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in
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ter
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T
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.
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u
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n
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li
m
it
a
ti
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isc
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in
th
e
e
n
d
o
f
th
is
p
a
p
e
r.
K
ey
w
o
r
d
s
:
C
o
m
m
u
n
ity
-
b
ased
e
d
u
ca
tio
n
Gen
er
al
well
-
b
ein
g
Ma
tter
in
g
Self
-
ef
f
icac
y
T
h
is i
s
a
n
o
p
e
n
a
c
c
e
ss
a
rticle
u
n
d
e
r th
e
CC B
Y
-
SA
li
c
e
n
se
.
C
o
r
r
e
s
p
o
nd
ing
A
uth
o
r
:
Ku
s
u
s
an
to
Ditto
Prih
ad
i
Dep
ar
tm
en
t o
f
Ps
y
ch
o
lo
g
y
,
Fa
cu
lty
o
f
So
cial
Scien
ce
an
d
L
i
b
er
al
Ar
ts
,
UC
SI
Un
iv
er
s
ity
B
u
k
it Da
m
an
s
ar
a,
5
0
4
9
0
Ku
al
a
L
u
m
p
u
r
,
Ma
lay
s
ia
E
m
ail:
p
r
ih
ad
i@
u
csiu
n
iv
er
s
ity
.
ed
u
.
m
y
1.
I
NT
RO
D
UCT
I
O
N
T
h
is
p
ap
er
is
wr
itten
b
ased
o
n
o
u
r
im
p
lem
e
n
tatio
n
o
f
c
o
m
m
u
n
ity
-
b
ased
e
d
u
ca
tio
n
(
C
B
E
)
in
Kar
an
g
Pan
d
an
v
illag
e
,
Ma
lan
g
,
E
ast
J
av
a,
I
n
d
o
n
esia.
As
a
q
u
alitativ
e
wo
r
k
,
t
h
is
s
tu
d
y
aim
ed
to
ex
p
lo
r
e
th
e
im
p
ac
t
o
f
th
e
im
p
lem
en
tatio
n
o
f
C
B
E
in
s
o
lv
in
g
th
e
co
m
m
u
n
al
is
s
u
e
in
th
e
v
illag
e,
as
well
as
im
p
r
o
v
in
g
th
e
s
en
s
e
o
f
m
atter
in
g
am
o
n
g
th
eir
co
m
m
u
n
ity
m
em
b
er
s
.
C
B
E
ca
n
b
e
t
r
ac
ed
b
ac
k
to
s
tr
o
n
g
p
ed
a
g
o
g
i
ca
l
tr
ad
itio
n
r
o
o
ted
in
B
o
y
er
[
1
]
an
d
Fre
ir
e
[
2
]
wh
o
ar
g
u
ed
th
at
e
d
u
ca
tio
n
al
in
s
titu
tio
n
s
,
s
u
ch
as
u
n
i
v
er
s
ities
,
s
h
o
u
ld
b
e
r
es
p
o
n
s
iv
e
to
co
m
m
u
n
ity
n
ee
d
s
an
d
to
s
o
ciety
as
a
w
h
o
le,
an
d
th
at
f
ac
u
lty
m
em
b
er
s
s
h
o
u
ld
b
e
"r
e
f
lectiv
e
p
r
ac
titi
o
n
er
s
"
in
th
e
ed
u
ca
ti
o
n
p
r
o
ce
s
s
.
C
B
E
was
r
ec
o
r
d
ed
to
b
e
s
u
cc
ess
f
u
l
in
in
ter
r
u
p
tin
g
p
atter
n
s
o
f
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
in
eq
u
ity
;
th
er
eb
y
it
is
co
n
s
id
er
ed
as
o
n
e
o
f
th
e
m
ain
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
elem
en
ts
o
f
th
e
ev
er
last
in
g
p
r
o
ce
s
s
th
at
ev
en
tu
ally
ca
m
e
t
o
th
e
cu
r
r
en
t e
d
u
ca
tio
n
al
p
o
licy
clim
ate
[
3
]
.
W
e
ch
o
s
e
C
B
E
to
b
e
co
n
d
u
ct
ed
as
a
co
m
m
u
n
ity
s
er
v
ice
ac
t
iv
ity
o
f
o
u
r
u
n
iv
er
s
ity
b
ec
a
u
s
e
b
ased
o
n
o
u
r
i
n
itial
o
b
s
er
v
atio
n
an
d
in
t
er
v
iew,
we
c
o
n
clu
d
e
d
th
at
s
ev
er
al
co
n
ce
r
n
s
wer
e
r
aised
b
y
th
e
v
illag
e
r
s
,
b
o
t
h
th
e
ad
u
lts
o
r
t
h
e
s
ch
o
o
l
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
.
Mo
s
t
o
f
th
e
a
d
u
lts
in
th
e
v
illag
e
o
f
Kar
an
g
Pan
d
an
r
a
is
ed
th
eir
p
r
o
b
lem
r
elate
d
to
th
eir
f
in
an
cial
well
-
b
ein
g
an
d
th
eir
c
o
n
ce
r
n
s
r
eg
a
r
d
in
g
th
eir
ch
ild
r
en
ed
u
ca
tio
n
,
wh
ile
m
o
s
t
o
f
th
e
y
o
u
n
g
er
m
em
b
er
s
o
f
co
m
m
u
n
ity
ex
p
r
ess
ed
lo
wer
lev
els
o
f
m
o
tiv
atio
n
to
s
tu
d
y
.
Ov
er
all,
i
t
was
d
etec
ted
th
at
m
o
s
t
o
f
th
e
co
m
m
u
n
ity
m
em
b
er
s
at
an
y
ag
e
h
ad
d
ev
elo
p
e
d
lo
w
s
en
s
e
o
f
s
o
cieta
l
m
atter
in
g
,
th
e
f
ee
lin
g
th
at
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t
J
E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
8
2
2
Dev
elo
p
in
g
s
elf
-
effica
cy
,
ma
tt
erin
g
,
a
n
d
g
en
era
l well
-
b
ein
g
th
r
o
u
g
h
c
o
mmu
n
ity
-
b
a
s
ed
… (
A
b
d
u
l A
z
iz
)
273
th
ey
m
atter
to
th
e
lar
g
er
wo
r
ld
o
u
ts
id
e
th
eir
co
m
m
u
n
ity
[
4
]
,
s
elf
-
ef
f
icac
y
,
th
e
b
elief
t
h
at
th
ey
ar
e
g
o
o
d
en
o
u
g
h
in
d
o
in
g
t
h
eir
task
s
[
5
]
,
an
d
b
asic m
o
tiv
atio
n
to
g
r
o
w
in
life
.
I
n
t
h
e
lig
h
t o
f
th
e
p
r
o
b
lem
s
an
d
co
n
ce
r
n
s
o
f
th
e
co
m
m
u
n
ity
m
em
b
er
s
,
we
o
p
ted
f
o
r
co
n
d
u
ctin
g
C
B
E
b
ec
au
s
e
it
is
m
o
r
e
p
r
ac
tica
l
th
an
a
n
y
f
o
r
m
o
f
f
o
r
m
al
e
d
u
ca
tio
n
[
6
]
,
in
s
tr
u
cti
o
n
s
an
d
ac
tiv
ities
ca
n
b
e
tailo
r
ed
to
c
ater
th
e
n
ee
d
s
o
f
th
e
tar
g
eted
co
m
m
u
n
it
y
;
I
n
o
th
er
wo
r
d
s
,
C
B
E
ca
n
b
e
u
s
ed
as
a
f
ir
s
t
aid
to
em
p
o
we
r
th
e
co
m
m
u
n
ity
m
e
m
b
er
s
to
im
p
r
o
v
e
th
eir
well
-
b
ein
g
b
ased
o
n
th
ei
r
n
ee
d
s
an
d
th
eir
s
p
ec
if
ic
r
e
s
o
u
r
ce
s
[
7
]
.
