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I
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8822
I
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Vo
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1
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n
t
p
r
o
ce
s
s
,
c
o
n
tin
u
o
u
s
cr
ea
tio
n
o
f
k
n
o
w
l
ed
g
e,
ex
c
h
an
g
e
o
f
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
a
n
d
k
n
o
w
led
g
e
a
n
d
r
ap
id
lea
r
n
in
g
[
7
]
.
2
.
2
.
I
nd
u
s
t
ry
4
.
0
I
n
d
u
s
tr
y
4
.
0
r
ef
er
s
to
d
ig
italiz
atio
n
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
a
tio
n
o
f
p
r
o
d
u
ctio
n
o
r
m
an
u
f
ac
tu
r
i
n
g
b
ased
in
d
u
s
tr
ies
w
h
ic
h
d
r
iv
en
b
y
co
n
n
ec
ted
tech
n
o
lo
g
ies,
n
a
m
el
y
c
y
b
er
-
p
h
y
s
ical
s
y
s
te
m
s
,
i
n
ter
n
et
o
f
t
h
i
n
g
s
,
clo
u
d
co
m
p
u
tin
g
an
d
co
g
n
iti
v
e
co
m
p
u
ti
n
g
[
1
,
8]
.
I
n
d
u
s
tr
y
4
.
0
allo
w
s
r
ea
l
ti
m
e
an
d
d
ec
en
tr
alize
d
co
m
m
u
n
i
ca
tio
n
,
m
o
n
ito
r
in
g
,
co
o
r
d
in
atio
n
,
co
n
tr
o
llin
g
o
f
p
h
y
s
ical
p
r
o
ce
s
s
v
alu
e
s
tr
ea
m
s
(
i.e
.
m
ac
h
in
er
y
a
n
d
eq
u
ip
m
e
n
t)
w
it
h
th
e
u
lti
m
ate
ai
m
to
o
p
ti
m
ize
r
e
s
o
u
r
ce
u
ti
lizatio
n
a
n
d
s
atis
f
y
i
n
g
c
u
s
to
m
er
s
d
e
m
an
d
[
9
]
.
As
s
u
ch
,
th
e
u
n
iq
u
en
e
s
s
o
f
I
n
d
u
s
tr
y
4
.
0
co
u
ld
b
e
v
ie
w
ed
f
r
o
m
f
o
u
r
p
er
s
p
ec
tiv
e
s
.
T
h
e
f
ir
s
t
p
er
s
p
ec
tiv
e
is
i
n
ter
co
n
n
ec
tio
n
,
th
e
s
ec
o
n
d
p
er
s
p
ec
tiv
e
is
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
tr
an
s
p
ar
en
c
y
f
o
llo
w
i
n
g
tech
n
ical
ass
is
ta
n
ce
in
t
h
e
th
ir
d
p
er
s
p
ec
tiv
e
an
d
th
e
f
o
u
r
t
h
p
er
s
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ec
tiv
e
is
d
ec
en
tr
alize
d
d
ec
is
io
n
.
2
.
3
.
I
nd
u
s
t
ry
4
.
0
co
m
pet
encies
Hig
h
er
L
ea
r
n
i
n
g
I
n
s
tit
u
tio
n
is
v
ie
w
ed
a
s
t
h
e
p
lat
f
o
r
m
to
d
e
v
elo
p
th
e
co
m
p
eten
c
ies
t
h
at
i
s
es
s
en
tia
l
f
o
r
th
e
ad
o
p
tio
n
o
f
I
n
d
u
s
tr
y
4
.
0
[
1
0
]
.
A
s
s
u
c
h
,
h
ig
h
er
lear
n
in
g
in
s
tit
u
tio
n
s
n
ee
d
to
co
m
b
at
w
ith
in
n
o
v
at
iv
e,
o
p
en
,
an
d
f
lex
ib
le
lear
n
i
n
g
en
v
ir
o
n
m
e
n
t
s
in
o
r
d
er
to
p
r
ep
a
r
e
th
e
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
to
h
a
v
e
I
n
d
u
s
t
r
y
4
.
0
m
en
talit
y
o
r
s
k
il
ls
to
g
et
r
ea
d
y
f
o
r
f
u
tu
r
e
w
o
r
k
i
n
g
ec
o
s
y
s
te
m
.
