I
nte
rna
t
io
na
l
J
o
urna
l o
f
E
v
a
lua
t
io
n a
nd
Resea
rc
h in Ed
uca
t
io
n (
I
J
E
RE
)
Vo
l.
9
,
No
.
3
,
Sep
tem
b
er
2020
,
p
p
.
675
~
683
I
SS
N:
2
2
5
2
-
8822
,
DOI
: 1
0
.
1
1
5
9
1
/
i
j
er
e
.
v9
i
3
.
2
0
5
8
1
675
J
o
ur
na
l ho
m
ep
a
g
e
:
h
ttp
:
//ij
ere.
ia
esco
r
e.
co
m
A sy
ste
m
a
tic
revi
e
w
of photo
v
o
ice as
participa
tory
actio
n
resea
rch stra
teg
ie
s
Na
di Su
pra
pto
1
,
T
it
in
Su
na
r
t
i
2
,
Su
liy
a
na
h
3
,
Desi Wu
la
nd
a
ri
4
,
H
a
s
a
n N.
H
ida
y
a
a
t
ull
a
a
h
5
,
Alif
S.
Ada
m
6
,
H
us
n
i M
ub
a
r
o
k
7
1,
2,
3,
4
,
5,
6
,
7
P
h
y
sic
s E
d
u
c
a
ti
o
n
P
r
o
g
ra
m
,
Un
iv
e
rsitas
N
e
g
e
ri
S
u
ra
b
a
y
a
,
I
n
d
o
n
e
sia
7
G
ra
d
u
a
te In
stit
u
te o
f
Dig
it
a
l
L
e
a
rn
in
g
a
n
d
E
d
u
c
a
ti
o
n
,
Na
ti
o
n
a
l
T
a
iw
a
n
Un
iv
e
rsit
y
o
f
S
c
ien
c
e
a
n
d
T
e
c
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
,
Tai
w
a
n
Art
icle
I
nfo
AB
ST
RAC
T
A
r
ticle
his
to
r
y:
R
ec
eiv
ed
Ma
r
1
0
,
2
0
2
0
R
ev
i
s
ed
J
u
l
1
1
,
2
0
2
0
A
cc
ep
ted
A
u
g
5
,
2
0
2
0
P
h
o
t
o
v
o
ice
re
se
a
rc
h
is
c
o
n
d
u
c
te
d
b
y
re
se
a
rc
h
e
rs
to
c
o
m
m
u
n
ica
te
im
a
g
e
s
o
r
p
h
o
to
g
ra
p
h
s,
a
n
d
it
h
a
s
h
ig
h
c
o
n
f
id
e
n
c
e
in
a
n
a
ly
z
in
g
th
e
v
a
lu
e
,
sto
ry
o
r
m
e
a
n
in
g
o
f
a
n
im
a
g
e
.
S
e
v
e
ra
l
p
re
v
io
u
s
stu
d
ie
s
th
a
t
e
x
a
m
in
e
d
p
h
o
to
v
o
ice
a
s
a
re
se
a
rc
h
stra
teg
y
we
re
a
n
a
l
y
z
e
d
a
n
d
re
v
iew
e
d
.
T
h
is
sy
st
e
m
a
ti
c
re
v
ie
w
u
se
d
a
n
a
rti
c
le
se
lec
ti
o
n
p
ro
c
e
ss
.
It
wa
s
d
e
f
in
in
g
th
e
p
u
rp
o
se
,
c
o
n
d
u
c
ti
n
g
a
li
tera
tu
re
se
a
rc
h
,
p
u
ll
i
n
g
a
rti
c
les
b
y
re
a
d
in
g
a
b
stra
c
ts,
re
a
d
in
g
th
e
f
u
ll
p
a
p
e
r,
d
a
ta
a
b
stra
c
ti
o
n
,
a
n
d
c
o
n
d
u
c
ti
n
g
a
n
a
n
a
ly
sis.
T
h
e
p
h
o
to
v
o
ice
a
rti
c
le
se
lec
ti
o
n
w
a
s
c
las
si
f
ied
in
to
e
d
u
c
a
ti
o
n
,
h
e
a
lt
h
,
a
n
d
so
c
ial
sc
ien
c
e
d
o
m
a
in
.
F
in
a
ll
y
,
f
o
rt
y
-
o
n
e
a
rti
c
les
h
a
v
e
b
e
e
n
re
v
ie
w
e
d
w
it
h
th
e
to
tal
o
f
p
a
rti
c
ip
a
n
ts
in
v
o
lv
e
d
ra
n
g
e
d
f
ro
m
f
i
v
e
to
f
i
f
t
y
in
d
iv
id
u
a
ls.
T
h
e
m
a
jo
rit
y
o
f
re
se
a
rc
h
m
e
th
o
d
i
n
th
e
a
rti
c
les
w
a
s
p
a
r
ti
c
ip
a
to
ry
a
c
ti
o
n
re
se
a
rc
h
(P
A
R)
th
ro
u
g
h
q
u
a
li
tativ
e
i
n
q
u
iry
o
r
f
ield
v
isit
s.
M
e
a
n
w
h
il
e
,
t
h
e
re
se
a
rc
h
i
n
stru
m
e
n
ts
u
se
d
p
h
o
to
g
ra
p
h
y
,
d
o
c
u
m
e
n
tatio
n
,
o
b
se
rv
a
ti
o
n
,
a
n
d
in
terv
iew
s.
In
v
a
r
io
u
s
f
ield
s
o
f
re
se
a
rc
h
,
p
h
o
to
v
o
ice
is
a
b
le
to
in
c
re
a
se
th
e
u
n
d
e
rsta
n
d
in
g
o
f
in
d
i
v
id
u
a
ls
o
r
g
ro
u
p
s t
o
i
n
terp
re
t
t
h
e
c
o
n
ten
t
o
f
a
n
im
a
g
e
o
r
p
h
o
to
.
K
ey
w
o
r
d
s
:
P
ar
ticip
ato
r
y
ac
tio
n
r
esear
ch
P
h
o
to
v
o
ice
Qu
alitat
iv
e
i
n
q
u
ir
y
S
y
s
te
m
a
tic
r
ev
ie
w
T
h
is i
s
a
n
o
p
e
n
a
c
c
e
ss
a
rticle
u
n
d
e
r th
e
CC B
Y
-
SA
li
c
e
n
se
.
C
o
r
r
e
s
p
o
nd
ing
A
uth
o
r
:
Nad
i Su
p
r
ap
to
,
P
h
y
s
ic
s
E
d
u
ca
tio
n
P
r
o
g
r
a
m
,
Un
i
v
er
s
ita
s
Neg
er
i S
u
r
ab
a
y
a,
J
l.
Ketin
tan
g
,
S
u
r
ab
a
y
a
6
0
2
3
1
,
I
n
d
o
n
esia.
E
m
ail:
n
ad
is
u
p
r
ap
to
@
u
n
esa.
a
c.
id
1.
I
NT
RO
D
UCT
I
O
N
Fro
m
v
ar
io
u
s
s
t
u
d
ies,
p
h
o
to
v
o
ice
h
as
b
ee
n
w
id
el
y
u
s
ed
as
a
m
eth
o
d
o
r
s
tr
ateg
y
i
n
p
r
o
b
le
m
-
s
o
lv
in
g
in
t
h
e
f
o
r
m
o
f
p
h
o
to
g
r
ap
h
y
o
r
d
o
cu
m
en
tar
ie
s
,
b
o
th
ed
u
ca
t
i
o
n
al,
s
o
cial,
h
ea
lth
a
n
d
n
o
n
-
t
r
ad
itio
n
al
liter
atu
r
e
u
s
i
n
g
P
AR
(
P
ar
ticip
ato
r
y
A
cti
o
n
R
esear
c
h
)
[
1
,
2
]
.
W
an
g
s
ta
ted
th
at
p
h
o
to
v
o
ice
i
s
th
e
ac
t
o
f
tak
i
n
g
p
h
o
to
s
o
r
d
o
cu
m
en
tatio
n
,
f
o
llo
w
ed
b
y
t
ellin
g
s
to
r
ies
r
elate
d
to
th
ese
p
h
o
to
s
[
2
,
3
]
.
I
t
is
an
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
as
a
m
ea
n
s
o
f
g
ain
in
g
in
ter
est
in
r
esear
c
h
o
b
j
ec
ts
.
T
h
e
attr
ac
tio
n
o
f
th
ese
o
b
j
ec
ts
m
a
k
es
it
ea
s
ier
f
o
r
r
ea
d
er
s
o
r
r
esear
ch
er
s
to
an
al
y
ze
e
v
e
n
ts
clea
r
l
y
an
d
m
ea
n
in
g
f
u
ll
y
s
o
th
at
th
e
y
ca
n
in
cr
ea
s
e
r
esear
c
h
er
s
'
r
esp
o
n
s
e
s
[
4
]
.
P
h
o
to
v
o
ice
is
a
r
ein
f
o
r
ce
m
e
n
t o
r
tr
ain
i
n
g
tec
h
n
iq
u
e
to
h
elp
co
m
m
u
n
ica
te
t
h
e
co
n
te
n
ts
o
f
i
m
a
g
es a
n
d
p
h
o
to
s
[
5
]
.
T
h
er
e
ar
e
th
r
ee
o
b
j
ec
tiv
es
o
f
p
h
o
to
v
o
ice
[
1
]
,
tak
e
n
o
tes
a
n
d
r
ec
o
r
d
e
d
th
e
s
tr
en
g
t
h
s
a
n
d
w
ea
k
n
ess
e
s
o
f
th
e
en
v
ir
o
n
m
e
n
t
ar
o
u
n
d
t
h
e
in
d
i
v
id
u
al
s
,
to
cr
ea
te
d
ialo
g
u
e
b
y
d
is
c
u
s
s
in
g
g
r
o
u
p
s
ab
o
u
t
p
h
o
to
g
r
ap
h
s
,
a
n
d
to
in
f
lu
e
n
ce
in
d
i
v
id
u
a
l
o
r
g
r
o
u
p
d
ec
is
io
n
m
a
k
i
n
g
.
T
h
r
o
u
g
h
p
h
o
to
v
o
ice,
s
tu
d
en
t
s
ca
n
r
ev
i
v
e
th
e
ex
p
er
ien
ce
t
h
e
y
h
av
e
g
a
in
ed
to
b
e
ab
le
to
ex
p
r
ess
s
tr
en
g
t
h
s
an
d
w
ea
k
n
es
s
es
in
th
e
f
ield
v
i
s
it
p
r
o
g
r
a
m
[
6
]
.
T
h
e
in
itial
s
tep
o
f
th
e
p
h
o
to
v
o
ice
p
r
o
ce
s
s
i
s
s
ele
ctin
g
t
h
e
a
u
d
ien
ce
an
d
cr
ea
ti
n
g
g
r
o
u
p
s
[
2
]
.
W
h
en
t
h
e
p
r
o
ce
s
s
o
f
f
o
r
m
in
g
g
r
o
u
p
s
h
as
b
ee
n
m
ad
e,
th
e
n
t
h
e
n
e
x
t
s
tep
g
i
v
es
d
ir
ec
tio
n
o
n
h
o
w
to
tak
e
p
h
o
to
s
p
r
o
p
er
ly
.
P
h
o
to
s
th
at
h
av
e
b
ee
n
tak
en
t
h
en
a
n
al
y
ze
d
ac
co
r
d
in
g
to
th
e
co
n
ten
ts
o
f
th
e
i
m
a
g
e
an
d
d
is
cu
s
s
ed
w
it
h
th
e
au
d
ie
n
c
e
[
2
]
.
T
h
e
au
d
ien
ce
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2252
-
8822
I
n
t.
J
.
E
v
al
.
&
R
es
.
E
d
u
c
.
Vo
l.
9
,
No
.
3
,
Sep
tem
b
er
2
0
2
0
:
6
7
5
-
683
676
is
allo
w
ed
to
b
e
ac
t
iv
e
in
s
p
ea
k
in
g
o
u
t
an
d
h
av
i
n
g
a
d
ef
in
ite
o
p
in
io
n
ab
o
u
t
th
e
p
h
o
to
[
7
]
.
T
h
e
s
u
cc
ess
o
f
p
h
o
to
v
o
ice
d
ep
en
d
s
o
n
s
o
m
e
f
ac
to
r
s
,
s
u
c
h
as
t
h
e
n
at
u
r
e
o
f
th
e
p
h
en
o
m
en
o
n
u
n
d
er
in
v
e
s
ti
g
atio
n
,
ti
m
e,
p
er
io
d
an
d
au
d
ien
ce
in
ter
e
s
t
i
n
tak
in
g
p
h
o
to
s
[
7
]
.
P
h
o
to
g
r
ap
h
s
,
d
o
cu
m
e
n
t
s
,
an
d
p
h
o
to
v
o
ice
ca
n
d
eliv
er
th
e
p
u
r
p
o
s
e
o
f
a
s
to
r
y
,
s
cien
ce
,
k
n
o
w
led
g
e,
h
is
to
r
y
,
tr
ad
itio
n
,
as
w
ell
as
s
o
cial
p
h
en
o
m
e
n
a
an
d
o
th
er
n
atu
r
al
p
h
e
n
o
m
en
a.
I
n
th
i
s
w
a
y
,
p
h
o
to
v
o
ice
ca
n
b
e
u
s
ed
as a
n
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
to
o
l in
th
e
b
asic
m
e
th
o
d
s
o
f
lear
n
in
g
[
8
]
.
P
h
o
to
v
o
ice
in
th
e
d
o
m
ain
o
f
l
ea
r
n
in
g
m
a
k
es
s
t
u
d
en
t
s
ca
n
f
e
el
d
ir
ec
tl
y
a
n
d
a
n
al
y
ze
co
m
p
r
eh
en
s
i
v
el
y
w
h
at
t
h
e
y
w
ill
lear
n
.
Ou
td
o
o
r
lear
n
in
g
an
d
f
ield
tr
ip
s
s
er
v
e
as
s
tr
ate
g
ie
s
f
o
r
ac
h
iev
in
g
k
n
o
w
led
g
e
a
n
d
m
ater
ials
i
n
p
h
o
to
v
o
ice
[
5
,
6
]
.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e,
p
h
o
to
v
o
ice
is
u
ti
li
ze
d
as a
w
a
y
to
r
esear
c
h
t
h
e
d
o
m
a
in
o
f
ed
u
ca
tio
n
.
T
h
r
o
u
g
h
p
h
o
to
v
o
ice,
s
tu
d
en
ts
w
ill
b
e
co
n
n
ec
ted
to
s
cien
ce
[
9
]
.
I
n
ad
d
itio
n
to
p
h
o
to
v
o
ice
u
s
ed
in
th
e
ar
ea
o
f
ed
u
ca
tio
n
,
p
h
o
to
v
o
ice
i
s
also
ab
le
to
b
e
u
s
ed
in
th
e
s
o
cial
a
n
d
h
ea
lt
h
d
o
m
ai
n
.
I
n
s
o
cial
d
o
m
a
in
,
e
x
p
er
i
m
e
n
ts
ca
r
r
ied
o
u
t
b
y
m
e
m
b
er
s
o
f
th
r
ee
lo
ca
l
tem
p
les
th
r
o
u
g
h
p
h
o
t
o
g
r
ap
h
s
an
d
s
o
u
n
d
s
h
a
v
e
h
elp
ed
to
g
iv
e
lig
h
t
o
n
a
r
elig
io
n
th
at
h
a
s
b
ee
n
ter
r
ito
r
iall
y
m
is
in
ter
p
r
eted
[
1
0
]
.
M
ea
n
w
h
ile,
in
h
ea
lt
h
d
o
m
ai
n
p
h
o
to
v
o
ice
is
a
P
A
R
s
tr
ateg
y
th
a
t
co
n
tr
ib
u
te
s
t
o
d
is
cu
s
s
in
g
w
o
m
e
n
's
h
ea
lt
h
[
1
,
2
]
.
I
n
th
is
e
x
p
lan
atio
n
,
it
p
la
y
s
a
r
o
le
in
th
e
d
o
m
ain
o
f
r
esear
ch
an
d
lear
n
in
g
.
A
s
tu
d
y
o
f
p
h
o
to
v
o
ice
o
r
p
h
o
to
-
elicitatio
n
o
r
p
h
o
to
n
o
v
ella
is
in
s
ep
ar
ab
le
f
r
o
m
th
e
d
ata
co
llectio
n
p
r
o
ce
s
s
.
T
h
e
p
r
o
ce
s
s
w
a
s
d
o
n
e
in
t
w
o
w
a
y
s
,
n
a
m
el
y
q
u
a
lita
tiv
e
an
d
q
u
an
titati
v
e
m
et
h
o
d
,
o
r
th
e
co
m
b
in
a
tio
n
o
f
th
e
t
w
o
m
et
h
o
d
s
,
w
h
ich
is
ca
lled
th
e
m
i
x
ed
-
m
e
th
o
d
(
th
e
co
m
b
in
at
io
n
b
o
th
o
f
t
h
e
m
)
.
Fro
m
t
h
e
p
r
ev
io
u
s
r
esear
ch
d
is
c
u
s
s
ed
,
it
p
r
o
v
id
es
a
p
ictu
r
e
o
f
t
h
e
co
n
d
itio
n
o
f
p
h
o
to
v
o
ice
i
n
d
escr
ib
i
n
g
h
e
a
lth
a
n
al
y
s
i
s
u
s
i
n
g
a
q
u
alitativ
e
m
et
h
o
d
in
th
e
f
o
r
m
o
f
i
m
ag
e
a
n
d
v
id
eo
d
escr
ip
tio
n
s
[
1
1
]
.
