
Assiste
d
L
a
n
g
u
a
g
e
L
e
a
rn
in
g
,
v
o
l.
3
2
,
n
o
.
4
,
p
p
.
1
-
19
,
2
0
1
8
.
[1
6
]
A
lt
,
D.
,
“
A
ss
e
s
sin
g
th
e
c
o
n
tri
b
u
t
io
n
o
f
a
c
o
n
stru
c
ti
v
ist
lea
rn
in
g
e
n
v
iro
n
m
e
n
t
to
a
c
a
d
e
m
ic
se
l
f
-
e
ff
ica
c
y
in
h
ig
h
e
r
e
d
u
c
a
ti
o
n
,
”
L
e
a
rn
in
g
E
n
v
iro
n
me
n
ts R
e
se
a
rc
h
,
v
o
l.
18
,
n
o
.
1
,
p
p
.
47
-
67
,
2
0
1
5
.
[1
7
]
T
a
m
is
-
LeMo
n
d
a
,
e
t
a
l
,
“
Early
h
o
m
e
le
a
rn
in
g
e
n
v
iro
n
m
e
n
t
p
re
d
icts
c
h
il
d
re
n
’s
5
t
h
g
ra
d
e
a
c
a
d
e
m
ic
sk
il
ls
,
”
Ap
p
li
e
d
De
v
e
lo
p
me
n
ta
l
S
c
ien
c
e
,
v
o
l.
23
,
n
o
.
2
,
p
p
.
1
5
3
-
1
6
9
,
2
0
1
9
.
[1
8
]
S
h
a
m
a
k
i,
T
.
A
.
,
“
In
f
lu
e
n
c
e
o
f
lea
r
n
in
g
e
n
v
iro
n
m
e
n
t
o
n
st
u
d
e
n
ts'
a
c
a
d
e
m
ic
a
c
h
iev
e
m
e
n
t
in
m
a
th
e
m
a
ti
c
s:
A
c
a
se
stu
d
y
o
f
so
m
e
se
le
c
ted
se
c
o
n
d
a
r
y
sc
h
o
o
ls
in
Yo
b
e
S
tate
-
Nig
e
ria
,
”
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
Ed
u
c
a
ti
o
n
a
n
d
Pra
c
ti
c
e
,
v
o
l.
6
,
n
o
.
34
,
p
p
.
40
-
44
,
2
0
1
5
.
[1
9
]
Ya
p
ici,
İ.
Ü.
,
“
Ef
fe
c
ti
v
e
n
e
s
s
o
f
b
len
d
e
d
c
o
o
p
e
ra
ti
v
e
lea
rn
in
g
e
n
v
ir
o
n
m
e
n
t
in
b
i
o
l
o
g
y
te
a
c
h
in
g
:
Clas
sro
o
m
c
o
m
m
u
n
it
y
se
n
se
,
a
c
a
d
e
m
ic
a
c
h
iev
e
m
e
n
t
a
n
d
sa
ti
sfa
c
ti
o
n
,
”
J
o
u
r
n
a
l
o
f
E
d
u
c
a
ti
o
n
a
n
d
T
ra
i
n
in
g
S
tu
d
ies
,
v
o
l.
4
,
n
o
.
4
,
p
p
.
2
6
9
-
2
8
0
,
2
0
1
6
.
[2
0
]
Al
-
G
h
a
m
d
i,
A
.
,
“
Bu
il
d
in
g
a
p
o
si
ti
v
e
e
n
v
iro
n
m
e
n
t
in
c
las
sro
o
m
s
th
ro
u
g
h
f
e
e
d
b
a
c
k
a
n
d
p
ra
ise
,
”
E
n
g
li
sh
L
a
n
g
u
a
g
e
T
e
a
c
h
in
g
,
v
o
l.
10
,
n
o
.
6
,
p
p
.
37
-
43
,
2
0
1
7
.
[2
1
]
Ko
ru
c
u
,
A
.
T
.
,
a
n
d
Ca
k
ir,
H
.
,
“
T
h
e
e
ff
e
c
t
o
f
d
y
n
a
m
ic
we
b
tec
h
n
o
l
o
g
ies
o
n
stu
d
e
n
t
a
c
a
d
e
m
ic
a
c
h
iev
e
m
e
n
t
in
p
r
o
b
lem
-
b
a
se
d
c
o
ll
a
b
o
ra
ti
v
e
lea
rn
in
g
e
n
v
iro
n
m
e
n
t
,
”
M
a
la
y
sia
n
On
l
in
e
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
Ed
u
c
a
ti
o
n
a
l
T
e
c
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
,
v
o
l.
6
,
n
o
.
1
,
p
p
.
92
-
1
0
8
,
2
0
1
8
.
[2
2
]
M
a
li
k
,
R.
H.,
a
n
d
Rizv
i,
A
.
A
.
