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d
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r
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in
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n
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si
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o
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n
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s
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ies
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ti
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l
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d
u
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C
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lan
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ASEA
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co
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C
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CC B
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C
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p
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A
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m
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T
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tio
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d
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a
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ate
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ial
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tp
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2
1
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t
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m
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asp
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u
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tio
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al
s
y
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tem
.
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h
e
i
m
p
licatio
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o
f
u
s
in
g
th
e
tech
n
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lo
g
ies
as
to
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ls
to
tr
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s
f
er
th
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lear
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ater
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im
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u
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t
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in
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b
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v
id
in
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th
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au
th
en
tic
lear
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g
en
v
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n
m
e
n
t.
Alth
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u
g
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I
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Th
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p
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p
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licies o
f I
C
T su
p
p
o
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tin
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ed
u
c
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tio
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a
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tech
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o
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…
(
Mu
h
a
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a
kwi
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Ma
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79
lear
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p
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ev
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an
d
ap
p
r
o
ac
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es
[
1
]
.
T
h
er
e
ar
e
s
ev
er
al
im
p
ac
ts
o
f
t
ec
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
s
u
ch
as p
o
wer
f
u
l
m
ed
ia
to
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
lear
n
in
g
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
,
to
b
u
ild
ad
v
a
n
ce
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
s
b
etwe
en
ed
u
ca
t
o
r
s
an
d
lear
n
er
s
,
to
r
ei
n
v
en
t
o
u
r
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
es
in
lear
n
in
g
a
n
d
co
llab
o
r
atio
n
,
t
o
o
v
er
co
m
e
lo
n
g
-
s
tan
d
in
g
e
q
u
it
y
an
d
ac
ce
s
s
ib
ilit
y
g
ap
s
,
a
n
d
to
f
u
lf
ill
th
e
n
ee
d
s
o
f
all
lear
n
er
s
b
y
im
p
r
o
v
i
n
g
lear
n
in
g
ex
p
er
ien
ce
s
[
2
]
.
Mo
s
t
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
ex
p
er
ts
[
1
,
3
-
5
]
d
ef
in
e
d
ed
u
ca
ti
o
n
al
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
as
an
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
way
o
f
u
s
in
g
th
e
tech
n
o
lo
g
ies
as
to
o
ls
a
n
d
m
ed
ia
to
tr
an
s
f
er
th
e
lear
n
in
g
m
ater
ial,
im
p
r
o
v
in
g
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
s
an
d
lear
n
in
g
ex
p
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s
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Mo
r
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er
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ass
o
ciatio
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f
o
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ca
tio
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al
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
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d
tech
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AE
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d
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ed
ed
u
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tio
n
al
tech
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th
e
th
eo
r
y
a
n
d
p
r
ac
tice
o
f
d
esig
n
,
d
ev
el
o
p
m
en
t
,
m
an
ag
e
m
e
n
t,
u
tili
za
tio
n
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an
d
ev
alu
atio
n
o
f
r
eso
u
r
ce
s
an
d
p
r
o
ce
s
s
f
o
r
lear
n
in
g
ac
tiv
ities
[
4
]
.
On
th
e
o
th
er
h
an
d
,
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
h
as
em
er
g
ed
to
m
ea
n
s
u
ch
as:
1
)
T
h
e
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t
o
f
p
h
y
s
ical
an
d
m
en
tal
f
o
r
m
is
d
ep
lo
y
ed
s
y
s
tem
atica
lly
th
a
t
co
n
s
tan
tly
en
h
an
ce
t
h
e
o
p
tim
al
lear
n
in
g
an
d
teac
h
in
g
en
v
i
r
o
n
m
en
ts
;
an
d
2
)
T
h
e
s
tr
u
ctu
r
ed
d
e
v
elo
p
m
e
n
t
o
f
to
o
ls
,
m
ater
ials
,
m
eth
o
d
s
,
an
d
p
r
o
ce
s
s
es
th
at
co
n
s
tan
tly
s
u
p
p
o
r
ts
th
e
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
co
n
t
ex
t
o
f
lear
n
in
g
[
6
]
.
Ad
d
itio
n
ally
,
th
er
e
ar
e
s
ev
er
al
f
o
u
n
d
atio
n
p
illar
s
o
f
ed
u
c
atio
n
t
ec
h
n
o
lo
g
y
wh
ich
s
tr
o
n
g
ly
in
f
lu
en
ce
wh
a
t
p
eo
p
le
d
o
w
h
en
in
in
s
tr
u
cti
o
n
al
s
itu
atio
n
s
,
th
at
is
:
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
,
i
n
ter
ac
tio
n
,
en
v
ir
o
n
m
e
n
t,
cu
ltu
r
e,
in
s
tr
u
ctio
n
,
an
d
lear
n
in
g
[
3
]
.
T
h
e
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
d
ev
ices
a
n
d
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
es
ar
e
ca
teg
o
r
ized
i
n
to
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
a
s
lo
n
g
th
e
d
ev
ices
o
r
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
es
f
u
lf
ill
o
n
e
o
f
th
e
d
o
m
ain
s
o
f
e
d
u
ca
ti
o
n
al
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
,
th
at
ar
e:
1
)
a
s
a
tu
to
r
/g
u
id
es;
2
)
as
a
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
to
o
l;
an
d
3
)
as
a
lear
n
in
g
to
o
l
[
5
]
.
W
h
e
r
ea
s
th
e
o
th
er
p
er
s
p
ec
tiv
e
d
e
s
cr
ib
es
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
s
h
o
u
ld
c
o
n
s
is
t
s
e
v
er
al
asp
ec
ts
wh
ich
ex
p
lain
in
g
th
e
in
tellectu
al
an
d
tech
n
ical
d
ev
elo
p
m
e
n
t,
th
at
ar
e:
1
)
as
th
e
th
eo
r
y
a
n
d
p
r
ac
ti
ce
o
f
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
a
p
p
r
o
ac
h
es
t
o
lear
n
i
n
g
;
2
)
as
tech
n
o
l
o
g
ical
m
ed
ia
th
at
h
elp
in
th
e
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
o
f
k
n
o
wled
g
e,
an
d
its
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t
an
d
ex
ch
an
g
e;
3
)
f
o
r
lea
r
n
in
g
s
y
s
tem
m
an
ag
em
en
t
(
L
MS)
an
d
ed
u
ca
tio
n
m
an
ag
e
m
en
t in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
s
y
s
tem
s
(
E
MI
S);
an
d
4
)
as a
n
ed
u
ca
tio
n
a
l su
b
ject
[4
, 5
]
.
I
n
th
e
ea
r
ly
ag
e
o
f
e
d
u
ca
tio
n
a
l
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
d
ev
el
o
p
m
en
t,
it
h
as
s
h
o
wn
an
im
p
o
r
ta
n
t
co
n
tr
ib
u
tio
n
t
o
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
tec
h
n
o
lo
g
y
d
ev
ic
es
an
d
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
es
u
n
til
t
o
d
a
y
.
T
h
e
f
ir
s
t
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
was
u
s
ed
to
tr
ain
t
h
e
m
ilit
ar
y
p
er
s
o
n
n
el
ab
o
u
t
m
ilit
ar
y
tactica
l
an
d
s
u
r
v
iv
al
in
W
o
r
ld
W
ar
I
I
b
y
u
s
in
g
m
o
tio
n
p
ictu
r
e
an
d
f
ilm
in
th
e
1
9
4
0
s
.
T
h
e
n
ex
t
d
ec
a
d
es,
th
e
r
is
e
o
f
s
ev
e
r
al
th
eo
r
ies
an
d
m
o
v
em
en
ts
h
a
d
af
f
ec
te
d
th
e
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
tr
e
n
d
an
d
d
e
v
elo
p
m
en
t,
s
u
c
h
as
B
en
jam
in
B
lo
o
m
[
7
]
d
e
v
elo
p
ed
th
e
tax
o
n
o
m
y
o
f
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
o
b
jectiv
es
as
th
e
co
n
tex
t
o
f
o
n
lin
e
lear
n
in
g
.
Du
r
in
g
1
9
7
0
-
1
9
8
0
,
t
h
e
m
icr
o
co
m
p
u
ter
was
u
s
ed
f
o
r
th
e
f
ir
s
t
tim
e
as
an
in
s
tr
u
ctio
n
al
co
m
p
u
ter
.
At
th
e
s
am
e
p
er
io
d
,
s
ev
er
al
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
e
s
wer
e
in
tr
o
d
u
ce
d
to
th
e
p
u
b
lic
s
u
ch
as
co
m
p
u
t
er
-
b
ased
lear
n
in
g
(
C
B
T
)
,
co
m
p
u
ter
-
b
ased
lear
n
in
g
(
C
B
L
)
.
I
n
1
9
9
0
,
th
e
W
o
r
ld
W
id
e
W
eb
an
d
in
ter
n
et
wer
e
i
n
tr
o
d
u
ce
d
as a
lear
n
in
g
in
s
tr
u
c
tio
n
an
d
s
h
o
w
g
r
ea
t im
p
r
o
v
e
m
en
t u
n
til to
d
a
y
.
Mo
s
t
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
s
ch
o
la
r
s
b
el
i
ev
e
th
at
th
e
i
n
teg
r
atio
n
o
f
tech
n
o
lo
g
ies
(
d
ev
ices
an
d
ap
p
r
o
a
ch
es)
in
to
th
e
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
s
y
s
tem
will
im
p
r
o
v
e
i
n
th
e
f
u
tu
r
e
b
y
f
o
llo
win
g
h
u
m
a
n
n
ee
d
s
.
T
h
e
u
s
e
o
f
tech
n
o
l
o
g
y
as
th
e
in
s
tr
u
ctio
n
al
m
ed
ia
in
th
e
cla
s
s
r
o
o
m
h
as
g
iv
en
s
ev
er
al
ad
v
an
tag
es,
in
clu
d
i
n
g
:
im
p
r
o
v
i
n
g
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
o
p
e
n
-
ac
ce
s
s
,
g
iv
in
g
ch
a
n
ce
f
o
r
n
o
n
-
f
u
ll
-
tim
e
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
o
n
c
o
n
ti
n
u
in
g
ed
u
ca
tio
n
,
i
m
p
r
o
v
in
g
i
n
ter
ac
tio
n
b
etwe
en
s
tu
d
en
ts
an
d
teac
h
er
,
t
r
ain
in
g
th
e
s
tu
d
en
t
to
s
o
lv
e
lear
n
in
g
p
r
o
b
lem
in
d
ep
en
d
en
tly
,
i
m
p
r
o
v
i
n
g
s
tu
d
en
t’
s
tech
n
o
lo
g
ical
s
k
il
l,
n
o
a
g
e
lim
itatio
n
f
o
r
s
tu
d
en
ts
to
lear
n
f
o
r
an
y
lev
el
o
f
k
n
o
wled
g
e
(
s
tu
d
en
ts
ca
n
g
o
at
th
eir
o
wn
p
ac
e
)
,
m
in
im
izin
g
tr
av
el
co
s
t
,
ac
ce
s
s
in
g
th
e
lear
n
in
g
m
ater
ial
ea
s
ily
,
i
n
cr
ea
s
in
g
s
tu
d
e
n
t
m
o
tiv
atio
n
,
w
id
e
an
d
g
lo
b
al
p
ar
ticip
atio
n
f
o
r
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
p
r
o
g
r
am
,
i
m
p
r
o
v
in
g
s
tu
d
en
ts
wr
itin
g
s
k
ills
,
a
s
s
is
tin
g
t
ea
ch
er
to
co
n
d
u
c
t a
n
ass
ess
m
en
t a
n
d
o
th
er
task
s
[
4
]
.