T
h
en
,
it
is
also
m
en
tio
n
ed
in
p
h
o
to
v
o
ice
o
f
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
r
es
ea
r
ch
th
a
t
is
u
s
ed
as
a
q
u
a
lit
ativ
e
m
et
h
o
d
s
u
c
h
a
s
i
n
p
ed
ag
o
g
y
d
o
m
ai
n
[
1
2
]
.
T
ak
in
g
,
f
o
r
ex
a
m
p
le,
a
s
tu
d
y
b
y
C
o
o
k
&
Q
u
ig
le
y
e
m
p
lo
y
ed
4
0
s
tu
d
en
t
s
as
p
ar
ticip
ato
r
y
ac
tio
n
r
esear
ch
(
P
A
R
)
b
y
u
s
i
n
g
a
q
u
al
itati
v
e
m
et
h
o
d
in
co
n
d
u
cti
n
g
r
esear
c
h
an
d
co
n
n
ec
ti
n
g
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
u
s
i
n
g
p
h
o
to
v
o
ice
[
1
3
]
.
R
esear
ch
ab
o
u
t
p
h
o
to
v
o
ice
h
as
b
ee
n
w
id
el
y
co
n
ce
r
n
ed
b
y
p
r
ev
io
u
s
r
esear
ch
er
s
f
r
o
m
tr
ad
itio
n
al
p
h
o
to
v
o
ice
in
h
ea
lt
h
s
tu
d
y
[
1
,
2,
4,
1
1
,
14
-
17
]
to
p
s
y
c
h
o
lo
g
y
[
18
-
20
],
ed
u
ca
tio
n
[
5
,
6
,
8
,
9,
1
3
,
21
-
27
]
,
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
[
28
,
2
9
]
,
eth
n
icit
y
[
30
]
,
s
p
o
r
t
[
3
1
,
3
2
]
,
an
d
m
an
a
g
e
m
e
n
t
[
7
]
.
I
n
th
is
s
t
u
d
y
,
s
e
v
er
al
p
r
ev
io
u
s
p
iece
s
o
f
r
esear
ch
o
n
p
h
o
to
-
el
icitatio
n
a
s
a
d
o
m
ai
n
o
f
ca
s
e
s
tr
ateg
y
w
il
l
b
e
an
al
y
ze
d
an
d
r
ev
ie
w
ed
.
T
h
r
o
u
g
h
th
e
s
e
lectio
n
m
et
h
o
d
,
th
is
r
es
ea
r
ch
w
ill
b
e
m
o
r
e
f
o
cu
s
ed
.
I
n
g
en
er
al,
t
h
e
b
ac
k
g
r
o
u
n
d
o
f
t
h
is
r
e
s
ea
r
ch
i
s
u
s
ed
to
f
in
d
o
u
t
h
o
w
t
h
e
o
v
er
v
ie
w
o
f
p
h
o
to
v
o
ice
ar
ticles
a
f
ter
r
e
v
ie
w
i
n
g
s
e
v
er
al
ar
ticles,
i
n
v
es
tig
ati
n
g
p
ar
ticip
an
t
tr
en
d
s
,
an
al
y
zin
g
r
esear
ch
m
e
th
o
d
s
an
d
in
s
tr
u
m
e
n
ts
u
s
ed
in
p
h
o
to
v
o
ice
r
esear
ch
.
Fi
g
u
r
e
1
s
u
m
m
ar
izes
t
h
e
p
h
o
to
v
o
ice
as p
ar
ticip
ato
r
y
ac
tio
n
r
esear
ch
s
tr
ate
g
ie
s
th
at
g
u
id
in
g
t
h
e
p
r
ev
io
u
s
r
esear
ch
er
s
.
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
T
h
e
s
ch
e
m
e
o
f
p
h
o
to
v
o
ice
as p
ar
ticip
ato
r
y
ac
tio
n
r
esear
ch
s
tr
ate
g
ies
2.
RE
S
E
ARCH
M
E
T
H
O
D
2
.
1
.
T
he
pro
ce
du
re
o
f
s
y
s
t
e
m
a
t
ic
re
v
iew
T
h
is
r
esear
ch
u
s
ed
t
h
e
ar
tic
le
s
elec
tio
n
m
eth
o
d
as
g
u
id
ed
b
y
S
u
p
r
ap
to
&
C
h
a
n
g
[
33
]
.
I
n
s
e
lectin
g
ar
ticles,
it
r
eq
u
ir
ed
ce
r
tain
p
r
o
ce
d
u
r
es.
I
n
g
en
er
al,
th
e
ar
tic
les
w
er
e
u
s
ed
all
p
h
o
to
v
o
ice
d
o
m
ai
n
s
i
n
v
ar
io
u
s
f
ield
s
.
T
h
is
p
r
o
ce
d
u
r
e
f
o
llo
w
e
d
th
e
d
ir
ec
tio
n
s
i
n
Fi
g
u
r
e
2
[
33
]
.
T
h
is
p
r
o
ce
s
s
b
eg
in
s
b
y
cr
e
atin
g
an
d
d
ef
i
n
i
n
g
r
esear
ch
o
b
j
ec
tiv
es a
n
d
co
n
ti
n
u
in
g
to
s
ea
r
ch
f
o
r
th
e
w
o
r
d
o
r
s
en
t
e
n
ce
t
h
r
o
u
g
h
liter
at
u
r
e
s
ea
r
ch
.
Fig
u
r
e
2
illu
s
tr
ate
s
th
e
s
c
h
e
m
atic
p
r
o
ce
d
u
r
e
o
f
a
s
y
s
te
m
atic
r
ev
ie
w
o
f
r
esear
ch
.
T
h
e
s
y
s
te
m
atic
r
ev
ie
w
p
r
o
ce
s
s
f
o
llo
w
s
th
e
d
ir
ec
tio
n
o
f
p
r
ev
io
u
s
r
esear
ch
er
s
[
34
-
36
]
.
T
h
e
f
ir
s
t
s
tep
s
ar
e
d
ete
r
m
i
n
i
n
g
,
cr
ea
tin
g
,
an
d
d
ef
i
n
i
n
g
t
h
e
to
p
ic
o
r
id
ea
th
at
w
ill
b
e
u
s
ed
to
r
ev
ie
w
t
h
e
f
o
cu
s
o
f
th
e
r
esea
r
ch
.
T
h
en
lo
o
k
f
o
r
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J
E
v
al
&
R
e
s
E
d
u
c
.
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8822
A
s
ystema
tic
r
ev
ie
w
o
f p
h
o
to
v
o
ice
a
s
p
a
r
ticip
a
to
r
y
a
ctio
n
r
esea
r
ch
s
tr
a
teg
ies
(
N
a
d
i S
u
p
r
a
p
to
)
677
liter
ac
y
o
r
ar
ticles
ac
co
r
d
in
g
to
th
e
to
p
ic
o
f
id
ea
s
to
b
e
u
s
ed
.
W
h
en
th
e
ar
ticle
h
a
s
b
ee
n
o
b
tain
ed
,
an
d
th
e
n
f
ir
s
t
r
ea
d
t
h
e
ar
ticle
’
s
ab
s
tr
a
ct,
an
d
co
n
ti
n
u
e
s
r
ea
d
in
g
t
h
e
w
h
o
le
ar
ticle.
B
y
r
ea
d
in
g
t
h
e
ar
ticle
as
a
u
n
it,
r
esear
ch
er
s
w
ill
b
e
ab
le
to
r
ea
d
th
e
r
esu
lts
o
f
t
h
e
r
esear
ch
d
ata
an
d
th
en
a
n
al
y
ze
it
ac
co
r
d
in
g
to
th
e
co
n
ten
t
s
o
f
th
e
d
ata.
Fig
u
r
e
2
.
T
h
e
p
r
o
ce
d
u
r
e
o
f
s
y
s
te
m
atic
r
e
v
ie
w
2
.
2
.
Select
io
n studie
s
pro
ce
s
s
Af
ter
t
h
e
p
h
o
to
v
o
ice
ar
tic
les
w
er
e
o
b
tain
ed
,
t
h
en
th
er
e
ar
e
f
o
u
r
cr
iter
ia
f
o
r
r
ev
ie
w
i
n
g
t
h
e
a
r
ticle
[
33
]
.
T
h
e
f
ir
s
t
cr
iter
io
n
is
h
o
w
t
h
e
r
esear
ch
er
s
elec
ted
t
h
e
r
esear
ch
p
ar
ticip
an
t.
T
h
e
s
ec
o
n
d
cr
iter
io
n
is
f
o
u
n
d
an
d
an
al
y
ze
d
d
ata.
Me
an
w
h
i
le,
th
e
f
o
llo
w
in
g
t
w
o
cr
iter
ia
ar
e
f
o
u
n
d
o
u
t
th
e
m
et
h
o
d
s
an
d
tar
g
ets,
an
d
th
e
p
h
o
to
v
o
ice
f
ield
u
s
ed
in
t
h
e
r
esear
ch
.
I
n
t
h
e
f
o
u
r
th
cr
iter
io
n
,
it
ca
n
b
e
i
n
ter
p
r
eted
th
at
t
h
e
p
h
o
to
v
o
ice
f
ield
r
esear
ch
ed
in
th
e
ar
ticle
b
elo
n
g
s
to
th
e
d
o
m
ai
n
o
f
ed
u
c
atio
n
,
s
o
cial,
h
ea
lth
,
tr
ad
i
tio
n
,
o
r
o
th
er
ar
ea
s
o
f
r
esear
ch
.
T
o
id
en
tify
p
h
o
to
v
o
ice
as
r
esear
ch
s
tr
ate
g
ies,
i
t
c
an
b
e
f
o
u
n
d
i
n
s
ev
er
al
r
esear
ch
j
o
u
r
n
als
th
at
ar
e
ap
p
r
o
p
r
iate
to
th
eir
f
ield
.
Her
e
ar
e
a
f
e
w
s
a
m
p
les
o
f
t
h
e
n
a
m
es o
f
r
e
s
ea
r
ch
j
o
u
r
n
al
s
u
s
ed
: J
o
u
r
n
al
o
f
W
o
m
e
n
’
s
Hea
lth
,
J
o
u
r
n
al
o
f
C
r
ea
ti
v
it
y
i
n
Me
n
ta
l H
ea
lt
h
,
R
esear
c
h
i
n
Scien
ce
&
T
ec
h
n
o
lo
g
ical
E
d
u
ca
tio
n
,
I
n
ter
n
at
io
n
al
J
o
u
r
n
al
o
f
E
n
v
ir
o
n
m
en
tal
&
Scien
ce
E
d
u
ca
t
io
n
,
I
n
ter
n
atio
n
al
J
o
u
r
n
al
o
f
T
ea
ch
i
n
g
a
n
d
L
ea
r
n
i
n
g
in
Hig
h
er
E
d
u
ca
tio
n
,
J
o
u
r
n
al
o
f
P
r
ev
en
t
io
n
&
I
n
ter
v
e
n
tio
n
in
th
e
C
o
m
m
u
n
it
y
.
Fin
a
ll
y
,
f
o
r
t
y
-
o
n
e
ar
ticles
w
er
e
s
elec
ted
as th
e
r
es
u
lt o
f
s
elec
tio
n
s
tu
d
i
es p
r
o
ce
s
s
.
Of
th
e
f
o
r
t
y
-
o
n
e
ar
ticles
u
s
ed
as
a
r
ev
ie
w
o
f
p
h
o
to
v
o
ice,
th
er
e
w
er
e
eig
h
t
ar
ticles
in
th
e
f
ield
o
f
h
ea
lt
h
s
tu
d
ie
s
[
1
,
2,
4,
1
1
,
14
-
17
]
,
16
ar
ticles
in
th
e
f
i
eld
o
f
ed
u
ca
tio
n
[
5
-
9,
13,
2
0
,
21
,
23
-
27
,
3
7
-
39
]
,
an
d
17
ar
ticles
i
n
t
h
e
f
ield
o
f
s
o
cial
r
esear
ch
(
i
n
clu
d
i
n
g
s
p
o
r
t)
[
1
0
,
12,
1
8
,
19
,
28
-
32
,
40
-
47
]
.
T
h
en
,
a
m
o
n
g
th
is
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
ar
ticles,
w
e
co
n
s
id
er
th
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
r
ep
r
esen
tati
v
e
s
a
m
p
le
in
ea
c
h
d
o
m
ai
n
f
o
r
in
-
d
ep
t
h
d
is
cu
s
s
io
n
:
f
i
v
e
ar
ticles
in
ed
u
ca
tio
n
,
t
h
r
e
e
ar
ticles
i
n
h
ea
lth
s
t
u
d
ies
a
n
d
th
r
ee
ar
ticles
in
s
o
cial
s
t
u
d
ies
.
T
h
e
f
o
llo
w
i
n
g
i
s
a
s
a
m
p
le
o
f
t
h
e
r
esear
ch
t
h
at
i
s
r
ef
er
r
ed
to
as
th
e
d
o
m
ai
n
o
f
ed
u
ca
tio
n
,
s
o
cial,
an
d
h
ea
lt
h
s
cien
ce
.
Sa
m
p
le
o
f
p
ap
er
s
w
er
e
s
elec
ted
in
t
h
is
s
t
u
d
y
as
s
h
o
w
n
in
T
ab
le
1
.
T
ab
le
1
.
Sam
p
le
o
f
p
ap
er
s
w
er
e
s
elec
ted
in
t
h
is
s
tu
d
y
No
A
u
t
h
o
r
(
s)
T
i
t
l
e
N
a
me
o
f
t
h
e
Jo
u
r
n
a
l
F
i
e
l
d
1
*
S
c
h
e
l
l
e
t
a
l
[
21
]
“
P
h
o
t
o
v
o
i
c
e
a
s a
t
e
a
c
h
i
n
g
t
o
o
l
:
L
e
a
r
n
i
n
g
b
y
d
o
i
n
g
w
i
t
h
v
i
su
a
l
me
t
h
o
d
s”
T
h
e
I
n
t
e
r
n
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
Jo
u
r
n
a
l
o
f
Ju
st
i
c
e
a
n
d
S
u
st
a
i
n
a
b
i
l
i
t
y
Ed
u
c
a
t
i
o
n
2
*
R
i
c
h
a
r
d
&
L
a
h
man
[
37
]
“
P
h
o
t
o
-
e
l
i
c
i
t
a
t
i
o
n
:
R
e
f
l
e
x
i
v
i
t
y
o
n
me
t
h
o
d
,
a
n
a
l
y
si
s,
a
n
d
g
r
a
p
h
i
c
p
o
r
t
r
a
i
t
s
”
I
n
t
e
r
n
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
Jo
u
r
n
a
l
o
f
R
e
se
a
r
c
h
&
M
e
t
h
o
d
i
n
Ed
u
c
a
t
i
o
n
Ed
u
c
a
t
i
o
n
3
*
W
a
l
t
o
n
e
t
a
l
[
14
]
“
P
h
o
t
o
v
o
i
c
e
:
A
c
o
l
l
a
b
o
r
a
t
i
v
e
me
t
h
o
d
o
l
o
g
y
g
i
v
i
n
g
v
o
i
c
e
t
o
u
n
d
e
r
se
r
v
e
d
p
o
p
u
l
a
t
i
o
n
s se
e
k
i
n
g
c
o
mm
u
n
i
t
y
i
n
c
l
u
s
i
o
n
”
T
h
e
r
a
p
e
u
t
i
c
R
e
c
r
e
a
t
i
o
n
Jo
u
r
n
a
l
Ed
u
c
a
t
i
o
n
4
*
R
a
n
i
a
e
t
a
l
[
19
]
“
P
h
o
t
o
v
o
i
c
e
a
n
d
i
n
t
e
r
p
r
e
t
a
t
i
o
n
o
f
p
i
c
t
u
r
e
s i
n
a
g
r
o
u
p
d
i
sc
u
ss
i
o
n
:
A
c
o
mm
u
n
i
t
y
p
sy
c
h
o
l
o
g
y
a
p
p
r
o
a
c
h
”
Q
u
a
l
i
t
a
t
i
v
e
R
e
se
a
r
c
h
i
n
P
sy
c
h
o
l
o
g
y
S
o
c
i
a
l
st
u
d
i
e
s
5
*
W
a
n
g
[
1
]
“
P
h
o
t
o
v
o
i
c
e
:
A
p
a
r
t
i
c
i
p
a
t
o
r
y
a
c
t
i
o
n
r
e
se
a
r
c
h
st
r
a
t
e
g
y
a
p
p
l
i
e
d
t
o
w
o
me
n
’
s
h
e
a
l
t
h
”
Jo
u
r
n
a
l
o
f
W
o
me
n
’
s He
a
l
t
h
H
e
a
l
t
h
sci
e
n
c
e
3.
RE
SU
L
T
S AN
D
D
I
SCU
SS
I
O
N
Fro
m
f
o
r
t
y
-
o
n
e
ar
ticle
s
t
h
at
h
av
e
b
ee
n
s
elec
ted
an
d
ad
j
u
s
te
d
to
th
e
f
ield
o
f
r
esear
c
h
,
it
o
b
tain
ed
th
e
to
tal
o
f
ar
ticles
in
th
e
s
o
cial
f
ield
g
r
ea
ter
th
an
r
esear
ch
in
o
th
er
f
ield
s
.