,
“
Eff
e
c
t
o
f
c
la
ss
ro
o
m
le
a
rn
in
g
e
n
v
iro
n
m
e
n
t
o
n
stu
d
e
n
ts'
a
c
a
d
e
m
ic
a
c
h
iev
e
m
e
n
t
in
m
a
th
e
m
a
ti
c
s a
t
se
c
o
n
d
a
r
y
lev
e
l
,
”
Bu
ll
e
ti
n
o
f
Ed
u
c
a
ti
o
n
a
n
d
Res
e
a
rc
h
,
v
o
l.
40
,
n
o
.
2
,
p
p
.
2
0
7
-
2
1
8
,
2
0
1
8
.
[2
3
]
S
h
o
v
a
l,
E.
,
S
h
a
rir,
T
.
,
A
rn
o
n
,
M
.
,
a
n
d
T
e
n
e
n
b
a
u
m
,
G
,
“
T
h
e
e
ff
e
c
t
o
f
in
teg
ra
ti
n
g
m
o
v
e
m
e
n
t
in
to
th
e
lea
rn
i
n
g
e
n
v
iro
n
m
e
n
t
o
f
k
in
d
e
rg
a
rt
e
n
c
h
il
d
re
n
o
n
th
e
ir
a
c
a
d
e
m
ic
a
c
h
ie
v
e
m
e
n
ts
,
”
Ea
rly
Ch
il
d
h
o
o
d
E
d
u
c
a
ti
o
n
J
o
u
rn
a
l
,
v
o
l.
46
,
n
o
.
3
,
p
p
.
3
5
5
-
3
6
4
,
2
0
1
8
.
[2
4
]
M
u
n
a
w
a
ro
h
,
A
.
,
“
T
h
e
u
se
o
f
c
o
o
p
e
ra
ti
v
e
lea
rn
in
g
to
im
p
ro
v
e
stu
d
e
n
ts'
a
b
il
it
y
in
re
a
d
in
g
c
o
m
p
re
h
e
n
sio
n
in
M
ts
Nu
r
u
l
Ba
ro
k
a
h
2
0
1
7
,
”
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
E
n
g
li
sh
Ped
a
g
o
g
y
,
L
in
g
u
ist
ics
,
L
it
e
ra
t
u
re
,
a
n
d
T
e
a
c
h
in
g
,
v
o
l
.
5
,
n
o
.
1
,
2
0
1
7
.
[2
5
]
Ak
taş
,
E.
,
a
n
d
Yu
rt,
S
.
U.
,
“
Ef
f
e
c
t
s
o
f
d
ig
it
a
l
sto
r
y
o
n
a
c
a
d
e
m
i
c
a
c
h
i
e
v
e
m
e
n
t,
lea
rn
in
g
m
o
ti
v
a
ti
o
n
a
n
d
re
ten
ti
o
n
a
m
o
n
g
u
n
iv
e
rs
it
y
stu
d
e
n
ts
,
”
In
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
Hi
g
h
e
r E
d
u
c
a
ti
o
n
,
v
o
l.
6
,
n
o
.
1
,
p
p
.
1
8
0
-
1
9
6
,
2
0
1
7
.
[2
6
]
Co
h
n
,
S
.
T
.
,
a
n
d
F
ra
se
r,
B.
J.
,
“
Ef
f
e
c
ti
v
e
n
e
ss
o
f
stu
d
e
n
t
re
sp
o
n
se
sy
ste
m
s
in
term
s
o
f
lea
rn
in
g
e
n
v
iro
n
m
e
n
t,
a
tt
it
u
d
e
s
a
n
d
a
c
h
iev
e
m
e
n
t
,
”
L
e
a
rn
i
n
g
En
v
i
ro
n
me
n
ts
Res
e
a
rc
h
,
v
o
l.
19
,
n
o
.
2
,
p
p
.
1
5
3
-
1
6
7
,
2
0
1
6
.
[2
7
]
G
ü
n
d
ü
z
,
A
.
Y.,
e
t
a
l
,
“
De
sig
n
o
f
a
p
ro
b
lem
-
b
a
se
d
o
n
li
n
e
lea
rn
i
n
g
e
n
v
iro
n
m
e
n
t
a
n
d
e
v
a
lu
a
ti
o
n
o
f
it
s
e
ff
e
c
ti
v
e
n
e
ss
,
”
T
u
rk
ish
On
li
n
e
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
E
d
u
c
a
t
io
n
a
l
T
e
c
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
-
T
OJ
ET
,
v
o
l.
15
,
n
o
.
3
,
p
p
.
49
-
57
,
2
0
1
6
.
[2
8
]
W
a
c
h
ira
,
P
.
,
P
o
u
rd
a
v
o
o
d
,
R.
G
.
a
n
d
S
k
it
z
k
i,
R.
