Int
ern
at
i
onal
Journ
al of E
valua
tio
n
an
d
Rese
arch
in
Educati
on (I
JE
RE)
Vo
l.
8
, No
.
4
,
Decem
ber
201
9
, p
p.
596
~
603
IS
S
N:
22
52
-
8822
,
DOI: 10
.11
591/
ije
r
e
.
v
8
i
4
.
20275
596
Journ
al h
om
e
page
:
http:
//
ia
es
core
.c
om/
journa
ls
/i
ndex.
ph
p/IJE
R
E
Instructional l
ea
dership
beliefs of
Filip
ino
pre
-
s
ervi
ce tea
chers
Ru
d
olf
T
. Vec
aldo
Coll
ege of
Teac
her
Edu
cation, C
agay
an
State
Un
ive
rsit
y
,
Phil
ippines
Art
ic
le
In
f
o
ABSTR
A
CT
Art
ic
le
history:
Re
cei
ved
A
ug
5
, 2
01
9
Re
vised
Oct
6
,
201
9
Accepte
d
Oct
22
, 201
9
In
the
te
a
che
r
ed
uca
t
ion
cont
ex
t,
the
re
has
bee
n
a
ca
ll
to
pa
y
atten
ti
on
to
the
pre
par
a
ti
on
o
f
pre
-
servi
ce
teac
her
s
for
inst
ruc
ti
on
al
le
ad
er
ship
role
s
nec
essar
y
in
to
da
y
’s
var
ious
s
chool
r
efo
rm
s.
Nonethele
ss
,
bec
ause
th
e
int
egr
at
ion
of
i
nstruct
ion
al
le
a
der
ship
is
r
el
a
tivel
y
n
ew
in
th
e
Phili
pp
in
e
te
a
che
r
educat
io
n
cur
ric
u
lum,
th
ere
is
a
de
art
h
of
rese
ar
ch
a
lon
g
with
thi
s
aspe
ct.
W
it
h
t
he
in
creasing
nee
d
for
m
ore
rese
ar
ch
on
i
nstruct
ion
al
le
ad
ership,
p
articu
l
arly
on
T
e
ac
her
Educat
io
n
Instit
uti
ons
(
TE
Is),
th
is
expl
ora
tor
y
stud
y
was
und
ert
ak
e
n.
Us
ing
an
in
-
d
ept
h
in
te
rvi
ew,
i
t
exa
m
ined
the
instru
ctional
leade
rship
b
el
i
efs
of
Fili
p
ino
pre
-
service
te
a
c
her
s.
Twe
lv
e
(12)
gra
duating
pr
e
-
service
tea
che
rs
from
a
publi
c
univ
ersity
in
Cagay
an
Province
,
Phili
p
pine
s
be
ca
m
e
th
e
stud
y
p
art
i
ci
p
ant
s
whos
e
vi
e
ws
,
insight
s,
and
nar
r
at
iv
es
were
th
emati
c
all
y
ana
l
y
z
ed
.
In
terestingly
,
th
e
re
sults
of
the
stud
y
rev
eale
d
t
hat
pre
-
serv
ice
t
ea
ch
ers
believe
tha
t
instru
ctiona
l
leade
rshi
p
is
share
d,
le
arn
i
ng
-
foc
used,
a
co
nver
sati
on
,
servi
ce
-
driv
en,
and
a
pursuit
of
equi
t
y
.
The
se
dee
pen
the
assert
ion
tha
t
und
ersta
nding
the
instruc
ti
on
al
le
ad
ership
be
li
e
fs
of
pre
-
servi
ce
t
eache
rs
wo
uld
prom
ote
in
struct
ion
a
l
int
er
v
ent
ions
th
at
c
an
empow
er
the
m
and
adv
oca
t
e
a
vi
able
i
nstruct
ion
al
le
ad
ership
fra
m
e
work
not
onl
y
i
n
the
Phil
ippi
ne
cont
ex
t
but
in
t
he
AS
EAN
reg
ion as we
l
l.
Ke
yw
or
d
s
:
Be
li
efs
In
-
de
pth i
nter
vi
ew
In
st
ru
ct
io
nal le
ader
s
hip
Pr
e
-
s
er
vice te
a
cher
s
Teacher
e
du
cat
ion
Copyright
©
201
9
Instit
ut
e
o
f Ad
vanc
ed
Engi
n
ee
r
ing
and
S
cienc
e
.
Al
l
rights re
serv
ed
.
Corres
pond
in
g
Aut
h
or
:
Rudolf
T.