So
in
th
e
d
is
cu
s
s
i
o
n
p
o
in
t,
it
w
ill
b
e
an
al
y
ze
d
i
n
m
o
r
e
d
etail
h
o
w
th
e
i
n
s
tr
u
m
e
n
ts
,
d
ata
a
n
al
y
s
i
s
,
an
d
r
esear
c
h
m
eth
o
d
s
u
s
ed
in
t
h
ese
t
y
p
e
s
o
f
ar
ticles.
On
e
ar
ticle
w
i
ll
b
e
an
al
y
ze
d
a
n
d
th
e
n
f
o
llo
w
ed
b
y
an
o
t
h
er
ar
ticle.
T
h
e
co
m
m
o
n
r
esear
ch
m
e
th
o
d
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2252
-
8822
I
n
t.
J
.
E
v
al
.
&
R
es
.
E
d
u
c
.
Vo
l.
9
,
No
.
3
,
Sep
tem
b
er
2
0
2
0
:
6
7
5
-
683
678
u
s
ed
i
n
p
h
o
to
v
o
ice
r
esear
c
h
is
th
e
q
u
alitat
iv
e
m
et
h
o
d
.
On
e
o
f
t
h
e
m
is
an
ar
ticle
f
r
o
m
Sc
h
ell,
Fer
g
u
s
o
n
,
Ha
m
o
li
n
e,
Sh
ea
,
a
n
d
T
h
o
m
a
s
-
Ma
clea
n
.
T
h
e
ar
ticle
w
as
t
itl
ed
"P
h
o
to
v
o
ice
as
a
teac
h
in
g
to
o
l:
L
ea
r
n
i
n
g
b
y
d
o
in
g
w
it
h
v
is
u
al
m
et
h
o
d
s
"
.
Fro
m
th
i
s
ar
ticle,
th
e
p
r
o
b
le
m
s
o
b
tain
ed
in
cl
u
d
e:
"
Ho
w
is
th
e
teac
h
i
n
g
an
d
lear
n
in
g
ex
p
er
ie
n
ce
f
ac
il
itated
b
y
t
h
e
p
h
o
to
v
o
ice
p
r
o
j
ec
t
in
th
e
m
e
th
o
d
o
lo
g
y
cla
s
s
?
"
I
n
s
o
lv
in
g
t
h
e
r
esear
ch
q
u
esti
o
n
,
t
h
e
q
u
ali
tativ
e
m
et
h
o
d
is
u
s
ed
as a
d
ata
co
llectio
n
p
r
o
ce
s
s
.
T
h
e
p
ar
ticip
an
t
o
f
th
e
r
esear
ch
in
v
o
l
v
ed
elev
en
co
lle
g
e
s
tu
d
en
t
s
:
ei
g
h
t
m
ale
a
n
d
th
r
e
e
f
e
m
a
le.
T
h
ese
s
t
u
d
en
ts
h
a
v
e
d
i
f
f
er
e
n
t
a
g
e
v
ar
iatio
n
s
.
No
t
o
n
l
y
u
til
izin
g
s
t
u
d
en
t
s
as
o
b
j
ec
t
s
o
f
r
esear
ch
,
b
u
t
th
e
au
t
h
o
r
s
also
j
o
in
in
th
e
p
r
o
ce
s
s
o
f
co
llectin
g
d
ata
in
v
ar
io
u
s
s
cie
n
ti
f
ic
f
ie
ld
s
.
I
t
m
a
k
e
s
th
e
r
esear
ch
ar
ticle
u
n
iq
u
e.
So
th
e
p
h
o
to
v
o
ice
an
al
y
s
i
s
is
th
e
r
es
u
l
t
o
f
tak
i
n
g
p
ictu
r
es
co
n
d
u
cted
b
y
au
t
h
o
r
an
d
co
lleg
e
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
.
B
o
th
th
e
s
h
o
o
tin
g
i
n
t
h
e
f
ield
s
o
f
h
ea
l
th
,
s
o
cial,
r
elig
io
u
s
,
a
n
d
i
m
m
ig
r
atio
n
as
w
e
ll
as
th
e
r
esp
o
n
s
e
o
r
i
m
p
ac
t
ex
p
er
ien
ce
d
b
y
a
co
lleg
e
s
tu
d
en
t
w
h
o
ac
ts
as
r
esear
ch
o
b
j
ec
ts
an
d
ac
ts
as
r
esear
c
h
er
s
.
Me
an
w
h
ile,
th
e
r
esear
ch
in
s
tr
u
m
e
n
ts
u
s
e
d
d
o
cu
m
e
n
tatio
n
s
tu
d
y
.
T
ab
l
e
2
r
e
p
r
esen
ts
th
e
s
a
m
p
le
o
f
r
ev
ie
w
r
es
u
lts
o
f
th
e
ar
ticle
i
n
ed
u
ca
tio
n
d
o
m
ain
t
h
at
h
a
s
b
ee
n
d
o
n
e
o
u
t
o
f
s
i
x
teen
ar
t
icles
(
w
e
c
h
o
o
s
e
5
r
ep
r
esen
tativ
e
ar
ticles).
I
t
also
e
x
p
lai
n
s
t
h
e
a
n
al
y
s
i
s
o
f
r
esear
ch
o
b
j
ec
ts
,
r
esear
ch
m
et
h
o
d
s
,
an
d
r
esear
c
h
in
s
tr
u
m
en
t
s
f
r
o
m
5
s
elec
ted
p
h
o
to
v
o
ice
ar
ticles.
T
ab
le
2
.
A
n
o
v
er
v
ie
w
o
f
t
h
e
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
ar
ticle
s
’
s
a
m
p
le
a
n
al
y
ze
d
in
t
h
is
r
e
v
ie
w
No
A
u
t
h
o
r
(
s)
T
i
t
l
e
P
a
r
t
i
c
i
p
a
n
t
R
e
se
a
r
c
h
me
t
h
o
d
o
l
o
g
y
R
e
se
a
r
c
h
I
n
st
r
u
me
n
t
s
D
e
mo
g
r
a
p
h
y
G
e
n
d
e
r
1
*
S
c
h
e
l
l
e
t
a
l
[
21
]
“
P
h
o
t
o
v
o
i
c
e
a
s a
t
e
a
c
h
i
n
g
t
o
o
l
:
L
e
a
r
n
i
n
g
b
y
d
o
i
n
g
w
i
t
h
v
i
s
u
a
l
me
t
h
o
d
s”
-
El
e
v
e
n
st
u
d
e
n
t
s
f
r
o
m
d
i
f
f
e
r
e
n
t
st
u
d
i
e
s
-
f
o
u
r
a
u
t
h
o
r
s
o
f
t
h
e
a
r
t
i
c
l
e
(
r
e
s
e
a
r
c
h
e
r
s)
-
Ei
g
h
t
me
n
a
g
e
d
2
0
-
3
0
y
e
a
r
s,
t
w
o
w
o
m
e
n
a
g
e
d
31
-
4
0
y
e
a
r
s,
o
n
e
f
e
mal
e
a
g
e
d
4
1
-
5
0
y
e
a
r
s
-
Q
u
a
l
i
t
a
t
i
v
e
so
c
i
a
l
r
e
se
a
r
c
h
-
W
e
b
q
u
e
st
i
o
n
n
a
i
r
e
-
I
mag
e
a
n
d
p
h
o
t
o
d
o
c
u
me
n
t
a
t
i
o
n
2
*
R
i
c
h
a
r
d
&
L
a
h
man
[
37
]
“
P
h
o
t
o
-
e
l
i
c
i
t
a
t
i
o
n
:
R
e
f
l
e
x
i
v
i
t
y
o
n
me
t
h
o
d
,
a
n
a
l
y
si
s,
a
n
d
g
r
a
p
h
i
c
p
o
r
t
r
a
i
t
s”
-
N
i
n
e
t
e
e
n
p
a
r
t
i
c
i
p
a
n
t
s
i
n
t
h
e
c
o
n
f
e
r
e
n
c
e
-
M
a
l
e
p
a
r
t
i
c
i
p
a
n
t
s
a
g
e
d
1
4
-
1
7
y
e
a
r
s
-
N
i
n
e
f
e
mal
e
p
a
r
t
i
c
i
p
a
n
t
s
12
-
1
6
y
e
a
r
s
o
l
d
-
Q
u
a
l
i
t
a
t
i
v
e
i
n
q
u
i
r
i
e
s
-
P
h
o
t
o
e
l
i
c
i
t
a
t
i
o
n
-
A
n
a
l
y
z
e
d
a
c
c
o
r
d
i
n
g
t
o
t
h
e
mi
n
d
s o
f
t
h
e
r
e
se
a
r
c
h
e
r
s
-
S
e
mi
-
st
r
u
c
t
u
r
e
d
i
n
t
e
r
v
i
e
w
s
(
e
i
t
h
e
r
o
n
e
-
on
-
o
n
e
o
r
f
o
c
u
s
g
r
o
u
p
)
-
O
b
se
r
v
a
t
i
o
n
s
a
r
t
i
f
a
c
t
s
w
e
r
e
e
mp
l
o
y
e
d
.
3
*
W
a
l
t
o
n
e
t
a
l
[
14
]
“
P
h
o
t
o
v
o
i
c
e
:
A
c
o
l
l
a
b
o
r
a
t
i
v
e
me
t
h
o
d
o
l
o
g
y
g
i
v
i
n
g
v
o
i
c
e
t
o
u
n
d
e
r
se
r
v
e
d
p
o
p
u
l
a
t
i
o
n
s se
e
k
i
n
g
c
o
mm
u
n
i
t
y
i
n
c
l
u
s
i
o
n
”
-
Tw
e
n
t
y
-
t
w
o
c
o
mm
u
n
i
t
i
e
s
-
C
o
l
l
a
b
o
r
a
t
e
w
i
t
h
c
e
r
t
a
i
n
u
n
i
v
e
r
si
t
i
e
s
a
n
d
c
o
mm
u
n
i
t
i
e
s
(
‘
A
r
c
’
)
-
N
o
i
n
f
o
r
mat
i
o
n
p
r
o
v
i
d
e
d
-
Q
u
a
l
i
t
a
t
i
v
e
me
t
o
d
e
-
P
A
R
-
D
o
c
u
me
n
t
a
t
i
o
n
a
n
d
p
h
o
t
o
g
r
a
p
h
y
-
Ex
h
i
b
i
t
t
h
e
r
e
su
l
t
s
o
f
g
r
o
u
p
d
i
s
c
u
ss
i
o
n
s
4
*
R
a
n
i
a
e
t
a
l
[
19
]
“
P
h
o
t
o
v
o
i
c
e
a
s a
n
e
v
a
l
u
a
t
i
o
n
t
o
o
l
f
o
r
st
u
d
e
n
t
l
e
a
r
n
i
n
g
o
n
a
f
i
e
l
d
t
r
i
p
”
-
S
i
x
st
u
d
e
n
t
s
f
r
o
m j
u
n
i
o
r
h
i
g
h
sc
h
o
o
l
s
-
S
t
u
d
e
n
t
s
(
mal
e
a
n
d
f
e
mal
e
)
-
F
o
u
r
f
e
mal
e
st
u
d
e
n
t
s
-
Tw
o
mal
e
st
u
d
e
n
t
s
-
Q
u
a
l
i
t
a
t
i
v
e
me
t
h
o
d
s
-
F
i
e
l
d
t
r
i
p
-
A
n
a
l
y
si
s o
f
t
h
e
p
a
r
t
i
c
i
p
a
t
o
r
y
a
p
p
r
o
a
c
h
-
D
o
c
u
me
n
t
a
t
i
o
n
-
P
h
o
t
o
g
r
a
p
h
y
o
f
f
i
v
e
se
l
e
c
t
e
d
i
mag
e
s
-
I
n
t
e
r
v
i
e
w
s a
r
e
r
e
p
r
e
se
n
t
e
d
b
y
o
n
e
p
i
c
t
u
r
e
5
*
L
a
t
z
[
42
]
T
o
w
a
r
d
a
n
e
w
c
o
n
c
e
p
t
u
a
l
i
z
a
t
i
o
n
o
f
p
h
o
t
o
v
o
i
c
e
:
B
l
e
n
d
i
n
g
t
h
e
p
h
o
t
o
g
r
a
p
h
i
c
a
s
me
t
h
o
d
a
n
d
se
l
f
-
r
e
f
l
e
c
t
i
o
n
-
S
e
v
e
n
g
r
a
d
u
a
t
e
st
u
d
e
n
t
s
i
n
c
o
u
r
se
w
o
r
k
i
n
s
t
i
t
u
t
i
o
n
s
-
F
i
v
e
f
e
mal
e
st
u
d
e
n
t
s
-
Tw
o
mal
e
st
u
d
e
n
t
s
-
Q
u
a
l
i
t
a
t
i
v
e
me
t
h
o
d
-
D
a
t
a
a
n
a
l
y
si
s
u
si
n
g
t
h
e
a
p
p
r
o
a
c
h
t
h
e
o
r
y
g
r
o
u
n
d
c
o
n
st
r
u
c
t
i
v
i
s
t
-
P
h
o
t
o
g
r
a
p
h
y
-
D
o
c
u
me
n
t
a
t
i
o
n
-
I
n
t
e
r
v
i
e
w
q
u
e
st
i
o
n
-
S
H
O
W
e
D
t
e
c
h
n
i
q
u
e
B
ased
o
n
T
ab
le
2
,
th
e
av
er
ag
e
p
ar
ticip
an
ts
in
v
o
lv
ed
in
p
h
o
to
v
o
ice
r
esear
ch
w
er
e
s
t
u
d
en
t
s
,
co
lleg
e
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
,
a
n
d
r
esear
ch
er
s
th
e
m
s
el
v
es.
T
h
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
p
ar
ticip
an
ts
r
a
n
g
e
s
f
r
o
m
s
ix
to
t
wen
t
y
-
t
w
o
in
d
i
v
id
u
al
s
.
P
ar
ticip
an
t
s
elec
tio
n
w
a
s
m
ad
e
th
r
o
u
g
h
t
h
e
s
elec
tio
n
s
tag
e
o
r
d
ir
ec
t
s
elec
tio
n
b
y
s
e
v
er
al
s
a
m
p
les,
s
u
c
h
as
i
n
th
e
s
e
lectio
n
o
f
cla
s
s
r
o
o
m
r
es
ea
r
ch
s
a
m
p
les.
T
h
e
m
aj
o
r
ity
o
f
p
ar
ticip
an
ts
in
p
h
o
to
v
o
ice
ar
ticles
ar
e
f
e
m
ale
.
A
ll p
ap
er
s
o
n
T
ab
le
2
u
s
ed
q
u
alitativ
e
m
et
h
o
d
s
.
R
esear
ch
co
n
d
u
c
ted
b
y
Sch
el
l
et
al
.
[
2
1
]
in
d
icate
d
t
h
e
u
s
e
o
f
s
o
cial
q
u
ali
tati
v
e
m
et
h
o
d
s
b
y
u
tili
zi
n
g
th
e
w
eb
a
s
a
to
o
l
to
o
b
tai
n
i
n
f
o
r
m
atio
n
ab
o
u
t
h
o
w
to
p
h
o
to
v
o
ice
p
r
o
ce
d
u
r
es
f
o
r
ta
k
i
n
g
p
ictu
r
es
p
r
o
p
er
l
y
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J
E
v
al
&
R
e
s
E
d
u
c
.
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8822
A
s
ystema
tic
r
ev
ie
w
o
f p
h
o
to
v
o
ice
a
s
p
a
r
ticip
a
to
r
y
a
ctio
n
r
esea
r
ch
s
tr
a
teg
ies
(
N
a
d
i S
u
p
r
a
p
to
)
679
T
h
en
th
e
r
esear
ch
u
s
ed
d
o
cu
m
en
tatio
n
i
n
s
tr
u
m
en
ts
,
p
h
o
to
g
r
ap
h
y
,
to
m
a
k
e
g
o
o
d
o
b
j
ec
t
i
m
ag
e
s
.
Fo
r
o
th
er
r
esear
ch
,
it
w
a
s
p
ac
k
a
g
ed
u
s
i
n
g
p
h
o
to
-
elic
itatio
n
,
a
n
d
t
h
e
r
esu
lt
s
o
f
th
e
i
m
a
g
e
s
w
er
e
an
a
l
y
ze
d
ac
co
r
d
in
g
to
th
e
r
es
u
lt
s
o
f
ea
c
h
i
n
d
iv
id
u
al
'
s
th
o
u
g
h
t
s
.
T
h
is
h
ap
p
en
ed
t
o
th
e
r
esear
ch
d
e
s
cr
ib
ed
in
T
ab
le
2
,
n
u
m
b
er
2
.
T
h
e
r
esear
ch
er
u
s
ed
in
ter
v
i
e
w
s
w
it
h
f
o
cu
s
g
r
o
u
p
d
is
c
u
s
s
io
n
b
y
n
in
e
teen
p
ar
ticip
an
ts
w
h
o
a
tten
d
ed
th
e
co
n
f
er
en
ce
.
Di
s
cu
s
s
io
n
s
wer
e
h
eld
r
eg
ar
d
in
g
s
h
o
o
tin
g
ar
t
ef
ac
ts
.