T
h
u
s
,
t
h
e
lectu
r
er
s
h
a
v
e
to
lear
n
an
d
ab
le
to
co
p
e
w
it
h
th
e
n
e
w
e
m
er
g
i
n
g
lear
n
i
n
g
lan
d
s
ca
p
e
s
u
ch
a
s
v
ir
t
u
al
c
o
llab
o
r
atio
n
,
tech
n
o
lo
g
ical
c
o
n
v
er
g
e
n
ce
,
g
lo
b
al
co
n
n
ec
ti
v
it
y
,
o
n
li
n
e
co
m
m
u
n
it
ies,
an
d
d
ig
ital c
r
ea
ti
v
it
y
(
Kar
ak
as
)
.
I
n
ad
d
itio
n
,
lect
u
r
er
s
h
a
v
e
to
b
e
cr
ea
tiv
e
in
ter
m
s
o
f
c
u
r
r
icu
l
ar
ac
ti
v
itie
s
b
y
p
r
o
v
id
i
n
g
p
r
o
b
lem
b
ased
,
in
te
g
r
ated
an
d
d
r
a
w
o
n
p
eo
p
le
ass
i
g
n
m
e
n
t
s
[
1
0
]
.
B
ased
o
n
f
i
n
d
in
g
f
r
o
m
li
ter
atu
r
e
r
ev
ie
w
,
t
h
er
e
ar
e
f
o
u
r
i
m
p
o
r
ta
n
t
asp
ec
t
s
o
f
I
n
d
u
s
tr
y
4
.
0
co
m
p
eten
cie
s
s
u
g
g
e
s
ted
b
y
p
r
io
r
s
tu
d
ies,
wh
ich
ar
e
i
n
f
o
r
m
atio
n
an
d
co
m
m
u
n
ica
t
io
n
tec
h
n
o
lo
g
ies,
o
r
g
a
n
izatio
n
a
l
lear
n
i
n
g
,
in
n
o
v
ati
v
e
m
a
n
a
g
e
m
en
t a
n
d
en
v
ir
o
n
m
e
n
t [
4
,
1
1
]
.
2
.
3
.
1
.
I
nfo
r
m
a
t
io
n a
nd
co
mm
u
n
ica
t
io
n t
ec
hn
o
lo
g
ies
I
n
f
o
r
m
a
tio
n
an
d
co
m
m
u
n
icati
o
n
tech
n
o
lo
g
ies
co
m
p
ete
n
cies
ca
n
b
e
p
o
s
s
ess
ed
if
an
i
n
d
iv
id
u
al
h
a
s
ac
q
u
ir
ed
a
s
u
f
f
icie
n
t
e
x
p
er
tis
e
in
I
n
ter
n
et
o
f
T
h
i
n
g
s
(
I
o
T
)
,
b
ig
d
ata,
clo
u
d
co
m
p
u
ti
n
g
a
n
d
o
th
er
I
n
d
u
s
tr
y
4
.
0
tech
n
o
lo
g
ies
[
4
]
.
Data
an
d
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
s
h
ar
i
n
g
i
s
o
n
e
o
f
th
e
co
r
e
p
r
in
c
ip
le
o
f
c
y
b
e
r
p
h
y
s
ical
s
y
s
te
m
f
o
r
co
llab
o
r
atin
g
co
m
p
u
tatio
n
al
m
a
n
u
f
ac
t
u
r
in
g
p
r
o
ce
s
s
i
n
g
ele
m
e
n
ts
a
n
d
co
n
tr
o
llin
g
m
an
u
f
ac
tu
r
i
n
g
p
h
y
s
ica
l
en
titi
e
s
,
w
h
ich
ar
e
s
u
p
p
o
r
ted
b
y
I
o
T
,
C
lo
u
d
co
m
p
u
ti
n
g
a
n
d
B
ig
d
ata
[
1
2
]
.
W
ith
in
th
e
co
n
tex
t
o
f
H
ig
h
er
L
ea
r
n
i
n
g
I
n
s
t
itu
ti
o
n
(
H
L
I
)
,
th
e
k
n
o
w
led
g
e
o
r
co
m
p
ete
n
c
y
o
f
in
f
o
r
m
a
tio
n
an
d
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
a
m
o
n
g
ed
u
ca
to
r
s
o
r
lectu
r
er
s
is
v
ital
f
o
r
th
e
HL
T
to
s
er
v
e
as
p
latf
o
r
m
o
f
p
r
ep
ar
in
g
u
n
d
er
g
r
ad
u
ate
to
em
b
r
ac
e
in
to
th
e
I
n
d
u
s
tr
y
4
.