Vec
al
do
,
Coll
ege
of
Tea
cher Ed
ucati
on
,
Ca
gayan
Stat
e U
ni
ver
sit
y
-
A
ndre
ws
Ca
m
pu
s
,
Ca
rita
n,
T
ugue
gar
a
o
Ci
ty
, Ca
gayan,
P
hili
pp
i
nes, 3
500.
Em
a
il
: ru
dolfv
ecal
do@g
m
ai
l.
com
1.
INTROD
U
CTION
The
co
nce
pt
of
instru
ct
io
nal
le
ader
sh
i
p
ha
s
beco
m
e
cru
ci
al
becau
se
of
it
s
var
iou
s
in
flue
nces
on
edu
cat
io
nal
pr
axis
[1,
2].
I
niti
al
ly
def
ined,
i
ns
tr
uctional
le
ader
s
hip
is
a
c
riti
cal
po
int
of
fo
c
us
am
on
g
le
ader
s
who
lo
ok
int
o
te
achers
’
dire
ct
involvem
ent in th
e academ
ic
grow
t
h
of stu
de
nts and th
e m
anag
em
ent o
f
s
chool
set
ti
ng
[
3].
Tra
diti
on
al
ly
view
ed,
it
has
bee
n
centere
d
on
a
ut
hority
;
ho
we
ve
r,
wit
h
the
posit
ive
dev
el
opm
ents
in
the
edu
cat
io
nal
m
ilieu,
innov
at
ive
c
on
ce
pt
s
on
instr
uctio
nal
le
ader
s
hip
hav
e
c
om
e
to
fr
uiti
on
as
the
21
st
-
centu
ry
cl
assr
oom
de
m
and
s
proacti
ve
,
le
ar
ne
r
-
ce
ntere
d
a
nd
ef
fecti
ve
i
ns
t
ru
ct
io
nal
le
ade
rsh
i
p
[
4].
Henc
e,
this
per
s
pecti
ve
ha
s
create
d
a
n
a
venue
wh
e
re
i
nd
i
viduals’
c
o
ll
abo
rati
ve
m
i
nd
s
a
nd
act
ivi
ti
es
stem
fr
om
the
fun
dam
ental
c
onvicti
on
of
pro
vid
i
ng
a
tra
ns
pa
re
nt
platf
or
m
to
reali
ze
the
i
ns
ti
tuti
onal
ta
rg
et
s
a
nd
sh
ar
e
d
go
al
s
[
5,
6]
as
there
has
bee
n
em
ph
asi
s
on
t
ea
m
ref
le
xi
vity
and
pe
rfo
rm
ance
[7
]
for
s
ust
ai
ned
bette
r
m
e
nt
of
the sc
hool cli
m
at
e [8
]
a
nd the
at
ta
in
m
ent o
f q
ualit
y l
earn
in
g [9
-
11]
.
In
t
he
te
ac
her
edu
cat
io
n
co
nt
ext,
the
re
has
been
a
cal
l
to
pay
at
te
ntio
n
t
o
the
pre
par
at
i
on
of
pr
e
-
serv
ic
e
te
ac
hers
f
or
instr
uctio
nal
le
ade
rs
hip
ro
le
s
[
12
]
nec
essary
in
to
da
y’s
va
rio
us
sc
hool
refor
m
s.
As
Xu
and
Patm
or
[1
3]
cl
ai
m
,
fo
r
m
al
trai
nin
g
is
identifie
d
a
s
a
sign
ific
a
nt
approac
h
i
n
sh
a
ping
instr
uc
ti
on
al
le
ader
s
hip
sk
il
ls.
Tai
lo
red
t
o
t
he
pr
ece
ding
prem
ise
,
j
us
t
re
centl
y
in
the
P
hili
pp
ine
s,
one
m
ajo
r
in
novat
ion
i
n
the
te
ache
r
e
ducat
ion
cu
rr
ic
ul
um
is
the
offe
rin
g
of
a
pr
of
e
ssion
al
e
ducat
ion
co
urse
that
cov
e
rs
i
ns
tr
uctional
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
In
t J
E
val & R
es Educ
.
IS
S
N:
22
52
-
8822
In
str
uctio
na
l l
e
ad
e
rsh
i
p beli
ef
s o
f Fi
li
pi
no p
r
e
-
servi
ce te
ac
he
rs
(
Ru
do
lf
T
. V
ecald
o
)
597
le
ader
s
hip
[
14]
.
This
c
urric
ular
act
io
n
is
seen
as
pivotal
in
m
app
i
ng
out
t
he
ne
ed
for
trai
ni
ng
an
d
enh
a
ncem
ent vi
s
-
a
-
vis instr
uc
ti
on
al
leade
rs
hip
ca
pab
il
it
ie
s an
d p
otentia
l
of
the pre
-
ser
vice
teac
her
s
.