Fu
r
t
h
er
m
o
r
e,
th
e
r
esu
l
ts
o
f
th
e
r
ev
ie
w
ar
ticle
b
y
W
al
to
n
et
al
.
[
14
]
,
in
v
o
lv
in
g
t
w
e
n
t
y
-
t
w
o
p
ar
ticip
an
ts
in
t
h
e
p
er
ip
h
er
y
c
o
m
m
u
n
itie
s
.
T
h
ese
co
m
m
u
n
it
ies
lik
e
"
A
r
c"
h
av
e
co
llab
o
r
ated
w
it
h
in
d
i
v
id
u
al
u
n
i
v
er
s
i
ties
as
a
v
e
n
u
e
f
o
r
t
h
e
e
x
h
ib
it
io
n
to
b
e
h
eld
at
t
h
e
e
n
d
o
f
th
e
r
esear
ch
p
r
o
ce
s
s
.
I
n
g
e
n
er
al,
t
h
e
p
ar
ticip
an
ts
in
v
o
lv
ed
f
e
m
ale
an
d
m
ale
in
d
iv
id
u
als.
Sti
l
l,
in
th
is
r
esear
ch
,
it
w
as
n
o
t
ex
p
l
ain
ed
in
d
etail
h
o
w
m
an
y
w
o
m
e
n
a
n
d
m
e
n
in
d
i
v
i
d
u
als
w
er
e
in
v
o
lv
ed
i
n
th
e
p
h
o
to
v
o
ice
s
tu
d
y
.
T
h
e
i
n
v
o
l
v
e
m
en
t
o
f
t
h
ese
t
w
en
t
y
-
t
w
o
co
m
m
u
n
itie
s
d
id
th
is
r
ese
ar
ch
p
ac
k
ag
ed
i
n
t
h
e
f
o
r
m
o
f
P
ar
ticip
atio
n
A
ctio
n
R
e
s
ea
r
ch
(
P
A
R
)
,
w
h
ic
h
w
a
s
th
en
an
a
l
y
ze
d
u
s
i
n
g
q
u
a
litati
v
e
m
et
h
o
d
s
.
T
h
e
p
r
o
ce
s
s
o
f
ta
k
in
g
d
ata
w
as
d
o
n
e
b
y
d
o
cu
m
en
tin
g
i
m
a
g
es
an
d
p
h
o
to
s
.
A
f
ter
th
e
d
ata
w
a
s
o
b
t
ain
ed
,
th
en
a
g
r
o
u
p
d
is
cu
s
s
io
n
w
a
s
h
eld
to
p
r
esen
t
th
e
r
esu
lts
o
f
th
e
p
h
o
to
s
o
r
i
m
a
g
es
t
h
at
h
av
e
b
ee
n
a
n
al
y
ze
d
an
d
w
i
ll
b
e
ex
h
ib
ited
at
a
s
p
ec
ial
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
.
T
h
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
w
a
s
atten
d
ed
b
y
ap
p
r
o
x
i
m
a
tel
y
o
n
e
t
h
o
u
s
a
n
d
p
eo
p
le.
T
h
e
r
esu
lts
p
r
esen
ted
i
n
t
h
e
p
r
o
d
u
ct
io
n
i
n
clu
d
ed
s
t
ick
y
n
o
tes,
co
m
m
e
n
t c
ar
d
s
,
b
lack
b
o
ar
d
th
o
u
g
h
ts
,
an
d
w
all
p
o
s
ter
co
m
m
e
n
ts
.
On
t
h
e
o
t
h
er
h
a
n
d
,
it
h
as
a
s
m
all
d
if
f
er
en
t
f
r
o
m
ar
ticle
n
u
m
b
er
1
.
I
n
th
e
r
es
u
lt
s
o
f
th
e
ar
t
i
cle
r
ev
ie
w
n
u
m
b
er
4
f
r
o
m
T
ab
le
2
,
it
in
v
o
lv
ed
s
i
x
s
t
u
d
en
t
s
as
p
ar
ticip
an
ts
f
r
o
m
s
ec
o
n
d
ar
y
s
c
h
o
o
l.
T
h
is
r
esear
ch
w
a
s
o
n
l
y
f
o
cu
s
ed
o
n
th
e
s
m
allest
s
ca
le,
b
o
th
in
t
h
e
s
e
lectio
n
o
f
p
ar
ticip
atio
n
,
o
b
j
e
ct
im
a
g
e
s
,
an
d
p
lace
s
u
s
ed
as
f
ield
v
i
s
it
s
.
B
y
u
s
in
g
q
u
al
itati
v
e
m
e
th
o
d
s
an
d
p
ar
ticip
ato
r
y
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
an
al
y
s
i
s
,
th
e
r
es
u
lt
s
o
f
d
o
cu
m
e
n
tatio
n
o
b
tain
ed
f
r
o
m
th
e
v
i
s
it
ca
r
r
ied
o
u
t
a
m
o
n
g
t
h
e
b
io
lo
g
ica
l
f
iel
d
s
tatio
n
.
T
h
e
f
o
cu
s
o
f
th
e
p
ic
tu
r
e
ta
k
en
w
as
o
n
l
y
f
i
v
e
o
b
j
ec
ts
,
an
d
th
en
o
n
l
y
o
n
e
s
a
m
p
le
w
as
tak
e
n
f
o
r
th
e
i
n
t
er
v
ie
w
p
r
o
ce
s
s
.
T
h
en
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
r
esu
lts
o
b
tain
ed
b
y
th
e
p
ar
ticip
an
t
s
a
s
s
es
s
ed
an
d
ev
al
u
ated
b
y
r
e
s
ea
r
ch
er
s
,
t
h
e
r
esu
lt
s
o
f
t
h
ese
s
t
u
d
ies
i
m
p
r
o
v
ed
th
e
t
h
in
k
i
n
g
s
k
il
ls
o
f
ea
c
h
p
ar
ticip
an
t.
Af
ter
d
ata
an
d
r
es
u
lts
w
er
e
o
b
tain
ed
,
th
e
n
it
as
s
es
s
ed
an
d
ev
alu
a
ted
b
y
r
esear
ch
er
s
,
to
i
m
p
r
o
v
e
th
e
th
i
n
k
i
n
g
s
k
i
lls
o
f
ea
ch
p
ar
ticip
an
t.
T
h
e
r
esear
ch
w
a
s
co
n
d
u
ct
ed
b
y
d
o
cu
m
en
t
in
g
s
el
f
-
a
w
ar
en
es
s
ca
r
r
ied
o
u
t
b
y
ea
ch
s
t
u
d
en
t
as
a
f
o
r
m
o
f
k
n
o
w
i
n
g
th
e
s
el
f
-
d
ev
elo
p
m
e
n
t
t
h
e
y
al
r
ea
d
y
h
av
e.
T
h
e
q
u
alitati
v
e
m
e
th
o
d
w
a
s
u
s
ed
as
a
w
a
y
to
a
n
al
y
ze
d
ata
i
n
t
h
is
s
t
u
d
y
.
T
h
e
d
ata
o
b
tai
n
ed
w
er
e
a
n
al
y
ze
d
u
s
i
n
g
th
e
g
r
o
u
n
d
co
n
s
tr
u
cti
v
i
s
m
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
,
w
h
ich
w
a
s
to
cr
ea
te
m
ea
n
i
n
g
f
r
o
m
w
h
at
h
a
s
b
ee
n
lear
n
ed
b
y
ea
c
h
p
ar
ticip
an
t.
T
h
e
r
esear
ch
in
s
tr
u
m
en
t
u
s
ed
s
i
m
ilar
to
th
e
p
r
ev
io
u
s
ar
ticle,
n
a
m
el
y
p
h
o
t
o
g
r
ap
h
y
a
n
d
d
o
cu
m
e
n
tatio
n
an
d
th
e
n
co
n
d
u
c
ted
in
ter
v
ie
w
s
u
s
i
n
g
th
e
S
HOW
ed
tech
n
iq
u
e.
Fro
m
th
e
r
esu
l
ts
o
f
r
ev
ie
w
i
n
g
f
iv
e
p
h
o
to
v
o
ice
ar
ticles
in
t
h
e
d
o
m
ai
n
o
f
ed
u
ca
tio
n
,
it
w
a
s
f
o
u
n
d
th
at
th
e
av
er
a
g
e
p
ar
tici
p
an
t
i
n
v
o
l
v
ed
s
ix
to
t
w
en
t
y
i
n
d
iv
id
u
al
s
t
u
d
en
ts
,
co
lleg
e
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
,
a
n
d
r
esear
ch
er
s
o
r
au
t
h
o
r
ar
ticles.
On
th
e
o
th
er
h
a
n
d
,
th
e
m
aj
o
r
it
y
o
f
p
ar
ticip
an
ts
b
ased
o
n
g
en
d
er
in
v
o
l
v
ed
w
er
e
w
o
m
e
n
w
it
h
ag
e
s
r
an
g
i
n
g
f
r
o
m
t
w
el
v
e
to
f
i
f
t
y
y
ea
r
s
.
T
h
e
r
esear
ch
m
e
th
o
d
u
s
e
d
w
a
s
a
q
u
alitat
iv
e
b
y
u
til
i
zin
g
d
o
cu
m
e
n
tatio
n
s
tu
d
y
,
o
b
s
er
v
a
tio
n
,
an
d
i
n
ter
v
i
e
w
s
.
T
ab
le
3
in
d
icate
s
th
e
r
e
s
u
l
t
o
f
th
e
p
h
o
to
v
o
ice
ar
ticle
s
elec
ti
o
n
in
th
e
h
ea
lth
f
ield
(
th
r
ee
o
f
t
h
e
ei
g
h
t
r
ep
r
esen
tativ
e
s
a
m
p
les).
T
h
e
th
r
ee
ar
ticle
s
w
er
e
ta
k
en
f
r
o
m
in
ter
n
a
tio
n
a
l
j
o
u
r
n
al
s
an
d
co
n
f
er
e
n
ce
,
in
cl
u
d
in
g
th
e
J
o
u
r
n
al
o
f
W
o
m
en
's
Hea
lt
h
,
J
o
u
r
n
al
o
f
C
r
e
ativ
it
y
i
n
Me
n
tal
Hea
l
th
a
n
d
P
r
o
ce
ed
in
g
s
o
f
t
h
e
An
n
u
al
I
n
ter
n
atio
n
a
l
C
o
n
f
er
en
ce
Sh
ia.
T
h
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
p
ar
ticip
an
ts
in
v
o
lv
ed
in
th
e
r
esear
ch
w
as
f
o
u
r
in
d
iv
id
u
als.
T
h
e
a
m
o
u
n
t
o
f
a
p
ar
ticip
an
t
in
a
p
h
o
to
v
o
ic
e
r
esear
ch
in
th
e
h
ea
lt
h
f
iel
d
w
as
th
e
h
ea
lt
h
co
m
m
u
n
it
y
m
e
m
b
er
a
n
d
also
th
e
d
o
cto
r
s
.
P
ar
ticip
an
ts
i
n
t
h
e
o
th
er
t
w
o
ar
ticles
w
er
e
n
o
t
m
en
tio
n
ed
clea
r
l
y
.
Ho
w
e
v
er
,
th
e
t
h
r
ee
ar
ticles th
a
t
w
er
e
r
ev
ie
w
ed
i
n
v
o
l
v
ed
m
al
e
an
d
f
e
m
al
e.
A
r
ticle
o
f
W
a
n
g
in
v
o
lv
ed
p
ar
t
icip
an
ts
in
th
e
Yu
n
n
an
W
o
m
e
n
co
m
m
u
n
it
y
.
T
h
r
o
u
g
h
t
h
is
p
ar
ticip
an
t,
th
e
ap
p
r
o
p
r
iate
r
esear
ch
m
e
th
o
d
o
lo
g
y
i
s
P
AR
b
y
t
h
e
co
m
m
u
n
it
y
.
T
h
e
P
AR
i
n
cl
u
d
ed
p
o
licy
m
a
k
er
s
,
lead
er
s
an
d
m
e
m
b
er
s
o
f
th
e
c
o
m
m
u
n
it
y
.
T
h
e
in
s
tr
u
m
en
t
u
s
ed
to
ta
k
e
p
ictu
r
es
w
a
s
m
o
d
i
f
ied
in
t
h
e
f
o
r
m
o
f
in
ter
v
ie
w
s
a
n
d
also
q
u
e
s
tio
n
n
air
e
q
u
es
tio
n
s
.
Q
u
e
s
tio
n
er
q
u
esti
o
n
s
u
s
e
s
e
m
i
-
s
tr
u
c
tu
r
al
i
n
ter
v
ie
w
s
o
r
o
f
te
n
r
ef
er
r
ed
to
as
SHOW
eD.
T
h
e
p
r
o
ce
d
u
r
e
o
r
p
r
o
ce
s
s
f
o
r
f
i
n
d
in
g
i
m
a
g
es
i
s
o
b
tain
ed
th
r
o
u
g
h
t
h
e
p
h
o
to
v
o
ice
w
eb
.
M
o
r
eo
v
er
,
th
e
r
ev
ie
w
ar
ticle
s
an
d
r
esear
ch
m
et
h
o
d
s
d
escr
i
b
ed
b
y
r
esear
ch
er
s
in
T
ab
le
3
n
u
m
b
er
2
u
s
ed
th
e
li
ter
atu
r
e
r
ev
ie
w
o
f
s
i
x
teen
ar
ticle
s
b
y
u
s
i
n
g
q
u
al
ita
tiv
e
m
eth
o
d
s
.
T
h
e
r
esear
ch
in
s
tr
u
m
en
t
w
as
ta
k
en
th
r
o
u
g
h
d
atab
ases
s
u
ch
as
C
I
NAHL
,
Scie
n
ce
Dir
ec
t,
an
d
Pro
q
u
est.
Me
an
w
h
i
le,
th
e
ex
p
l
an
atio
n
o
f
r
esear
c
h
m
et
h
o
d
s
an
d
i
n
s
tr
u
m
en
t
s
d
es
cr
ib
ed
in
ar
ticle
n
u
m
b
er
3
w
a
s
n
o
t
m
u
ch
d
if
f
er
en
t
f
r
o
m
ar
ticle
n
u
m
b
er
1
.
T
h
e
r
esu
lts
o
f
th
e
r
e
v
ie
w
o
f
t
h
e
ar
ticle
u
s
ed
a
q
u
alita
tiv
e
m
e
th
o
d
b
y
co
llect
in
g
p
h
o
to
s
a
n
d
ess
a
y
e
x
a
m
r
es
u
lt
s
b
o
th
p
r
e
-
co
m
p
r
eh
en
s
i
v
e
ex
a
m
s
,
d
u
r
in
g
co
m
p
r
eh
e
n
s
i
v
e
o
r
p
o
s
t
-
co
m
p
r
e
h
e
n
s
i
v
e
ex
a
m
s
.
T
h
e
r
esu
lts
o
f
th
e
p
h
o
to
v
o
ice
r
ev
ie
w
i
n
t
h
e
h
ea
lt
h
d
o
m
ai
n
w
er
e
ta
k
e
n
f
r
o
m
t
h
r
ee
s
a
m
p
le
ar
ticles,
a
s
it
ex
p
lai
n
ed
i
n
t
h
e
p
r
ev
io
u
s
p
ar
ag
r
ap
h
.
Fro
m
th
e
r
es
u
lts
o
f
t
h
e
a
n
al
y
s
is
t
h
e
p
ar
ticip
an
t
s
i
n
v
o
lv
ed
w
er
e
m
o
s
t
l
y
f
r
o
m
th
e
g
en
er
al
p
u
b
lic.
T
h
e
to
tal
o
f
p
ar
tici
p
an
ts
w
a
s
ar
o
u
n
d
f
o
u
r
tee
n
to
s
ix
tee
n
in
d
i
v
id
u
als.
P
ar
ticip
an
ts
i
n
th
e
r
esear
ch
w
er
e
n
o
t
ex
p
lai
n
ed
in
d
etail.
T
h
en
th
e
r
esear
c
h
m
e
th
o
d
o
lo
g
y
u
s
ed
t
h
e
P
AR
m
et
h
o
d
,
in
ter
v
ie
w
s
,
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2252
-
8822
I
n
t.
J
.
E
v
al
.
&
R
es
.
E
d
u
c
.
Vo
l.
9
,
No
.
3
,
Sep
tem
b
er
2
0
2
0
:
6
7
5
-
683
680
an
d
liter
atu
r
e
r
ev
ie
w
.
T
h
e
o
r
d
in
ar
y
r
esear
ch
in
s
tr
u
m
en
t
u
s
ed
d
o
cu
m
e
n
tatio
n
a
n
d
in
t
er
v
ie
w
s
.
A
f
ter
th
e
r
esear
ch
er
s
tab
u
lated
th
e
r
esu
lts
o
f
s
a
m
p
les
f
r
o
m
s
e
v
er
al
ar
ticles
in
th
e
d
o
m
ai
n
o
f
ed
u
ca
tio
n
an
d
h
ea
lt
h
,
th
en
th
is
p
ap
er
co
n
ti
n
u
ed
w
it
h
t
h
e
r
esu
lts
o
f
s
a
m
p
le
r
ev
ie
w
ar
ticle
s
i
n
t
h
e
ar
ea
o
f
s
o
ci
al
s
cien
ce
.