I
n
th
e
co
n
te
x
t
o
f
o
u
r
s
tu
d
y
,
th
e
in
itial
in
ter
v
iew
with
t
h
e
lo
ca
l
v
illag
er
s
also
in
d
icate
d
h
i
g
h
lev
el
o
f
p
er
ce
iv
ed
m
ar
g
i
n
ality
(
T
a
b
le
1
)
,
an
d
m
ar
g
in
ality
is
n
eg
ati
v
ely
co
r
r
elate
d
with
th
e
s
en
s
e
o
f
m
atter
in
g
[
8
]
.
Ma
tter
in
g
is
d
ef
in
ed
as
th
e
s
en
s
e
th
at
we
m
atter
to
o
th
er
p
e
o
p
le
[
9
]
.
T
h
e
s
en
s
e
o
f
m
atter
i
n
g
is
co
n
s
id
er
e
d
an
im
p
o
r
tan
t
p
s
y
c
h
o
lo
g
ical
f
ea
tu
r
e
am
o
n
g
ad
u
lts
,
b
ec
a
u
s
e
it
is
a
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
r
o
b
u
s
t
p
r
ed
ict
o
r
o
f
p
s
y
ch
o
l
o
g
ical
well
-
b
ein
g
[
1
0
]
,
s
elf
-
ef
f
icac
y
am
o
n
g
wo
r
k
in
g
ad
u
lts
[
1
1
]
,
a
n
d
en
tr
ep
r
en
eu
r
s
h
i
p
am
o
n
g
ad
u
lts
wh
o
r
u
n
th
ei
r
o
wn
b
u
s
in
ess
[
1
2
]
.
Am
o
n
g
y
o
u
n
g
er
i
n
d
iv
id
u
als,
s
u
ch
as
y
o
u
n
g
ad
u
lts
an
d
s
tu
d
en
ts
,
m
atter
i
n
g
was
r
ep
o
r
ted
to
b
e
th
e
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
p
r
o
tectiv
e
f
ac
to
r
f
o
r
lo
n
elin
ess
[
1
3
]
,
d
ep
r
ess
io
n
an
d
d
estru
ctiv
e
b
eh
av
i
o
r
,
s
u
ch
as
s
u
icid
e
id
ea
tio
n
[
1
4
]
,
s
ig
n
if
ica
n
t f
ac
to
r
s
o
f
s
elf
-
ac
ce
p
tan
ce
[
1
5
]
,
an
d
g
en
er
al
h
a
p
p
in
ess
am
o
n
g
s
tu
d
en
ts
[
1
0
]
.
Fu
r
th
er
m
o
r
e
,
m
atter
in
g
was
d
is
tin
g
u
is
h
ed
in
to
two
ty
p
es,
n
am
ely
in
ter
p
er
s
o
n
al
m
a
tter
in
g
a
nd
s
o
cieta
l
m
atter
in
g
[
4
]
.
I
n
ter
p
e
r
s
o
n
al
m
atter
in
g
was
d
ef
in
ed
as
o
n
e’
s
p
er
ce
p
tio
n
o
f
b
ein
g
v
alu
ed
b
y
s
p
ec
if
ic
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
o
th
e
r
s
(
s
p
o
u
s
es,
p
a
r
en
ts
,
an
d
f
r
ien
d
s
)
,
wh
ile
s
o
ci
etal
m
atter
in
g
was
d
ef
in
e
d
as
o
n
e’
s
p
e
r
ce
p
tio
n
o
f
b
ein
g
v
alu
ed
b
y
s
o
ciety
as
a
wh
o
le,
a
b
elief
th
at
th
e
p
er
s
o
n
ca
n
m
ak
e
a
d
if
f
er
en
ce
an
d
h
av
e
a
n
im
p
ac
t
in
s
o
ciety
,
o
r
in
t
h
e
wo
r
ld
[
1
6
]
.
On
th
e
o
th
er
h
a
n
d
,
s
elf
-
ef
f
ic
ac
y
is
an
o
th
er
im
p
o
r
tan
t
v
ar
i
ab
le
to
b
e
im
p
r
o
v
ed
in
th
e
co
n
tex
t
o
f
Kar
an
g
Pan
d
an
v
illag
e,
b
ec
au
s
e
as
r
ep
r
esen
ted
b
y
T
ab
l
e
1
,
we
d
etec
te
d
th
at
s
elf
-
e
f
f
icac
y
b
elief
was
av
er
ag
ely
lo
w
a
m
o
n
g
th
e
co
m
m
u
n
ity
m
e
m
b
er
s
.
Self
-
ef
f
icac
y
is
th
e
b
elief
th
at
o
n
e
ca
n
p
er
f
o
r
m
well
wh
e
n
d
o
in
g
th
eir
task
[
5
]
an
d
in
th
e
co
n
tex
t
o
f
o
u
r
co
m
m
u
n
ity
,
in
t
er
v
iew
r
esu
lts
with
th
e
ad
u
lts
m
em
b
er
s
in
d
icate
d
th
at
th
ey
h
av
e
lo
w
ef
f
icac
y
in
s
u
s
tain
in
g
an
d
im
p
r
o
v
in
g
th
ei
r
f
in
an
cial
s
itu
atio
n
.
Similar
ly
,
y
o
u
n
g
er
m
em
b
e
r
s
o
f
th
e
co
m
m
u
n
ity
in
d
icate
d
l
o
wer
ac
ad
em
ic
ef
f
icac
y
at
s
ch
o
o
l.
T
h
e
im
p
o
r
tan
ce
o
f
s
elf
-
ef
f
ica
cy
h
as
b
ee
n
h
ig
h
lig
h
ted
b
y
t
h
e
p
r
ev
io
u
s
r
ec
en
t
s
tu
d
ies,
f
o
r
in
s
tan
ce
,
k
n
o
wled
g
e
s
h
ar
i
n
g
an
d
c
o
m
m
u
n
ity
lear
n
in
g
wo
u
ld
n
o
t
tak
e
p
lace
with
o
u
t
m
u
tu
ally
a
d
eq
u
ate
s
elf
-
ef
f
icac
y
am
o
n
g
th
e
c
o
m
m
u
n
ity
m
em
b
e
r
s
[
1
7
]
.
Similar
s
tatem
en
t
was
r
ep
o
r
ted
b
y
Fo
n
g
et
a
l
.
[
1
8
]
,
wh
o
s
u
g
g
ested
th
at
C
B
E
was
co
n
d
u
cted
s
u
cc
ess
f
u
lly
in
Ku
ch
in
g
,
Ma
lay
s
ia,
a
n
d
it
im
p
r
o
v
ed
th
e
co
m
m
u
n
i
ty
m
em
b
er
s
’
s
elf
-
ef
f
icac
y
,
to
g
eth
e
r
with
th
eir
s
u
s
tain
ab
ilit
y
o
f
th
e
to
u
r
is
m
in
d
u
s
tr
y
in
th
eir
ar
ea
.
T
h
e
s
ig
n
if
ican
ce
o
f
s
elf
-
ef
f
icac
y
in
th
e
c
o
n
tex
t
o
f
C
B
E
was a
ls
o
r
ep
o
r
ted
to
p
o
s
itiv
ely
af
f
ec
t le
ad
er
s
h
ip
s
k
ills
[
1
9
]
,
m
o
tiv
atio
n
to
lear
n
[
2
0
]
,
an
d
ac
ad
em
ic
s
u
cc
ess
am
o
n
g
s
tu
d
en
ts
[
2
1
]
.
I
t
is
also
im
p
o
r
tan
t
to
n
o
te
th
at
s
elf
-
ef
f
i
ca
cy
is
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
co
n
n
ec
te
d
t
o
h
o
p
e,
s
p
ir
itu
ality
,
an
d
th
e
s
en
s
e
o
f
m
atter
in
g
[
2
2
]
.
T
ab
le
1
.