Nonetheless
,
be
cause
the
i
ntegr
at
io
n
of
in
structio
nal
le
ade
rsh
i
p
is
relat
iv
el
y
new
in
the
Ph
il
ipp
i
ne
te
acher
e
ducat
ion
c
urricul
um,
the
re
is
a
de
arth
of
resea
rc
h
al
on
g
this
a
rea
par
ti
cularl
y
on
the
a
sp
e
ct
of
ins
tructi
onal
le
ader
s
hip
belie
fs,
wh
ic
h
ac
cordin
g
to
M
arck
et
ti
an
d
Kadolp
h
[
15]
,
m
ay
serv
e
as
a
firm
fou
nd
at
io
n
of
ind
i
vidual
be
ha
vior
an
d
at
ti
tud
es.
Re
la
ti
ve
to
this,
S
her
tz
e
r
and
Sc
huh
[16
]
cl
aim
that
ho
w
pre
-
serv
ic
e
te
ache
r
s
reg
ar
d
instr
uc
ti
on
al
le
ader
s
hip
m
igh
t
sta
nd
as
the
key
to
their
per
ce
ption
s
of
them
selv
es
as
pros
pecti
ve
le
a
der
s
,
wh
ic
h
m
ay
furthe
r
le
ad
to
the
un
rav
el
ing
of
their
in
ner
m
os
t
belie
f
s
that
ei
the
r
c
onstrai
n
or
lo
os
e
n
thei
r
par
ti
ci
patio
n,
involvem
ent
and
e
xperie
nces
in
the
academ
e.
Th
us
,
al
ong
this
vein
,
pre
-
s
erv
ic
e
te
achers
m
us
t
hav
e
well
-
def
i
ned
i
ns
tr
uctiona
l
le
ader
sh
i
p
be
li
efs
to
achie
ve
qual
it
y
per
f
or
m
ance
an
d
pote
nt
functi
onin
g
once
they
get
em
plo
ye
d
as f
ull
-
f
le
dg
e
d
te
ache
r
s
an
d
prom
oted
as
s
ch
ool
ad
m
inist
rator
s.
A
s
Hill
er
[17]
fitt
ing
l
y
sh
are
s,
ind
i
viduals’
pe
rs
on
al
view
of
le
ad
ersh
i
p
is
a
si
gn
i
ficant
be
nc
hm
ark
of
subs
equ
e
nt
thoughts a
nd a
ct
ion
s t
hat u
lt
im
at
ely d
efine
who
t
hey are
a
s potenti
al
lead
ers.
W
it
h
the
act
ive
cal
l
fo
r
m
or
e
stud
ie
s
on
instr
ucti
on
al
le
ade
rs
hip
that
inten
d
to
i
m
p
ro
ve
orga
nizat
ion
al
norm
s,
arr
a
ng
em
ents,
an
d
syst
em
s
[1
8],
resea
rc
h
unde
rtakin
gs
al
ong
this
as
pect
is
ind
is
pen
sa
ble.
Since Teac
her
Ed
ucati
on Insti
tuti
on
s
(TE
Is
) serve
as the
p
la
tfor
m
f
or the
holi
sit
ic
d
evelo
pm
ent
of
pre
-
se
r
vice
te
achers
,
it
is
j
ust
pro
per
that
r
esearch
on
i
ns
t
ru
ct
io
nal
belie
f
s
m
us
t
sta
rt
fro
m
the
m
.
Acc
ordin
g
to
Ku
li
nna
,
Br
us
sea
u,
Fe
rr
y,
and
C
oth
r
an
[
19]
,
hee
ding
to
pr
e
-
ser
vice
te
achers
’
voic
es
to
ad
dr
es
s
their
belie
f
syst
e
m
s
is
ess
entia
l
becau
se
it
create
s
op
port
un
it
ie
s
to
unde
rstan
d
bett
er
and
a
ppreci
at
e
the
m
,
and
in
this
resp
ect
,
TE
Is
s
ta
nd
a
s
the
nur
turing
a
ve
nu
es
to
facil
it
at
e
th
e
sh
a
ping
of
instr
uctional
le
ader
s
hip
belie
f
s
[
13]
[20].
S
ubseq
ue
ntly
,
ex
ploring
this
dim
e
ns
io
n
bec
om
e
s
sig
nificant
input
in
dete
rm
ining
ap
propriat
e
m
echan
ism
s
a
nd
strat
egies
i
n
inte
gr
at
in
g
t
he
c
on
ce
pts
of
instruc
ti
on
al
l
eaders
hip
to
i
ns
tr
uction
an
d
oth
e
r
academ
ic
-
related
act
ivit
ie
s
t
o
pr
e
pa
re
pr
e
-
serv
ic
e
te
ache
rs
in
their
fu
t
ur
e
le
ade
rs
hip
ro
le
s
in
the
te
achin
g
prof
e
ssio
n.