,
“
M
a
th
e
m
a
ti
c
s
te
a
c
h
e
r’s
ro
le
in
p
ro
m
o
ti
n
g
c
las
sro
o
m
d
isc
o
u
rse
,
”
In
ter
n
a
t
io
n
a
l
J
o
u
rn
a
l
f
o
r M
a
t
h
e
ma
ti
c
s T
e
a
c
h
i
n
g
a
n
d
L
e
a
rn
i
n
g
,
p
p
.
1
-
38
,
2
0
1
3
.
[2
9
]
L
e
e
,
C.
a
n
d
Jo
h
n
sto
n
-
W
il
d
e
r,
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Ko
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.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
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.
[3
6
]
M
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M
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.
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L
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7
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W
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J
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.
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[3
8
]
Irv
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,
J.J.
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d
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n
to
,
B.
J.
,
Cu
l
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0
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.
[3
9
]
Bo
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A
.
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li
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d
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rs,
D.J
.
,
Res
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:
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[4
0
]
T
a
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n
e
r,
K.
D.
, “
P
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g
stu
d
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1
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ler,
T
.
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.
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ra
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L
.
,
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2
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.
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3
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ll
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.
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l
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.
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.
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.
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4
]
S
h
e
ll
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,
M
.
,
a
n
d
Yil
d
iri
m
,
A
.
,
“
Tran
sf
e
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f
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in
m
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c
s,
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2
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9
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ta
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ter
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T
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c
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lo
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,
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l.
1
,
n
o
.
2
,
p
p
.
83
–
95
,
2
0
1
3
.
[4
5
]
P
e
ri
n
,
D.
,
“
F
a
c
il
it
a
t
in
g
st
u
d
e
n
t
l
e
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rn
in
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r
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g
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c
o
n
tex
tu
a
li
z
a
ti
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n
:
A
re
v
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o
f
e
v
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n
c
e
,
”
Co
m
mu
n
it
y
C
o
ll
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g
e
Rev
iew
,
v
o
l.
39
,
n
o
.
3
,
p
p
.
2
6
8
–
2
9
5
,
2
0
1
1
.
[4
6
]
Ca
rn
e
ll
,
E
.
,
Di
a
l
o
g
u
e
,
Disc
u
ss
i
o
n
a
n
d
fee
d
b
a
c
k
:
Vi
e
ws
fro
m
se
c
o
n
d
a
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sc
h
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stu
d
e
n
ts
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n
h
o
w
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rs
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e
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rn
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.
I
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Ask
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.
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.
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o
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d
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n
:
Ro
u
tl
e
d
g
e
F
a
lme
r
,
2
0
0
1
.
[4
7
]
T
o
m
li
n
so
n
,
C.
A
.
a
n
d
M
c
T
ig
h
e
,
J
,
In
teg
ra
ti
n
g
Diff
e
re
n
ti
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ted
In
str
u
c
ti
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n
d
Un
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d
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y
De
si
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:
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Co
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K
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s
.
U
S
A
:
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iat
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rv
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n
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Cu
rricu
l
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m
D
e
v
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lo
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t
(A
S
CD)
,
2
0
0
6
.
[4
8
]
Nitk
o
,
A
.
J.
a
n
d
Bro
o
k
h
a
rt,
S
.
M
.
,
Ed
u
c
a
ti
o
n
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l
Asse
ss
me
n
t
o
f
S
tu
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e
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ts
,
6
th
e
d
.
Bo
sto
n
:
P
e
a
rso
n
,
2
0
1
1
.
[4
9
]
Bo
u
d
,
D
.
,
En
h
a
n
c
in
g
L
e
a
r
n
in
g
t
h
ro
u
g
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S
e
lf
-
Asse
ss
me
n
t
.
L
o
n
d
o
n
:
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n
P
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L
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d
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9
5
.
[5
0
]
L
e
m
l
e
c
h
,
J.K.
,
T
e
a
c
h
i
n
g
in
E
lem
e
n
ta
ry
a
n
d
S
e
c
o
n
d
a
ry
Cla
ss
ro
o
m
s:
Bu
il
d
in
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L
e
a
rn
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g
C
o
mm
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ty
.
Ne
w
J
e
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y
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e
a
rso
n
Ed
u
c
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ti
o
n
,
2
0
0
4
.
[5
1
]
Do
n
o
v
a
n
,
M
.
S
.
a
n
d
Bra
n
sf
o
rd
,
J.
D
,
Ho
w
S
tu
d
e
n
ts
L
e
a
rn
:
Histo
ry
,
M
a
th
e
ma
ti
c
s,
a
n
d
S
c
ien
c
e
in
th
e
Cla
ss
ro
o
m
.
USA
:
T
h
e
Na
ti
o
n
a
l
A
c
a
d
e
m
ic P
re
ss
,
2
0
0
5
.
[5
2
]
Ke
n
d
rick
s,
K.
D
.
,
“
Cre
a
ti
n
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a
su
p
p
o
rti
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