Sam
p
les o
f
tr
an
s
lated
ex
ce
r
p
ts
o
f
t
h
e
in
titi
al
in
ter
v
i
ew
r
esp
o
n
s
es
P
a
r
t
i
c
i
p
a
n
t
s
Tr
a
n
s
l
a
t
e
d
r
e
s
p
o
n
s
e
s
Th
e
m
e
s
A
d
u
l
t
0
1
W
e
a
r
e
n
o
t
w
e
l
l
-
c
o
n
n
e
c
t
e
d
w
i
t
h
i
m
p
o
r
t
a
n
t
c
i
t
i
e
s
;
t
h
e
r
e
f
o
r
e
,
i
t
i
s
d
i
f
f
i
c
u
l
t
f
o
r
u
s
t
o
se
l
l
o
u
r
g
o
o
d
s
w
i
t
h
g
o
o
d
p
r
i
c
e
.
T
h
a
t
a
l
so
t
h
e
s
o
u
r
c
e
o
f
o
u
r
c
o
n
c
e
r
n
o
n
o
u
r
c
h
i
l
d
r
e
n
’
s
f
u
t
u
r
e
.
P
e
r
c
e
i
v
e
d
marg
i
n
a
l
i
z
a
t
i
o
n
,
l
o
w
sel
f
-
ef
f
i
c
a
c
y
,
l
o
w
s
o
c
i
e
t
a
l
mat
t
e
r
i
n
g
S
t
u
d
e
n
t
0
1
M
a
n
y
o
f
o
u
r
sc
h
o
o
l
s
u
b
j
e
c
t
s wer
e
d
i
f
f
i
c
u
l
t
,
a
n
d
w
e
w
e
r
e
n
o
t
su
r
e
w
h
a
t
w
e
w
i
l
l
d
o
w
i
t
h
s
u
c
h
s
u
b
j
e
c
t
s w
h
e
n
w
e
g
r
o
w
u
p
.
Lo
w
s
e
l
f
-
e
f
f
i
c
a
c
y
,
l
o
w
s
o
c
i
e
t
a
l
mat
t
e
r
i
n
g
As
r
ep
r
esen
ted
b
y
th
e
e
x
ce
r
p
t
s
’
s
am
p
les
in
T
ab
le
1
a
n
d
t
h
e
af
o
r
em
en
tio
n
ed
r
ev
iewe
d
liter
atu
r
e,
it
is
s
u
g
g
ested
th
at
t
h
e
lack
o
f
m
at
ter
in
g
am
o
n
g
th
e
s
o
ciety
m
e
m
b
er
s
o
f
Kar
an
g
Pan
d
an
v
illag
e
wo
r
th
co
n
ce
r
n
in
g
.
T
h
eir
y
o
u
n
g
er
g
en
e
r
atio
n
m
ig
h
t
n
o
t
b
e
ab
le
to
en
jo
y
a
s
m
o
o
th
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t
d
u
e
to
th
e
p
o
ten
tial
p
r
o
b
lem
s
th
ey
m
ig
h
t
f
ac
e
if
n
o
i
n
ter
v
en
tio
n
is
co
n
d
u
cted
.
Fu
r
th
e
r
m
o
r
e,
th
e
lac
k
o
f
m
atter
in
g
am
o
n
g
th
e
a
d
u
lts
m
ig
h
t
ev
en
lead
to
u
n
d
esira
b
le
s
o
cia
l
ev
en
ts
with
in
th
e
co
m
m
u
n
ity
d
u
e
to
lack
o
f
s
atis
f
ac
tio
n
o
f
life
,
s
elf
-
ef
f
icac
y
,
an
d
in
ad
eq
u
ate
en
tr
ep
r
en
eu
r
s
h
ip
am
o
n
g
th
eir
f
in
a
n
cial
s
tak
eh
o
ld
er
s
.
T
h
u
s
,
we
d
ec
id
ed
to
attem
p
t
to
ad
d
r
ess
th
e
af
o
r
em
e
n
tio
n
ed
c
o
n
ce
r
n
;
n
ev
er
th
eless
,
o
u
r
tim
e
f
o
r
co
m
m
u
n
ity
s
er
v
ice
ac
tiv
ity
was
lim
ited
,
th
er
ef
o
r
e
we
d
ec
id
ed
to
r
eso
r
t to
C
B
E
.
A
m
eta
-
an
aly
s
is
b
y
Als
b
u
r
y
e
t
a
l
.
[
2
3
]
s
u
g
g
ested
th
at
C
B
E
ten
d
s
t
o
r
ea
p
b
en
ef
its
w
h
e
n
th
ey
ar
e
f
o
cu
s
ed
o
n
s
u
b
s
tan
tiv
e
o
u
t
co
m
es,
in
clu
d
i
n
g
im
p
r
o
v
em
en
ts
in
cu
ltu
r
al
ca
p
ital,
s
o
cial
ad
v
o
ca
c
y
,
an
d
in
eq
u
itab
le
p
r
iv
ileg
e
as
well
as
in
s
tu
d
en
ts
’
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
in
g
,
em
p
ath
y
,
an
d
ac
tiv
is
m
f
o
r
d
i
v
er
s
e
co
m
m
u
n
ities
.
Ad
d
itio
n
ally
,
th
e
s
am
e
s
tu
d
y
also
s
u
g
g
ested
th
at
ac
ad
em
ic
o
u
tco
m
e
am
o
n
g
s
tu
d
en
ts
in
th
e
s
o
ciety
wo
u
ld
b
e
im
p
r
o
v
e
d
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
wh
en
t
h
e
C
B
E
was
f
o
cu
s
ed
o
n
th
e
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t
o
f
th
e
s
o
cial
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
b
etwe
en
th
e
s
ch
o
o
l
an
d
c
o
m
m
u
n
ity
m
e
m
b
er
s
.
Fu
r
th
er
m
o
r
e,
m
u
tu
al
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
i
n
g
am
o
n
g
co
m
m
u
n
ity
m
em
b
er
s
is
co
n
s
id
er
ed
im
p
o
r
tan
t
f
o
r
th
e
p
r
o
g
r
ess
o
f
an
y
lear
n
i
n
g
co
m
m
u
n
ity
,
esp
ec
ially
in
o
r
d
er
to
p
r
o
d
u
ce
th
e
h
ab
it
o
f
lear
n
in
g
an
d
ad
ju
s
tin
g
to
th
e
c
h
an
g
es th
at
o
cc
u
r
d
u
r
in
g
th
e
C
B
E
p
er
io
d
[
2
4
]
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
-
8
8
2
2
I
n
t
J
E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
,
Vo
l
.
11
,
No
.
1
,
Ma
r
ch
20
22
:
2
7
2
-
279
274
Su
p
p
o
r
tin
g
th
at,
an
o
th
er
m
eta
-
an
aly
s
is
b
y
San
tab
ár
b
a
r
a
et
a
l
.
[
2
5
]
s
u
g
g
ested
th
at
C
B
E
was
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
m
eth
o
d
in
cu
r
b
in
g
a
n
x
iety
d
i
s
o
r
d
er
s
r
elate
d
to
th
e
co
r
o
n
av
ir
u
s
d
is
ea
s
e
(
C
O
VI
D)
p
an
d
e
m
ic.
T
h
ey
co
llected
cr
o
s
s
-
s
ec
tio
n
al
C
B
E
-
r
elate
d
s
tu
d
ies
p
u
b
lis
h
ed
b
etwe
en
D
ec
em
b
er
1
,
2
0
1
9
an
d
Au
g
u
s
t
2
3
,
2
0
2
0
,
u
s
in
g
Pu
b
Me
d
,
W
o
S,
E
m
b
ase,
an
d
o
th
er
s
o
u
r
ce
s
a
n
d
i
n
clu
d
ed
4
3
s
tu
d
ies
o
u
t
o
f
3
,
0
4
9
r
ec
o
r
d
s
.
T
h
ese
s
tu
d
ies
y
ield
ed
an
esti
m
ated
o
v
e
r
all
p
r
ev
alen
ce
o
f
a
n
x
iety
o
f
2
5
%,
wh
ich
v
ar
ie
d
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
ac
r
o
s
s
th
e
d
if
f
er
en
t
to
o
ls
u
s
ed
to
m
ea
s
u
r
e
an
x
iety
;
h
o
wev
er
,
it wa
s
also
r
ec
o
r
d
e
d
th
at
7
.