To
date,
li
tt
le
is
know
n
a
bout
Fil
ipino
pre
-
se
r
vi
ce
te
achers
’
i
ns
tr
uctional
le
ader
s
hip
be
li
efs;
thu
s
,
an
e
xp
l
or
at
ory
stud
y
is
deem
e
d
ne
cessary
t
o
fill
in
the
kn
owle
dge
gap
f
or
sound
pro
gr
a
m
m
a
ti
c
interve
ntions
and
fr
am
ewo
r
k
de
velo
pm
ent.
Sp
eci
fical
ly
,
the
pr
e
sent
stu
dy
aim
ed
to
ad
dr
ess
t
he
f
ollo
wi
ng
quest
io
n:
Wh
at
do Fili
pino
pr
e
-
ser
vice te
ache
rs beli
eve a
bout
instru
ct
io
nal l
eaders
hip
?
2.
RESEA
R
CH MET
HO
D
2.1.
Rese
arch
design
The
stu
dy
us
e
d
qual
it
at
ive
de
sign
em
plo
yi
ng
i
n
-
de
pth
int
erv
ie
w.
Gu
est
,
Nam
ey
,
and
Mi
tc
hell
[2
1]
unde
rscore that
an
in
-
dep
t
h
int
erv
ie
w
is ap
pr
opriat
e in e
xa
m
ining
a
par
ti
c
ular ph
e
nom
eno
n dee
ply t
o ge
ner
at
e
el
ucidati
on
a
nd
unde
rstan
din
g.
It
assist
s
the
pa
rti
ci
pan
t
s
to
e
xpress
their
i
deas
a
nd
e
xp
e
riences
as
it
is
“
design
e
d
t
o
el
ic
it
dep
th
on
a
to
pic
of
interest
”
[
22]
.
Since
the
stud
y
is
exp
l
orat
or
y,
the
in
-
dep
t
h
intervie
w
was
us
ed
to
pro
vi
de
a
con
te
xt
[23],
a
detai
le
d
pictu
re
of
how
the
pr
e
-
se
rv
ic
e
te
acher
s
view
instru
ct
io
nal le
ader
s
hip.
2.2.
Rese
arch par
t
ic
ipant
s
Twelve
(
12)
grad
uatin
g
pre
-
serv
ic
e
te
ac
he
rs
f
r
om
the
C
ollege
of
Teac
her
Ed
ucati
on
of
a
pu
blic
un
i
ver
sit
y
in
Ca
gayan
P
r
ov
i
nce,
Ph
il
ip
pine
s
becam
e
the
stud
y
pa
rtic
ipants.
Se
ve
nty
per
ce
nt
(
75%)
of
t
he
pa
rtic
ipa
nts
we
re
fem
al
e,
wh
il
e
25%
we
re
m
al
e.
The
m
ean
age
w
as
19.
83.
In
te
rm
s
of
the
curricula
r
pro
gr
am
,
58.33%
we
re
Ba
chelor
of
S
econda
ry
Ed
uc
at
ion
(BSE
d)
stu
den
ts,
16.
67%
w
ere
Ba
chelo
r
of
Ele
m
entary
Ed
ucati
on
(BE
Ed)
stu
de
nts,
a
nd
25%
we
re
Ba
chelor
of
Te
c
hn
ic
al
Te
ache
r
E
ducat
ion
(B
TTE)
stu
den
ts
.
Th
e
par
ti
ci
pa
nts
re
pr
ese
nted
eac
h
of
the
s
pec
ia
li
zat
ion
s
off
ered
in
t
he
Coll
ege.
Mo
re
over
,
the
num
ber
of
par
ti
ci
pa
nts w
a
s establi
sh
e
d u
pon reac
hing the dat
a satu
rati
on. I
n q
ualit
at
i
ve
stu
dies,
d
at
a
satur
at
io
n
is
us
ually
achieve
d
w
hen
com
m
on
the
m
es
hav
e
al
re
ady
bee
n
ide
ntifie
d
in
a
hom
og
e
nous
group
of
par
ti
ci
pa
nts
[
24
]
.
Table
1 pr
ese
nt
s the
par
ti
ci
pa
nts’ dem
og
ra
phic
pr
of
il
e.