Mo
r
eo
v
er
,
s
ev
er
al
ex
p
e
r
ts
ar
g
u
e
th
at
th
e
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
n
ess
o
f
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
ca
n
b
ec
o
m
e
th
e
a
d
v
an
tag
es
o
f
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
as
th
e
i
n
s
tr
u
ctio
n
a
l
m
ed
ia
s
u
ch
as
th
e
co
m
p
u
ter
s
u
s
ed
f
o
r
in
s
tr
u
ctio
n
,
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
u
s
u
ally
lear
n
m
o
r
e
in
less
tim
e
wh
en
r
ec
eiv
in
g
co
m
p
u
ter
-
b
ased
in
s
tr
u
ctio
n
an
d
t
h
ey
lik
e
class
es
m
o
r
e
an
d
d
ev
elo
p
m
o
r
e
p
o
s
itiv
e
attitu
d
es
to
war
d
co
m
p
u
ter
s
in
co
m
p
u
ter
-
b
ased
class
es.
Ad
d
itio
n
ally
,
th
e
co
n
ce
p
t
o
f
attr
a
ctiv
en
ess
,
wh
ich
is
s
tu
d
en
ts
ar
e
m
o
r
e
m
o
tiv
ated
t
o
lear
n
wh
en
t
h
ey
a
r
e
in
ter
est
ed
in
th
e
s
u
b
ject
m
atter
,
wh
ic
h
ca
n
b
e
e
n
h
an
ce
d
b
y
u
s
in
g
tech
n
o
lo
g
ies
in
th
e
class
r
o
o
m
an
d
b
y
tar
g
etin
g
th
e
n
ee
d
f
o
r
s
cr
ee
n
s
an
d
d
ig
ital
m
ater
ial
[
8
]
.
T
h
is
r
ec
en
t
s
tu
d
y
is
attem
p
tin
g
to
in
v
esti
g
ate
s
ev
er
al
p
o
in
ts
ab
o
u
t
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
i
n
So
u
th
E
ast
Asi
an
co
u
n
tr
ies,
in
clu
d
in
g
th
e
n
atio
n
al
p
o
licy
,
I
C
T
p
lan
,
an
d
r
ec
en
t
tech
n
o
lo
g
ical
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t f
o
r
ed
u
ca
tio
n
.
2.
RE
S
E
ARCH
M
E
T
H
O
D
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
is
co
n
d
u
cte
d
b
y
u
s
in
g
a
liter
atu
r
e
r
e
v
iew
m
eth
o
d
k
n
o
w
n
as
lib
r
ar
y
r
esear
ch
.
T
h
e
lib
r
ar
y
r
esear
ch
is
co
llected
b
y
r
ev
ie
win
g
an
d
an
al
y
zin
g
o
th
er
s
tu
d
ies
b
o
th
p
u
b
lis
h
ed
o
r
u
n
p
u
b
lis
h
ed
ar
ticles
an
d
r
ep
o
r
ts
[
9
]
.
T
h
is
r
ec
en
t
s
tu
d
y
is
co
n
d
u
cted
u
s
in
g
s
ec
o
n
d
ar
y
d
ata
as
a
co
llectio
n
m
eth
o
d
.
T
h
is
ty
p
e
o
f
d
ata
co
m
es
f
r
o
m
p
r
ev
io
u
s
s
tu
d
y
o
r
s
u
r
v
e
y
an
d
it
is
c
o
n
s
id
er
ed
to
b
e
u
s
ed
f
o
r
th
e
n
ew
s
tu
d
y
[
10
]
.
Gen
er
ally
,
s
ec
o
n
d
ar
y
d
ata
ca
n
b
e
o
b
tain
e
d
f
r
o
m
d
if
f
er
e
n
t
in
s
titu
tio
n
s
,
s
u
ch
as
p
r
iv
ate
d
atab
ases
,
g
o
v
er
n
m
en
t
d
atab
ases
,
o
r
f
e
d
er
al
a
g
en
cies
s
tat
is
tics
[1
1
]
.
T
h
is
r
ec
en
t
s
tu
d
y
h
as
o
b
t
ain
ed
th
e
d
ata
a
n
d
i
n
f
o
r
m
atio
n
f
r
o
m
p
r
in
ted
an
d
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
-
8
8
2
2
I
n
t
J
E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
,
Vo
l
.
10
,
No
.
1
,
Ma
r
ch
202
1
:
78
-
85
80
o
n
lin
e
ar
ticles,
jo
u
r
n
als,
b
o
o
k
s
,
r
ep
o
r
ts
,
a
n
d
d
ata
b
ase
r
ec
o
r
d
s
f
r
o
m
s
ev
er
al
in
s
titu
tio
n
s
.
T
h
e
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
an
aly
s
is
is
co
n
d
u
cted
b
y
ca
r
ef
u
lly
s
y
n
t
h
esized
an
d
i
d
en
ti
f
ied
t
h
e
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
wh
ich
f
o
cu
s
o
n
ex
p
lain
in
g
n
atio
n
al
p
o
licy
,
I
C
T
p
lan
,
an
d
r
ec
en
t te
ch
n
o
l
o
g
ical
d
e
v
elo
p
m
en
t f
o
r
e
d
u
ca
tio
n
.
3.
RE
SU
L
T
S
A
ND
D
I
SCU
SS
I
O
N
No
wad
ay
s
,
m
o
s
t
co
u
n
tr
ies
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
p
r
e
f
er
en
ce
is
in
f
lu
e
n
ce
d
b
y
th
e
tr
e
n
d
o
f
tech
n
o
l
o
g
y
its
elf
.
Ho
wev
er
,
th
e
r
e
a
r
e
s
ev
er
al
o
b
s
tacle
s
f
ac
ed
b
y
co
u
n
tr
ies
to
a
p
p
ly
r
ec
en
t
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
,
s
u
ch
as
ec
o
n
o
m
ic
d
ev
elo
p
m
e
n
t,
n
atio
n
al
in
f
r
ast
r
u
ctu
r
e,
p
o
licies,
an
d
h
u
m
an
r
eso
u
r
ce
s
.
C
o
n
s
eq
u
en
tly
,
ev
er
y
co
u
n
tr
y
s
h
o
ws
d
if
f
er
en
t
p
r
ef
e
r
en
ce
s
o
f
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
(
d
ev
ices
an
d
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
)
,
esp
ec
ia
lly
f
o
r
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
p
u
r
p
o
s
e.
T
h
er
e
a
r
e
s
ev
er
al
ex
am
p
le
s
o
f
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
p
r
e
f
er
en
ce
s
f
o
r
ed
u
ca
tio
n
b
ased
o
n
ec
o
n
o
m
ic
an
d
in
f
r
as
tr
u
ctu
r
e
p
er
s
p
ec
tiv
e
.
I
n
th
e
USA,
th
e
co
s
t
o
f
in
ter
n
et
b
r
o
a
d
b
an
d
is
ab
o
u
t
1
.
1
%
o
f
p
er
-
ca
p
ita
in
c
o
m
e,
wh
ile
in
a
co
u
n
tr
y
s
u
ch
as
B
an
g
lad
esh
,
th
e
an
n
u
al
c
o
s
t
o
f
co
n
n
ec
tio
n
to
th
e
I
n
ter
n
et
is
s
u
f
f
icien
t
to
f
ee
d
a
f
a
m
ily
f
o
r
th
e
wh
o
le
y
ea
r
.
O
n
th
e
o
th
er
h
an
d
,
th
e
r
e
is
d
if
f
er
en
t
in
f
r
astru
ctu
r
e
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
f
o
r
ea
ch
co
u
n
tr
y
s
u
ch
as
in
E
u
r
o
p
ea
n
co
u
n
tr
ies
in
wh
ich
th
e
s
ch
o
o
ls
h
a
v
e
ac
ce
s
s
to
th
e
in
ter
n
et
co
n
n
ec
tio
n
,
wh
ile
in
Af
r
ica
o
n
l
y
9
.
6
%
o
f
th
e
p
o
p
u
latio
n
ca
n
ac
ce
s
s
th
e
in
ter
n
et
[1
2
]
.
Similar
p
h
en
o
m
en
a
a
r
e
f
ac
e
d
in
th
e
So
u
th
E
ast
Asi
a
R
eg
io
n
(
ASEA
N)
,
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t
g
ap
s
s
u
ch
ec
o
n
o
m
ic
g
r
o
wth
,
ed
u
ca
tio
n
c
o
n
tex
t,
h
u
m
an
r
eso
u
r
ce
s
,
in
f
r
a
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e,
an
d
p
o
licies
m
ak
e
a
g
r
ea
t
im
p
ac
t
to
th
e
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
p
r
ef
e
r
en
ce
s
an
d
e
d
u
ca
tio
n
al
tech
n
o
l
o
g
y
p
e
r
s
p
e
ctiv
e
b
etwe
en
ASEA
N
co
u
n
tr
ies.
Fo
r
ex
am
p
le,
Sin
g
ap
o
r
e
is
m
o
r
e
f
o
c
u
s
o
n
th
e
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t o
f
t
h
in
k
in
g
th
r
o
u
g
h
th
e
r
o
le
o
f
I
C
T
in
th
e
f
u
t
u
r
e
s
o
cio
-
ec
o
n
o
m
ic
p
r
o
b
lem
a
n
d
p
r
ep
ar
in
g
its
f
u
tu
r
e
wo
r
k
f
o
r
ce
.
Oth
er
n
atio
n
s
s
u
ch
as
I
n
d
o
n
esia,
T
h
ailan
d
,
Ph
ilip
p
in
es
an
d
Vietn
am
m
ay
h
a
v
e
s
lo
wer
r
a
tes
in
th
e
s
p
r
ea
d
an
d
d
e
v
elo
p
m
en
t
o
f
I
C
T
in
f
r
astru
ct
u
r
e.
Ho
wev
er
,
th
e
lar
g
e
p
o
p
u
latio
n
s
o
f
th
ese
co
u
n
tr
ie
s
s
h
o
wed
e
x
ce
llen
t
p
r
o
s
p
ec
t
I
C
T
m
ar
k
et
s
.
L
astl
y
,
th
e
r
is
in
g
i
n
ter
est
in
My
a
n
m
ar
f
r
o
m
in
ter
n
atio
n
al
in
v
esto
r
s
an
d
aid
o
r
g
an
izatio
n
s
p
r
o
v
id
es
a
u
n
iq
u
e
o
p
p
o
r
tu
n
ity
f
o
r
th
e
n
atio
n
to
ex
p
er
im
en
t
with
a
v
ar
iety
o
f
I
C
T
b
ased
p
r
o
g
r
am
s
,
b
ased
o
n
th
e
ex
p
er
ie
n
ce
s
o
f
o
th
e
r
co
u
n
tr
ies
in
ASEA
N.