T
ab
le
4
illu
s
tr
ates a
f
u
r
t
h
er
ex
p
lan
a
tio
n
o
f
s
o
cial
s
c
ien
ce
ar
ticle
s
in
p
h
o
to
v
o
ice
r
esear
ch
.
T
ab
le
3
.
A
n
o
v
er
v
ie
w
o
f
t
h
e
h
ea
lth
s
a
m
p
le
ar
ticles a
n
al
y
ze
d
in
th
is
r
ev
ie
w
No
A
u
t
h
o
r
(
s)
T
i
t
l
e
P
a
r
t
i
c
i
p
a
n
t
R
e
se
a
r
c
h
M
e
t
h
o
d
o
l
o
g
y
I
n
t
r
u
me
n
t
s
D
i
me
n
si
o
n
G
e
n
d
e
r
1
*
W
a
n
g
[
1
]
“
P
h
o
t
o
v
o
i
c
e
:
A
p
a
r
t
i
c
i
p
a
t
o
r
y
a
c
t
i
o
n
r
e
se
a
r
c
h
st
r
a
t
e
g
y
a
p
p
l
i
e
d
t
o
w
o
me
n
’
s
h
e
a
l
t
h
”
-
Y
u
n
n
a
n
w
o
m
e
n
a
n
d
t
h
e
i
r
k
i
n
-
P
o
l
i
c
y
mak
e
r
-
L
e
a
d
e
r
a
n
d
me
mb
e
r
o
f
C
o
mm
u
n
i
t
y
M
e
n
a
n
d
w
o
m
e
n
-
P
A
R
-
I
n
t
e
r
v
i
e
w
a
n
d
Q
u
e
st
i
o
n
-
L
i
t
e
r
a
t
u
r
e
r
e
v
i
e
w
s
-
S
u
r
v
e
y
s
-
S
e
mi
-
st
r
u
c
t
u
r
a
l
i
n
t
e
r
v
i
e
w
(
a
c
r
o
n
y
m SH
O
W
e
D
)
-
A
ss
e
ssm
e
n
t
-
A
ss
e
t
map
p
i
n
g
t
o
o
l
s
-
P
a
r
t
i
c
i
p
a
t
o
r
y
e
v
a
l
u
a
t
i
o
n
-
W
e
b
(
w
w
w
.
p
h
o
t
o
v
o
i
c
e
.
c
o
)
2
*
H
a
t
t
a
k
i
t
&
W
i
r
o
n
p
a
n
i
c
h
[
1
1
]
“
P
h
o
t
o
-
v
o
i
c
e
a
s a
q
u
a
l
i
t
a
t
i
v
e
r
e
se
a
r
c
h
me
t
h
o
d
i
n
n
u
r
s
i
n
g
a
n
d
h
e
a
l
t
h
sci
e
n
c
e
s:
A
l
i
t
e
r
a
t
u
r
e
r
e
v
i
e
w
”
1
6
a
r
t
i
c
l
e
s
-
L
i
t
e
r
a
t
u
r
e
r
e
v
i
e
w
s
-
R
e
t
r
i
e
v
e
d
f
r
o
m d
a
t
a
b
a
se
s
su
c
h
a
s C
I
N
A
H
L
,
S
c
i
e
n
c
e
D
i
r
e
c
t
a
n
d
P
r
o
q
u
e
st
.
3
*
K
o
l
t
z
e
t
a
l
.
[
15
]
“
P
i
c
t
u
r
e
p
e
r
f
e
c
t
:
U
si
n
g
p
h
o
t
o
-
v
o
i
c
e
t
o
e
x
p
l
o
r
e
f
o
u
r
d
o
c
t
o
r
a
l
s
t
u
d
e
n
t
s’
c
o
mp
r
e
h
e
n
si
v
e
e
x
a
mi
n
a
t
i
o
n
e
x
p
e
r
i
e
n
c
e
s”
f
o
u
r
d
o
c
t
o
r
a
l
st
u
d
e
n
t
s
-
-
Q
u
a
l
i
t
a
t
i
v
e
r
e
se
a
r
c
h
d
e
scri
p
t
i
o
n
s
a
n
d
e
x
t
e
n
si
v
e
d
e
t
a
i
l
s
p
h
e
n
o
me
n
o
l
o
g
i
c
a
l
me
t
h
o
d
o
l
o
g
y
-
C
o
l
l
e
c
t
i
n
g
p
h
o
t
o
g
r
a
p
h
s
-
Essay
e
x
a
m
-
Pre
-
c
o
mp
r
e
h
e
n
si
v
e
e
x
a
m
-
D
u
r
i
n
g
c
o
mp
r
e
h
e
n
s
i
v
e
e
x
a
m
-
P
o
st
c
o
mp
r
e
h
e
n
s
i
v
e
e
x
a
m
-
P
h
o
t
o
-
v
o
i
c
e
a
n
d
j
o
u
r
n
a
l
i
n
g
T
ab
le
4
.
A
n
o
v
er
v
ie
w
o
f
t
h
e
s
o
cial
s
cien
ce
s
a
m
p
le
ar
ticles a
n
al
y
ze
d
i
n
th
is
r
ev
ie
w
No
A
u
t
h
o
r
(
s)
T
i
t
l
e
P
a
r
t
i
c
i
p
a
n
t
R
e
se
a
r
c
h
me
t
h
o
d
o
l
o
g
y
I
n
t
r
u
me
n
t
s
D
e
mo
g
r
a
p
h
y
G
e
n
d
e
r
1
*
B
e
n
n
e
t
t
&
D
e
a
r
d
e
n
[
40
]
“
A
p
i
c
t
u
r
e
o
f
c
h
a
n
g
e
:
U
si
n
g
p
h
o
t
o
v
o
i
c
e
t
o
e
x
p
l
o
r
e
so
c
i
a
l
a
n
d
e
n
v
i
r
o
n
me
n
t
a
l
c
h
a
n
g
e
i
n
c
o
a
st
a
l
c
o
mm
u
n
i
t
i
e
s o
n
t
h
e
A
n
d
a
ma
n
C
o
a
st
o
f
T
h
a
i
l
a
n
d
”
-
C
o
a
st
a
l
c
o
mm
u
n
i
t
i
e
s
-
S
o
c
i
o
e
c
o
n
o
mi
c
g
r
o
u
p
s
-
Et
h
n
i
c
i
t
y
-
L
i
v
e
l
i
h
o
o
d
g
r
o
u
p
-
P
a
r
t
i
c
i
p
a
n
t
29
i
n
d
i
v
i
d
u
a
l
s
-
A
t
K
o
h
P
h
r
a
t
h
o
n
g
f
i
v
e
F
e
mal
e
s a
n
d
f
o
u
r
me
n
s
-
A
t
B
a
a
n
T
h
a
o
K
h
a
o
7
w
o
me
n
a
n
d
4
m
a
n
-
I
n
B
a
a
n
L
i
o
n
s
a
n
d
T
a
p
a
e
Y
o
i
-
T
h
e
a
g
e
o
f
p
a
r
t
i
c
i
p
a
n
t
s
r
a
n
g
e
d
b
e
t
w
e
e
n
20
&
6
0
+
y
e
a
r
s
-
Q
u
a
l
i
t
a
t
i
v
e
M
e
t
h
o
d
o
l
o
g
y
-
B
y
u
si
n
g
a
c
o
mb
i
n
a
t
i
o
n
o
f
sn
o
w
b
a
l
l
s
-
P
u
r
p
o
si
v
e
samp
l
i
n
g
t
e
c
h
n
i
q
u
e
-
R
e
c
r
u
i
t
me
n
t
a
n
d
t
r
a
i
n
i
n
g
w
o
r
k
sh
o
p
-
P
h
o
t
o
g
r
a
p
h
y
a
ssi
g
n
me
n
t
-
N
a
r
r
a
t
i
v
e
s o
f
p
h
o
t
o
g
r
a
p
h
s
-
C
o
d
i
n
g
o
f
mai
n
t
o
p
i
c
s
a
n
d
t
h
e
me
s
-
P
r
o
d
u
c
t
i
o
n
a
n
d
co
-
e
d
i
t
i
n
g
o
f
b
o
o
k
w
o
r
k
sh
o
p
2
*
R
a
n
i
a
e
t
a
l
.
[
19
]
“
P
h
o
t
o
v
o
i
c
e
a
n
d
i
n
t
e
r
p
r
e
t
a
t
i
o
n
o
f
p
i
c
t
u
r
e
s i
n
a
g
r
o
u
p
d
i
s
c
u
ss
i
o
n
:
A
c
o
mm
u
n
i
t
y
p
sy
c
h
o
l
o
g
y
a
p
p
r
o
a
c
h
”
-
C
o
mm
u
n
i
t
y
i
n
g
e
n
e
r
a
l
-
-
F
o
c
u
s g
r
o
u
p
q
u
a
l
i
t
a
t
i
v
e
r
e
se
a
r
c
h
me
t
h
o
d
-
P
A
R
me
t
h
o
d
-
O
n
e
p
h
o
t
o
i
s
a
n
a
l
y
z
e
d
i
n
t
o
se
v
e
r
a
l
p
e
r
c
e
p
t
i
o
n
s
-
O
b
j
e
c
t
S
h
o
o
t
-
D
o
c
u
me
n
t
a
t
i
o
n
s
-
S
H
O
W
e
d
t
e
c
h
n
i
q
u
e
-
D
i
scu
ssi
o
n
3
*
S
i
t
t
e
r
[
41
]
“
T
a
k
i
n
g
a
c
l
o
se
r
:
L
o
o
k
a
t
p
h
o
t
o
v
o
i
c
e
a
s
p
a
r
t
i
c
i
p
a
t
o
r
y
a
c
t
i
o
n
r
e
se
a
r
c
h
me
t
h
o
d
”
-
R
e
se
a
r
c
h
e
r
s o
r
r
e
se
a
r
c
h
v
i
e
w
s
-
N
o
t
e
x
p
l
a
i
n
e
d
i
n
d
e
t
a
i
l
-
T
h
e
q
u
a
l
i
t
a
t
i
v
e
r
e
se
a
r
c
h
.
-
U
si
n
g
p
h
o
t
o
g
r
a
p
h
y
&
P
A
R
L
i
t
e
r
a
t
u
r
e
r
e
v
i
e
w
p
h
o
t
o
v
o
i
c
e
B
ased
o
n
T
ab
le
4
,
th
r
ee
s
a
m
p
le
p
h
o
to
v
o
ice
r
esear
ch
e
s
w
er
e
ta
k
e
n
i
n
t
h
e
co
m
m
u
n
it
y
o
r
s
o
cial
d
o
m
ai
n
.
T
h
e
ab
o
v
e
s
am
p
le
w
a
s
tak
en
f
r
o
m
th
e
I
n
ter
n
atio
n
al
J
o
u
r
n
al
o
f
J
u
s
tice
an
d
Su
s
tai
n
ab
ilit
y
,
th
e
J
o
u
r
n
al
o
f
Qu
al
itati
v
e
R
e
s
ea
r
ch
i
n
P
s
y
ch
o
lo
g
y
,
a
n
d
th
e
J
o
u
r
n
a
l
o
f
P
r
o
g
r
ess
iv
e
H
u
m
an
Ser
v
ice
s
.
A
r
ticle
n
u
m
b
er
1
i
n
T
ab
le
4
h
as
th
e
p
u
r
p
o
s
e
to
an
al
y
ze
e
n
v
ir
o
n
m
e
n
tal
an
d
s
o
cial
ch
a
n
g
e
s
b
ased
o
n
p
h
o
to
v
o
ic
e.
T
h
e
r
esear
ch
h
a
s
also
in
v
o
lv
ed
th
e
s
ea
s
id
e
an
d
co
astal
co
m
m
u
n
itie
s
as
p
ar
ticip
an
t
o
b
j
ec
ts
in
p
h
o
to
v
o
ice
r
esear
ch
b
y
t
ak
i
n
g
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J
E
v
al
&
R
e
s
E
d
u
c
.
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8822
A
s
ystema
tic
r
ev
ie
w
o
f p
h
o
to
v
o
ice
a
s
p
a
r
ticip
a
to
r
y
a
ctio
n
r
esea
r
ch
s
tr
a
teg
ies
(
N
a
d
i S
u
p
r
a
p
to
)
681
r
ep
r
esen
tativ
e
s
a
m
p
le
s
s
u
c
h
as
g
en
d
er
,
s
o
cial
g
r
o
u
p
,
eth
n
icit
y
,
o
r
liv
elih
o
o
d
g
r
o
u
p
p
h
o
to
v
o
ice
p
r
o
ce
s
s
in
v
o
l
v
i
n
g
t
w
e
n
t
y
-
n
i
n
e
p
ar
ticip
an
ts
.
Of
t
h
o
s
e
p
ar
ticip
an
ts
,
n
i
n
e
p
eo
p
le
w
er
e
f
r
o
m
Ko
h
P
h
r
ath
o
n
g
,
f
o
u
r
p
eo
p
le
at
B
aa
n
L
io
n
s
,
f
i
v
e
p
eo
p
le
f
r
o
m
T
ap
ae
Y
o
i
an
d
elev
en
p
eo
p
le
at
B
aa
n
T
h
a
Kh
ao
.
T
h
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
g
e
n
d
er
s
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
p
ar
ticip
an
t
w
as
b
al
an
ce
d
o
n
a
v
er
ag
e
b
et
w
ee
n
m
en
an
d
w
o
m
en
.
T
h
is
ap
p
lies
to
th
e
s
a
m
p
le
o
f
r
esear
ch
o
b
j
ec
ts
w
ith
a
m
aj
o
r
ity
ag
e
o
f
4
0
-
6
0
y
ea
r
s
.
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
u
s
ed
q
u
alita
tiv
e
m
et
h
o
d
s
w
it
h
a
co
m
b
i
n
atio
n
o
f
s
n
o
w
b
all
tech
n
iq
u
e
s
a
n
d
p
u
r
p
o
s
iv
e
s
a
m
p
li
n
g
.
Usi
n
g
a
s
n
o
w
b
all
s
a
m
p
li
n
g
tec
h
n
iq
u
e
m
ea
n
s
th
at
t
h
e
s
a
m
p
le
o
b
tai
n
ed
w
a
s
r
o
tated
f
r
o
m
o
n
e
r
esp
o
n
d
en
t
to
a
n
o
th
er
to
e
x
p
lain
t
h
e
m
i
n
d
s
et
in
s
o
cial
c
h
an
g
e
o
r
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
tal
c
h
an
g
e
[
23
-
25
,
40
,
48
]
.
P
ar
ticip
an
ts
w
h
o
h
av
e
b
ee
n
s
elec
ted
ar
e
g
iv
en
g
u
id
an
ce
i
n
th
e
f
o
r
m
o
f
tr
ain
i
n
g
in
tak
in
g
p
ictu
r
es
o
r
p
h
o
to
s
co
r
r
ec
tly
,
af
ter
th
at
g
iv
e
n
th
e
t
ask
o
f
p
h
o
to
g
r
ap
h
y
,
an
d
t
h
e
r
esu
lt
s
o
f
t
h
e
p
h
o
to
s
w
er
e
t
h
en
an
al
y
ze
d
b
ased
o
n
th
e
r
es
u
lts
o
f
th
e
i
n
ter
v
ie
w
.
T
h
is
w
i
ll
b
e
f
o
llo
w
ed
b
y
co
d
in
g
th
e
m
ai
n
to
p
ics
an
d
t
h
e
m
e
s
,
an
d
th
e
o
u
tp
u
ts
o
f
th
e
r
esear
c
h
w
i
ll
b
e
p
r
o
d
u
ce
d
an
d
ed
ited
in
to
a
b
o
o
k
to
b
e
u
s
ed
a
s
i
m
p
licatio
n
s
o
r
ap
p
licatio
n
s
o
f
en
v
ir
o
n
m
e
n
tal
a
n
d
s
o
cial
ch
a
n
g
e
co
n
d
itio
n
s
in
t
h
e
f
is
h
er
ies o
r
m
ar
i
n
e
en
v
ir
o
n
m
e
n
t [
24
,
2
5
].
Me
an
w
h
ile,
ar
ticle
n
u
m
b
er
2
in
T
ab
le
4
is
a
n
ar
ticle
en
t
itled
p
h
o
to
v
o
ice
a
n
d
in
ter
p
r
etatio
n
o
f
p
ictu
r
es
i
n
a
g
r
o
u
p
d
is
c
u
s
s
io
n
.
T
h
e
ar
ticle
d
id
n
o
t
ex
p
lain
t
h
e
p
ar
ticip
an
t
s
u
b
j
ec
ts
o
f
t
h
e
s
tu
d
y
th
o
r
o
u
g
h
l
y
;
it
o
n
l
y
m
en
t
io
n
ed
th
e
g
e
n
er
al
co
m
m
u
n
it
y
in
v
o
l
v
ed
.
A
lt
h
o
u
g
h
,
it
s
p
ec
if
ied
th
e
d
ata
co
llectio
n
u
s
i
n
g
P
AR
,
b
u
t
it
d
id
n
’
t
ex
p
lai
n
s
u
b
j
ec
tiv
el
y
p
a
r
ticip
an
ts
w
h
o
co
n
d
u
cted
th
e
s
tu
d
y
.