0
ec
o
s
y
s
t
e
m
[
1
3
]
.
A
s
s
u
c
h
,
th
e
w
o
r
k
p
lace
o
r
t
h
e
in
s
tit
u
tio
n
s
h
o
u
ld
b
e
f
u
r
n
is
h
ed
w
it
h
I
C
T
eq
u
ip
m
e
n
t,
s
o
f
t
w
ar
e
a
n
d
to
o
ls
in
o
r
d
er
to
n
u
r
t
u
r
e
th
e
k
n
o
w
led
g
e
an
d
s
k
i
lls
o
f
I
C
T
am
o
n
g
w
o
r
k
er
s
o
r
lectu
r
er
s
.
2
.
3
.
2
.
O
rg
a
niza
t
io
na
l le
a
rning
Or
g
an
iza
tio
n
al
lear
n
i
n
g
r
ef
er
s
to
th
e
o
r
g
an
izatio
n
al
ad
ap
tati
o
n
to
w
ar
d
ch
a
n
g
in
g
o
f
en
v
ir
o
n
m
e
n
t
[
7
]
.
Or
g
an
iza
tio
n
al
ad
ap
tab
ilit
y
i
s
t
h
e
es
s
en
ce
o
f
o
r
g
a
n
izati
o
n
lear
n
i
n
g
a
n
d
its
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
w
ill
af
f
ec
t
th
e
o
r
g
an
iza
tio
n
’
s
ab
ilit
y
to
lear
n
an
d
ad
ap
t
in
a
ch
an
g
i
n
g
e
n
v
ir
o
n
m
e
n
t
[
1
1
]
.
T
h
e
ad
ap
tati
o
n
p
r
o
ce
s
s
in
v
o
l
v
e
s
m
u
ltip
le
le
v
els
o
f
lear
n
in
g
w
i
t
h
in
an
o
r
g
a
n
izat
io
n
,
w
h
ic
h
m
ad
e
u
p
o
f
i
n
d
iv
id
u
al
lear
n
in
g
,
g
r
o
u
p
lear
n
i
n
g
an
d
o
r
g
an
izatio
n
lear
n
i
n
g
.
Dev
elo
p
m
e
n
t
o
f
o
r
g
an
izatio
n
al
lear
n
i
n
g
co
m
p
eten
c
y
i
n
v
o
l
v
es
s
ev
er
al
s
tep
s
,
in
c
lu
d
i
n
g
th
e
p
r
o
ce
s
s
o
f
d
ev
elo
p
in
g
lear
n
in
g
s
k
ill
o
n
d
ea
lin
g
w
i
th
en
v
ir
o
n
m
e
n
tal
c
h
a
n
g
e;
ex
p
lo
r
atio
n
o
f
th
e
ex
p
er
ien
c
e
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J
E
v
al
&
R
e
s
E
d
u
c
.
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8822
I
n
d
u
s
tr
y
4
.
0
c
o
mp
eten
cies a
m
o
n
g
lectu
r
ers
o
f h
ig
h
er lea
r
n
i
n
g
in
s
titu
tio
n
in
Ma
la
ysia
(
Ta
n
Ow
ee
K
o
w
a
n
g
)
305
g
ain
ed
,
cr
ea
tio
n
o
f
k
n
o
w
led
g
e,
in
f
o
r
m
a
tio
n
a
n
d
k
n
o
w
led
g
e
s
h
ar
in
g
w
it
h
i
n
in
d
i
v
id
u
a
ls
as
w
e
ll
as
s
p
ee
d
o
f
lear
n
in
g
[
7
]
.
W
ith
in
t
h
e
co
n
t
ex
t
o
f
I
n
d
u
s
tr
y
4
.
0
,
o
r
g
an
izat
io
n
lear
n
i
n
g
co
m
p
e
ten
c
y
is
p
ar
ticu
lar
l
y
cr
u
cial.
T
h
is
is
b
ec
au
s
e
th
e
teac
h
i
n
g
a
n
d
lear
n
i
n
g
p
r
o
ce
s
s
in
th
e
2
1
st
ce
n
t
u
r
y
d
i
g
ital
w
o
r
ld
is
d
e
m
a
n
d
in
g
ed
u
ca
to
r
s
o
r
lectu
r
er
s
to
b
e
attain
ed
w
it
h
s
k
ill an
d
k
n
o
w
led
g
e
o
f
i
n
d
u
s
tr
y
4
.