3
% o
f
th
e
to
tal
p
o
p
u
lati
o
n
s
h
ad
d
e
v
elo
p
ed
less
lev
el
s
o
f
an
x
iety
d
u
e
to
t
h
e
C
B
E
p
r
ac
tice.
T
h
is
r
ec
en
t
s
tu
d
y
s
u
g
g
ested
th
at
th
e
ap
p
li
ca
tio
n
o
f
C
B
E
ca
n
im
p
r
o
v
e
co
m
m
u
n
al
awa
r
en
es
s
an
d
k
n
o
wled
g
e
th
at
ev
e
n
tu
a
lly
r
ed
u
ce
th
e
n
eg
ati
v
e
ef
f
ec
t
o
f
s
o
cial
ig
n
o
r
a
n
ce
r
elate
d
to
th
e
p
a
n
d
em
ic
i
n
a
la
r
g
er
s
ca
le
o
f
p
o
p
u
lat
io
n
.
T
h
e
af
o
r
em
en
tio
n
e
d
m
eta
-
a
n
aly
s
es
also
in
d
icate
d
an
o
th
e
r
ad
v
an
ta
g
e
o
f
C
B
E
,
wh
ich
l
ies
o
n
its
v
er
s
atility
.
I
n
th
e
ca
s
e
o
f
p
an
d
em
ic,
f
o
r
m
al
-
i
n
s
titu
tio
n
al
ed
u
ca
tio
n
wo
u
ld
n
o
t h
a
v
e
en
o
u
g
h
co
v
er
ag
e
t
o
d
eliv
er
m
ass
iv
e
-
s
ca
le
ed
u
ca
tio
n
as
C
B
E
wo
u
ld
.
Mo
r
eo
v
er
,
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
ed
u
ca
tio
n
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t
m
u
s
t
m
ee
t
th
e
n
ee
d
an
d
in
ter
est
o
f
co
m
m
u
n
ity
m
em
b
er
s
to
im
p
r
o
v
e
th
eir
well
-
b
ein
g
b
ef
o
r
e
it
is
b
r
o
u
g
h
t
to
h
ig
h
er
lev
els
o
f
p
o
p
u
latio
n
[
2
6
]
.
I
n
t
h
e
lig
h
t o
f
th
at,
an
o
t
h
er
m
eta
-
a
n
aly
s
is
b
y
Nah
m
ias
et
al
.
[
2
7
]
r
e
p
o
r
ted
th
at
th
e
p
r
ev
alen
ce
(R
-
s
q
u
ar
e)
o
f
ea
r
ly
in
ter
v
en
t
io
n
p
r
o
g
r
am
f
o
r
c
h
ild
r
en
with
au
tis
m
th
r
o
u
g
h
C
B
E
was
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
m
o
r
e
s
u
p
er
io
r
t
o
th
o
s
e
ass
o
ciate
d
with
u
n
iv
er
s
ities
an
d
h
o
s
p
ita
ls
b
y
0
.
2
1
f
o
r
ad
a
p
tiv
e
b
e
h
a
v
io
r
a
n
d
0
.
3
2
f
o
r
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
o
u
tco
m
es.
I
t
ca
n
b
e
o
b
s
er
v
ed
f
r
o
m
th
e
af
o
r
em
e
n
tio
n
ed
s
tu
d
y
th
at
wh
ile
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
in
s
titu
tio
n
an
d
h
o
s
p
ital
m
ig
h
t
d
ev
elo
p
d
ee
p
er
k
n
o
wled
g
e
o
f
th
e
lear
n
e
r
s
,
th
ey
m
ig
h
t
n
o
t
b
e
ab
le
t
o
s
h
o
w
p
r
ac
tically
m
ea
n
in
g
f
u
l so
cial
i
m
p
ac
t a
s
r
ap
id
as C
B
E
.
On
e
o
f
th
e
ch
ar
ac
ter
is
tics
an
d
ad
v
an
tag
es
o
f
C
B
E
is
th
at
th
e
teac
h
er
s
an
d
th
e
lear
n
er
s
s
h
o
u
ld
ac
tiv
ely
id
en
tify
an
d
d
e
f
in
e
lear
n
in
g
to
p
ics
an
d
g
o
als
to
g
eth
er
[
6
]
,
[
7
]
.
T
h
u
s
,
teac
h
er
s
s
h
o
u
ld
n
o
t
b
e
th
e
s
o
le
s
o
u
r
ce
o
f
k
n
o
wled
g
e,
b
ec
au
s
e
th
e
co
m
m
u
n
ity
m
em
b
er
s
m
ig
h
t
h
av
e
b
etter
in
f
o
r
m
at
io
n
an
d
k
n
o
wled
g
e
r
eg
ar
d
in
g
th
eir
lo
ca
l
p
o
ten
tial
an
d
r
eso
u
r
ce
s
[
3
]
,
[
2
8
]
.
T
h
e
s
u
p
p
o
r
tin
g
ca
s
e
in
th
e
co
n
tex
t
o
f
So
u
th
E
ast
Asi
a
was
th
e
wo
r
k
o
f
B
ich
an
d
C
u
o
n
g
[
2
9
]
in
Vietn
am
.
T
h
ey
h
a
v
e
co
n
d
u
cted
a
q
u
asi
-
ex
p
e
r
im
en
tal,
p
r
e
-
test
–
p
o
s
t
-
test
,
n
o
n
eq
u
iv
ale
n
t
co
n
tr
o
l
g
r
o
u
p
s
tu
d
y
o
n
2
5
1
a
n
d
2
4
1
p
r
eg
n
an
t
wo
m
e
n
an
d
th
eir
h
u
s
b
an
d
s
wer
e
en
r
o
lled
in
to
th
e
in
ter
v
en
tio
n
an
d
co
n
tr
o
l
g
r
o
u
p
s
,
r
esp
ec
tiv
ely
.
T
h
e
C
B
E
was
co
n
d
u
cted
i
n
t
h
e
f
o
r
m
o
f
1
-
y
ea
r
in
ter
v
en
tio
n
ta
r
g
etin
g
f
ath
er
s
i
n
clu
d
ed
m
ass
m
ed
ia,
g
am
e
s
h
o
w
-
s
ty
le
co
m
m
u
n
ity
ev
en
ts
,
g
r
o
u
p
a
n
d
in
d
iv
id
u
al
co
u
n
s
elin
g
at
h
ea
lth
f
ac
ilit
ies
an
d
h
o
m
e
v
is
its
,
an
d
th
e
r
esu
l
ts
in
d
icate
d
th
at
f
ath
er
s
in
th
e
in
ter
v
en
tio
n
g
r
o
u
p
wer
e
also
m
o
r
e
lik
e
ly
to
r
ep
o
r
t
ac
tiv
e
in
v
o
lv
em
en
t
in
s
u
p
p
o
r
tin
g
m
o
th
er
s
to
p
r
ac
tice
e
x
cl
u
s
iv
e
b
r
ea
s
tf
ee
d
in
g
(
E
B
F)
d
u
r
in
g
a
n
ten
atal
an
d
p
o
s
tp
ar
tu
m
p
er
io
d
s
.
I
n
o
th
er
wo
r
d
s
,
th
eir
s
tu
d
y
s
u
g
g
ested
th
at
p
o
s
itiv
e
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
ch
an
g
es
o
f
co
m
m
u
n
al
k
n
o
wl
ed
g
e
an
d
attitu
d
e
to
wa
r
d
s
E
B
F
wer
e
ac
h
iev
ed
in
r
elativ
ely
s
h
o
r
t
tim
e
b
y
u
tili
zin
g
C
B
E
m
eth
o
d
.