T
h
e
ar
ticle
an
al
y
ze
d
th
e
f
ea
tu
r
es
o
r
i
m
a
g
es
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
r
es
u
lt
s
o
f
th
e
p
h
o
to
s
h
o
o
t,
th
e
n
a
n
al
y
ze
d
it
b
ased
o
n
th
e
ex
p
er
ien
ce
o
f
ea
c
h
P
AR
.
T
o
an
al
y
ze
t
h
e
p
ictu
r
e,
th
e
r
e
s
ea
r
ch
m
et
h
o
d
u
s
ed
i
s
a
q
u
al
itati
v
e
f
o
cu
s
g
r
o
u
p
d
is
cu
s
s
io
n
.
T
h
e
in
s
tr
u
m
e
n
t
i
n
t
h
i
s
s
t
u
d
y
u
s
ed
d
o
cu
m
en
tatio
n
tec
h
n
iq
u
e
s
.
T
h
e
p
h
o
to
v
o
ice
p
r
o
ce
s
s
is
al
m
o
s
t
th
e
s
a
m
e
as
t
h
e
o
th
er
ar
ticle
s
.
I
n
co
n
d
u
cti
n
g
t
h
e
p
h
o
to
v
o
ice
p
r
o
ce
s
s
,
th
e
in
itial
s
tep
is
to
tak
e
a
s
h
o
t
i
n
th
e
t
ak
in
g
o
f
th
e
o
b
j
ec
t
i
m
ag
e,
t
h
e
n
tak
e
a
p
h
o
to
in
a
d
if
f
er
e
n
t
p
er
io
d
.
T
h
en
an
o
th
e
r
d
r
aw
i
n
g
o
b
j
ec
t
in
ter
v
ie
w
ed
b
y
t
h
e
p
ar
ticip
an
t
u
s
in
g
t
h
e
S
HOW
eD
tech
n
iq
u
e
an
d
d
is
cu
s
s
ed
to
g
eth
er
w
it
h
o
th
er
p
ar
ticip
an
ts
.
T
h
e
o
b
j
ec
t
i
m
ag
e
s
o
b
tain
ed
b
y
ea
ch
p
ar
ticip
an
t
w
er
e
an
al
y
ze
d
w
it
h
d
i
f
f
er
e
n
t e
x
p
er
ie
n
ce
s
.
Me
an
w
h
ile,
ar
ticle
n
u
m
b
er
3
w
a
s
a
r
ev
ie
w
o
f
t
h
e
ar
ticle
en
titl
ed
tak
i
n
g
a
clo
s
er
lo
o
k
at
p
h
o
to
v
o
ice
as
a
P
AR
m
et
h
o
d
.
I
n
t
h
e
r
es
ea
r
ch
,
th
e
p
ar
ticip
an
t
s
u
b
j
ec
ts
u
s
ed
w
er
e
t
h
e
r
esear
ch
er
s
o
r
th
e
v
ie
w
s
o
f
t
h
e
r
esear
ch
er
s
.
B
ec
au
s
e
it
w
as
n
o
t
ex
p
lai
n
ed
in
d
etail
t
h
e
g
en
d
er
in
v
o
lv
ed
as
a
p
ar
ticip
an
t,
th
e
r
e
s
ea
r
ch
er
co
n
clu
d
ed
th
at
th
e
g
en
d
er
u
s
ed
is
m
ale
an
d
f
e
m
ale
i
n
g
e
n
er
al.
T
h
e
ar
ticle'
s
in
s
tr
u
m
e
n
t
u
s
ed
th
e
liter
atu
r
e
r
ev
ie
w
t
ec
h
n
iq
u
e
o
f
v
ar
io
u
s
t
h
eo
r
ies th
at
u
n
d
er
lie
p
h
o
to
v
o
ic
e.
Fro
m
th
e
r
es
u
lt
s
o
f
a
r
ev
ie
w
o
f
th
r
ee
ar
ticle
s
in
t
h
e
d
o
m
ai
n
o
f
s
o
cial
s
cie
n
ce
,
th
e
a
v
er
ag
e
p
ar
ticip
an
t
h
as
ta
k
en
t
h
e
g
e
n
er
al
p
u
b
lic
w
h
ile
s
p
ec
i
f
icall
y
in
v
o
l
v
in
g
t
h
e
p
ar
ticip
an
t
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
m
ar
g
i
n
al
co
m
m
u
n
it
y
-
t
h
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
p
ar
ticip
an
ts
'
a
m
o
u
n
t
to
n
in
etee
n
in
d
i
v
id
u
a
ls
.
Ho
w
ev
er
,
th
e
p
ar
ticip
an
ts
o
f
th
e
t
wo
r
esear
ch
ar
ticles
w
er
e
n
o
t
ex
p
lai
n
ed
in
d
etail.
I
n
ad
d
itio
n
,
th
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
g
e
n
d
er
s
b
et
w
ee
n
m
en
a
n
d
w
o
m
en
o
n
av
er
a
g
e
w
a
s
b
alan
ce
d
.
L
ik
e
p
h
o
to
v
o
ice
r
es
ea
r
c
h
in
th
e
d
o
m
ain
o
f
ed
u
ca
ti
o
n
an
d
h
ea
lth
,
r
esear
ch
m
e
th
o
d
s
in
th
e
d
o
m
ai
n
o
f
s
o
cial
s
cie
n
ce
s
u
s
ed
q
u
ali
tati
v
e
m
et
h
o
d
s
.
Me
an
w
h
ile,
t
h
e
a
v
er
ag
e
i
n
s
tr
u
m
en
t
u
s
ed
SHO
W
ed
d
o
cu
m
e
n
tatio
n
an
d
in
ter
v
ie
w
tec
h
n
iq
u
es.
T
h
r
o
u
g
h
p
h
o
to
v
o
ice,
th
e
av
er
ag
e
r
esear
ch
r
esu
lts
o
b
ta
in
ed
w
er
e
clo
s
e
to
th
e
tr
u
th
o
f
th
e
h
y
p
o
t
h
esi
s
,
w
h
ic
h
w
as
b
y
t
h
e
p
u
r
p
o
s
e
o
f
p
h
o
to
v
o
ice
to
im
p
r
o
v
e
u
n
d
er
s
ta
n
d
in
g
,
an
d
th
e
lev
el
o
f
o
n
e's
cr
itical
th
i
n
k
in
g
o
f
i
m
a
g
es [
9
,
13
,
42
,
44
,
4
6
,
47
,
49
].
Fro
m
th
e
r
esu
l
ts
o
f
a
r
ev
ie
w
o
f
f
o
r
t
y
-
o
n
e
ar
ticles
ab
o
u
t
p
h
o
to
v
o
ice,
alm
o
s
t
all
o
f
th
e
m
u
s
ed
q
u
alitati
v
e
m
eth
o
d
s
.
P
ar
ticip
an
t
o
r
r
esp
o
n
d
en
t
r
esear
ch
r
an
g
ed
f
r
o
m
f
i
v
e
u
n
t
il
f
if
t
y
i
n
d
i
v
id
u
als.
I
n
ad
d
itio
n
,
th
e
av
er
a
g
e
in
s
tr
u
m
e
n
t
u
s
es
d
o
cu
m
en
tatio
n
,
o
b
s
er
v
atio
n
,
in
ter
v
ie
w
s
,
an
d
also
p
r
esen
tat
io
n
s
o
f
v
ie
w
s
a
n
d
an
al
y
ze
s
t
h
at
h
a
v
e
b
ee
n
d
o
n
e.
B
u
t
t
h
er
e
w
as
a
u
n
iq
u
e
n
ess
o
f
t
h
e
ar
ticle
o
f
W
alto
n
et
a
l
[
14
]
:
th
e
o
b
s
er
v
atio
n
in
s
tr
u
m
en
t
w
as p
ac
k
a
g
ed
in
to
an
ex
h
ib
itio
n
,
j
u
s
t lik
e
a
n
ar
t e
x
h
ib
it
io
n
.
Ho
w
ev
er
,
i
n
v
ar
io
u
s
f
ield
s
o
f
r
esear
c
h
,
th
e
m
o
s
t
r
esear
ch
er
s
s
a
id
th
at
p
h
o
to
v
o
ice
w
a
s
ab
le
to
in
cr
ea
s
e
th
e
u
n
d
er
s
ta
n
d
in
g
o
f
i
n
d
i
v
id
u
al
s
o
r
g
r
o
u
p
s
to
in
ter
p
r
et
th
e
co
n
te
n
t o
f
a
n
i
m
a
g
e
o
r
p
h
o
to
[
22
,
25
,
4
6
,
47
,
50
].
T
h
e
p
h
o
to
v
o
ice
m
eth
o
d
u
n
i
q
u
el
y
b
r
in
g
s
p
ar
ticip
a
n
ts
to
ca
p
tu
r
e
th
eir
li
f
e
t
h
r
o
u
g
h
t
h
e
len
s
o
f
a
ca
m
er
a
w
h
ile
al
s
o
allo
w
in
g
t
h
e
m
to
ex
p
r
es
s
e
m
o
tio
n
s
an
d
to
g
iv
e
m
ea
n
in
g
s
o
f
t
h
eir
p
ar
ticu
lar
li
f
e
s
itu
a
tio
n
s
[
18
,
27
,
30
,
46
]
.
F
o
r
f
u
r
th
er
s
t
u
d
y
,
th
e
r
esear
ch
er
s
m
a
y
m
o
d
i
f
y
t
h
e
m
e
th
o
d
an
d
ap
p
ly
v
ar
y
i
n
g
f
r
a
m
e
w
o
r
k
s
to
in
cr
ea
s
e
r
ele
v
an
ce
f
o
r
v
ar
ied
p
ar
ticip
an
ts
[
17
,
23
,
26
,
43
]
.
Sp
ec
if
icall
y
in
ed
u
ca
tio
n
,
th
e
u
n
iq
u
e
m
et
h
o
d
s
o
f
p
h
o
to
v
o
ice
ar
e
u
s
e
f
u
l
to
p
r
o
m
o
te
th
e
li
n
k
s
b
et
w
ee
n
t
h
e
s
ch
o
o
l
an
d
h
o
m
e
en
v
ir
o
n
m
e
n
t
s
[
24
,
27
,
38
,
46
]
.
A
d
d
itio
n
al
l
y
,
it
h
as
f
ea
s
ib
le
to
b
e
i
m
p
le
m
e
n
ted
i
n
d
ep
en
d
en
tl
y
b
y
teac
h
er
s
i
n
th
e
cla
s
s
r
o
o
m
.
A
p
h
o
to
v
o
ice
p
r
o
j
ec
t
s
h
o
u
ld
b
e
al
s
o
in
ten
d
e
d
to
ca
p
tu
r
e
s
er
v
ice
lear
n
i
n
g
t
h
r
o
u
g
h
th
e
s
t
u
d
en
t
s
'
p
er
s
p
ec
tiv
es
an
d
v
o
ices
o
f
a
c
o
m
m
u
n
it
y
[
31
,
41
]
.
Am
o
n
g
t
h
ese
p
o
s
s
ib
il
ities
o
f
f
u
r
t
h
er
s
t
u
d
y
,
t
h
er
e
ar
e
th
r
ee
d
if
f
er
e
n
t
s
ites
o
f
an
al
y
tical
att
en
tio
n
i
n
p
h
o
to
v
o
ice:
“
s
ite
o
f
p
r
o
d
u
ctio
n
,
s
ite
o
f
p
h
o
to
,
an
d
s
ite
o
f
a
u
d
ien
c
in
g
”;
an
d
th
r
ee
d
if
f
er
en
t
m
o
d
alities
:
“
tec
h
n
o
lo
g
ical
m
o
d
alit
y
,
co
m
p
o
s
itio
n
al
m
o
d
alit
y
,
an
d
s
o
cial
m
o
d
alit
y
”
[
39
]
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2252
-
8822
I
n
t.
J
.
E
v
al
.
&
R
es
.
E
d
u
c
.
Vo
l.
9
,
No
.
3
,
Sep
tem
b
er
2
0
2
0
:
6
7
5
-
683
682
4.
CO
NCLU
SI
O
N
B
ased
o
n
th
e
cr
iter
ia
in
th
e
s
el
ec
tio
n
s
t
u
d
y
,
co
n
cl
u
s
io
n
s
ca
n
b
e
d
r
aw
n
f
r
o
m
h
o
w
t
h
e
r
esear
ch
er
m
ad
e
s
a
m
p
le
s
elec
ti
v
it
y
,
p
h
o
to
v
o
ic
e
s
ca
les,
p
ar
ticip
an
t
an
al
y
s
i
s
,
an
d
r
esear
ch
m
et
h
o
d
o
lo
g
y
.
First,
th
r
o
u
g
h
t
h
e
s
elec
tio
n
o
f
s
ev
er
al
ar
ticles,
it
w
as
f
o
u
n
d
t
h
at
t
h
e
g
e
n
er
al
p
i
ctu
r
e
o
f
p
h
o
to
v
o
ice
w
a
s
cla
s
s
i
f
ied
i
n
t
h
e
f
ield
s
o
f
ed
u
ca
tio
n
,
h
ea
lt
h
,
an
d
s
o
cial
s
cien
ce
.
Seco
n
d
,
f
r
o
m
th
e
r
es
u
lts
o
f
th
e
f
o
r
t
y
-
o
n
e
r
ev
ie
w
a
r
ticles,
th
e
to
tal
o
f
p
ar
ticip
an
ts
o
r
r
esp
o
n
d
en
t
s
u
s
ed
in
th
e
p
h
o
to
v
o
ice
s
tu
d
y
w
a
s
r
an
g
ed
f
r
o
m
f
i
v
e
to
f
i
f
t
y
in
d
i
v
id
u
al
s
.
I
n
th
e
d
o
m
ai
n
o
f
ed
u
ca
tio
n
in
v
o
l
v
i
n
g
s
i
x
to
t
w
e
n
t
y
p
ar
ticip
an
t
s
,
w
it
h
th
e
tar
g
et
in
cl
u
d
es
s
t
u
d
en
ts
an
d
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
,
an
d
au
t
h
o
r
ar
ticles.
I
n
t
h
e
h
ea
lt
h
d
o
m
ai
n
i
n
v
o
lv
ed
f
o
u
r
in
d
iv
id
u
als,
in
cl
u
d
i
n
g
p
o
lic
y
m
a
k
er
s
,
lead
er
s
,
an
d
co
m
m
u
n
i
t
y
m
e
m
b
e
r
s
.
O
n
t
h
e
o
t
h
er
h
a
n
d
,
t
h
e
d
o
m
ai
n
o
f
s
o
cial
s
cie
n
ce
i
n
v
o
lv
ed
n
in
etee
n
i
n
d
iv
id
u
als,
in
cl
u
d
in
g
m
ar
g
i
n
al
co
m
m
u
n
iti
es
an
d
o
t
h
er
s
o
cial
co
m
m
u
n
iti
es.
T
h
ir
d
,
o
v
er
all
th
e
r
esear
c
h
m
et
h
o
d
o
lo
g
y
t
h
at
o
f
ten
u
s
ed
w
as
q
u
ali
tati
v
e
m
eth
o
d
s
,
w
h
et
h
er
th
r
o
u
g
h
q
u
al
itativ
e
s
o
c
ial
r
esear
ch
,
q
u
alita
tiv
e
in
v
est
ig
at
io
n
s
,
P
A
R
m
et
h
o
d
s
,
o
r
f
ield
tr
ip
s
.
P
h
o
to
v
o
ice
w
as
al
s
o
in
cr
ea
s
e
d
th
e
u
n
d
er
s
ta
n
d
i
n
g
o
f
i
n
d
i
v
i
d
u
als
o
r
g
r
o
u
p
s
to
in
ter
p
r
et
th
e
co
n
te
n
t o
f
a
n
i
m
a
g
e
o
r
p
h
o
to
.
RE
F
E
R
E
NC
E
S
[1
]
C.
C.
W
a
n
g
,
“
P
h
o
t
o
v
o
ice
:
A
P
a
r
ti
c
ip
a
to
ry
Ac
ti
o
n
Re
se
a
rc
h
S
trat
e
g
y
A
p
p
li
e
d
to
W
o
m
e
n
’s
He
a
lt
h
,
”
J
o
u
r
n
a
l
o
f
W
o
me
n
t’s
He
a
lt
h
,
v
o
l.
0
8
,
n
o
.
2
,
p
p
.
1
8
5
-
1
9
2
,
1
9
9
9
.
[2
]
C.
C.
W
a
n
g
,
“
Yo
u
th
P
a
rti
c
ip
a
ti
o
n
i
n
P
h
o
to
v
o
ice
a
s
a
S
trate
g
y
fo
r
C
o
m
m
u
n
it
y
Ch
a
n
g
e
,
”
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
C
o
mm
u
n
i
ty
Pra
c
ti
c
e
,
v
o
l.
1
4
,
n
o
.
1
/
2
,
p
p
.
1
4
7
-
1
6
1
,
2
0
0
6
.
[3
]
P
.
Be
v
e
rl
y
,
B.
Krie
g
,
L
.
M
u
rd
o
c
k
a
n
d
J.