0
r
elate
d
tech
n
o
lo
g
ies.
2
.
3
.
3
.
I
nn
o
v
a
t
io
n
m
a
na
g
e
m
ent
I
n
n
o
v
a
tiv
e
m
a
n
a
g
e
m
e
n
t
i
s
a
v
ital
ele
m
e
n
t
o
f
I
n
d
u
s
tr
y
4
.
0
co
m
p
e
ten
cie
s
b
ec
au
s
e
it
p
r
o
m
o
t
es
cr
ea
tiv
e
th
i
n
k
i
n
g
v
ia
I
n
d
u
s
tr
y
4
.
0
tech
n
o
lo
g
ies
s
u
c
h
as
Vir
tu
al
R
ea
li
t
y
(
VR
)
an
d
s
i
m
u
lat
io
n
.
VR
is
a
h
u
m
a
n
-
co
m
p
u
ter
in
ter
f
ac
e
s
m
ed
i
u
m
v
ia
i
n
te
g
r
atin
g
d
i
g
ital
o
b
j
ec
t
in
to
th
e
r
ea
l
w
o
r
ld
f
o
r
cr
ea
ti
v
e
e
x
p
r
ess
io
n
an
d
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
.
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w
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d
lear
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n
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m
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el
s
[
4
]
.
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ch
as
tr
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s
f
o
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m
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tr
ad
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O
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C
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(
MO
OC
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)
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MO
OC
s
is
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r
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in
ated
w
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t
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2
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nv
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p
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‘
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[
1
4
-
16]
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Hen
ce
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1
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0
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p
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c
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f
o
r
HL
I
.
2
.
3
.
5
.
Co
ntinuo
us
i
m
pro
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o
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ti
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u
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Kaiz
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[
1
8
,
1
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.
I
n
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a
HL
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to
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[
2
0
]
.
Hen
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[
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,
w
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T
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5
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p
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1
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F
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ted
”.
3
.
3
.
Ana
ly
s
is
t
o
o
l
3
.
3
.
1
.
Descript
iv
e
a
na
ly
s
is
T
h
e
n
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m
alit
y
an
d
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ili
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y
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f
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ata
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llected
f
r
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m
p
a
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t
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o
f
q
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air
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e
w
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&
K
u
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s
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d
C
r
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b
ac
h
A
lp
h
a
test
r
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p
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tiv
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y
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S
k
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w
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an
d
K
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r
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f
+/
-
2
r
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r
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ts
d
ata
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m
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Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
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N
:
2252
-
8822
I
n
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.
J
.
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v
al
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&
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Vo
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:
3
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[
1
7
]
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J
E
v
al
&
R
e
s
E
d
u
c
.
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8822
I
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d
u
s
tr
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4
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esea
r
ch
o
u
tli
n
e
a
s
y
s
t
e
m
atic
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
to
a
s
s
e
s
s
t
h
e
i
m
p
o
r
tan
t
le
v
el,
i
m
p
le
m
e
n
tatio
n
le
v
el
a
n
d
i
m
p
le
m
en
ta
tio
n
e
f
f
ec
t
iv
e
n
es
s
o
f
I
n
d
u
s
tr
y
4
.
0
co
m
p
eten
cie
s
a
m
o
n
g
lect
u
r
er
s
o
f
h
i
g
h
er
lear
n
in
g
in
s
tit
u
tio
n
.
T
h
e
r
esear
ch
also
in
tr
o
d
u
ce
d
Fo
cu
s
I
n
d
e
x
as
d
escr
ip
tiv
e
a
n
al
y
s
i
s
to
o
l
to
id
en
tify
a
n
d
p
r
io
r
itize
co
m
p
ete
n
c
y
ar
ea
s
th
at
r
eq
u
ir
ed
f
u
r
th
er
i
m
p
r
o
v
e
m
en
t.
Hen
ce
,
f
i
n
d
in
g
f
r
o
m
th
is
s
tu
d
y
h
as
d
escr
ip
ti
v
e
v
al
u
e
i
n
ter
m
s
o
f
ass
es
s
i
n
g
I
n
d
u
s
tr
y
4
.