Acc
o
r
d
in
g
t
o
d
if
f
er
en
t
s
tatu
s
an
d
d
ev
el
o
p
m
en
t
f
o
r
ea
c
h
c
o
u
n
tr
y
in
ASEA
N,
th
is
p
ap
er
is
in
itiated
to
an
aly
ze
th
e
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
tech
n
o
lo
g
ical
d
e
v
elo
p
m
en
t
i
n
th
e
21
st
ce
n
tu
r
y
b
ased
o
n
c
o
u
n
tr
ies
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
p
o
licies
an
d
tech
n
o
lo
g
ical
tr
en
d
s
th
r
o
u
g
h
liter
atu
r
e
r
ev
iew
f
o
r
ea
ch
ASEA
N
co
u
n
tr
y
.
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
is
r
ev
iewe
d
b
y
s
ev
er
al
co
u
n
tr
ies
s
u
ch
as
Sin
g
ap
o
r
e,
T
h
ailan
d
,
I
n
d
o
n
esia,
&
My
an
m
ar
.
All
o
f
th
e
s
e
c
o
u
n
t
r
ies
ar
e
c
h
o
s
en
b
ased
o
n
th
e
I
C
T
in
d
ex
lev
el
wh
ich
Sin
g
a
p
o
r
e
is
th
e
h
ig
h
est
r
an
k
,
wh
ile
T
h
ailan
d
an
d
I
n
d
o
n
esia
ar
e
in
th
e
m
id
d
le
r
an
k
,
an
d
My
an
m
ar
is
th
e
lo
west c
lass
f
o
r
I
C
T
I
n
d
ex
es.
3
.
1
.
Sin
g
a
po
re
As
o
n
e
o
f
th
e
m
o
d
e
r
n
co
u
n
tr
i
es
to
d
ay
,
Sin
g
ap
o
r
e
h
as
an
o
u
ts
tan
d
in
g
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t
an
d
im
p
r
o
v
em
e
n
t
in
th
eir
e
d
u
ca
tio
n
al
s
y
s
tem
.
T
h
is
s
u
cc
ess
f
u
l
p
ath
h
as
s
h
o
wn
b
y
th
e
in
ten
tio
n
o
f
T
h
e
Min
is
tr
y
o
f
E
d
u
ca
tio
n
o
f
Sin
g
ap
o
r
e
to
in
te
g
r
ate
I
C
T
as
th
e
p
ar
t
o
f
th
eir
e
d
u
ca
tio
n
s
y
s
tem
b
y
estab
lis
h
in
g
E
d
u
ca
ti
o
n
al
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
as
o
n
e
o
f
e
d
u
ca
tio
n
al
o
r
g
an
izati
o
n
al
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e
in
Sin
g
ap
o
r
e
MO
E
,
wh
ich
h
as
th
e
m
is
s
io
n
to
b
e
th
e
ca
taly
s
t
in
h
ar
n
ess
in
g
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
an
d
c
o
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
tech
n
o
lo
g
ies
(
I
C
T
)
to
en
r
ich
lear
n
in
g
an
d
te
ac
h
in
g
.
Mo
r
e
o
v
er
,
T
h
e
Sin
g
ap
o
r
e
g
o
v
er
n
m
e
n
t
h
a
s
s
u
p
p
o
r
ted
b
y
s
p
en
d
in
g
ab
o
u
t
1
2
.
8
b
illi
o
n
Sin
g
a
p
o
r
e
d
o
llar
s
(
9
.
2
b
illi
o
n
USD)
f
o
r
ed
u
ca
tio
n
in
2
0
1
8
[
1
3
]
.
I
n
2
0
1
7
,
I
C
T
Dev
elo
p
m
e
n
t
I
n
d
ex
d
ata
s
h
o
wed
o
u
ts
tan
d
in
g
p
r
o
g
r
ess
f
o
r
Sin
g
a
p
o
r
e
r
a
n
k
.
Sin
g
ap
o
r
e
b
ec
am
e
th
e
h
ig
h
est
r
an
k
in
ASEA
N,
wh
ile
1
8
th
in
th
e
wo
r
ld
.
T
h
is
ac
h
iev
em
en
t
wa
s
s
u
p
p
o
r
ted
b
y
th
e
T
ec
h
n
o
lo
g
y
Ma
s
ter
Plan
wh
i
ch
was
ar
r
an
g
e
d
b
y
th
e
Sin
g
ap
o
r
e
g
o
v
er
n
m
e
n
t
to
p
u
r
s
u
e
a
s
y
s
tem
atic
an
d
s
y
s
tem
ic
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
to
p
r
o
m
o
t
e
th
e
I
C
T
f
o
r
lear
n
in
g
in
to
s
ch
o
o
ls
an
d
co
n
tin
u
in
g
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
f
o
r
its
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
ad
o
p
tio
n
a
n
d
d
e
p
lo
y
m
e
n
t
f
o
r
teac
h
in
g
an
d
lear
n
in
g
p
r
o
ce
s
s
.
Acc
o
r
d
in
g
to
UNI
C
E
F
ar
ticle
[
1
4
]
,
T
h
e
Sin
g
ap
o
r
e
T
ec
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
m
ast
er
p
lan
co
n
s
is
ted
o
f
f
o
u
r
th
s
tag
es.
T
h
e
f
ir
s
t
Ma
s
ter
p
lan
(
1
9
9
7
-
2
0
0
2
)
k
n
o
wn
as
“Bu
ild
in
g
t
h
e
f
o
u
n
d
atio
n
f
o
r
tech
n
o
l
o
g
y
”
is
p
r
ep
ar
atio
n
p
h
ase
wh
ich
aim
is
p
r
o
v
id
i
n
g
s
ch
o
o
ls
with
th
e
b
asic
in
f
r
astr
u
ctu
r
e
to
p
r
o
v
id
e
tr
ain
i
n
g
to
u
s
e
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
,
th
e
cu
r
r
icu
lu
m
tim
e
was
tar
g
eted
to
h
av
e
I
C
T
-
en
ab
led
less
o
n
s
ab
o
u
t
3
0
%,
to
cr
ea
te
teac
h
er
m
in
d
s
et
to
em
b
r
ac
e
I
C
T
as
th
e
in
s
tr
u
ctio
n
al
to
o
l,
an
d
in
tr
o
d
u
ce
telec
o
m
m
u
n
ic
atio
n
s
to
o
ls
as
co
llab
o
r
ate
m
ed
ia
f
o
r
s
tu
d
e
n
t
to
r
eso
lv
e
p
r
o
b
lem
s
.
Fo
llo
win
g
t
h
e
in
itial
m
ast
er
p
lan
,
th
e
s
ec
o
n
d
Ma
s
ter
p
lan
(
2
0
0
3
-
2
0
0
8
)
k
n
o
wn
as
‘
Seed
in
g
in
n
o
v
atio
n
in
s
ch
o
o
ls
’
is
f
o
cu
s
in
g
o
n
in
tr
o
d
u
c
in
g
b
aselin
e
I
C
T
Stan
d
ar
d
s
to
ac
h
iev
e
at
ce
r
tain
m
iles
to
n
es,
to
d
ev
elo
p
alter
n
ativ
e
p
ed
a
g
o
g
ie
s
,
to
s
tim
u
late
in
n
o
v
ativ
e
u
s
e
o
f
I
C
T
in
s
ch
o
o
ls
in
d
ai
ly
lea
r
n
in
g
,
a
n
d
to
h
av
e
s
ch
o
o
ls
p
r
o
d
u
ce
d
i
g
ital
co
n
ten
t
an
d
ex
p
an
d
to
s
h
ar
e
f
o
r
o
th
er
.
Stre
n
g
th
en
in
g
th
e
p
r
o
g
r
ess
o
f
p
r
ev
io
u
s
m
aster
p
lan
,
th
e
th
ir
d
Ma
s
ter
p
lan
(
2
0
0
9
-
2
0
1
4
)
k
n
o
wn
as
‘
Stre
n
g
th
en
in
g
an
d
s
ca
lin
g
tec
h
n
o
lo
g
y
’
wh
ich
aim
wer
e
to
s
tr
en
g
th
en
co
m
p
e
te
n
cies
f
o
r
s
elf
-
d
ir
ec
ted
lear
n
in
g
,
to
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Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
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2252
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8
8
2
2
Th
e
d
ev
elo
p
men
t
a
n
d
p
o
licies o
f I
C
T su
p
p
o
r
tin
g
ed
u
c
a
tio
n
a
l
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
…
(
Mu
h
a
mma
d
T
a
kwi
n
Ma
ch
mu
d
)
81
ex
p
er
ien
ce
s
a
n
d
en
v
ir
o
n
m
e
n
ts
an
d
s
ch
o
o
l
lead
er
s
ar
e
cu
ltu
r
e
b
u
ild
e
r
s
[
1
4
]
.
T
h
e
aim
s
wer
e
to
b
r
in
g
I
C
T
in
to
th
e
co
r
e
o
f
th
e
ed
u
ca
tio
n
p
r
o
c
ess
,
f
o
cu
s
o
n
im
p
r
o
v
i
n
g
th
e
c
ap
ab
ilit
ies
an
d
s
k
ill
s
et
s
o
f
teac
h
er
s
,
im
p
r
o
v
e
th
e
s
h
ar
in
g
o
f
b
est
p
r
ac
tices
an
d
s
u
cc
ess
f
u
l
in
n
o
v
atio
n
s
,
an
d
f
u
r
th
er
b
u
ild
u
p
in
f
r
astru
ctu
r
e.
I
n
2
0
1
5
,
Sin
g
ap
o
r
e
r
el
ea
s
ed
iN2
0
1
5
(
I
n
tellig
en
t
N
atio
n
2
0
1
5
)
p
lan
wh
ich
is
s
u
g
g
ested
as
a
m
aster
p
lan
f
o
r
th
e
n
ex
t
1
0
y
ea
r
s
.
T
h
e
iN2
0
1
5
will
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
th
e
n
ati
o
n
al
p
o
licy
o
f
Sin
g
a
p
o
r
e
to
estab
lis
h
a
s
o
ciety
to
h
av
e
a
cc
ess
ib
ilit
y
to
th
e
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
a
n
d
e
n
h
an
ce
th
e
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t
o
f
te
ch
n
o
lo
g
y
to
p
r
o
m
o
te
th
e
co
m
p
ete
n
ce
in
th
e
co
m
p
etitio
n
o
f
all
s
ec
to
r
s
in
th
e
ec
o
n
o
m
ic
s
y
s
tem
[
1
5
]
.
Sin
ce
th
e
m
aster
p
lan
h
ad
b
ee
n
r
elea
s
ed
,
th
e
I
T
was
h
ea
v
ily
u
tili
ze
d
in
Sin
g
ap
o
r
e
s
ch
o
o
ls
an
d
lead
Sin
g
ap
o
r
e
as
a
wo
r
ld
lead
er
o
f
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
tec
h
n
o
lo
g
y
.
T
h
e
W
o
r
ld
B
an
k
d
ata
s
h
o
wed
th
e
u
s
er
o
f
th
e
in
ter
n
e
t
in
Sin
g
ap
o
r
e
was
in
cr
ea
s
in
g
s
tead
ily
,
wh
ich
is
8
4
.
4
5
%
f
r
o
m
a
to
tal
p
o
p
u
latio
n
th
at
ca
n
ac
ce
s
s
th
e
in
ter
n
et
in
2
0
1
7
.