Ha
v
e
lo
c
k
,
“
A
P
ra
c
ti
c
a
l
G
u
id
e
to
P
h
o
to
v
o
ice
:
S
h
a
rin
g
P
i
c
tu
re
s,
T
e
ll
in
g
S
to
ries
a
n
d
Ch
a
n
g
i
n
g
Co
m
m
u
n
it
ies
,
”
Ca
n
a
d
a
:
T
h
e
P
ra
iri
e
W
o
m
e
n
’s
He
a
lt
h
Ce
n
tre
o
f
Ex
c
e
ll
e
n
c
e
,
W
in
n
ip
e
g
,
M
a
n
it
o
b
a
,
2
0
0
9
.
[4
]
G
.
Ril
e
y
,
a
n
d
E.
M
a
n
ias
,
“
T
h
e
Us
e
s
o
f
P
h
o
t
o
g
ra
p
h
y
in
Cli
n
ica
l
Nu
rsin
g
P
ra
c
ti
c
e
a
n
d
Re
se
a
rc
h
:
A
L
it
e
ra
tu
re
Re
v
ie
w
,
”
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
A
d
v
a
n
c
e
d
N
u
rs
in
g
,
v
o
l.
4
8
,
n
o
.
0
4
,
p
p
.
3
9
7
-
4
0
5
,
2
0
0
4
.
[5
]
M
.
Be
h
re
n
d
t
a
n
d
K.
M
a
c
h
tm
e
s,
“
P
h
o
t
o
v
o
ice
a
s
a
n
Ev
a
lu
a
ti
o
n
T
o
o
l
f
o
r
S
t
u
d
e
n
t
L
e
a
rn
in
g
o
n
a
F
ield
T
rip
,
”
Res
e
a
rc
h
in
S
c
ien
c
e
&
T
e
c
h
o
lo
g
ica
l
Ed
u
c
a
ti
o
n
,
v
o
l.
3
4
,
n
o
.
2
,
p
p
.
1
8
7
-
2
0
3
2
0
1
6
.
[6
]
M
.
Be
h
re
n
d
t
a
n
d
T
.
F
ra
n
k
li
n
,
“
A
R
e
v
ie
w
o
f
R
e
se
a
r
c
h
o
n
S
c
h
o
o
l
F
ield
T
rip
s
a
n
d
T
h
e
ir
V
a
l
u
e
in
Ed
u
c
a
ti
o
n
,
”
In
ter
n
a
t
io
n
a
l
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
E
n
v
iro
n
me
n
ta
l
a
n
d
S
c
ien
c
e
E
d
u
c
a
ti
o
n
,
v
o
l.
9
,
n
o
.
3
,
p
p
.
2
3
5
-
2
4
5
,
2
0
0
4
.
[7
]
V
.
Ch
io
a
n
d
P
.
F
a
n
d
t
,
“
P
h
o
to
v
o
ic
e
in
th
e
Div
e
rsit
y
Clas
sro
o
m
:
En
g
a
g
e
m
e
n
t,
V
o
ice
a
n
d
t
h
e
‘Ey
e
/I’
o
f
th
e
Ca
m
e
ra
,
”
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
M
a
n
a
g
e
me
n
t
Ed
u
c
a
ti
o
n
,
v
o
l.
3
1
,
n
o
.
4
,
p
p
.
4
8
4
-
5
0
4
,
2
0
0
7
.
[8
]
N.
M
a
n
o
h
a
r,
D.
Be
rk
o
w
it
z
,
J.
W
il
d
e
r,
a
n
d
J.
T
in
k
ler,
“
P
h
o
to
v
o
ice
:
A
Crit
ica
l
P
e
d
a
g
o
g
ica
l
A
s
sig
n
m
e
n
t
in
th
e
S
o
c
io
l
o
g
y
Clas
sro
o
m
,
”
Cu
rr
e
n
ts i
n
T
e
a
c
h
in
g
a
n
d
L
e
a
rn
in
g
,
v
o
l.
5
,
n
o
.
1
/
2
,
p
p
.
3
6
-
5
1
,
2
0
1
3
.
[9
]
K.
Co
o
k
a
n
d
C
.
Qu
ig
le
y
,
“
Co
n
n
e
c
ti
n
g
to
O
u
r
C
o
m
m
u
n
it
y
:
Util
izin
g
P
h
o
to
v
o
ice
a
s
a
P
e
d
a
g
o
g
ica
l
T
o
o
l
to
Co
n
n
e
c
t
Co
ll
e
g
e
S
tu
d
e
n
ts
t
o
S
c
ie
n
c
e
,
”
In
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
J
o
u
r
n
a
l
o
f
En
v
ir
o
n
me
n
ta
l
a
n
d
S
c
ien
c
e
Ed
u
c
a
ti
o
n
,
v
o
l.
8
,
n
o
.
2
,
p
p
.
3
3
9
-
3
5
7
,
2
0
1
3
.
[1
0
]
J.M
.
Eri
c
,
“
V
isu
a
l
"
V
o
o
d
o
o
"
:
P
h
o
to
-
V
o
ice
in
T
o
g
o
,
”
Vi
su
a
l
A
n
t
h
ro
p
o
l
o
g
y
,
v
o
l.
3
0
,
n
o
.
4
,
p
p
.
2
8
7
-
3
0
9
,
2
0
1
7
.
[1
1
]
A
.
U.
Ha
tt
a
k
it
a
n
d
W
.
W
iro
n
p
a
n
ich
,
“
P
h
o
t
o
-
v
o
ice
a
s
a
Qu
a
li
ta
ti
v
e
Re
se
a
rc
h
M
e
th
o
d
i
n
Nu
rsi
n
g
a
n
d
He
a
lt
h
S
c
ien
c
e
s:
A
li
tera
tu
re
Re
v
i
e
w
,
”
Pro
c
e
e
d
in
g
s
o
f
T
h
e
An
n
u
a
l
In
t
e
rn
a
t
io
n
a
l
C
o
n
fer
e
n
c
e
S
y
ia
h
Ku
a
la
Un
ive
rs
it
y
,
v
o
l.
1
,
n
o
.
1
,
p
p
.
1
6
3
-
1
7
1
,
2
0
1
1
.
[1
2
]
C.
M
u
l
d
e
r
a
n
d
A
.
Du
ll
,
“
F
a
c
il
i
tatin
g
S
e
lf
-
Re
f
lec
ti
o
n
th
e
In
teg
r
a
ti
o
n
o
f
P
h
o
t
o
v
o
ice
in
G
ra
d
u
a
t
e
S
o
c
ial
W
o
rk
Ed
u
c
a
ti
o
n
,
”
S
o
c
ia
l
W
o
rk
Ed
u
c
a
ti
o
n
,
v
o
l.
3
3
,
n
o
.
8
,
p
p
.
1
0
1
7
-
1
0
3
6
,
2
0
1
4
.
[1
3
]
K.
Co
o
k
,
“
G
ra
p
p
li
n
g
w
it
h
W
ick
e
d
P
ro
b
lem
s
Ex
p
lo
rin
g
P
h
o
to
v
o
i
c
e
a
s
a
De
c
o
lo
n
izi
n
g
M
e
th
o
d
o
lo
g
y
in
S
c
ien
c
e
Ed
u
c
a
ti
o
n
,
”
C
u
lt
u
r
a
l
S
tu
d
y
o
f
S
c
i
e
n
c
e
Ed
u
c
a
t
io
n
,
v
o
l.
1
0
,
p
p
.
5
8
1
-
5
9
2
,
Ju
l
2
0
1
5
.
[1
4
]
G
.
W
a
lt
o
n
,
S
.
J.
S
c
h
leie
n
,
L
.
R.
Bra
k
e
,
C.
C.
T
ro
v
a
to
a
n
d
T
.
Oa
k
e
s,
“
P
h
o
t
o
v
o
ice
A
Co
ll
a
b
o
ra
ti
v
e
M
e
th
o
d
o
lo
g
y
G
i
v
in
g
V
o
ice
t
o
U
n
d
e
rse
rv
e
d
P
o
p
u
latio
n
s
S
e
e
k
in
g
Co
m
m
u
n
it
y
In
c
lu
sio
n
,
”
T
h
e
ra
p
e
u
ti
c
Rec
re
a
ti
o
n
J
o
u
rn
a
l
,
v
o
l.
6
6
,
n
o
.
3
,
p
p
.
1
6
8
-
1
7
8
,
2
0
1
2
.
[1
5
]
R.
L
.
Ko
lt
z
,
e
t
a
l.
,
“
P
ictu
re
P
e
rf
e
c
t
Us
in
g
P
h
o
to
-
Vo
ice
to
Ex
p
lo
re
F
o
u
r
D
o
c
to
ra
l
S
t
u
d
e
n
ts’
Co
m
p
re
h
e
n
siv
e
Ex
a
m
in
a
ti
o
n
Ex
p
e
rien
c
e
s,”
J
o
u
r
n
a
l
o
f
Cre
a
ti
v
it
y
i
n
M
e
n
ta
l
He
a
lt
h
,
v
o
l.
5
,
n
o
.
4
,
p
p
.
3
8
9
-
4
1
1
,
2
0
1
0
.
[1
6
]
T
.
G
o
ld
e
n
,
“
Re
f
ra
m
in
g
P
h
o
to
v
o
i
c
e
:
Bu
il
d
in
g
o
n
th
e
M
e
th
o
d
t
o
D
e
v
e
l
o
p
M
o
re
Eq
u
it
a
b
le
a
n
d
Re
sp
o
n
siv
e
Re
se
a
rc
h
P
ra
c
ti
c
e
s,”
Qu
a
l
it
a
t
ive
He
a
lt
h
Res
e
a
rc
h
,
v
o
l.
3
0
,
n
o
.
6
,
p
p
.
9
6
0
-
9
7
2
,
2
0
2
0
.
[1
7
]
E.
M
.
Ca
rr,
G
.
D.
Zh
a
n
g
,
J.Y.
M
i
n
g
a
n
d
Z.
S
.
S
id
d
iq
u
i,
“
Qu
a
li
tativ
e
re
se
a
rc
h
:
A
n
o
v
e
rv
ie
w
o
f
e
m
e
rg
in
g
a
p
p
ro
a
c
h
e
s
f
o
r
d
a
ta co
ll
e
c
ti
o
n
,
”
Au
st
r
a
la
si
a
n
Psy
c
h
ia
try
,
v
o
l.
2
7
,
n
o
.
3
,
p
p
.
3
0
7
-
3
0
9
1
,
2
0
1
9
.
[1
8
]
V
.
C.
S
e
k
a
ra
n
,
A
.
Ba
il
e
y
,
V
.
G
.
Ka
m
a
th
,
L
.
A
sh
o
k
a
n
d
A
.
Ka
m
a
th
,
“
'
T
h
is
is
th
e
p
lac
e
w
h
e
re
I
c
a
n
b
e
a
lo
n
e
,
n
o
ten
sio
n
:'
P
h
o
to
v
o
ice
e
v
id
e
n
c
e
f
o
r
a
d
o
les
c
e
n
t
p
e
rc
e
p
ti
o
n
s
o
f
th
e
ir
m
icro
s
y
ste
m
a
n
d
p
sy
c
h
o
lo
g
ica
l
a
d
ju
stm
e
n
t,
”
Asia
n
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
Psy
c
h
i
a
try
,
v
o
l.
5
1
,
p
.
1
0
2
0
2
1
,
M
a
r
2
0
2
0
.
[1
9
]
N.
Ra
n
ia,
e
t
a
l
.
,
“
P
h
o
t
o
v
o
ice
a
n
d
I
n
terp
re
tati
o
n
o
f
P
ict
u
re
s
in
a
G
ro
u
p
Disc
u
ss
io
n
a
C
o
m
m
u
n
it
y
P
sy
c
h
o
lo
g
y
A
p
p
ro
a
c
h
,
”
Qu
a
l
it
a
t
ive
Res
e
a
rc
h
in
Psy
c
h
o
l
o
g
y
,
v
o
l.
1
2
,
n
o
.
4
,
p
p
.
3
8
2
-
3
9
6
,
2
0
1
5
.
[2
0
]
L
.
F
.
L
ich
t
y
,
“
P
h
o
t
o
v
o
ice
a
s
a
P
e
d
a
g
o
g
ica
l
T
o
o
l
in
t
h
e
Co
m
m
u
n
it
y
P
s
y
c
h
o
lo
g
y
Clas
sro
o
m
,
”
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
Pre
v
e
n
ti
o
n
&
In
ter
v
e
n
ti
o
n
in
th
e
C
o
mm
u
n
i
ty
,
v
o
l.
4
1
,
n
o
.
2
,
p
p
.
89
-
9
6
,
2
0
1
3
.
[2
1
]
K.
S
c
h
e
ll
,
A
.
F
e
rg
u
so
n
,
R.
Ha
m
o
li
n
e
,
J.
S
h
e
a
a
n
d
R.
T
h
o
m
a
s
-
M
a
c
lea
n
.
,
“
P
h
o
t
o
v
o
ice
a
s
a
T
e
a
c
h
in
g
T
o
o
l
L
e
a
rn
in
g
b
y
Do
in
g
w
it
h
V
isu
a
l
M
e
t
h
o
d
s,”
In
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
T
e
a
c
h
i
n
g
a
n
d
L
e
a
r
n
in
g
i
n
Hig
h
e
r
Ed
u
c
a
ti
o
n
,
v
o
l.
2
1
,
n
o
.
3
,
p
p
.
3
4
0
-
3
5
2
,
2
0
0
9
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J
E
v
al
&
R
e
s
E
d
u
c
.
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8822
A
s
ystema
tic
r
ev
ie
w
o
f p
h
o
to
v
o
ice
a
s
p
a
r
ticip
a
to
r
y
a
ctio
n
r
esea
r
ch
s
tr
a
teg
ies
(
N
a
d
i S
u
p
r
a
p
to
)
683
[2
2
]
T
.
S
u
n
a
rti
,
H.
M
u
b
a
ro
k
,
S
u
li
y
a
n
a
h
,
A
.
S
.
A
d
a
m
a
n
d
N.
S
u
p
ra
p
t
o
,
“
P
re
-
se
rv
ice
P
h
y
sic
s
T
e
a
c
h
e
rs’
Ex
p
e
rien
c
e
s
o
f
Be
in
g
M
e
m
b
e
r
o
f
P
h
o
t
o
v
o
ice
P
r
o
jec
t,
”
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
Ph
y
sic
s Co
n
fer
e
n
c
e
S
e
rie
s
,
v
o
l.
1
3
5
1
,
n
o
.
0
1
2
0
6
2
,
p
p
.
1
-
6
,
2
0
1
9
.
[2
3
]
V
.
De
rr
a
n
d
J.A
.
S
im
o
n
s,
“
A
re
v
ie
w
o
f
p
h
o
t
o
v
o
ice
a
p
p
li
c
a
ti
o
n
s
in
e
n
v
ir
o
n
m
e
n
t,
su
sta
in
a
b
il
it
y
,
a
n
d
c
o
n
se
rv
a
ti
o
n
c
o
n
tex
ts:
Is
t
h
e
m
e
th
o
d
m
a
in
ta
in
in
g
it
s
e
m
a
n
c
ip
a
to
ry
in
ten
ts?
”
En
v
iro
n
me
n
ta
l
E
d
u
c
a
ti
o
n
Res
e
a
rc
h
,
v
o
l.
2
6
,
n
o
.
3
,
p
p
.
3
5
9
-
3
8
0
,
2
0
2
0
.
[2
4
]
C.
G
.
P
.
Be
rd
a
n
ier
a
n
d
M
.
F
.
Co
x
,
“
Re
se
a
r
c
h
a
n
d
a
ss
e
ss
m
e
n
t
o
f
lea
rn
in
g
e
n
v
iro
n
m
e
n
ts
th
ro
u
g
h
p
h
o
t
o
e
li
c
it
a
ti
o
n
:
G
ra
d
u
a
te
stu
d
e
n
t
p
e
rc
e
p
ti
o
n
s
o
f
e
lec
tro
n
ics
m
a
n
u
f
a
c
tu
rin
g
in
In
d
ia,”
A
d
v
a
n
c
e
s
in
E
n
g
i
n
e
e
rin
g
Ed
u
c
a
ti
o
n
,
v
o
l.
4
,
n
o
.
4
,
p
.
2
4
,
2
0
1
5
.
[2
5
]
L
.
B.
Co
le
a
n
d
E
.
A
lt
e
n
b
u
rg
e
r,
“
F
ra
m
in
g
th
e
T
e
a
c
h
in
g
G
re
e
n
Bu
il
d
in
g
:
E
n
v
iro
n
m
e
n
tal
e
d
u
c
a
ti
o
n
t
h
ro
u
g
h
m
u
lt
ip
le
c
h
a
n
n
e
ls i
n
th
e
sc
h
o
o
l
e
n
v
iro
n
m
e
n
t,
”
E
n
v
iro
n
me
n
t
a
l
Ed
u
c
a
ti
o
n
Re
se
a
rc
h
,
v
o
l.
2
5
,
n
o
.
1
1
,
p
p
.
1
6
5
4
-
1
6
7
3
,
2
0
1
9
.
[2
6
]
M.
Ca
ll
-
Cu
m
m
in
g
s,
M
.
Ha
u
b
e
r
-
Öz
e
r,
C.
By
e
rs
a
n
d
G
.
P
.
M
a
n
c
u
so
,
“
T
h
e
p
o
w
e
r
o
f
/i
n
P
h
o
to
v
o
ice
,
”
In
ter
n
a
t
io
n
a
l
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
Res
e
a
rc
h
a
n
d
M
e
th
o
d
in
E
d
u
c
a
t
io
n
,
v
o
l
.