0
co
m
p
e
ten
cies
a
s
w
ell
as
id
en
ti
f
y
i
m
p
r
o
v
e
m
e
n
t
o
p
p
o
r
tu
n
it
y
w
h
i
ch
is
s
i
g
n
i
f
ica
n
t
t
o
th
e
liter
at
u
r
e
an
d
s
t
u
d
y
o
f
I
n
d
u
s
tr
y
4
.
0
.
ACK
NO
WL
E
D
G
E
M
E
NT
S
Au
t
h
o
r
s
w
is
h
to
ac
k
n
o
w
led
g
e
th
e
Ma
la
y
s
ia
n
Mi
n
is
tr
y
o
f
E
d
u
ca
tio
n
an
d
U
n
iv
er
s
iti
T
ek
n
o
lo
g
i
Ma
la
y
s
ia
u
n
d
er
th
e
R
e
s
ea
r
ch
Gr
an
t (
Vo
te
No
.
5
F1
3
6
)
f
o
r
s
p
o
n
s
o
r
in
g
th
is
p
u
b
licatio
n
.
RE
F
E
R
E
NC
E
S
[1
]
H.
Ka
g
e
r
m
a
n
n
,
e
t
a
l.
,
“
Re
c
o
m
m
e
n
d
a
ti
o
n
s
f
o
r
im
p
lem
e
n
ti
n
g
th
e
stra
teg
ic
in
it
iativ
e
IND
US
T
RI
E
4
.
0
:
S
e
c
u
rin
g
th
e
f
u
tu
re
o
f
G
e
r
m
a
n
m
a
n
u
fa
c
tu
rin
g
in
d
u
stry
,
”
F
in
a
l
re
p
o
r
t
o
f
th
e
I
n
d
u
str
ies
4
.
0
W
o
rk
in
g
G
ro
u
p
,
2
0
1
3
.
[2
]
T
.
S
to
c
k
,
e
t
a
l.
,
“
In
d
u
stry
4
.
0
a
s
e
n
a
b
ler
f
o
r
a
su
sta
in
a
b
le
d
e
v
e
lo
p
m
e
n
t:
A
q
u
a
li
tativ
e
a
ss
e
s
s
m
e
n
t
o
f
it
s
e
c
o
lo
g
ica
l
a
n
d
so
c
ial
p
o
te
n
ti
a
l
,
”
Pro
c
e
ss
S
a
f
e
ty a
n
d
En
v
iro
n
me
n
t
a
l
Pr
o
tec
ti
o
n
,
v
o
l.
1
1
8
,
p
p
.
2
5
4
-
2
6
7
,
2
0
1
8
.
[3
]
J.
L
e
e
,
e
t
a
l
.
,
“
A
c
y
b
e
r
-
p
h
y
sic
a
l
s
y
st
e
m
s
a
r
c
h
it
e
c
tu
re
f
o
r
in
d
u
stry
4
.
0
-
b
a
se
d
m
a
n
u
fa
c
tu
rin
g
s
y
ste
m
s,
”
M
a
n
u
f
a
c
tu
ri
n
g
L
e
tt
e
r
,
v
o
l.
3
,
p
p
.
1
8
-
23,
2
0
1
5
.
[4
]
M
.
D.
Be
rm
ú
d
e
z
a
n
d
B.
Ju
á
re
z
,
“
Co
m
p
e
ten
c
ies
to
a
d
o
p
t
I
n
d
u
str
y
4
.
0
f
o
r
o
p
e
ra
ti
o
n
s
m
a
n
a
g
e
m
e
n
t
p
e
rso
n
n
e
l
a
t
a
u
to
m
o
ti
v
e
p
a
rts
su
p
p
li
e
rs
in
N
u
e
v
o
L
e
o
n
,
”
Pro
c
e
e
d
in
g
s o
f
t
h
e
In
te
rn
a
ti
o
n
a
l
Co
n
fer
e
n
c
e
o
n
In
d
u
stri
a
l
E
n
g
i
n
e
e
rin
g
a
n
d
Op
e
ra
ti
o
n
s M
a
n
a
g
e
me
n
t
2
0
1
7
,
p
p
.
7
3
6
-
7
4
7
.
2
0
1
7
.
[5
]
S
.
N.
Ka
m
a
ru
z
z
a
m
a
n
,
e
t
a
l
.
,
“
De
v
e
lo
p
in
g
f
a
c
il
it
ies
m
a
n
a
g
e
m
e
n
t
(F
M
)
c
o
m
p
e
ten
c
ies
f
o
r
M
a
la
y
sia
:
Re
fe
re
n
c
e
f
ro
m
in
tern
a
ti
o
n
a
l
p
ra
c
ti
c
e
,
”
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
Fa
c
il
it
ies
M
a
n
a
g
e
me
n
t
,
v
o
l
.