B
y
th
e
h
ig
h
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
i
n
ter
n
et
u
s
er
s
in
Sin
g
ap
o
r
e,
th
e
g
o
v
er
n
m
en
t
was
p
r
ep
ar
ed
f
o
r
th
e
n
ew
er
a
o
f
th
e
I
n
ter
n
et
s
u
ch
as
to
p
r
o
v
id
e
n
e
x
t
g
en
er
atio
n
b
r
o
ad
b
a
n
d
n
etwo
r
k
(
NGBN)
f
o
r
all
Sin
g
ap
o
r
e
s
ch
o
o
ls
,
wh
ich
will
p
r
o
v
id
e
u
ltra
-
h
i
g
h
-
s
p
e
ed
wir
eless
co
n
n
ec
tiv
ity
.
As
th
e
av
ai
lab
ilit
y
o
f
m
o
d
er
n
a
d
v
an
ce
d
t
elec
o
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
s
u
p
p
o
r
t,
e
-
lear
n
in
g
p
r
o
d
u
cts
b
ec
am
e
a
tr
en
d
in
Sin
g
a
p
o
r
e
ed
u
ca
tio
n
a
n
d
b
ec
o
m
e
an
id
ea
l
p
latf
o
r
m
f
o
r
e
-
lear
n
in
g
.
T
h
e
p
o
p
u
lar
ity
o
f
E
-
lear
n
in
g
was
ca
u
s
ed
b
y
th
e
a
b
ilit
y
to
b
al
an
ce
b
etwe
en
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
ap
p
licatio
n
an
d
p
e
d
ag
o
g
ical
in
n
o
v
atio
n
[
1
6
]
.
I
n
th
e
f
o
llo
win
g
y
ea
r
s
,
th
e
o
th
e
r
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
p
r
o
d
u
ct
h
ad
d
ev
elo
p
e
d
s
u
ch
as
m
u
ltime
d
ia
f
ield
tr
ip
s
,
3
D
in
ter
ac
tiv
e
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
g
am
es
with
s
im
u
latio
n
s
,
d
ig
ital
tex
tb
o
o
k
s
,
d
i
g
ital
s
to
r
y
tellin
g
,
f
lip
p
ed
class
r
o
o
m
,
an
d
B
lo
g
s
&
Op
en
-
s
o
u
r
ce
So
f
twar
e
Ap
p
licatio
n
s
[
1
7
,
1
8
]
.
R
ec
en
tly
,
On
e
W
o
r
ld
I
n
ter
n
at
io
n
al
Sch
o
o
l
s
tates
s
o
m
e
o
f
th
e
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
tr
e
n
d
s
f
o
r
e
d
u
c
atio
n
in
Sin
g
ap
o
r
e
in
ter
n
atio
n
al
s
ch
o
o
ls
in
clu
d
e
s
u
ch
as
co
d
i
n
g
,
r
o
b
o
tics
,
d
ata
a
n
aly
tics
an
d
th
e
c
r
ea
tiv
e
u
s
e
o
f
v
id
eo
an
d
m
u
s
ic
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
.
T
h
e
m
o
s
t
I
C
T
co
n
tr
ib
u
tio
n
in
Sin
g
ap
o
r
e
c
u
r
r
icu
lu
m
ca
n
b
e
s
ee
n
th
r
o
u
g
h
th
e
lear
n
in
g
ac
t
iv
ity
tr
en
d
wh
ich
h
as
ch
an
g
ed
f
r
o
m
tea
ch
er
-
ce
n
ter
e
d
in
to
s
tu
d
e
n
t
-
ce
n
ter
ed
lear
n
i
n
g
.
W
h
ich
is
le
ar
n
in
g
s
u
b
ject
was
tau
g
h
t
m
o
r
e
in
te
r
ac
tiv
e
an
d
ef
f
icien
t
[
1
9
]
.
Mo
r
eo
v
e
r
,
th
e
s
u
r
v
ey
wh
ic
h
co
n
d
u
cte
d
in
2
0
0
1
h
ad
p
r
o
v
ed
m
o
r
e
th
an
7
0
%
o
f
s
u
r
v
e
y
ed
p
u
p
ils
r
ep
o
r
ted
th
at
I
C
T
h
elp
e
d
to
i
n
cr
ea
s
e
th
eir
k
n
o
wled
g
e
[
1
6
]
.
T
h
e
im
p
ac
t
o
f
th
e
h
ig
h
-
tech
tr
en
d
i
n
e
d
u
ca
tio
n
will
ch
an
g
e
th
e
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
f
a
ce
s
an
d
attitu
d
e
in
th
e
f
u
tu
r
e,
s
u
ch
as:
1
)
T
h
e
ea
s
e
ac
ce
s
s
ib
ilit
y
to
th
e
l
atest
lear
n
in
g
r
eso
u
r
ce
s
b
y
u
s
in
g
lear
n
er
o
wn
lear
n
in
g
d
ev
ices;
2
)
Via
u
ltra
-
h
ig
h
-
s
p
ee
d
b
r
o
ad
b
an
d
n
etwo
r
k
s
will
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
to
d
eliv
er
lear
n
in
g
c
o
n
ten
t;
3
)
L
ea
r
n
in
g
a
n
y
tim
e
a
n
d
at
a
n
y
p
lace
,
s
u
p
p
o
r
ted
b
y
wir
eless
ac
ce
s
s
;
4
)
I
n
d
iv
id
u
al
will
ea
s
y
to
co
n
d
u
ct
co
ll
ab
o
r
ativ
e
lear
n
in
g
o
v
er
th
e
n
et
wo
r
k
;
5
)
E
d
u
ca
t
o
r
s
r
o
le
n
o
t
ju
s
t
to
d
is
p
en
s
e
th
e
k
n
o
wled
g
e
b
u
t
to
g
u
id
e
lear
n
er
s
;
6
)
T
o
d
ep
lo
y
in
d
ep
en
d
en
t
lear
n
in
g
to
s
ea
r
ch
in
teg
r
atio
n
an
d
co
n
s
tr
u
ctio
n
o
f
k
n
o
wled
g
e
an
d
th
e
s
k
ills
.
3
.
2
.
T
ha
ila
nd
Ov
er
th
e
p
ast
two
d
ec
ad
es
,
T
h
ailan
d
g
o
v
er
n
m
en
t
h
ad
s
h
o
wn
th
eir
in
itiativ
e
to
f
o
cu
s
o
n
im
p
lem
en
tin
g
I
C
T
in
ed
u
ca
tio
n
an
d
im
p
r
o
v
in
g
t
h
e
tech
n
o
lo
g
ical
s
k
ills
o
f
teac
h
er
s
an
d
s
tu
d
en
ts
s
u
ch
s
p
en
t
at
least
4
0
0
m
illi
o
n
b
a
h
t
p
er
y
ea
r
f
r
o
m
2
0
0
2
[
6
]
.
Stre
n
g
th
en
in
g
th
e
claim
,
th
e
B
an
g
k
o
k
Po
s
t
s
t
ated
th
at
T
h
ailan
d
g
o
v
er
n
m
en
t
ex
p
en
d
itu
r
e
o
n
e
d
u
ca
tio
n
th
r
o
u
g
h
th
e
Min
is
tr
y
o
f
E
d
u
ca
tio
n
is
ab
o
u
t
5
1
1
m
i
llio
n
b
ah
t
in
2
0
1
7
.
Mo
r
eo
v
er
,
T
h
ailan
d
Go
v
er
n
m
en
t
s
u
p
p
o
r
ted
E
d
u
ca
tio
n
al
T
ec
h
n
o
lo
g
y
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t
b
y
an
n
o
u
n
cin
g
th
e
I
C
T
Ma
s
te
r
Plan
wh
ich
co
n
s
is
ts
o
f
s
ev
er
al
p
h
ases
an
d
im
p
r
o
v
em
en
t
f
o
r
ea
ch
y
ea
r
.
Acc
o
r
d
in
g
to
t
h
e
g
lo
b
al
p
er
s
p
ec
tiv
e,
th
e
im
p
r
o
v
em
e
n
t
o
f
T
h
ailan
d
I
C
T
is
ca
t
eg
o
r
ized
f
o
r
a
v
er
ag
e
le
v
el.
T
h
e
I
n
te
r
n
atio
n
al
T
elec
o
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
s
Un
io
n
s
h
o
ws
th
e
g
lo
b
al
r
an
k
o
f
T
h
ail
an
d
I
C
T
i
n
d
ex
es
is
7
3
rd
,
wh
ile
in
ASEA
N
i
s
th
e
f
o
u
r
th
r
an
k
af
ter
Sin
g
a
p
o
r
e,
B
r
u
n
ei,
an
d
Ma
lay
s
ia.
T
h
ailan
d
g
o
v
er
n
m
en
t
s
tar
ted
th
e
f
ir
s
t
p
h
ase
o
f
I
C
T
f
o
r
E
d
u
ca
tio
n
Ma
s
ter
Plan
f
r
o
m
2
0
0
0
to
2
0
0
2
,
wh
ich
cr
ea
ted
a
f
r
a
m
ewo
r
k
f
o
r
I
C
T
in
E
d
u
ca
tio
n
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t
in
T
h
ailan
d
.
I
t
aim
ed
to
p
r
ep
ar
e
lear
n
e
r
s
an
d
ed
u
ca
to
r
s
f
o
r
an
I
T
s
o
ciety
a
n
d
k
n
o
wled
g
e
s
o
ciety
.
T
h
e
f
o
cu
s
was
to
d
i
s
tr
ib
u
te
co
m
p
u
te
r
s
an
d
n
etwo
r
k
s
in
s
ch
o
o
ls
,
I
C
T
p
r
o
f
ess
io
n
al
d
e
v
elo
p
m
en
t
an
d
ac
q
u
is
itio
n
o
f
d
i
g
ital
co
n
ten
t
an
d
d
ev
el
o
p
m
en
t
o
f
th
e
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u
r
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lu
m
.
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h
e
s
ec
o
n
d
p
h
ase
o
f
I
C
T
f
o
r
ed
u
ca
tio
n
m
aster
p
la
n
(
2
0
0
4
-
2
0
0
6
)
was
p
r
o
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id
i
n
g
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d
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ca
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al
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ce
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h
is
p
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ase
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f
o
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s
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g
o
n
I
C
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f
o
r
ef
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m
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p
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m
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n
t,
an
d
in
f
o
r
m
ati
o
n
i
n
f
r
astru
ctu
r
e
[
2
0
]
.
B
o
th
o
f
t
h
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r
ly
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h
a
s
es
h
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t
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ailan
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ter
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)
w
h
ich
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ad
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m
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o
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o
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n
o
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led
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e
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b
ased
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o
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o
m
y
an
d
s
o
ciety
[
2
0
,
21]
.
T
h
e
th
i
r
d
p
h
ase
o
f
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T
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u
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o
m
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2
0
0
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-
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0
1
1
.
T
h
e
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aste
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p
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te
d
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aste
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0
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to
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te
Sm
ar
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tab
le
[
2
2
]
.
Min
is
tr
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f
I
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10
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1
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82
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o
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C
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d
u
s
tr
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le
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p
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s
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o
th
ey
ca
n
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m
p
et
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in
a
g
lo
b
al
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o
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; 2
)
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n
teg
r
at
e
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C
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in
to
th
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class
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p
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ag
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p
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Fu
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r
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E
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aster
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2
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T
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b
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0
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th
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ticip
ate
in
th
e
Dig
ital
E
co
n
o
m
y
g
en
e
r
atio
n
[
1
5
]
.