4
2
,
n
o
.
4
,
p
p
.
3
9
9
-
4
1
3
,
2
0
1
9
.
[2
7
]
M.
V
e
rd
o
n
c
k
,
R.
G
re
e
n
a
w
a
y
,
A
.
Ke
n
n
e
d
y
-
Be
h
r
a
n
d
E.
A
sk
e
w
,
“
S
tu
d
e
n
t
e
x
p
e
rien
c
e
s
o
f
lea
rn
i
n
g
i
n
a
tec
h
n
o
lo
g
y
-
e
n
a
b
led
lea
rn
i
n
g
sp
a
c
e
,
”
In
n
o
v
a
ti
o
n
s i
n
E
d
u
c
a
ti
o
n
a
n
d
T
e
a
c
h
in
g
In
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
,
v
o
l
.
5
6
,
n
o
.
3
,
p
p
.
2
7
0
-
2
8
1
,
2
0
1
9
.
[2
8
]
P
.
E.
W
a
g
n
e
r,
“
P
ict
u
re
p
e
rf
e
c
t
b
o
d
ies
:
V
is
u
a
li
z
in
g
h
e
g
e
m
o
n
ic
m
a
s
c
u
li
n
it
ies
p
ro
d
u
c
e
d
f
o
r/b
y
m
a
le
fit
n
e
ss
sp
a
c
e
s,”
In
ter
n
a
t
io
n
a
l
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
M
e
n
’s H
e
a
lt
h
,
v
o
l.
1
5
,
n
o
.
3
,
p
p
.
2
3
5
-
2
5
8
,
2
0
1
6
.
[2
9
]
P
.
E.
W
a
g
n
e
r,
e
t
a
l.
,
“
P
ictu
re
s,
P
a
ti
e
n
c
e
,
a
n
d
P
ra
c
ti
c
a
li
ti
e
s
L
e
ss
o
n
s
L
e
a
rn
e
d
f
ro
m
Us
in
g
P
h
o
t
o
v
o
ice
in
A
p
p
li
e
d
Co
m
m
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
Co
n
tex
ts,”
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
Ap
p
li
e
d
Co
mm
u
n
ica
t
i
o
n
Res
e
a
rc
h
,
v
o
l.
4
4
,
n
o
.
3
,
p
p
.
3
3
6
-
3
4
2
,
2
0
1
6
.
[3
0
]
K.
Ko
k
k
a
a
n
d
T
.
Ch
a
o
,
“
Ho
w
I
sh
o
w
u
p
f
o
r
Bro
w
n
a
n
d
Blac
k
stu
d
e
n
ts’:
A
sia
n
Am
e
r
ic
a
n
m
a
le
m
a
th
e
m
a
ti
c
s
tea
c
h
e
rs se
e
k
in
g
so
li
d
a
rit
y
,
”
Ra
c
e
Et
h
n
icity a
n
d
Ed
u
c
a
ti
o
n
,
v
o
l.
2
3
,
n
o
.
3
,
p
p
.
4
3
2
-
4
5
3
,
2
0
2
0
.
[3
1
]
J.E
.
Jo
h
n
so
n
,
“
P
r
o
jec
t
L
.
E.
E.
P
.
(L
e
a
d
e
rsh
ip
th
r
o
u
g
h
E
d
u
c
a
ti
o
n
,
Ex
p
e
rien
c
e
a
n
d
P
h
o
t
o
v
o
ice
):
A
n
e
m
b
e
d
d
e
d
g
ra
d
u
a
te se
rv
ice
-
le
a
rn
in
g
in
it
iativ
e
,
”
S
p
o
rt
M
a
n
a
g
e
me
n
t
E
d
u
c
a
ti
o
n
J
o
u
rn
a
l
,
v
o
l
.
1
4
,
n
o
.
1
,
p
p
.
5
5
-
5
7
,
2
0
2
0
.
[3
2
]
D.B.
Ro
b
in
s
o
n
,
I.
M
.
R
o
b
i
n
so
n
,
V
.
Cu
rrie
a
n
d
N.
Ha
ll
,
“
T
h
e
S
y
r
ian
Ca
n
a
d
ia
n
S
p
o
rts
Clu
b
:
A
c
o
m
m
u
n
it
y
-
b
a
se
d
p
a
rti
c
ip
a
to
ry
a
c
ti
o
n
re
se
a
rc
h
p
ro
j
e
c
t
w
it
h
/f
o
r
S
y
rian
Yo
u
th
Re
f
u
g
e
e
s,”
S
o
c
ia
l
S
c
ien
c
e
s
,
v
o
l.
8
,
n
o
.
6
,
p
.
1
6
3
,
2
0
1
9
.
[3
3
]
N.
S
u
p
ra
p
to
a
n
d
T
.
-
S
.
C
h
a
n
g
,
“
Re
se
a
r
c
h
o
n
Un
iv
e
rsity
S
tu
d
e
n
t’s
S
e
lf
-
Eff
ica
c
y
S
c
a
l
e
in
S
c
ien
c
e
Ed
u
c
a
ti
o
n
:
A
S
y
ste
m
a
ti
c
Re
v
ie
w
,
”
Pro
c
e
e
d
in
g
o
f
t
h
e
ICo
n
S
S
E
F
S
M
S
W
CU
,
p
p
.
1
2
0
-
1
2
9
,
2
0
1
5
.
[3
4
]
N.
S
u
p
ra
p
to
,
“
W
h
a
t
sh
o
u
ld
E
d
u
c
a
ti
o
n
a
l
Re
f
o
rm
in
In
d
o
n
e
sia
lo
o
k
li
k
e
?
”
-
Le
a
rn
in
g
f
ro
m
th
e
P
IS
A
S
c
ien
c
e
S
c
o
re
s
o
f
Eas
t
-
A
si
a
n
Co
u
n
tri
e
s
a
n
d
S
i
n
g
a
p
o
re
,
”
Asia
Pa
c
if
ic
F
o
ru
m
o
n
S
c
ien
c
e
L
e
a
rn
in
g
a
n
d
T
e
a
c
h
in
g
,
v
o
l.
1
7
,
n
o
.
2
,
p
p
.
1
-
2
1
,
2
0
1
6
.
[3
5
]
N.
S
u
p
ra
p
to
,
W
.
-
Y.
L
iu
a
n
d
C.
-
H
.
Ku
,
“
T
h
e
Im
p
le
m
e
n
tatio
n
o
f
M
u
lt
ip
le
In
telli
g
e
n
c
e
in
(S
c
ien
c
e
)
Cl
a
ss
ro
o
m
:
F
ro
m
Em
p
iri
c
a
l
in
to
Crit
ica
l,
”
Ped
a
g
o
g
ika
,
v
o
l.
1
2
6
,
n
o
.
2
,
p
p
.
2
1
4
-
2
2
7
,
2
0
1
7
.
[3
6
]
N.
S
u
p
ra
p
to
a
n
d
Y.
-
F
P
a
i,
“
P
r
o
m
o
ti
n
g
S
c
ien
c
e
Ce
n
ters
b
y
U
sin
g
M
OO
Cs:
M
o
d
e
l
f
o
r
Co
m
m
u
n
ica
ti
n
g
In
f
o
r
m
a
l
S
c
ien
c
e
Ed
u
c
a
ti
o
n
,
”
M
a
n
i
n
In
d
ia
,
v
o
l.
9
5
,
n
o
.
4
,
p
p
.
1
0
0
5
-
1
0
1
2
,
2
0
1
5
.
[3
7
]
V
.
M
.
Rich
a
rd
a
n
d
M
.
K.E
.
L
a
h
m
a
n
,
“
P
h
o
to
-
e
li
c
it
a
ti
o
n
Re
f
lex
i
v
it
y
o
n
M
e
th
o
d
,
A
n
a
ly
sis,
a
n
d
G
ra
p
h
ic
P
o
r
traits,
”
In
ter
n
a
t
io
n
a
l
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
Res
e
a
rc
h
a
n
d
M
e
th
o
d
i
n
E
d
u
c
a
ti
o
n
,
v
o
l
.
3
8
,
n
o
.
1
,
p
p
.
3
-
2
2
,
2
0
1
5
.
[3
8
]
C.
M
c
Ke
rn
a
n
,
D
.
G
led
d
ie
a
n
d
K.
S
to
re
y
,
“
S
tu
d
e
n
t
-
c
e
n
tre
d
p
h
o
to
v
o
ice
a
s
a
m
e
c
h
a
n
is
m
f
o
r
h
o
m
e
-
sc
h
o
o
l
in
tera
c
ti
o
n
:
T
e
a
c
h
e
r
p
e
rc
e
p
ti
o
n
s
o
f
e
ff
ic
a
c
y
,
”
He
a
lt
h
E
d
u
c
a
ti
o
n
J
o
u
rn
a
l
,
v
o
l
.
7
9
,
n
o
.
1
,
p
p
.
8
2
-
9
3
,
2
0
2
0
.
[3
9
]
Q.
W
a
n
g
a
n
d
K.
Ha
n
n
e
s,
“
T
o
w
a
rd
a
M
o
re
Co
m
p
re
h
e
n
siv
e
Ty
p
e
o
f
A
n
a
l
y
sis
in
P
h
o
to
v
o
ice
Re
se
a
rc
h
:
T
h
e
De
v
e
lo
p
m
e
n
t
a
n
d
Ill
u
stra
ti
o
n
o
f
S
u
p
p
o
rt
iv
e
Qu
e
stio
n
M
a
tri
c
e
s
f
o
r
Re
se
a
rc
h
T
e
a
m
s,”
In
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
J
o
u
r
n
a
l
o
f
Qu
a
li
t
a
ti
v
e
M
e
th
o
d
s
,
v
o
l.
1
9
,
p
p
.
1
-
1
5
,
Ja
n
2
0
2
0
.
[4
0
]
N.J.
Be
n
n
e
tt
a
n
d
P
.
De
a
rd
e
n
,
“
A
p
ictu
re
o
f
c
h
a
n
g
e
:
u
si
n
g
p
h
o
t
o
v
o
i
c
e
to
e
x
p
lo
re
so
c
ial
a
n
d
e
n
v
iro
n
m
e
n
tal
c
h
a
n
g
e
i
n
c
o
a
sta
l
c
o
m
m
u
n
it
ies
o
n
th
e
A
n
d
a
m
a
n
Co
a
st
o
f
T
h
a
il
a
n
d
,
”
L
o
c
a
l
E
n
v
iro
n
me
n
t:
T
h
e
In
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
J
u
stice
a
n
d
S
u
sta
i
n
a
b
il
it
y
,
v
o
l.
1
8
,
n
o
.
9
,
p
p
.
9
8
3
-
1
0
0
1
,
2
0
1
3
.
[4
1
]
K.C.
S
it
ter,
“
T
a
k
in
g
a
Clo
se
r
L
o
o
k
a
t
P
h
o
t
o
v
o
ice
a
s
a
P
a
rti
c
ip
a
to
ry
Ac
ti
o
n
Re
se
a
rc
h
M
e
th
o
d
,
”
J
o
u
r
n
a
l
o
f
Pro
g
re
ss
ive
Hu
ma
n
S
e
rv
ice
s
,
v
o
l.
2
8
,
n
o
.
1
,
p
p
.
3
6
-
4
8
,
2
0
1
7
.
[4
2
]
A
.
O.
L
a
t
z
,
“
T
o
w
a
rd
a
Ne
w
Co
n
c
e
p
tu
a
li
z
a
ti
o
n
o
f
P
h
o
to
v
o
ice
B
len
d
i
n
g
th
e
P
h
o
to
g
ra
p
h
ic
a
s
M
e
th
o
d
a
n
d
S
e
lf
-
Re
f
le
c
ti
o
n
,
”
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
Vi
su
a
l
L
it
e
ra
c
y
,
v
o
l.
3
1
,
n
o
.
2
,
p
p
.
4
9
-
7
0
,
2
0
1
2
.
[4
3
]
S.
-
H.
Kim
,
J.
C
a
n
f
ield
a
n
d
D.
Ha
rley
,
“
Us
in
g
P
h
o
to
v
o
ice
a
s
a
m
e
th
o
d
t
o
e
x
a
m
in
e
m
icro
a
g
g
re
s
sio
n
s:
Co
n
c
e
p
t
u
a
li
z
in
g
c
u
lt
u
ra
ll
y
c
o
m
p
e
ten
t
p
ra
c
ti
c
e
a
n
d
c
u
rricu
l
u
m
w
it
h
A
sia
n
Am
e
ric
a
n
s,”
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
Hu
ma
n
Beh
a
v
i
o
r
in
t
h
e
S
o
c
ia
l
E
n
v
iro
n
me
n
t
,
v
o
l
.
2
9
,
n
o
.
8
,
p
p
.
1
0
3
6
-
1
0
4
3
,
2
0
1
9
.
[4
4
]
S
.
T
ic
k
le,
“
En
g
a
g
in
g
y
o
u
n
g
p
e
o
p
le
th
r
o
u
g
h
p
h
o
to
v
o
ice
in
c
o
a
sta
l
re
so
rts,
”
Qu
a
li
t
a
ti
v
e
Res
e
a
rc
h
J
o
u
rn
a
l
,
v
o
l.
2
0
,
n
o
.
1
,
p
p
.
1
0
3
-
1
1
5
1
,
2
0
1
9
.
[4
5
]
A
.
T
.
Ro
g
e
rs,
B.
Bra
b
a
n
d
a
n
d
R.
G
a
u
d
in
o
,
“
Im
p
lem
e
n
ti
n
g
th
e
P
e
d
a
g
o
g
y
o
f
S
u
ffe
rin
g
:
A
P
h
o
to
v
o
ic
e
In
n
o
v
a
ti
o
n
i
n
S
tu
d
e
n
ts’
Ex
p
l
o
ra
ti
o
n
o
f
G
rie
f
a
n
d
L
o
ss
,
”
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
S
o
c
ia
l
W
o
rk
Ed
u
c
a
ti
o
n
,
v
o
l
.
5
5
,
n
o
.
4
,
p
p
.
6
8
4
-
6
9
4
,
2
0
1
9
.
[4
6
]
I.
Ei
se
n
,
B
.
J.
Cu
n
n
in
g
h
a
m
a
n
d
W
.
Ca
m
p
b
e
ll
,
“
Co
n
d
u
c
ti
n
g
p
a
rti
c
ip
a
to
ry
p
h
o
to
g
ra
p
h
y
w
it
h
c
h
il
d
re
n
w
it
h
d
isa
b
il
it
ies
:
A
li
tera
tu
re
re
v
iew
,
”
Disa
b
il
it
y
a
n
d
Re
h
a
b
il
it
a
ti
o
n
,
v
o
l
.
4
1
,
n
o
.
1
6
,
p
p
.
1
9
43
-
1
9
5
4
,
2
0
1
9
.
[4
7
]
V
.
L
a
m
,
K.
Ro
m
se
s
a
n
d
K.
Re
n
w
ick
,
“
Ex
p
lo
rin
g
th
e
re
lati
o
n
s
h
ip
b
e
twe
e
n
sc
h
o
o
l
g
a
rd
e
n
s,
f
o
o
d
li
ter
a
c
y
a
n
d
m
e
n
tal
w
e
ll
-
b
e
in
g
in
y
o
u
th
s u
si
n
g
p
h
o
to
v
o
ice
,
”
Nu
trien
ts
,
v
o
l.
1
1
,
n
o
.
6
,
A
rti
c
le n
u
m
b
e
r
1
3
5
4
,
p
p
.
1
-
1
0
,
2
0
1
9
.
[4
8
]
W
.
L
.
Ne
u
m
a
n
,
S
o
c
i
a
l
Res
e
a
rc
h
M
e
th
o
d
s:
Qu
a
li
ta
ti
v
e
a
n
d
Qu
a
n
ti
ta
ti
v
e
A
p
p
r
o
a
c
h
e
s
,
4
t
h
E
d
it
i
o
n
.
Bo
sto
n
,
M
A
:
A
ll
y
n
a
n
d
Ba
c
o
n
,
2
0
0
0
.
[4
9
]
L
.
M
a
n
a
sia
,
“
F
ro
m
Co
m
m
u
n
it
y
to
In
d
iv
i
d
u
a
l:
Re
-
th
in
k
in
g
P
h
o
to
v
o
ice
M
e
th
o
d
o
l
o
g
y
f
o
r
Ed
u
c
a
ti
o
n
Re
se
a
rc
h
,
”
Ed
u
c
a
ti
o
n
W
o
rld
2
0
1
6
7
th
I
n
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
Co
n
fer
e
n
c
e
,
p
p
.
4
5
0
-
4
5
9
,
2
0
1
7
.
[5
0
]
N.
S
u
p
ra
p
to
,
e
t
a
l.
,
“
Esse
n
ti
a
l
F
a
c
to
rs
In
f
lu
e
n
c
in
g
P
re
p
a
ra
ti
o
n
o
f
P
h
y
sic
s
L
a
b
o
ra
to
ry
in
Ne
w
Cu
rricu
lu
m
:
P
h
o
to
V
o
ice
S
tu
d
y
,
”
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
P
h
y
sic
s Co
n
fer
e
n
c
e
S
e
rie
s
,
v
o
l.
1
3
5
1
,
n
o
.
0
1
2
0
6
3
,
p
p
.
1
-
7
,
2
0
1
9
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.