Oth
er
s
tu
d
ies
in
d
if
f
er
en
t
c
o
n
tex
ts
r
ep
o
r
ted
t
h
e
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
n
ess
o
f
C
B
E
o
n
lear
n
er
s
,
f
o
r
in
s
tan
ce
,
ex
er
cisi
n
g
m
ed
ical
tr
ea
tm
en
t
as
C
B
E
h
ad
ef
f
ec
tiv
ely
im
p
r
o
v
ed
th
e
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
in
g
a
n
d
s
k
i
lls
am
o
n
g
m
ed
ical
s
tu
d
en
ts
[
3
0
]
an
d
th
at
p
r
a
cticin
g
f
o
r
eig
n
lan
g
u
a
g
e
in
th
e
f
o
r
m
o
f
C
B
E
b
y
lear
n
er
’
s
co
llab
o
r
atio
n
with
s
o
ciety
h
ad
ef
f
ec
tiv
ely
im
p
r
o
v
e
th
e
lan
g
u
ag
e
s
k
ills
am
o
n
g
s
ch
o
o
l
s
tu
d
en
ts
in
r
u
r
al
ar
ea
s
[
7
]
.
I
n
o
th
er
wo
r
d
s
,
C
B
E
f
ac
ilit
ates
th
e
lear
n
er
to
b
u
ild
s
o
cial
in
ter
ac
tio
n
an
d
c
o
llab
o
r
atio
n
to
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
th
e
lear
n
i
n
g
m
ater
ials
with
in
an
d
af
ter
s
ch
o
o
l h
o
u
r
s
[
2
8
]
.
S
u
p
p
o
r
tin
g
th
at,
p
r
ev
i
o
u
s
s
tu
d
y
[
3
1
]
r
ep
o
r
ted
th
at
in
teg
r
atin
g
C
B
E
an
d
cla
s
s
r
o
o
m
in
s
tr
u
ctio
n
p
r
o
m
o
tes
cr
itical
th
in
k
in
g
s
k
ill,
co
m
m
u
n
icat
io
n
s
k
ill,
in
ter
p
er
s
o
n
al
s
k
ill,
lo
ca
l
an
d
g
l
o
b
al
citizen
s
h
ip
,
an
d
in
tr
a
p
er
s
o
n
al
d
ev
elo
p
m
e
n
t.
I
n
th
e
co
n
tex
t
o
f
o
u
r
s
tu
d
y
,
t
h
e
C
B
E
was
co
n
d
u
cted
in
Kar
an
g
Pan
d
an
v
illag
e
,
Ma
lan
g
,
E
ast
J
av
a
,
I
n
d
o
n
esia.
T
h
e
aim
o
f
th
e
C
B
E
was
to
im
p
r
o
v
e
th
eir
p
o
t
en
tial
an
d
n
atu
r
al
talen
ts
,
as
well
as
to
p
r
o
m
o
te
co
m
p
r
eh
e
n
s
iv
e
u
n
d
e
r
s
tan
d
in
g
o
f
s
ch
o
o
l
cu
r
r
icu
lu
m
f
o
r
s
ch
o
o
l
s
tu
d
en
ts
in
th
e
co
m
m
u
n
ity
.
T
h
e
C
B
E
was
co
n
d
u
cte
d
b
y
s
tu
d
en
ts
an
d
lectu
r
er
s
o
f
o
u
r
u
n
iv
e
r
s
ity
as
o
u
r
c
o
m
m
u
n
ity
s
er
v
ice
a
n
d
co
n
tr
ib
u
tio
n
to
th
e
n
atio
n
al
d
ev
el
o
p
m
e
n
t,
esp
ec
i
ally
in
th
e
lin
e
o
f
h
u
m
an
r
e
s
o
u
r
ce
s
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t.
T
h
e
e
m
p
o
wer
m
en
t
o
f
t
h
e
h
u
m
an
r
eso
u
r
c
e
in
th
is
ar
ea
is
co
n
s
id
er
ed
im
p
o
r
tan
t
b
ase
d
o
n
o
u
r
in
itial
s
u
r
v
ey
o
n
th
e
v
illag
e
p
o
ten
tial,
d
em
o
g
r
a
p
h
y
,
s
o
cial
life
,
ed
u
c
atio
n
,
an
d
ec
o
n
o
m
ic
well
-
b
ei
n
g
.
I
t
was
s
u
g
g
ested
th
at
th
er
e
wer
e
two
m
ain
ar
ea
s
th
at
n
ee
d
t
o
b
e
im
p
r
o
v
e
d
,
n
am
ely
d
iv
e
r
s
if
icatio
n
o
f
th
e
p
o
ten
tial
talen
ts
,
a
n
d
th
e
i
m
p
r
o
v
e
m
en
t
o
f
th
e
co
m
p
r
eh
e
n
s
iv
e
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
in
g
o
f
s
ch
o
o
l c
u
r
r
icu
l
u
m
am
o
n
g
s
t
u
d
en
ts
in
th
e
c
o
m
m
u
n
ity
.
Un
til
th
e
tim
e
th
i
s
p
ap
er
is
b
ei
n
g
wr
itten
,
th
e
m
ajo
r
ity
o
f
th
e
v
illag
er
s
in
Kar
an
g
Pan
d
an
r
ely
o
n
r
ice
f
ar
m
in
g
as
th
eir
m
ain
in
co
m
e,
wh
ile
s
o
m
e
o
f
th
em
r
ely
o
n
tr
ad
itio
n
al
h
o
m
e
in
d
u
s
tr
y
p
r
o
d
u
cts
with
m
in
im
u
m
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
o
f
d
i
g
ital
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
,
f
ew
o
f
t
h
em
wo
r
k
as
civ
il
s
er
v
an
ts
.
T
h
e
v
illag
e
h
as
two
p
u
b
lic
elem
en
tar
y
s
ch
o
o
ls
,
o
n
e
ju
n
i
o
r
h
ig
h
s
ch
o
o
l
af
f
iliated
with
Hid
u
f
o
u
n
d
a
tio
n
,
o
n
e
I
s
lam
ic
ju
n
i
o
r
h
ig
h
s
ch
o
o
l
o
r
it
is
ca
lled
Ma
d
r
a
s
a
h
Ts
a
n
a
w
iya
h
,
o
n
e
p
r
iv
ate
s
en
io
r
h
ig
h
s
ch
o
o
l,
an
d
o
n
e
s
en
io
r
v
o
ca
tio
n
al
s
ch
o
o
l.
T
h
e
d
ata
s
h
o
w
th
at
th
e
v
illag
e
p
eo
p
le
ar
e
h
ig
h
ly
co
n
ce
r
n
e
d
with
t
h
e
im
p
o
r
tan
c
e
o
f
ed
u
ca
tio
n
f
o
r
t
h
e
f
u
tu
r
e
o
f
y
o
u
n
g
g
e
n
er
atio
n
an
d
th
e
v
illag
er
s
.
B
ased
o
n
t
h
e
d
em
o
g
r
ap
h
ical,
e
d
u
ca
tio
n
al,
an
d
in
ter
v
iew
with
th
e
v
i
llag
er
s
,
r
esear
ch
er
s
d
ec
id
ed
to
i
n
clu
d
ed
C
B
E
p
r
o
g
r
am
i
n
th
e
v
a
r
io
u
s
f
ield
s
,
n
am
ely
Ar
a
b
ic
lan
g
u
a
g
e
c
lass
,
Qu
r
an
class
,
i
n
f
o
r
m
atio
n
t
ec
h
n
o
lo
g
y
,
an
d
ex
tr
ac
u
r
r
icu
la
r
a
ctiv
ities
.
E
ac
h
o
f
t
h
e
f
ield
is
d
is
cu
s
s
ed
in
th
e
f
o
llo
win
g
s
u
b
s
ec
tio
n
s
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t
J
E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
8
2
2
Dev
elo
p
in
g
s
elf
-
effica
cy
,
ma
tt
erin
g
,
a
n
d
g
en
era
l well
-
b
ein
g
th
r
o
u
g
h
c
o
mmu
n
ity
-
b
a
s
ed
… (
A
b
d
u
l A
z
iz
)
275
B
ased
o
n
o
u
r
in
itial
in
ter
v
iew,
we
co
n
clu
d
e
d
th
at
s
ev
er
al
p
r
o
b
lem
s
wer
e
r
aised
b
y
th
e
v
illa
g
er
s
,
b
o
th
th
e
ad
u
lts
o
r
th
e
s
ch
o
o
l
s
tu
d
en
ts
.