Fo
llo
win
g
th
e
p
ac
e
o
f
g
lo
b
al
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
d
ev
elo
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m
en
t
an
d
t
ec
h
n
o
lo
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ical
s
h
if
t
tr
en
d
s
f
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m
o
f
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ly
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d
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al
p
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b
u
t
also
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ce
in
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r
astru
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r
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B
ased
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th
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T
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d
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Plan
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2
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d
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let
p
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OT
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C
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p
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I
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1
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c
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s
ab
o
u
t
3
3
6
lear
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in
g
o
b
jects
f
o
r
f
i
v
e
s
u
b
jects
in
clu
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n
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m
ath
em
atics,
s
cien
ce
,
T
h
ai
la
n
g
u
ag
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,
s
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cial
s
tu
d
ies
an
d
E
n
g
lis
h
lan
g
u
ag
e
.
T
h
e
n
ex
t
m
o
v
e
o
f
th
e
p
r
o
ject
h
as
d
eliv
er
ed
ab
o
u
t
8
0
0
,
0
0
0
ta
b
le
ts
to
Prim
ar
y
s
tu
d
en
ts
ac
r
o
s
s
T
h
ailan
d
[
2
3
,
24]
.
T
h
e
m
ai
n
o
b
jectiv
es
o
f
OT
PC
ar
e
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m
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elf
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a
n
d
allo
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r
s
to
s
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d
y
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ased
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n
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wn
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d
ab
ilit
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.
As
a
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esu
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is
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it f
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th
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at
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let
as a
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an
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p
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v
in
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e
-
liter
ac
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,
wh
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t
h
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tab
let
to
p
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m
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in
2
0
1
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b
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al
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m
p
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in
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s
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ch
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lack
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f
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e
p
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p
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er
tr
ain
in
g
p
r
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g
r
am
f
o
r
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h
er
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I
C
T
s
ca
p
a
b
ilit
ies
an
d
attitu
d
es,
an
d
ev
alu
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n
[
2
4
]
.
Fo
llo
win
g
t
h
e
OT
PC
,
th
e
r
e
ar
e
s
ev
er
al
p
r
o
jects
th
at
th
e
T
h
ailan
d
g
o
v
e
r
n
m
en
t p
r
o
m
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te
d
u
r
in
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th
e
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e
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d
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ch
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T
h
ai
T
ea
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er
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T
V,
Mo
d
el
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ab
s
ch
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ls
,
an
d
E
d
u
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tio
n
Pro
v
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Pro
ject
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o
r
Dis
ad
v
an
tag
ed
C
h
ild
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e
n
in
th
e
Hig
h
lan
d
s
an
d
Ma
r
g
in
a
l
Ar
ea
s
.
I
n
co
n
clu
s
io
n
,
ac
co
r
d
in
g
to
t
h
e
Dig
ital
E
co
n
omy
Pro
m
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ti
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n
Ag
en
cy
(
DE
PA)
an
aly
s
is
,
th
er
e
ar
e
7
cr
u
cial
tech
n
o
lo
g
ies
in
T
h
ail
an
d
’
s
Dig
ital
E
co
n
o
m
y
.
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wev
er
,
th
er
e
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r
e
o
n
ly
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o
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r
t
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h
n
o
lo
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ies
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m
ass
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im
p
ac
t in
T
h
ailan
d
E
d
u
ca
tio
n
,
th
at
is
: 1
)
I
n
ter
n
et
o
f
T
h
in
g
(
I
o
T
)
wh
ich
is
af
f
ec
t
ed
o
n
th
e
p
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ce
s
s
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n
in
g
f
u
l
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d
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ter
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g
co
n
ten
t;
2
)
T
h
e
AI
wh
ich
ca
n
en
h
a
n
ce
s
ea
m
l
ess
m
an
ag
em
en
t
in
th
e
lear
n
in
g
p
r
o
ce
s
s
f
r
o
m
ad
m
is
s
io
n
s
,
g
r
ad
in
g
,
an
d
s
tu
d
en
t
a
cc
ess
to
r
eso
u
r
ce
p
lan
n
in
g
;
3
)
T
h
e
in
teg
r
atio
n
o
f
d
ata
an
aly
tics
in
th
e
ed
u
ca
tio
n
s
y
s
tem
to
ass
i
s
t
ed
u
ca
to
r
to
e
v
alu
ate
class
r
o
o
m
s
an
d
id
en
tif
y
in
g
lear
n
e
r
n
ee
d
s
;
4
)
T
h
e
Nex
t
Gen
er
atio
n
T
e
leco
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
w
h
ich
is
en
h
an
cin
g
m
o
r
e
e
f
f
ec
tiv
e
c
o
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
an
d
elab
o
r
atio
n
i
n
th
e
lear
n
in
g
p
r
o
ce
s
s
[
2
5
]
.
Mo
r
eo
v
er
,
t
h
e
Ne
x
t
Gen
er
atio
n
T
elec
o
m
m
u
n
ica
tio
n
co
u
l
d
ass
is
t
th
e
ab
ilit
y
o
f
o
th
e
r
lear
n
i
n
g
aid
t
o
cr
ea
te
m
ea
n
in
g
f
u
l le
ar
n
i
n
g
.
3
.
3
.
I
nd
o
ne
s
ia
No
wad
ay
s
,
th
e
f
ast
-
s
h
if
tin
g
o
f
th
e
tech
n
o
lo
g
ical
tr
en
d
h
a
s
af
f
ec
ted
I
n
d
o
n
esia
ed
u
ca
tio
n
,
s
u
ch
a
s
h
if
tin
g
o
f
teac
h
in
g
an
d
lear
n
in
g
p
r
o
ce
s
s
f
r
o
m
th
e
co
n
v
en
tio
n
al
m
o
d
el
in
to
o
p
en
ed
u
ca
tio
n
.
T
h
is
p
h
en
o
m
e
n
o
n
ma
k
es
t
h
e
I
n
d
o
n
esian
g
o
v
e
r
n
m
en
t
r
ea
lize
th
at
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
in
teg
r
atio
n
in
th
e
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
p
r
o
g
r
am
h
as
an
im
p
o
r
tan
t
r
o
le
in
c
r
ea
tin
g
a
s
tr
o
n
g
s
o
ciety
f
o
r
g
lo
b
al
co
m
p
etitio
n
.
T
h
e
p
lan
an
d
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t
o
f
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
f
o
r
ed
u
ca
tio
n
was
r
eg
u
lated
in
UU
Si
s
d
ik
n
as
No
2
0
th
e
Yea
r
2
0
0
3
ch
ap
te
r
3
6
wh
ich
s
tates
o
n
e
o
f
th
e
p
r
o
v
is
io
n
s
in
cu
r
r
ic
u
lu
m
d
esig
n
m
u
s
t b
e
f
o
llo
win
g
th
e
d
ev
el
o
p
m
en
t o
f
s
cien
ce
,
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
,
an
d
ar
t
.
T
h
er
e
ar
e
m
an
y
m
o
r
e
n
ati
o
n
al
co
n
s
titu
tio
n
s
o
f
I
n
d
o
n
esia
th
at
ar
e
r
eg
u
latin
g
th
e
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
i
m
p
lem
en
tatio
n
f
o
r
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
p
u
r
p
o
s
e
s
.
Fo
r
ex
a
m
p
le,
th
e
r
eg
u
latio
n
o
f
th
e
Mi
n
is
tr
y
o
f
Ad
m
in
is
tr
ativ
e
an
d
B
u
r
ea
u
cr
atic
R
ef
o
r
m
No
2
8
2
0
1
7
ch
ap
ter
6
B
wh
ich
ex
p
lain
e
d
a
b
o
u
t th
e
p
r
o
v
is
io
n
in
d
ev
elo
p
in
g
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
f
o
r
l
ea
r
n
in
g
p
u
r
p
o
s
e
s
.
As
th
e
b
ig
g
est
ar
c
h
ip
elag
o
c
o
u
n
tr
y
in
ASEA
N,
th
e
m
ajo
r
is
s
u
e
f
o
r
I
n
d
o
n
esia
ed
u
ca
tio
n
is
th
e
in
eq
u
ity
o
f
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
ac
ce
s
s
,
esp
ec
ially
in
th
e
r
em
o
t
e
an
d
b
o
r
d
er
ar
ea
.
T
a
k
in
g
th
is
is
s
u
e
in
to
co
n
s
id
er
atio
n
,
T
h
e
I
n
d
o
n
esian
g
o
v
er
n
m
en
t
h
as
in
tr
o
d
u
ce
d
a
f
am
o
u
s
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
p
r
o
g
r
am
t
h
r
o
u
g
h
t
elev
is
io
n
b
r
o
ad
ca
s
t
k
n
o
wn
as
T
V
E
d
u
k
asi
(
T
V
-
E
)
wh
ich
was
air
ed
in
Octo
b
er
2
0
0
4
.
T
h
is
p
r
o
g
r
a
m
is
aim
in
g
to
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
ed
u
ca
t
io
n
al
ac
ce
s
s
eq
u
ity
,
q
u
ality
im
p
r
o
v
e
m
en
t
o
f
e
d
u
c
atio
n
,
an
d
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
o
f
9
-
y
ea
r
co
m
p
u
ls
o
r
y
b
asic
ed
u
ca
tio
n
[
2
6
]
.
I
n
th
e
s
am
e
y
e
ar
,
th
e
n
atio
n
al
p
r
o
g
r
am
I
GOS
(
I
n
d
o
n
esia G
o
Op
en
So
u
r
ce
)
was r
elea
s
ed
to
th
e
p
u
b
lic
wh
ich
in
itiated
f
iv
e
m
in
is
tr
ies
o
f
I
n
d
o
n
esia,
n
am
ely
:
T
h
e
Min
is
tr
y
o
f
R
esear
ch
an
d
T
ec
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
,
Min
is
tr
y
o
f
C
o
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
a
n
d
I
n
f
o
r
m
atio
n
,
Min
is
tr
y
o
f
J
u
s
tice
an
d
Hu
m
a
n
R
ig
h
ts
,
Mi
n
is
tr
y
o
f
Natio
n
al
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
8
2
2
Th
e
d
ev
elo
p
men
t
a
n
d
p
o
licies o
f I
C
T su
p
p
o
r
tin
g
ed
u
c
a
tio
n
a
l
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
…
(
Mu
h
a
mma
d
T
a
kwi
n
Ma
ch
mu
d
)
83
E
d
u
ca
tio
n
,
an
d
Min
is
tr
y
o
f
State
Ap
p
ar
atu
s
es.
T
h
is
p
r
o
g
r
am
is
aim
in
g
to
s
av
e
th
e
b
u
d
g
et
an
d
s
tim
u
late
ed
u
ca
tio
n
a
l in
s
titu
tio
n
s
to
u
s
e
o
p
en
ac
ce
s
s
in
p
r
o
m
o
tin
g
o
p
e
n
s
o
u
r
ce
s
to
ac
ce
s
s
lear
n
in
g
m
ater
ials
[
2
7
]
.
R
ec
en
tly
,
ed
u
ca
tio
n
in
I
n
d
o
n
esia
em
p
h
asizes
th
e
g
lo
b
al
tr
en
d
in
g
2
1
st
ce
n
tu
r
y
wh
ich
is
in
teg
r
atin
g
all
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
ac
tiv
ities
with
th
e
u
s
e
o
f
th
e
in
ter
n
et.