1
6
,
n
o
.
2
,
p
p
.
1
5
7
-
1
7
4
.
2
0
1
8
.
[6
]
N.L
.
M
a
c
e
,
T
e
a
c
h
in
g
d
e
me
n
ti
a
c
a
re
:
S
k
il
l
a
n
d
u
n
d
e
rs
ta
n
d
i
n
g
.
JH
U P
re
ss
,
2
0
0
5
.
[7
]
M
.
Da
sg
u
p
ta,
“
Org
a
n
iza
ti
o
n
a
l
L
e
a
rn
in
g
a
n
d
it
s
P
ra
c
ti
c
e
s:
A
Re
v
ie
w
,
”
S
AGE
Op
e
n
,
2
0
1
2
.
[
On
li
n
e
]
.
A
v
a
il
a
b
le
:
S
S
RN:
h
t
tp
s://
ss
r
n
.
c
o
m
/ab
stra
c
t=
2
1
0
5
9
9
0
[8
]
P
.
G
a
j,
e
t
a
l
.
,
“
Co
m
p
u
ter
c
o
m
m
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
w
it
h
in
i
n
d
u
strial
d
istri
b
u
ted
e
n
v
iro
n
m
e
n
t
—
A
su
rv
e
y
,
”
IE
EE
T
ra
n
sa
c
ti
o
n
s
o
n
I
n
d
u
stria
l
In
f
o
rm
a
ti
c
s
,
v
o
l
.
9
,
n
o
.
1
,
p
p
.
1
8
2
-
1
8
9
,
2
0
1
2
.
[9
]
M
.
M
.
L
o
p
e
z
,
e
t
a
l.
,
“
Co
n
d
it
io
n
a
l
v
a
riatio
n
a
l
a
u
to
e
n
c
o
d
e
r
f
o
r
p
re
d
ictio
n
a
n
d
f
e
a
tu
re
re
c
o
v
e
r
y
a
p
p
li
e
d
to
in
tr
u
sio
n
d
e
tec
ti
o
n
in
I
o
T
”
.
S
e
n
so
rs
,
v
o
l
.
1
7
,
n
o
.
9
,
2
0
1
7
.
[1
0
]
Bu
a
su
w
a
n
,
P
.
J.
A
.
E.
a
n
d
S
tu
d
ie
s,
D.
,
“
Re
th
in
k
in
g
T
h
a
i
h
ig
h
e
r
e
d
u
c
a
ti
o
n
f
o
r
T
h
a
il
a
n
d
4
.
0
,
”
Asi
a
n
Ed
u
c
a
ti
o
n
a
n
d
De
v
e
lo
p
me
n
t
S
t
u
d
ies
,
v
o
l.
7
,
n
o
.
2
,
p
p
.
1
5
7
-
1
7
3
,
2
0
1
8
.
[1
1
]
O.
K.
T
a
n
,
e
t
a
l
.
,
“
I
n
d
u
stry
4
.
0
C
o
m
p
e
ten
c
ies
f
o
r
P
ro
d
u
c
ti
o
n
E
q
u
i
p
m
e
n
t
M
a
n
u
f
a
c
tu
re
rs
in
M
a
lay
si
a
,
”
In
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
Aca
d
e
mic
Res
e
a
rc
h
in
Bu
sin
e
ss
a
n
d
S
o
c
a
l
S
c
ien
c
e
s
,
v
o
l.
9
,
n
o
.
2
,
p
p
.
3
0
0
–
3
1
1
,
2
0
1
9
.
[1
2
]
A
.
A
l
-
F
u
q
a
h
a
,
e
t
a
l.
,
“
I
n
tern
e
t
o
f
th
in
g
s:
A
su
rv
e
y
o
n
e
n
a
b
li
n
g
tec
h
n
o
l
o
g
ies
,
p
ro
t
o
c
o
ls,
a
n
d
a
p
p
li
c
a
ti
o
n
s
,
”
IEE
E
Co
mm
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
s S
u
rv
e
y
s
&
T
u
to
ria
ls
,
v
o
l
.
1
7
,
n
o
.
4
,
p
p
.
2
3
4
7
-
2
3
7
6
,
2
0
1
5
.
[1
3
]
H.