Mo
s
t
o
f
th
e
ad
u
lts
wh
o
wer
e
in
v
o
lv
ed
in
h
o
m
e
in
d
u
s
tr
y
s
ec
to
r
s
ten
d
to
r
aise
p
r
o
b
lem
s
in
m
ar
k
etin
g
th
eir
p
r
o
d
u
cts,
wh
ile
th
o
s
e
wh
o
f
a
r
m
r
ep
o
r
ted
th
e
in
s
tab
ilit
y
o
f
th
e
v
alu
e
o
f
th
ei
r
p
r
o
d
u
cts
in
th
e
lo
ca
l
m
ar
k
et.
Mo
s
t
ad
u
lts
wh
o
h
av
e
ch
ild
r
en
ten
d
to
s
h
o
w
s
o
m
e
co
n
ce
r
n
s
r
elate
d
to
th
e
f
u
tu
r
e
o
f
th
eir
ch
ild
r
en
d
u
e
to
th
eir
b
elief
th
at
t
h
e
lo
ca
l
co
m
m
u
n
it
y
s
ch
o
o
ls
we
r
e
n
o
t
as
g
o
o
d
a
s
th
e
s
ch
o
o
ls
i
n
th
e
cities.
Mo
s
t
s
ch
o
o
l
s
tu
d
en
ts
i
n
th
e
co
m
m
u
n
ity
s
h
o
we
d
th
e
ten
d
en
cy
th
at
th
ey
wer
e
n
o
t
h
ig
h
ly
m
o
tiv
ated
to
s
tu
d
y
in
s
ch
o
o
ls
d
u
e
t
o
th
e
f
a
ct
th
at
th
ey
b
eliev
e
th
at
th
eir
teac
h
er
s
co
u
ld
n
o
t
s
ee
th
e
b
ig
g
er
p
ictu
r
e
o
f
wh
at
th
e
f
u
tu
r
e
h
o
ld
s
f
o
r
th
em
,
an
d
it led
to
th
e
d
r
o
p
o
f
ac
ad
e
m
ic
s
elf
-
ef
f
icac
y
an
d
s
elf
-
esteem
[
3
2
]
.
Fu
r
th
er
,
th
e
s
itu
atio
n
led
th
em
to
lear
n
th
at
th
e
y
ar
e
ac
ad
em
i
ca
lly
h
elp
less
,
an
d
lear
n
ed
h
el
p
less
n
ess
lead
s
to
f
u
r
t
h
er
ac
a
d
em
ic
co
n
s
eq
u
en
ce
s
,
s
u
ch
as
p
er
ce
iv
e
d
d
ep
r
ess
io
n
[
3
3
]
.
W
h
ile
th
ey
we
r
e
q
u
ite
s
av
v
y
with
s
o
cial
m
ed
ia,
th
ey
d
id
n
o
t
s
e
em
to
b
e
v
er
y
ex
p
o
s
ed
to
a
n
y
ca
r
ee
r
p
ath
o
th
er
th
an
wh
at
m
o
s
t
ad
u
lts
in
th
e
v
illag
e
d
o
f
o
r
liv
in
g
.
I
t
was
also
d
etec
ted
th
at
m
o
s
t
o
f
th
e
co
m
m
u
n
ity
m
em
b
er
s
at
an
y
a
g
e
d
ev
elo
p
ed
lo
w
s
en
s
e
o
f
s
o
cieta
l
m
atter
in
g
,
t
h
e
f
ee
lin
g
th
at
th
ey
m
atter
to
th
e
lar
g
e
r
wo
r
ld
o
u
ts
id
e
th
eir
co
m
m
u
n
ity
,
wh
ile
h
av
in
g
a
d
eq
u
ate
le
v
el
o
f
i
n
ter
p
er
s
o
n
al
s
en
s
e
o
f
m
atter
i
n
g
.
2.
RE
S
E
ARCH
M
E
T
H
O
D
W
e
h
av
e
co
n
d
u
cte
d
th
e
C
B
E
b
y
in
v
o
lv
in
g
o
u
r
s
elv
es
as
C
B
E
f
ac
ilit
ato
r
s
in
to
th
e
life
o
f
th
e
v
illag
er
s
to
h
elp
th
em
to
im
p
r
o
v
e
th
e
ce
r
tain
f
ield
s
th
at
we
h
av
e
p
r
ev
io
u
s
ly
d
is
cu
s
s
ed
.
I
n
ter
v
iew
s
an
d
o
b
s
er
v
atio
n
s
wer
e
co
n
d
u
cted
alo
n
g
th
e
p
r
o
c
ess
.
T
h
e
d
ata
was c
o
m
p
iled
an
d
tr
an
s
cr
ib
ed
i
n
o
r
d
er
to
b
e
an
aly
ze
d
f
u
r
th
er
.
2
.
1
.
Ara
bic la
ng
ua
g
e
e
x
t
ra
c
la
s
s
es
Ar
ab
ic
lan
g
u
ag
e
is
a
co
m
p
u
ls
o
r
y
s
u
b
ject
f
o
r
th
e
p
u
p
ils
o
f
I
s
lam
ic
J
u
n
io
r
Hig
h
Sch
o
o
l
o
r
Ma
d
r
a
s
a
h
Ts
a
n
a
w
iya
h
(
MT
s
)
in
th
e
v
ill
ag
e,
an
d
it
is
s
tar
ted
in
th
eir
f
i
r
s
t
y
ea
r
o
f
MT
s
u
n
til
th
ey
g
r
a
d
u
ated
.
Mo
s
t
o
f
th
e
p
u
p
ils
r
ep
o
r
te
d
d
if
f
icu
lties
in
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
i
n
g
th
e
lear
n
in
g
m
ater
ials
.
T
h
ey
also
r
ep
o
r
te
d
th
at
th
ey
wer
e
o
n
l
y
lear
n
ed
th
e
s
u
b
ject
with
in
class
h
o
u
r
(
o
f
f
o
u
r
h
o
u
r
s
p
er
wee
k
)
,
an
d
n
e
v
er
h
ad
a
n
y
ch
an
ce
s
to
p
r
ac
tice
it
ou
ts
id
e
th
e
class
h
o
u
r
.
W
e
al
s
o
id
en
tifie
d
th
at
th
e
class
es
th
ey
atten
d
p
r
io
r
itized
m
o
r
e
o
n
th
e
wr
itten
asp
ec
ts
an
d
p
ass
iv
e
lan
g
u
ag
e
s
k
ills
th
r
o
u
g
h
g
r
am
m
atica
l tr
a
n
s
latio
n
m
eth
o
d
.
T
h
e
s
tu
d
en
ts
o
f
o
u
r
u
n
iv
e
r
s
ity
wh
o
co
n
d
u
cte
d
th
e
C
B
E
d
ec
id
ed
to
d
ev
elo
p
s
tr
at
eg
ies
to
cr
ea
te
h
ap
p
ier
a
n
d
ea
s
ier
Ar
a
b
ic
lear
n
in
g
atm
o
s
p
h
er
e.
T
h
ey
m
o
tiv
ated
MT
s
p
u
p
ils
to
p
r
ac
tice
ex
p
r
ess
in
g
Ar
ab
ic
f
o
r
s
im
p
le
ac
tiv
ity
.
T
h
e
y
ask
ed
t
h
e
p
u
p
ils
to
tell
wh
at
th
ey
d
o
i
n
th
e
m
o
r
n
i
n
g
b
ef
o
r
e
s
ch
o
o
l
h
o
u
r
s
,
wh
at
t
h
ey
d
o
d
u
r
in
g
s
ch
o
o
l h
o
u
r
s
,
an
d
wh
at
th
ey
d
o
at
h
o
m
e
with
f
am
ily
a
f
ter
s
ch
o
o
l h
o
u
r
s
.