I
t
is
s
h
o
wn
b
y
th
e
Natio
n
al
E
x
am
in
atio
n
wh
ich
was
co
n
d
u
cte
d
th
r
o
u
g
h
th
e
co
m
p
u
ter
-
b
ased
test
(
C
B
T
)
in
2
0
1
4
.
Ho
wev
er
,
th
e
eq
u
i
ty
o
f
f
ac
ilit
ies
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
is
b
ec
o
m
in
g
an
o
b
s
tacle
f
o
r
th
e
g
o
v
er
n
m
en
t
to
co
n
d
u
ct
lear
n
i
n
g
th
r
o
u
g
h
th
e
in
te
r
n
et.
B
ased
o
n
th
e
s
u
r
v
ey
d
ata
ab
o
u
t
I
n
d
o
n
esian
s
ch
o
o
ls
’
c
o
n
d
itio
n
,
th
e
r
e
a
r
e
a
b
o
u
t
1
1
8
.
0
0
0
s
ch
o
o
ls
(
o
u
t
o
f
2
0
8
.
0
0
0
s
ch
o
o
ls
)
h
a
v
e
ac
ce
s
s
to
th
e
in
t
er
n
et
in
2
0
1
5
;
it
m
ea
n
s
th
er
e
ar
e
ab
o
u
t
9
0
.
0
0
0
s
ch
o
o
ls
th
at
d
o
n
'
t
h
av
e
ac
ce
s
s
to
th
e
in
ter
n
et
[
2
8
]
.
Su
r
p
r
is
in
g
ly
,
th
er
e
ar
e
1
7
.
0
0
0
s
ch
o
o
ls
s
till
ex
p
er
ien
ce
a
lack
o
f
elec
tr
icity
esp
ec
ially
in
r
em
o
te
an
d
b
o
r
d
e
r
ar
ea
s
.
T
o
r
esp
o
n
d
to
th
is
is
s
u
e,
T
h
e
I
n
d
o
n
esian
m
in
is
tr
y
o
f
ed
u
ca
tio
n
a
n
d
th
e
m
in
is
tr
y
o
f
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
&
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
h
av
e
c
o
llab
o
r
ated
to
d
ev
elo
p
I
C
T
s
er
v
ices
k
n
o
wn
as
Un
iv
er
s
al
Ser
v
ice
Ob
lig
atio
n
(
USO)
.
T
h
is
pr
o
g
r
a
m
was
f
u
n
d
ed
f
o
r
s
ev
e
r
al
p
r
o
jects
s
u
ch
as
Palap
a
R
in
g
p
r
o
ject,
3
GB
T
S
in
r
em
o
t
e
an
d
b
o
r
d
er
ar
ea
,
b
r
o
ad
b
an
d
ac
ce
s
s
f
o
r
ed
u
ca
tio
n
,
ag
r
icu
ltu
r
e,
an
d
h
ea
lth
s
er
v
ices.
T
h
e
m
ass
iv
e
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t
o
f
n
atio
n
al
b
r
o
ad
b
an
d
n
etwo
r
k
s
s
h
o
ws
th
e
in
clin
atio
n
tr
e
n
d
o
f
in
te
r
n
et
u
s
er
s
in
I
n
d
o
n
esia.
B
ased
o
n
th
e
s
u
r
v
ey
d
ata
co
n
d
u
cted
b
y
th
e
I
n
d
o
n
esian
in
ter
n
et
ass
o
ciatio
n
(
APJ
I
I
)
in
2
0
1
8
s
h
o
ws ab
o
u
t 1
7
1
m
illi
o
n
p
o
p
u
latio
n
(
o
u
t o
f
2
6
4
m
illi
o
n
)
ar
e
co
n
n
ec
ted
to
th
e
in
ter
n
e
t.
T
h
is
u
s
er
n
u
m
b
e
r
h
as
in
cr
ea
s
ed
b
y
ab
o
u
t
1
0
p
er
ce
n
t
s
in
ce
2
0
1
7
,
wh
ich
in
t
er
n
et
u
s
er
is
o
n
ly
5
4
.
8
6
%
[
2
9
]
.
Mo
r
e
o
v
er
,
th
e
g
o
v
er
n
m
en
t
ef
f
o
r
t
to
d
ev
elo
p
in
ter
n
et
ac
ce
s
s
in
I
n
d
o
n
esia
p
o
s
itiv
ely
af
f
ec
ted
th
e
d
e
v
elo
p
m
en
t
o
f
ed
u
ca
tio
n
a
l
s
tar
t
-
u
p
.
Mo
s
t
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
s
tar
t
-
u
p
s
p
latf
o
r
m
in
I
n
d
o
n
esi
a
is
p
r
o
m
o
tin
g
L
ea
r
n
in
g
M
an
ag
em
en
t
Sy
s
tem
(
L
MS)
,
f
o
r
e
x
am
p
le,
R
u
an
g
g
u
r
u
an
d
Qu
ip
p
e
r
Sch
o
o
l.
B
o
th
p
latf
o
r
m
s
ar
e
tr
a
n
s
f
o
r
m
i
n
g
th
e
teac
h
in
g
an
d
lear
n
in
g
p
r
o
ce
s
s
m
o
r
e
ef
f
ec
t
iv
ely
an
d
ef
f
icien
tly
,
b
y
p
r
o
v
id
in
g
lea
r
n
in
g
v
id
e
o
tu
to
r
ial,
p
r
iv
ate
lea
r
n
in
g
,
ex
am
in
atio
n
tr
y
o
u
t
o
n
lin
e.
T
h
e
d
ev
elo
p
m
e
n
t o
f
I
C
T
in
I
n
d
o
n
esia e
s
p
ec
ially
in
E
d
u
ca
tio
n
b
ec
o
m
es a
n
ef
f
o
r
t to
ac
h
iev
e
th
e
v
is
io
n
I
n
d
o
n
esia
2
0
2
5
,
wh
ich
is
aim
in
g
to
b
u
il
d
s
tr
o
n
g
co
n
n
ec
tiv
ity
ac
r
o
s
s
th
e
co
u
n
t
r
y
to
cr
ea
te
eq
u
ity
in
ec
o
n
o
m
y
an
d
in
f
r
astr
u
ctu
r
e
d
e
v
elo
p
m
e
n
t.
3
.
4
.
M
y
a
nm
a
r
Acc
o
r
d
in
g
to
t
h
e
I
C
T
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t
in
d
ex
2
0
1
7
r
elea
s
ed
b
y
I
T
U,
My
an
m
ar
was
o
n
e
o
f
th
e
co
u
n
tr
ies
in
ASEA
N
wh
ich
h
ad
a
lo
we
r
r
an
k
o
f
I
C
T
in
d
ex
.
Stre
n
g
th
en
th
e
claim
,
T
h
e
an
d
Usag
a
wa
[
3
0
]
s
tated
th
at
d
ev
elo
p
m
e
n
t
o
f
I
C
T
in
M
y
an
m
ar
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
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y
s
tem
h
as
f
ac
ed
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ar
io
u
s
o
b
s
tacle
s
s
u
ch
as
p
o
o
r
telec
o
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
in
f
r
astru
c
tu
r
e,
lack
o
f
I
C
T
ab
ilit
y
&
k
n
o
wled
g
e
,
wea
k
n
ess
o
f
h
u
m
an
r
eso
u
r
ce
s
.
Mo
r
eo
v
er
,
th
e
s
tatis
tical
d
ata
r
elea
s
ed
b
y
UNE
SC
O
in
2
0
1
2
wh
ich
s
h
o
wed
o
n
ly
5
%
o
f
My
an
m
a
r
s
ch
o
o
ls
h
av
e
co
m
p
u
ter
lab
o
r
at
o
r
ies
[
3
1
]
.
T
h
e
My
a
n
m
ar
Go
v
er
n
m
en
t
r
ea
lized
th
is
p
r
o
b
lem
co
u
ld
b
e
af
f
ec
ted
b
y
s
o
cio
-
ec
o
n
o
m
ic
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elo
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m
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Ov
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r
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o
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n
m
en
t
h
as
s
et
u
p
th
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C
T
m
aster
p
lan
wh
ich
is
aim
in
g
t
o
r
e
f
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r
m
th
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o
n
o
m
ic
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n
d
s
o
cial
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ec
to
r
.
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h
e
I
C
T
m
aster
p
la
n
o
f
My
an
m
ar
h
as
ex
is
ted
s
in
ce
2
0
0
0
.
T
h
e
My
an
m
a
r
I
C
T
m
aster
p
lan
co
n
s
is
ts
o
f
f
o
u
r
,
th
at
is
:
1
)
2
0
0
0
-
2
0
0
5
I
C
T
m
aster
p
lan
h
as
o
b
jecti
v
e
r
u
n
ac
ce
ler
ate
th
e
im
p
le
m
en
tatio
n
o
f
I
C
T
d
ev
elo
p
m
e
n
t
a
n
d
th
e
d
is
tr
ib
u
t
io
n
o
f
I
C
T
in
f
r
astru
ct
u
r
e;
2
)
2
0
0
6
-
2
0
1
0
I
C
T
m
aster
p
la
n
h
a
s
a
g
o
al
to
in
cr
ea
s
e
th
e
telec
o
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
co
n
n
e
ctio
n
r
ate;
3
)
2
0
1
1
-
2
0
1
5
I
C
T
Ma
s
ter
Plan
h
as
an
o
b
jectiv
e
to
en
h
an
ce
th
e
I
C
T
co
m
p
eten
cies
an
d
c
o
m
p
etitiv
e
n
ess
o
f
s
o
ciety
an
d
f
ac
ilit
atin
g
ec
o
n
o
m
ic
g
r
o
wth
.
Fo
r
th
e
e
d
u
ca
tio
n
al
m
an
n
er
,
th
e
th
ir
d
m
aster
p
lan
was
f
o
c
u
s
in
g
o
n
th
e
in
c
o
r
p
o
r
atio
n
o
f
I
C
T
tr
ain
in
g
in
to
th
e
c
u
r
r
icu
l
u
m
,
I
C
T
tr
ai
n
in
g
f
o
r
th
e
teac
h
er
,
an
d
in
s
tallatio
n
o
f
n
etwo
r
k
co
n
n
ec
tio
n
f
o
r
s
ch
o
o
ls
;
an
d
4
)
T
h
e
p
r
esen
t
I
C
T
m
aster
p
lan
.
Su
p
p
o
r
tin
g
th
e
I
C
T
m
aster
p
l
an
,
T
h
e
My
an
m
ar
g
o
v
er
n
m
e
n
t
r
elea
s
ed
a
lo
n
g
-
ter
m
ed
u
c
atio
n
al
p
lan
f
o
r
th
e
n
ex
t
3
0
-
y
ea
r
in
2
0
0
1
.
T
h
e
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
d
ev
el
o
p
m
en
t
p
lan
was
in
clu
d
in
g
th
e
u
tili
za
tio
n
o
f
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
i
n
th
e
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
s
y
s
tem
s
[
3
2
]
.