A
ld
o
w
a
h
,
e
t
a
l.
,
“
Iss
u
e
s
a
n
d
c
h
a
ll
e
n
g
e
s
o
f
u
sin
g
e
-
lea
rn
in
g
in
a
Ye
m
e
n
i
P
u
b
li
c
U
n
iv
e
rsity
,
”
In
d
ia
n
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
S
c
ien
c
e
a
n
d
T
e
c
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
,
v
o
l.
8
,
n
o
.
3
2
,
p
p
.
1
-
9,
2
0
1
5
.
[1
4
]
T
.
De
Jo
n
g
,
“
L
e
a
rn
in
g
a
n
d
in
str
u
c
ti
o
n
w
it
h
c
o
m
p
u
ter
si
m
u
latio
n
s
,
”
Ed
u
c
a
ti
o
n
a
n
d
Co
mp
u
ti
n
g
,
v
o
l.
6
,
n
o
.
3
-
4
,
p
p
.
2
1
7
-
2
2
9
,
1
9
9
1
.
[1
5
]
Z.
M
e
rc
h
a
n
t
,
e
t
a
l
.
,
“
Ef
f
e
c
ti
v
e
n
e
ss
o
f
v
irt
u
a
l
re
a
li
t
y
-
b
a
se
d
in
stru
c
ti
o
n
o
n
stu
d
e
n
ts'
lea
rn
in
g
o
u
tco
m
e
s
in
K
-
1
2
a
n
d
h
ig
h
e
r
e
d
u
c
a
ti
o
n
:
A
m
e
ta
-
a
n
a
l
y
si
s
,
”
Co
mp
u
ter
s &
Ed
u
c
a
ti
o
n
,
v
o
l
.
7
0
,
p
p
.
2
9
-
4
0
,
2
0
1
4
.
[1
6
]
S
.
T
o
b
ias
,
e
t
a
l.
,
“
G
a
m
e
-
b
a
se
d
le
a
rn
in
g
.
In
Ha
n
d
b
o
o
k
o
f
re
se
a
rc
h
o
n
e
d
u
c
a
ti
o
n
a
l
c
o
m
m
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
s
a
n
d
tec
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
,
”
S
p
rin
g
e
r
,
2
0
1
4
.
[1
7
]
E.
J.
S
p
e
lt
,
e
t
a
l.
“
T
e
a
c
h
in
g
a
n
d
l
e
a
rn
in
g
in
in
ter
d
isc
ip
li
n
a
ry
h
ig
h
e
r
e
d
u
c
a
ti
o
n
:
A
sy
ste
m
a
ti
c
re
v
ie
w
,
”
Ed
u
c
a
ti
o
n
a
l
Psy
c
h
o
lo
g
y
Rev
iew
,
v
o
l.
2
1
,
n
o
.
4
,
p
.
3
6
5
,
2
0
0
9
.
[1
8
]
T
.
Ka
rk
o
sz
k
a
,
e
t
a
l.
,
“
Risk
o
f
th
e
p
r
o
c
e
ss
e
s
in
t
h
e
a
sp
e
c
t
o
f
q
u
a
li
t
y
,
n
a
tu
ra
l
e
n
v
iro
n
m
e
n
t
a
n
d
o
c
c
u
p
a
ti
o
n
a
l
sa
f
e
t
y
,
”
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
Ach
iev
e
me
n
ts i
n
M
a
ter
ia
ls a
n
d
M
a
n
u
fa
c
t
u
rin
g
E
n
g
i
n
e
e
rin
g
,
v
o
l.
2
0
,
n
o
.
1
-
2
,
p
p
.
5
3
9
-
5
4
2
,
2
0
1
7
.
[1
9
]
J.
S
in
g
h
,
e
t
a
l.
,
“
C
o
n
ti
n
u
o
u
s
im
p
ro
v
e
m
e
n
t
p
h
il
o
so
p
h
y
–
li
tera
tu
re
re
v
ie
w
a
n
d
d
irec
ti
o
n
s
,
”
Ben
c
h
ma
rk
i
n
g
An
In
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
J
o
u
rn
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l
,
v
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l.
2
2
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.
1
,
p
p
.
7
5
-
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1
9
,
2
0
1
5
.
[2
0
]
D.
Ca
rlu
c
c
i,
e
t
a
l.