T
ellin
g
d
ail
y
ac
tiv
ity
in
s
im
p
le
Ar
ab
ic
ex
p
r
ess
io
n
im
p
r
o
v
es
th
eir
en
jo
y
m
en
t
an
d
h
a
p
p
in
e
s
s
in
lear
n
in
g
th
e
lan
g
u
ag
e.
Dig
ital
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
u
s
ag
e
was
also
in
tr
o
d
u
ce
d
in
o
r
d
er
t
o
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
th
e
lear
n
in
g
.
T
h
e
lea
r
n
er
s
wer
e
ask
ed
t
o
tell
an
d
wr
ite
th
e
m
ater
ials
in
s
im
p
le
co
n
v
er
s
ati
o
n
an
d
co
m
p
o
s
itio
n
.
T
h
e
C
B
E
f
ac
ilit
ato
r
s
p
lay
ed
th
e
r
o
le
as
a
f
ac
ilit
ato
r
an
d
p
ar
tn
er
f
o
r
th
eir
lear
n
e
r
s
to
p
r
ac
tice
an
d
im
p
r
o
v
e
Ar
ab
ic
lan
g
u
ag
e
s
k
ills
o
u
ts
id
e
th
e
cla
s
s
.
T
h
e
f
ac
il
itato
r
h
ad
p
aid
b
ig
ef
f
o
r
ts
to
in
teg
r
ate
lear
n
in
g
ac
tiv
ity
in
th
e
class
an
d
in
f
o
r
m
al
lear
n
in
g
ac
tiv
ity
with
f
ac
i
litato
r
af
ter
s
ch
o
o
l
h
o
u
r
.
I
t
h
a
s
b
ee
n
r
ep
o
r
ted
in
a
p
r
ev
io
u
s
s
tu
d
y
th
at
u
tili
zin
g
g
am
e
elem
en
ts
in
lear
n
in
g
w
o
u
ld
im
p
r
o
v
e
th
e
s
tu
d
en
ts
’
s
elf
-
esteem
,
a
p
ar
t
f
r
o
m
th
eir
ac
ad
em
ic
ab
ilit
y
[
3
4
]
.
T
h
is
ac
tiv
ity
s
u
cc
ess
f
u
lly
im
p
r
o
v
ed
th
e
lea
r
n
er
s
’
ac
h
iev
em
e
n
ts
an
d
m
o
tiv
atio
n
to
lear
n
.
I
n
ter
v
iews
wer
e
co
n
d
u
c
ted
to
th
e
s
tu
d
en
ts
an
d
th
e
t
h
e
m
atic
an
aly
s
es
in
d
icate
d
p
o
s
itiv
e
r
esp
o
n
s
e
in
th
e
s
u
b
ject
o
f
A
r
ab
ic,
m
o
tiv
atio
n
to
lear
n
an
d
in
ter
p
e
r
s
o
n
al
m
at
ter
in
g
.
T
a
b
le
2
p
r
esen
ts
th
e
s
a
m
p
les
o
f
t
r
an
s
lated
ex
ce
r
p
ts
o
f
th
e
in
ter
v
iew
r
esp
o
n
s
es o
n
Ar
ab
ic
e
x
tr
a
class
es.
T
ab
le
2
.
Sam
p
les o
f
tr
an
s
lated
ex
ce
r
p
ts
o
f
t
h
e
in
ter
v
iew
r
esp
o
n
s
es o
n
Ar
ab
ic
e
x
tr
a
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p
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l
ma
t
t
e
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i
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g
(
t
o
t
h
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c
o
m
mu
n
i
t
y
)
En
t
r
e
p
r
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n
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u
r
0
1
W
e
st
a
r
t
t
o
r
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c
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i
v
e
m
o
r
e
o
r
d
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r
s o
f
w
o
o
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e
n
mas
k
s
t
o
b
e
s
e
n
t
t
o
v
a
r
i
o
u
s
p
a
r
t
s
o
f
t
h
e
c
o
u
n
t
r
.
I
t
i
s
a
v
e
r
y
g
o
o
d
p
r
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g
r
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ss
f
o
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r
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n
d
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h
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l
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g
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e
r
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l
.
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mp
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v
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l
f
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f
f
i
c
a
c
y
,
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mp
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v
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d
s
o
c
i
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l
ma
t
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i
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g
(
t
o
t
h
e
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m
mu
n
i
t
y
)
2
.
4
.
E
x
t
ra
curr
icula
r
a
ct
iv
it
ies (
E
CA)
Mo
s
t
o
f
o
u
r
C
B
E
f
ac
ilit
ato
r
s
ar
e
m
em
b
e
r
s
o
f
th
e
ca
m
p
u
s
b
o
y
s
co
u
ts
an
d
P
e
n
ca
k
S
ila
t
(
PS
)
,
I
n
d
o
n
esian
m
ar
tial
ar
ts
.
T
h
ey
co
n
d
u
cte
d
b
o
th
e
x
tr
ac
u
r
r
icu
la
r
ac
tiv
ities
am
o
n
g
th
e
s
tu
d
en
t
s
o
f
th
e
s
ch
o
o
ls
in
th
e
v
illag
e,
an
d
th
e
r
esp
o
n
s
e
was
v
er
y
p
o
s
itiv
e
an
d
en
th
u
s
iast
ic.
T
ab
le
5
s
h
o
ws
th
e
ex
am
p
le
o
f
th
eir
r
esp
o
n
s
es o
f
th
e
E
C
A.
T
ab
le
5
.
Sam
p
le
s
o
f
tr
an
s
lated
ex
ce
r
p
ts
o
f
t
h
e
in
ter
v
iew
r
esp
o
n
s
es o
n
E
C
A
P
a
r
t
i
c
i
p
a
n
t
s
Tr
a
n
s
l
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t
e
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s
p
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e
s
Th
e
m
e
s
B
o
y
s
c
o
u
t
02
Th
i
s
a
c
t
i
v
i
t
y
t
a
u
g
h
t
me
l
o
t
s
o
f
l
i
v
i
n
g
s
k
i
l
l
s
t
h
a
t
I
d
i
d
n
’
t
l
e
a
r
n
a
t
s
c
h
o
o
l
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r
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t
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o
m
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s
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Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t
J
E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
8
2
2
Dev
elo
p
in
g
s
elf
-
effica
cy
,
ma
tt
erin
g
,
a
n
d
g
en
era
l well
-
b
ein
g
th
r
o
u
g
h
c
o
mmu
n
ity
-
b
a
s
ed
… (
A
b
d
u
l A
z
iz
)
277
2
.
5
.
O
v
er
a
ll
a
na
ly
s
is
I
t
is
id
en
tifia
b
le
th
at
C
B
E
d
u
r
in
g
o
u
r
c
o
m
m
u
n
ity
s
er
v
ice
h
ad
b
r
o
u
g
h
t
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
im
p
ac
t
to
th
is
s
o
ciety
.
E
s
p
ec
ially
in
ter
m
s
o
f
th
eir
s
elf
-
ef
f
icac
y
a
n
d
g
e
n
er
al
m
atter
in
g
.
W
h
ile
o
u
r
in
ten
t w
as to
im
p
r
o
v
e
t
h
eir
g
en
er
al
well
-
b
ein
g
,
th
e
r
esp
o
n
s
e
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
co
m
m
u
n
ity
was
o
v
er
wh
elm
i
n
g
ly
p
o
s
itiv
e.
Ap
ar
t
f
r
o
m
in
tan
g
ib
le
p
o
s
itiv
e
r
esu
lts
,
s
u
ch
as
th
e
i
m
p
r
o
v
e
m
en
t
o
f
t
h
eir
m
o
tiv
at
io
n
to
lear
n
,
s
elf
-
ef
f
icac
y
,
a
n
d
m
atter
in
g
,
s
o
m
e
tan
g
ib
le
r
esu
lts
wer
e
o
b
s
er
v
e
d
.
Fo
r
in
s
tan
ce
,
th
e
s
ig
n
i
f
ican
t
in
cr
ea
s
e
o
f
th
e
s
ale
f
r
o
m
h
o
m
e
in
d
u
s
tr
ies
an
d
f
ar
m
s
th
at
o
p
e
n
s
ex
tr
a
em
p
l
o
y
m
en
ts
as we
ll a
s
th
e
ef
f
icien
cy
o
f
th
e
v
illag
e
o
f
f
ice
r
s
er
v
ices.