Thro
ugh
pur
posive
sam
plin
g,
th
e
pa
rtic
ip
ants
we
re
sel
ect
ed
base
d
on
the
fo
ll
ow
i
ng
i
nclusi
on
c
rite
ria:
(a)
m
us
t
hav
e
bee
n
a
te
a
m
le
ader
du
rin
g
the
off
-
ca
m
pu
s
stud
ent
te
achin
g,
an
d
(
b)
m
us
t
hav
e
at
te
nd
e
d
at
le
ast
a
le
ad
ersh
i
p
trai
ning
or
sem
inar.
T
hese
crit
eria
wer
e
set
to
m
ake
sure
that
t
he
par
ti
ci
pa
nts
cou
l
d
pro
vid
e
the
ne
cessary
views
on
in
struct
io
na
l
le
ader
sh
i
p
since
they
ha
d
at
le
ast
a
direct
exp
e
rience
of
l
eadin
g
their
peer
s
and
releva
nt exp
osure
to
le
a
der
s
hi
p
co
nce
pts.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2252
-
8822
In
t.
J
.
Eval
.
&
Re
s
.
E
du
c
.
Vo
l
.
8
, No
.
4
,
Dec
e
m
ber
201
9
: 5
96
-
603
598
Table
1.
Dem
og
ra
phic
profil
e of the
stu
dy parti
ci
pan
ts
Participan
t
Sex
Ag
e
Cu
rr
icu
lar
P
rog
ra
m
Sp
ecialization
PT1
Male
19
BEEd
Gen
eralist
PT2
Fe
m
ale
20
BEEd
Pre
-
sch
o
o
l
PT3
Male
21
BSEd
Mathe
m
a
tics
PT4
Fe
m
ale
19
BSEd
Eng
lish
L
an
g
u
ag
e
PT5
Fe
m
ale
20
BSEd
So
cial Stud
ies
PT6
Fe
m
ale
20
BSEd
Bio
lo
g
ical Science
PT7
Fe
m
ale
19
BSEd
Ph
y
sical Sc
ien
ce
PT8
Fe
m
ale
20
BSEd
Filip
in
o
Lang
u
ag
e
PT9
Fe
m
ale
20
BSEd
Techn
o
lo
g
y
and
L
iv
elih
o
o
d
E
d
u
catio
n
PT10
Fe
m
ale
20
BTTE
Fo
o
d
s Service Ma
n
ag
e
m
en
t
PT11
Male
20
BTTE
Electr
o
n
ics
PT12
Fe
m
ale
20
BTTE
Gar
m
en
ts Fash
io
n
Desig
n
2.3.
Rese
arch
i
ns
t
rument
The
resea
rch
e
r
p
re
par
e
d
a sem
i
-
structur
e
d
i
nter
view
guide
u
sed
in f
aci
li
ta
ti
ng
the inter
vi
ew
sessio
ns
.
In
it
ia
ll
y,
five
(
5)
qu
est
io
ns
w
ere
dr
a
fted
bas
ed
on
the
rese
arch
obj
ect
ive.
Howev
e
r,
the
nu
m
ber
of
que
sti
on
s
was
increa
sed
to
six
(6
)
af
te
r
two
(
2)
s
enio
r
facu
lt
y
-
r
esearche
rs
re
vi
ewed
the
int
erv
ie
w
guide
for
it
s
consi
ste
ncy,
re
le
van
ce,
an
d
s
oundne
ss.
T
he
qu
e
sti
on
“
If
you
we
re
an
i
nst
ru
ct
io
nal
le
ader,
ho
w
w
ould
y
ou
view
pow
er
or
auth
or
it
y
?
”
wa
s
inclu
de
d.
A
fter
wh
ic
h,
t
he
t
oo
l
was
pre
-
te
s
te
d
to
th
ree
(3)
pre
-
se
r
vice
te
ache
r
s
who
wer
e
not
par
ti
ci
pa
nts
of
the
stu
dy
to
ens
ur
e
c
om
pr
ehensi
bili
ty
of
the
quest
io
ns
a
nd
t
o
determ
ine
the
reasona
ble ti
m
e all
otm
ent f
or
the inter
view
s
ession.
2.4.
Rese
arch proc
edures
The
resea
rch
e
r
app
r
oac
he
d
th
e
Coll
ege
Dea
n
to
obta
in
ap
pro
val
for
the
cond
uct
of
the
stud
y.
A
fter
wh
ic
h,
th
e
in
di
vid
ual
pro
file
of
grad
uatin
g
pr
e
-
ser
vice
te
achers
was
pe
r
us
e
d
base
d
on
the
gi
ven
c
rite
ria
to
identify
the
el
igible
pa
rtic
ipa
nts.