,
“
A
ss
e
ss
in
g
tea
c
h
in
g
p
e
rf
o
rm
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n
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e
in
h
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g
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e
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d
u
c
a
ti
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n
:
a
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m
e
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f
o
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o
n
ti
n
u
o
u
s
im
p
ro
v
e
m
e
n
t
,
”
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a
n
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me
n
t
De
c
isio
n
,
v
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l.
5
7
,
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o
.
2
,
p
p
.
4
6
1
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7
9
,
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9
.
[2
1
]
A
.
P
a
ra
su
ra
m
a
n
,
e
t
a
l.
,
“
A
c
o
n
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e
p
tu
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d
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q
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p
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c
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ti
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n
s
f
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r
f
u
tu
re
re
se
a
rc
h
,
”
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
M
a
rk
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ti
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g
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l.
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.
4
,
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p
.
4
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-
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1
9
8
5
.
[2
2
]
R.
V
.
Kre
jcie
,
e
t
a
l.
,
“
De
term
in
in
g
sa
m
p
le
siz
e
f
o
r
re
se
a
r
c
h
a
c
ti
v
it
ies
,
”
Ed
u
c
a
ti
o
n
a
l
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n
d
Psy
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M
e
a
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o
.
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p
.
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-
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1
0
,
1
9
7
0
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
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N
:
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8822
I
n
t
.
J
.
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.
&
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2020
:
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3
]
O.
K.
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a
n
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.
,
“
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p
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o
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w
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o
d
u
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t
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v
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m
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t
,
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-
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4
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p
.
4
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5
0
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2
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1
2
.
[2
4
]
R.
A
.
G
ro
e
n
e
v
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ld
,
e
t
a
l.
,
“
M
e
a
su
rin
g
sk
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s
a
n
d
k
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rto
sis
,”
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o
u
rn
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l
o
f
th
e
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y
a
l
S
t
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ti
stica
l
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o
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,
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l.
3
3
,
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.
4
,
p
p
.
3
9
1
-
3
9
9
,
1
9
8
4
.
[2
5
]
J.
P
.
G
e
e
,
“
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h
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t
v
id
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m
e
s
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s
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rn
in
g
a
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l
it
e
ra
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y
,”
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mp
u
ter
s
in
En
ter
ta
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me
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t
(
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,
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.
1
,
p
p
.
2
0
-
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0
,
2
0
0
3
.
[2
6
]
S
.
S
.
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h
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p
iro
,
e
t
a
l,
“
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n
a
n
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ly
sis
o
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tes
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li
t
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(c
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m
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lete
sa
m
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)
,”
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o
me
trika
,
v
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l.
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.
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/4
,
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p
.
5
9
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1
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9
6
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.
[2
7
]
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L
iao
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t
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l
.
,
“
P
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st,
p
re
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a
n
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f
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f
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stry
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rc
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d
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p
ro
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o
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l
,”
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ter
n
a
ti
o
n
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l
J
o
u
rn
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l
o
f
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9
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.
[2
8
]
H.
J.
J.
M
c
L
e
ll
a
n
,
e
t
a
l.
,
“
V
irt
u
a
l
re
a
li
ty
a
n
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m
u
lt
ip
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in
telli
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n
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s:
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o
ten
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ls
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o
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ig
h
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d
u
c
a
ti
o
n
,”
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o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
Co
mp
u
t
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Hig
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.
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3
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.
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9
9
4
.
[2
9
]
Y.
L
iu
,
e
t
a
l.
,
“
In
d
u
stry
4
.
0
a
n
d
Clo
u
d
M
a
n
u
f
a
c
tu
rin
g
:
A
Co
m
p
a
ra
ti
v
e
A
n
a
l
y
si
s,
”
J
o
u
rn
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l
o
f
M
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n
u
f
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tu
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g
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,
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l.
1
3
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.
3
,
2
0
1
7
.
[3
0
]
J.
M
.
M
ü
l
ler,
e
t
a
l.
,
“
W
h
a
t
Driv
e
s th
e
Im
p
le
m
e
n
tatio
n
o
f
In
d
u
stry
4
.
0
?
T
h
e
Ro
le o
f
Op
p
o
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n
it
ie
s a
n
d
Ch
a
ll
e
n
g
e
s in
th
e
Co
n
tex
t
o
f
S
u
sta
in
a
b
il
it
y
,
”
S
u
sta
in
a
b
il
it
y
,
v
o
l.
1
0
,
n
o
.
1
,
p
.
2
4
7
,
2
0
1
8
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.