3.
RE
SU
L
T
S AN
D
D
I
SCU
SS
I
O
N
W
h
ile
th
e
r
esu
lts
s
o
u
n
d
p
o
s
itiv
e,
we
r
ea
lize
th
at
o
u
r
s
tu
d
y
an
d
p
r
o
g
r
am
ar
e
n
o
t
with
o
u
t
lim
itatio
n
.
As
p
r
o
g
r
am
f
ac
ilit
ato
r
s
,
it
is
o
u
r
co
n
ce
r
n
wh
eth
e
r
we
ca
n
s
u
s
tain
th
eir
m
o
tiv
atio
n
an
d
p
r
o
g
r
ess
wh
en
o
u
r
co
m
m
u
n
ity
s
er
v
ice
p
e
r
io
d
is
o
v
er
.
W
h
ile
we
m
an
ag
ed
to
im
p
ar
t
s
o
m
e
o
f
th
e
k
n
o
wled
g
e,
we
r
ea
lized
th
at
o
u
r
f
ac
ilit
ato
r
s
d
id
n
o
t
h
av
e
en
o
u
g
h
tim
e
to
t
r
ain
an
y
s
u
cc
ess
o
r
f
o
r
ce
r
tain
ac
tiv
ities
lik
e
th
e
P
S,
b
o
y
s
co
u
t
,
Qu
r
an
class
es,
o
r
Ar
ab
ic
clas
s
es.
Sim
ilar
ly
,
we
ar
e
n
o
t
s
u
r
e
wh
eth
er
th
e
I
T
k
n
o
wled
g
e
o
f
th
e
v
illag
e
o
f
f
icer
s
an
d
t
h
e
b
u
s
in
ess
o
wn
er
s
will
b
e
u
p
d
at
ed
wh
en
th
e
n
ew
v
er
s
io
n
o
f
t
ec
h
n
o
lo
g
y
a
r
r
iv
ed
.
T
h
e
r
ef
o
r
e
,
o
u
r
u
n
i
v
er
s
ity
h
as
d
ec
id
ed
to
h
av
e
t
h
is
co
m
m
u
n
ity
s
er
v
ice
as
a
co
n
tin
u
o
u
s
p
r
o
g
r
a
m
.
I
t
is
ex
p
ec
ted
th
at
th
e
p
r
o
g
r
ess
in
th
e
v
illag
e
o
f
Kar
a
n
g
Pan
d
a
n
ca
n
b
e
s
u
s
tain
ed
.
I
n
th
e
co
n
tex
t
o
f
r
esear
ch
,
th
e
lim
itatio
n
o
f
t
h
is
s
tu
d
y
is
th
at
th
e
im
p
ac
t
we
r
ec
o
r
d
ed
in
o
u
r
f
in
d
in
g
s
m
ig
h
t
h
av
e
b
ee
n
th
e
p
r
o
d
u
ct
o
f
n
o
v
elty
.
T
h
e
co
m
m
u
n
ity
m
em
b
er
s
wer
e
ex
cited
to
jo
in
m
o
s
t
o
f
th
e
ac
tiv
ities
b
ec
au
s
e
it
was
n
ew
f
o
r
th
em
,
an
d
th
er
e
is
n
o
w
ar
r
an
t
y
th
at
t
h
er
e
will
b
e
tu
r
n
o
v
er
in
ten
tio
n
wh
en
th
e
ac
tiv
ities
b
ec
o
m
e
n
o
lo
n
g
er
n
o
v
el.
An
o
th
er
lim
itatio
n
is
th
at
we
d
id
n
o
t
q
u
an
titativ
ely
m
ea
s
u
r
e
th
e
im
p
r
o
v
em
en
t
o
f
ce
r
tain
p
s
y
ch
o
lo
g
ical
f
ea
tu
r
es,
s
u
ch
as
m
o
tiv
atio
n
,
m
atter
in
g
,
an
d
s
elf
-
ef
f
icac
y
.
I
t
i
s
h
ig
h
ly
s
u
g
g
ested
f
o
r
th
e
f
u
tu
r
e
r
esear
c
h
to
co
n
d
u
ct
t
h
e
q
u
an
titativ
e
v
er
s
io
n
o
f
a
s
im
il
ar
s
tu
d
y
.
Fu
r
th
er
r
ec
o
m
m
en
d
atio
n
f
o
r
f
u
tu
r
e
r
esear
ch
is
r
elate
d
to
t
h
e
d
e
v
elo
p
m
e
n
t
an
d
ef
f
ec
t
o
f
m
atter
in
g
am
o
n
g
th
e
co
m
m
u
n
it
y
m
em
b
er
s
.
W
h
ile
th
e
C
B
E
p
r
o
g
r
am
m
an
ag
ed
to
im
p
r
o
v
e
th
ei
r
s
en
s
e
o
f
m
atter
in
g
,
will
we
b
e
ab
le
to
s
ee
im
p
r
o
v
em
en
t
in
o
th
er
p
s
y
ch
o
lo
g
ical
f
ea
tu
r
es
as
in
th
e
p
r
ev
io
u
s
s
tu
d
ies,
s
u
ch
as
en
tr
ep
r
en
e
u
r
s
h
ip
[
1
2
]
an
d
s
elf
-
ef
f
icac
y
am
o
n
g
wo
r
k
i
n
g
ad
u
l
ts
[
1
1
]
?
I
t
is
s
u
g
g
ested
to
co
n
d
u
ct
f
u
tu
r
e
s
tu
d
ies
r
elate
d
to
t
h
e
im
p
r
o
v
em
e
n
t
o
f
th
e
af
o
r
e
m
en
tio
n
e
d
v
a
r
iab
les
t
h
r
o
u
g
h
C
B
E
.
Fu
r
th
e
r
m
o
r
e,
wh
ile
we
m
an
ag
e
d
to
im
p
r
o
v
e
th
e
m
atter
in
g
am
o
n
g
th
e
y
o
u
n
g
er
m
em
b
er
o
f
th
e
c
o
m
m
u
n
ity
,
we
n
eith
er
m
ea
s
u
r
ed
th
e
d
ec
r
ea
s
e
o
f
lev
els
o
f
v
ar
iab
les
th
at
m
atter
in
g
m
ig
h
t
p
r
o
tect
th
em
f
r
o
m
,
s
u
ch
as
lo
n
elin
ess
[
1
3
]
,
d
estru
c
tiv
e
b
eh
av
io
r
[
3
6
]
,
n
o
r
d
id
we
g
au
g
e
o
th
e
r
v
ar
i
ab
les
th
at
m
atter
in
g
m
ig
h
t
h
av
e
im
p
r
o
v
e
d
,
s
u
ch
as
s
elf
-
ac
ce
p
tan
ce
[
1
5
]
an
d
g
en
er
al
h
a
p
p
in
ess
am
o
n
g
s
tu
d
en
t
s
[
1
0
]
.
4.
CO
NCLU
SI
O
N
T
h
e
C
B
E
in
Kar
an
g
Pan
d
an
v
illag
e
was
co
n
s
id
er
ed
s
u
cc
ess
f
u
l
in
ac
h
iev
in
g
its
s
h
o
r
t
-
ter
m
g
o
als,
wh
ich
ar
e
to
im
p
r
o
v
e
th
e
co
m
m
u
n
ity
m
em
b
er
s
’
s
en
s
e
o
f
m
a
tter
in
g
an
d
s
o
lv
e
s
o
m
e
c
o
m
m
u
n
al
is
s
u
es,
s
u
ch
as
s
ch
o
o
l
en
g
ag
em
e
n
t,
civ
il
s
er
v
ice,
an
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1
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E.
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[
1
8
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[
1
9
]
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Li
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J.
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C
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1
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T.
M
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2
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2
3
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T.
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J.
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2
6
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[
2
7
]
A
.
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[
2
8
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Q
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