T
he
ide
ntifie
d
pr
e
-
se
rv
ic
e
te
achers
w
ere
per
s
onal
ly
m
et
by
the
resea
rc
he
r
to
so
li
ci
t
their
par
ti
ci
pation
in
the
stud
y.
They
wer
e
ori
ente
d
on
the
pu
rpose
and
directi
on
of
the
resea
rc
h.
They
al
so
sig
ne
d
the
Fr
ee
,
P
rio
r,
a
nd
I
nfo
rm
ed
Co
ns
e
nt
(FPIC
)
a
s
a
m
anifestat
i
on
that
they
cl
early
unde
rstood
th
e
stud
y
ob
j
ect
ive
s
and
that
they
wer
e
not
com
pelle
d
to
be
pa
rt
of
the
re
sear
ch.
Mo
reove
r,
they
wer
e
in
form
ed
that
the
data
obta
ined
f
ro
m
t
hem
wo
ul
d
be
handled
with
t
he
utm
os
t
co
nfi
den
ti
al
it
y,
and
their
ide
ntit
ie
s
woul
d
be kept i
n
a
nonym
i
ty
.
In
c
onduct
in
g
t
he
in
div
i
du
al
i
nter
view,
the
ti
m
e
and
ve
nu
e
wer
e
a
rr
a
nge
d
by
the
researc
he
r
with
due
consi
der
at
io
n
of
the
avail
abi
li
ty
and
c
onve
nience
of
t
he
par
ti
ci
pa
nts.
F
ur
t
her
m
or
e,
t
he
pa
rtic
ipants
wer
e
adv
ise
d
to s
pea
k
in a lan
guage
they wer
e c
om
fo
rtable with
since they co
ul
d
com
m
un
ic
at
e b
ot
h
in E
ngli
sh
and
Fil
ipino
la
ng
ua
ges.
T
he
re
sear
cher
e
nsure
d
th
at
the
intervie
w
at
m
os
ph
ere
was
f
ree
f
ro
m
any
distu
rb
a
nc
es
and
that
the
pa
rtic
ipants
s
pontan
eousl
y
expres
sed
their
vie
ws
an
d
in
sig
ht
s.
A
m
ob
il
e
phone
rec
orde
d
the
respo
ns
es
of
the
par
ti
ci
pa
nts
,
and
th
is
was
su
pple
m
ented
by
ta
kin
g
do
wn
no
te
s
of
the
essenti
al
w
ords
or
phrases
. T
he
a
ver
a
ge
i
nter
view durat
io
n
la
ste
d for a
bout
20 m
inu
te
s.
2.5.
Data anal
ys
is
Them
at
ic
analy
sis
was
e
m
plo
ye
d
in
anal
yz
ing
the
intervie
w
data.
A
ccordin
g
to
Ma
gu
ire
a
nd
Delah
un
t
[25],
t
hem
a
ti
c
analy
sis
is
us
ed
to
ascerta
in
patte
rn
s
i
n
the
dat
a
that
are
nota
ble
an
d
use
th
ese
for
pro
per
inte
rpr
et
at
ion
to
a
ddress
the
pur
pose
of
t
he
re
search
.
It
ai
m
s
to
un
der
sc
ore
the
m
os
t
r
el
evan
t
a
m
al
ga
m
at
ion
o
f
m
eaning
s
found
i
n
a
pa
rtic
ular dat
aset
[2
6].
Fo
ll
owin
g
the
them
a
ti
c
app
r
oach
es
pouse
d
by
Brau
n
an
d
Cl
ark
e
[27],
the
researc
he
r
pe
rsonall
y
transc
ribe
d
the
interview
dat
a.
The
transc
ri
pts
wer
e
rea
d
rep
eat
e
dly
fo
r
data
fam
i
li
ariz
at
ion
.
A
fter
w
hich,
init
ia
l
cod
es
w
ere
ge
ner
at
e
d
to
extract
the
recurre
nt
an
d
m
eaningfu
l
ins
igh
ts
f
ro
m
whic
h
the
them
es
wer
e
deduce
d.
The
them
es
wer
e
th
en
e
xam
ined
s
ever
al
ti
m
es
to
ve
rify
if
t
hey
worked
well
r
el
at
ive
to
the
c
od
e
s,
data
set
,
and
st
ud
y
pu
rpose.
S
ub
s
eq
ue
ntly
,
t
he
extracte
d
th
e
m
es
wer
e
na
m
ed.
To
ens
ur
e
the
internal
validit
y
(cr
e
dib
il
it
y)
of
the
da
ta
,
the
r
esearche
r
us
e
d
m
e
m
ber
check
in
g
as
a
te
ch
nique
wh
e
rein
the
pa
rtic
ipant
s
we
re
pro
vid
e
d
c
op
ie
s of the
tra
ns
cr
ipt f
or
t
hem
to
cro
ss
-
c
heck.