T
h
e
g
o
v
er
n
m
en
t
is
em
p
h
asizin
g
th
e
lo
ca
l
s
ec
to
r
to
co
llab
o
r
ate
with
co
m
m
u
n
ities
to
s
et
u
p
m
u
ltime
d
ia
class
r
o
o
m
s
an
d
co
m
p
u
ter
lab
o
r
ato
r
ies
in
h
ig
h
s
ch
o
o
ls
to
en
s
u
r
e
th
e
s
o
ciety
is
tech
n
o
lo
g
ical
liter
ate,
wh
ile
in
Un
iv
er
s
ities
l
ev
el
is
s
u
g
g
esti
n
g
to
estab
lis
h
I
T
lear
n
in
g
an
d
tr
ain
in
g
ce
n
tr
es
.
Su
p
p
o
r
tin
g
th
is
m
o
v
em
en
t,
T
h
e
Min
is
tr
y
o
f
E
d
u
ca
tio
n
is
im
p
r
o
v
in
g
th
e
n
etwo
r
k
b
y
d
e
v
elo
p
in
g
an
e
d
u
ca
tio
n
al
in
tr
a
n
et
s
y
s
tem
to
co
n
n
ec
t
all
ed
u
ca
ti
o
n
in
s
titu
tio
n
s
[
3
3
]
.
I
n
2
0
1
6
,
th
e
co
llab
o
r
atio
n
b
etwe
en
My
an
m
ar
g
o
v
er
n
m
en
t,
tech
n
o
lo
g
ical
c
o
m
p
a
n
ies
(
E
r
icss
o
n
an
d
Qu
alco
m
m
)
,
UNE
SC
O,
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
s
o
f
twar
e
d
ev
elo
p
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a
n
d
C
o
lu
m
b
ia
Un
iv
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s
ity
h
ad
co
n
d
u
cted
to
b
r
i
n
g
m
o
b
ile
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
in
to
t
h
e
class
r
o
o
m
.
T
h
e
p
r
o
g
r
a
m
p
r
o
v
id
ed
k
n
o
wled
g
e,
tech
n
ical,
an
d
p
e
d
ag
o
g
ical
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
f
o
r
teac
h
er
s
in
ap
p
ly
in
g
m
o
b
ile
tech
n
o
l
o
g
y
.
R
ec
en
tly
,
th
e
p
r
o
ject
alr
ea
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y
p
r
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v
id
es
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al
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f
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r
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(
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u
c
h
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tab
lets
an
d
1
8
6
lap
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s
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7
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o
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th
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h
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h
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is
tr
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o
f
E
d
u
ca
tio
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a
n
m
ar
h
as
an
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f
o
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t
to
i
m
p
r
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v
e
s
o
ciety
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k
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in
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9
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c
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ter
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ch
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f
o
r
m
al
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r
tific
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p
r
o
g
r
am
s
[
3
3
]
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
-
8
8
2
2
I
n
t
J
E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
,
Vo
l
.
10
,
No
.
1
,
Ma
r
ch
202
1
:
78
-
85
84
4.
CO
NCLU
SI
O
N
I
n
th
e
last
d
ec
ad
es,
Sin
g
ap
o
r
e,
T
h
ailan
d
,
I
n
d
o
n
esia,
an
d
My
an
m
ar
ar
e
s
h
o
win
g
th
eir
in
itiativ
e
to
in
teg
r
ate
I
C
T
in
to
ed
u
ca
tio
n
.
Ho
wev
er
,
ea
ch
c
o
u
n
t
r
y
h
as
d
i
f
f
er
en
t
p
o
licies
to
in
teg
r
ate
th
e
I
C
T
f
o
r
ed
u
ca
tio
n
in
its
Natio
n
al
Plan
.
Sin
g
ap
o
r
e
h
as
a
s
tan
d
alo
n
e
s
ec
to
r
-
wid
e
I
C
T
in
e
d
u
ca
tio
n
p
lan
s
,
wh
ile
T
h
ailan
d
,
I
n
d
o
n
esia,
an
d
My
an
m
a
r
h
a
v
e
in
d
u
ce
d
I
C
T
in
th
eir
n
atio
n
al
ed
u
ca
tio
n
p
lan
s
,
o
r
th
e
e
d
u
ca
t
io
n
is
o
n
e
o
f
asp
ec
t
s
m
en
tio
n
ed
in
n
atio
n
al
Ma
s
ter
I
C
T
Plan
s
alo
n
g
with
o
th
er
s
o
cial
asp
ec
ts
.
T
h
e
m
ai
n
p
u
r
p
o
s
e
o
f
ea
c
h
co
u
n
tr
y
’s
I
C
T
m
aster
p
lan
f
o
r
ed
u
ca
tio
n
is
tar
g
etin
g
t
h
e
s
o
ciety
in
th
e
s
u
s
tain
ab
ilit
y
p
ar
ticip
atio
n
in
t
h
e
d
ig
ital e
co
n
o
m
y
.
Ov
er
th
e
d
ec
ad
es,
eq
u
ity
is
s
till
th
e
m
ajo
r
p
r
o
b
lem
f
ac
e
d
b
y
s
o
m
e
ASEA
N
co
u
n
tr
ies
in
ap
p
ly
in
g
I
C
T
f
o
r
ed
u
ca
tio
n
.
T
h
e
g
e
o
g
r
ap
h
ical
co
n
d
itio
n
,
lim
ited
ac
ce
s
s
to
I
C
T
d
ev
ices,
an
d
h
u
m
an
r
eso
u
r
ce
s
ar
e
b
ec
o
m
in
g
a
m
ajo
r
f
ac
to
r
.
O
v
er
co
m
in
g
th
is
p
r
o
b
lem
,
m
o
s
t
ASEA
N
co
u
n
tr
ies
f
o
cu
s
o
n
b
u
ild
in
g
ad
v
an
ce
n
etwo
r
k
co
n
n
ec
tio
n
,
d
is
tr
ib
u
tin
g
m
o
r
e
d
ev
ices
in
to
th
e
s
ch
o
o
ls
,
an
d
p
r
o
v
id
in
g
p
r
o
p
er
tr
ain
in
g
f
o
r
th
e
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
p
r
ac
titi
o
n
e
r
.
Mo
r
eo
v
er
,
s
o
m
e
co
u
n
tr
ies
ar
e
co
llab
o
r
atin
g
with
in
ter
n
atio
n
al
p
r
iv
ate
co
m
p
a
n
ies,
in
s
titu
tio
n
s
,
an
d
o
r
g
a
n
izatio
n
s
to
f
u
lf
ill th
eir
n
ati
o
n
al
I
C
T
m
a
s
ter
p
lan
f
o
r
ed
u
ca
tio
n
.
No
wad
ay
s
,
th
e
p
o
p
u
la
r
ities
o
f
I
n
ter
n
et
o
f
T
h
i
n
g
s
(
I
o
T
)
h
a
v
e
tu
r
n
ed
th
e
lear
n
i
n
g
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
t
in
to
in
ter
n
et
-
b
ased
lear
n
in
g
.
T
h
is
t
r
en
d
h
as
m
ass
iv
ely
a
f
f
ec
ted
th
e
u
s
e
o
f
t
h
e
o
n
lin
e
lear
n
in
g
m
a
n
ag
em
en
t
s
y
s
tem
an
d
th
e
o
th
er
o
n
lin
e
-
b
ased
lea
r
n
in
g
a
p
p
licatio
n
s
in
ASEA
N
co
u
n
tr
ies.
Mo
r
e
o
v
er
,
co
u
n
tr
ie
s
s
u
ch
as
Sin
g
ap
o
r
e
wh
ich
h
as
m
o
r
e
ad
v
a
n
ce
s
te
ch
n
o
lo
g
ies
an
d
h
ig
h
in
d
ex
h
u
m
an
r
eso
u
r
ce
s
h
av
e
s
tar
ted
to
in
d
u
ce
Ar
tific
ial
I
n
tellig
en
ce
o
n
th
ei
r
cu
r
r
icu
lu
m
.
Du
e
t
o
g
l
o
b
al
c
o
m
p
etitio
n
,
th
e
u
s
e
o
f
m
o
r
e
ad
v
an
ce
I
C
T
co
n
ce
p
t
s
s
u
ch
as
Ar
tific
ial
I
n
tellig
en
ce
an
d
B
i
g
Data
An
aly
tics
w
ill
b
e
m
o
r
e
p
o
p
u
lar
in
th
e
n
ex
t
d
ec
a
d
es.
Ho
wev
er
,
th
e
k
ey
ch
allen
g
es th
at
co
n
tin
u
e
to
r
e
m
ain
in
p
r
o
v
id
in
g
I
C
T
f
o
r
ed
u
ca
tio
n
ar
e
q
u
ali
ty
,
eq
u
ity
,
an
d
ef
f
icien
cy
.
RE
F
E
R
E
NC
E
S
[1
]
R.
Hu
a
n
g
,
J.
M
.
S
p
e
c
to
r
,
a
n
d
J.
Ya
n
g
,
Ed
u
c
a
ti
o
n
a
l
T
e
c
h
n
o
lo
g
y
a
Prime
r
fo
r
t
h
e
2
1
st
Ce
n
t
u
ry
.
S
i
n
g
a
p
o
re
:
S
p
ri
n
g
e
r
Na
tu
re
S
in
g
a
p
o
re
P
te L
t
d
,
2
0
1
9
.
[2
]
J.
Kin
g
a
n
d
J.
S
o
u
t
h
,
“
Re
ima
g
i
n
in
g
t
h
e
ro
le
o
f
tec
h
n
o
lo
g
y
in
h
ig
h
e
r
e
d
u
c
a
ti
o
n
:
A
s
u
p
p
lem
e
n
t
to
t
h
e
n
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
e
d
u
c
a
ti
o
n
tec
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
p
lan
,
”
US
De
p
a
rtme
n
t
o
f
E
d
u
c
a
ti
o
n
,
Offi
c
e
o
f
E
d
u
c
a
ti
o
n
a
l
Tec
h
n
o
lo
g
y
,
2
0
1
7
.
[O
n
li
n
e
].
A
v
a
il
a
b
le:
h
tt
p
s://
tec
h
.
e
d
.
g
o
v
/fi
le
s/2
0
1
7
/
0
1
/Hi
g
h
e
r
-
Ed
-
NETP
.
p
d
f
[3
]
J.
M
.
S
p
e
c
to
r,
Fo
u
n
d
a
ti
o
n
s
o
f
Ed
u
c
a
ti
o
n
a
l
T
e
c
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
,
2
n
d
e
d
.
Ne
w Y
o
rk
:
R
o
u
t
led
g
e
,
2
0
1
6
.
[4
]
M
.
Brü
c
k
n
e
r,
“
E
d
u
c
a
ti
o
n
a
l
Tec
h
n
o
lo
g
y
,
”
a
c
a
d
e
mia
e
d
u
.
,
p
p
.
1
–
1
8
1
,
2
0
1
5
,
d
o
i:
1
0
.
1
3
1
4
0
/
2
.
1
.
2
1
8
0
.
9
4
4
9
.
[5
]
L.
S
to
šić
,
“
T
h
e
imp
o
rta
n
c
e
o
f
e
d
u
c
a
ti
o
n
a
l
tec
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
in
tea
c
h
in
g
,
”
In
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
C
o
g
n
it
ive
Res
e
a
rc
h
in
S
c
ien
c
e
,
En
g
in
e
e
rin
g
a
n
d
Ed
u
c
a
ti
o
n
,
v
o
l.
3
,
n
o
.
1
,
p
p
.
1
1
1
–
1
1
4
,
2
0
1
5
.
[6
]
P
.