In
the
proces
s
of
data
analy
sis,
the
resea
rc
he
r
obser
ve
d
se
lf
-
re
flexivity
.
I
n
doin
g
s
o,
al
l
respo
ns
e
s
wer
e
t
reated wi
th
eq
ual
val
ue
,
an
d
perso
nal p
re
disposit
io
ns
wer
e
set
asi
de
.
Pala
ga
nas,
Sa
nch
ez
,
Moli
ntas,
an
d
Ca
ricat
ivo
[
28
]
i
m
par
t
that
sel
f
-
re
flexi
vity
is
a
con
ti
nu
ou
s
e
xe
rcise
of
int
ro
s
pecti
on
by
resea
rc
he
rs
in
recog
nizing h
ow t
hey ca
n
m
ai
ntain c
onfirm
abili
ty
o
r object
ivit
y i
n
their
re
search
pract
ic
e.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
In
t J
E
val & R
es Educ
.
IS
S
N:
22
52
-
8822
In
str
uctio
na
l l
e
ad
e
rsh
i
p beli
ef
s o
f Fi
li
pi
no p
r
e
-
servi
ce te
ac
he
rs
(
Ru
do
lf
T
. V
ecald
o
)
599
3.
RESU
LT
S
A
ND
DI
SCUS
S
ION
W
it
h
the
us
e
of
a
n
in
-
de
pth
intervie
w,
the
stud
y
e
xp
l
or
e
d
the
belie
fs
of
the
Fil
ipin
o
pr
e
-
ser
vic
e
te
achers o
n
in
s
tructi
onal
lead
ersh
i
p.
Five
T
hem
es
wer
e
e
xtracted
f
ro
m
t
he
inter
vie
w
da
ta
based
on
t
he
narrati
ves
,
vi
ews,
a
nd d
isc
ussi
on
s
of
al
l
the
par
ti
ci
pa
nt
s.
These
t
he
m
es
wer
e
pre
sented
sta
rtin
g
from
the
hig
hest
f
reque
nc
y
with
wh
ic
h
they
wer
e
d
i
s
c
us
se
d.
3.1.
Theme
no
. 1
: Instruc
tio
na
l l
eaders
hip i
s s
ha
red
In
te
re
sti
ng
ly
,
a
ll
par
ti
ci
pan
ts
viewe
d
in
struc
ti
on
al
le
ade
rs
hi
p
as
a
sh
a
re
d
end
ea
vor
.
T
he
y
consi
der
it
as
a
process
w
her
e
by
aut
horiti
es
m
us
t
inv
ol
ve
al
l
m
e
m
ber
s
of
t
he
sch
ool
com
m
un
it
y.
W
it
h
this,
t
hey
rej
ec
t
the
idea
that
in
structio
nal
le
ader
s
hi
p
is
only
within
t
he
po
wer
s
of
one
pe
rson.
They
belie
ve
that
inst
ruct
ion
al
le
ader
s
hip
is
s
een
as
a
pro
pe
rty
of
the
group
a
nd
is
under
st
ood
t
o
e
m
erg
e
as
a
re
su
lt
of
c
ollab
or
at
ive
interact
ion
vis
-
à
-
vis
c
ollec
ti
ve
acco
un
ta
bili
t
y.
This
view
is
al
ign
e
d
with
the
idea
of
N
ort
hern
an
d
Ba
il
ey
[1]
that
le
ader
s
of
the
21
st
cent
ur
y
m
us
t
be
or
ie
nted
on
te
a
m
wo
r
k
an
d
c
ollec
ti
ve
decis
ion
-
m
aking
an
d
the
auth
or
it
y
is
no
longer
withi
n
the
bo
unds
of
a
sing
le
pe
rson
bu
t
is
s
pr
ea
d
am
on
g
gr
oup
m
e
m
ber
s
[29].
W
it
h
this,
instr
uctio
n
al
le
ader
s
hip
b
ecom
es
a
viable
platfo
rm
fo
r
the
creati
on
of
c
o
m
m
u
n
i
t
i
e
s
w
h
o
s
e
m
e
m
b
e
r
s
c
a
n
b
l
e
n
d
a
n
d
c
o
n
n
e
c
t
t
o
e
v
e
r
y
a
s
p
e
c
t
o
f
t
h
e
i
r
p
e
r
s
o
n
a
l
a
n
d
p
r
o
f
e
s
s
i
o
n
a
l
r
o
l
e
s
a
s
s
h
o
w
n
i
n
T
a
b
l
e
2
.