S
a
p
ian
c
h
a
i
a
n
d
P
a
u
l
TJ
Ja
m
e
s,
“
ICT
in
Th
a
i
Ed
u
c
a
ti
o
n
Id
e
o
lo
g
i
c
a
l
a
n
d
S
tru
c
tu
ra
l
De
term
in
a
n
ts
t
h
a
t
S
u
p
p
o
r
t
it
s
De
v
e
lo
p
m
e
n
t,
I
n
tr
o
d
u
c
ti
o
n
a
n
d
Us
e
,
”
2
0
0
5
.
[On
li
n
e
].
Av
a
il
a
b
le
:
h
tt
p
s://
ww
w.b
u
.
a
c
.
th
/
k
n
o
wle
d
g
e
c
e
n
ter/e
p
a
p
e
r/
ju
ly
_
d
e
c
2
0
0
5
/p
o
te.p
d
f
[7
]
B.
S
.
Blo
o
m
,
M
.
D.
En
g
e
l
h
a
rt,
E.
J.
F
u
rst,
W.
H.
Hill
,
a
n
d
D.
R.
Kra
th
wo
h
l,
T
h
e
Cla
ss
if
ica
ti
o
n
o
f
Ed
u
c
a
ti
o
n
a
l
Go
a
ls
.
L
o
n
d
o
n
:
Lo
n
g
m
a
n
s,
G
re
e
n
a
n
d
Co
LT
D,
1
9
5
6
.
[8
]
X.
G
u
,
Y.
Zh
u
,
a
n
d
X.
G
u
o
,
“
M
e
e
ti
n
g
t
h
e
‘Dig
it
a
l
Na
ti
v
e
s’:
Un
d
e
rsta
n
d
i
n
g
th
e
a
c
c
e
p
tan
c
e
o
f
tec
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
in
c
las
sro
o
m
s,
”
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
Ed
u
c
a
ti
o
n
a
l
T
e
c
h
n
o
lo
g
y
&
S
o
c
iety
,
v
o
l.
1
6
,
n
o
.
1
,
p
p
.
3
9
2
–
4
0
2
,
2
0
1
3
.
[9
]
M
e
lfi
a
n
o
ra
,
“
W
ri
ti
n
g
sc
ien
ti
fic
p
a
p
e
rs wit
h
l
it
e
ra
tu
re
stu
d
y
(
in
Ba
h
a
sa
)
,
”
p
p
.
1
–
3
,
2
0
1
7
.
[1
0
]
F. S.
M
a
rt
in
s,
J.
A.
C
.
d
a
Cu
n
h
a
,
a
n
d
F
.
A.
R
.
S
e
rr
a
,
“
S
e
c
o
n
d
a
ry
D
a
ta i
n
Re
se
a
rc
h
-
Us
e
s
a
n
d
Op
p
o
rt
u
n
it
ies
,
”
Rev
ist
a
Ib
e
ro
-
Ame
ric
a
n
a
d
e
Estr
a
tég
i
a
,
v
o
l.
1
7
,
n
o
.
4
,
pp.
1
-
4,
2
0
1
8
.
[1
1
]
S
.
R.
Nira
u
la,
“
A
re
v
iew
o
f
re
se
a
rc
h
p
ro
c
e
ss
,
d
a
ta
c
o
ll
e
c
ti
o
n
a
n
d
a
n
a
ly
sis,”
I
n
sig
h
ts
Bi
o
l.
M
e
d
.
,
v
o
l.
3
,
n
o
.
1
,
p
p
.
0
0
1
–
0
0
6
,
2
0
1
9
.
[1
2
]
B.
P
.
W
o
o
lf
,
I.
Arr
o
y
o
,
a
n
d
I.
A.
Zu
a
lk
e
rn
a
n
,
“
Ed
u
c
a
ti
o
n
tec
h
n
o
lo
g
y
f
o
r
th
e
d
e
v
e
lo
p
i
n
g
w
o
rld
,
”
Pro
c
e
e
d
in
g
s
-
2
0
1
1
IEE
E
Glo
b
a
l
Hu
ma
n
it
a
ria
n
T
e
c
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
C
o
n
fer
e
n
c
e
,
GH
T
C
2
0
1
1
,
2
0
1
1
,
p
p
.
4
9
3
-
4
9
8
.
[1
3
]
S
in
g
a
p
o
re
M
in
istr
y
o
f
F
i
n
a
n
c
e
,
“
Bu
d
g
e
t
2
0
1
8
To
g
e
th
e
r
,
A Better
F
u
tu
re
,
”
2
0
1
8
.
[1
4
]
Ag
a
Kh
a
n
Ed
u
c
a
ti
o
n
S
e
rv
ice
s
a
n
d
th
e
Ag
a
Kh
a
n
F
o
u
n
d
a
ti
o
n
,
“
Ra
isin
g
Lea
rn
i
n
g
O
u
tco
m
e
s:
th
e
o
p
p
o
rt
u
n
it
ies
a
n
d
c
h
a
ll
e
n
g
e
s
o
f
ICT
f
o
r
lea
rn
i
n
g
,”
UN
ICEF
Eas
tern
a
n
d
S
o
u
th
e
rn
Afric
a
Re
g
io
n
a
l
Offic
e
a
n
d
W
e
st
a
n
d
Ce
n
tra
l
Re
g
io
n
a
l
Offic
e
,
Na
ir
o
b
i
,
2
0
1
8
.
[1
5
]
TOT
Ac
a
d
e
m
y
,
“
ASE
AN
ICT
S
k
il
ls Up
g
ra
d
in
g
a
n
d
De
v
e
lo
p
m
e
n
t
F
in
a
l
Re
p
o
rt,
”
2
0
1
5
.
[1
6
]
M
.
I.
Ba
sh
a
r
a
n
d
H.
Kh
a
n
,
“
E
-
Le
a
rn
in
g
i
n
S
i
n
g
a
p
o
re
:
A
Brief
As
s
e
ss
m
e
n
t,
”
S
S
RN
El
e
c
tro
n
.
J
.
,
n
o
.
0
0
3
,
p
p
.
1
–
2
2
,
2
0
1
2
.
[1
7
]
S
.
S
.
Li
m
a
n
d
E
.
Ne
k
m
a
t,
“
M
e
d
i
a
e
d
u
c
a
ti
o
n
in
sin
g
a
p
o
re
-
n
e
w
m
e
d
ia,
n
e
w
li
tera
c
ies
?
”
in
Ch
e
u
n
g
CK.
,
e
d
s
.
M
e
d
i
a
Ed
u
c
a
ti
o
n
i
n
Asi
a
.
Do
r
d
re
c
h
t:
S
p
r
in
g
e
r
Na
tu
re
S
in
g
a
p
o
re
P
te L
t
d
,
2
0
0
9
,
p
p
.
1
8
5
–
1
9
7
.
[1
8
]
C.
P
.
Li
m
,
e
t
a
l.
,
ICT
in
Prim
a
ry
Ed
u
c
a
ti
o
n
.
M
o
sc
o
w:
UN
ES
CO
In
stit
u
te
f
o
r
I
n
fo
rm
a
ti
o
n
T
e
c
h
n
o
l
o
g
ies
i
n
Ed
u
c
a
ti
o
n
,
2
0
1
2
.
[1
9
]
K.
Th
iam
S
e
n
g
a
n
d
K.
Yu
e
n
Ch
o
o
,
“
Ti
t
le
In
teg
ra
ti
o
n
o
f
in
f
o
rm
a
ti
o
n
tec
h
n
o
lo
g
y
i
n
t
h
e
S
i
n
g
a
p
o
re
sc
h
o
o
l
m
a
th
e
m
a
ti
c
s
c
u
rricu
lu
m
Au
th
o
r(
s)
In
teg
ra
ti
o
n
o
f
I
n
fo
rm
a
ti
o
n
Te
c
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
i
n
t
h
e
S
i
n
g
a
p
o
r
e
S
c
h
o
o
l
M
a
t
h
e
m
a
ti
c
s
Cu
rricu
l
u
m
,
”
M
a
th
.
Ed
u
c
.
,
v
o
l
.
9
,
n
o
.
2
,
p
p
.
1
-
1
5
,
2
0
0
6
.
[2
0
]
T.
Lao
h
a
jara
tsa
n
g
,
“
e
-
Ed
u
c
a
ti
o
n
in
Th
a
il
a
n
d
:
E
q
u
i
ty
,
Qu
a
li
ty
a
n
d
S
e
n
siti
v
it
y
fo
r
Lea
rn
e
rs
a
n
d
Tea
c
h
e
rs,”
Glo
b
a
l
L
e
a
rn
.
Ass
o
c
ia
ti
o
n
fo
r t
h
e
A
d
v
a
n
c
e
me
n
t
o
f
Co
m
p
u
ti
n
g
in
Ed
u
c
a
ti
o
n
(AA
CE)
,
2
0
1
3
.
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I
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p
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(
Mu
h
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85
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Na
ti
o
n
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lec
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a
n
d
C
o
m
p
u
ter
Tec
h
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ti
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,
”
1
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it
i
o
n
Ba
n
g
k
o
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n
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2
0
0
3
.
[2
2
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M
in
istr
y
o
f
In
f
o
rm
a
ti
o
n
a
n
d
Co
m
m
u
n
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o
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h
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lo
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y
,
“
Th
e
S
e
c
o
n
d
Th
a
il
a
n
d
I
n
fo
rm
a
ti
o
n
a
n
d
Co
m
m
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
Tec
h
n
o
l
o
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y
(ICT)
M
a
ste
r
P
lan
(
2
0
0
9
-
2
0
1
3
),
”
1
st
Ed
it
io
n
B
a
n
g
k
o
k
:
Offi
c
e
o
f
th
e
Per
ma
n
e
n
t
S
e
c
r
e
ta
ry
o
f
M
ICT
,
2
0
0
9
.
[2
3
]
R.
Viri
y
a
p
o
n
g
a
n
d
A.
Ha
rfield
,
“
F
a
c
in
g
th
e
c
h
a
ll
e
n
g
e
s
o
f
t
h
e
On
e
-
Tab
let
-
P
e
r
-
Ch
il
d
p
o
li
c
y
in
T
h
a
i
p
rima
ry
sc
h
o
o
l
e
d
u
c
a
ti
o
n
,
”
In
t
.
J
.
A
d
v
.
Co
m
p
u
t
.
S
c
i.
Ap
p
l.
,
v
o
l.
4
,
n
o
.
9
,
p
p
.
1
76
-
1
8
4
,
2
0
1
3
.
[2
4
]
M
.
P
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a
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5
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7
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,
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[2
8
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,
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9
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“
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tern
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].
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0
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M
.
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Th
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,
“
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in
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u
c
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:
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h
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AD
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p
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re
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2
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1
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.
[3
2
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Un
it
e
d
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tate
s
Ag
e
n
c
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tern
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ti
o
n
a
l
De
v
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m
e
n
t,
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fo
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v
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2
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.
[3
3
]
K.
Na
m
,
M
.
R.
C
h
a
m
,
a
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d
P
.
R.
Ha
li
li
,
“
De
v
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M
y
a
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fo
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c
to
r
to
wa
rd
In
c
lu
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ro
wth
,
”
M
a
n
il
a
:
As
ian
De
v
e
lo
p
m
e
n
t
Ba
n
k
,
2
0
1
5
.
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