Table
2.
T
hem
e
no
. 1
I
ns
tr
uctional lea
der
s
hi
p
is s
ha
red
Participan
ts
Res
p
o
n
ses
PT1
My v
iew on
ins
tructio
n
al leadersh
ip
is that it is a
pro
d
u
ct of
collab
o
ration
am
o
n
g
stak
eh
o
ld
ers.
PT2
I
b
eliev
e that in
str
u
ctio
n
al leaders
m
u
st sh
are
g
o
v
ernan
ce with all
the
m
e
m
b
ers of
the sch
o
o
l co
m
m
u
n
it
y
.
PT3
I
b
eliev
e that
co
lle
ctiv
e decisi
o
n
-
m
ak
in
g
is the h
ig
h
lig
h
t
of
an ef
f
ectiv
e ins
tructio
n
al leadersh
ip
.
PT4
Ins
tructio
n
al leadersh
ip
r
esid
es in
the g
rou
p
,
n
o
t in a sin
g
le auth
o
rity
.
PT5
In
m
y
p
e
rsp
ectiv
e,
in
stru
ctio
n
al
lead
ersh
ip
in
sch
o
o
ls
is
g
rou
p
accou
n
ta
b
ility.
Eve
ry
o
n
e
m
u
st
co
u
n
t
in
,
esp
ecially
in
th
e decisi
o
n
-
m
ak
in
g
and
takin
g
o
f
r
esp
o
n
sib
ilities.
PT6
Fo
r
m
e
,
lead
in
g
is
a sh
ared r
esp
o
n
sib
ility.
It
is n
o
t on
ly
a
b
o
u
t on
e perso
n
di
recting
ever
y
th
in
g
.
PT7
I
b
eliev
e that aut
h
o
rities and
su
b
o
rdi
n
ates
m
u
st sh
are
sch
o
o
l ac
co
u
n
tab
ilit
ies.
PT8
Ins
tructio
n
al leadersh
ip
is a
sh
ared pr
o
cess
of
sch
o
o
l i
m
p
rov
e
m
en
t.
PT9
Thin
k
in
g
o
f
it
as
an
i
m
p
o
rt
an
t
o
rgan
izatio
n
al
co
n
stru
ct,
I
co
n
sid
er
in
stru
cti
o
n
al
lead
ersh
ip
as
a
m
u
tu
al
u
n
d
ertakin
g
.
It
is n
o
t on
ly
f
o
cu
sed
on
on
e ind
iv
i
d
u
al who
wield
s th
e
au
th
o
rity
.
PT10
The
true
m
eani
n
g
o
f
i
n
stru
ctio
n
al
l
eadersh
ip
is
th
at
p
o
wer
an
d
resp
o
n
si
b
ility
are
sh
ared
to
all
in
d
i
v
id
u
als
i
n
th
e
o
rgan
izatio
n
.
To
m
e,
th
is is th
e
real
m
easu
re
o
f
its ef
f
ectiv
en
ess
.
PT11
Ins
tructio
n
al leadersh
ip
is a
co
llecti
v
e end
eavo
r.
PT12
A
resp
ectable
m
an
if
estatio
n
o
f
i
n
stru
ctio
n
al
lead
ersh
ip
is
wh
en
a
lead
er
s
h
ares
th
e
au
th
o
rity
to
ev
ery
o
n
e
wh
erein
each
m
e
m
b
er
f
eels th
e sen
se o
f
belo
n
g
in
g
n
ess
to all the sch
o
o
l task
s an
d
a
ctiv
ities.
3.2.
Theme
no
.
2:
Inst
ruc
tio
na
l
l
eaders
hip is le
arnin
g
-
fo
c
use
d
Most
of
t
he
pa
rtic
ipants
vie
wed
instr
uctio
nal
le
ade
rs
hip
as
le
ar
ning
-
fo
c
us
e
d
see
in
Ta
ble
3
.
T
hey
firm
l
y
belie
ve
d
that
t
he
bo
tt
om
-
li
ne
of
a
n
eff
ect
ive
i
ns
tr
uc
ti
on
al
le
ade
r
i
s
seen
thr
ough
an
e
xcell
ent
de
li
ver
y
of instr
uctio
n
t
hat ev
e
ry stu
de
nt d
e
ser
ves.
Table
3.
T
hem
e
no
. 2
I
ns
tr
uctional lea
der
s
hi
p
is l
ear
ning
-
f
oc
us
e
d
Participan
ts
Res
p
o
n
ses
PT1
In
m
y
un
d
erstand
in
g
,
in
stru
ctio
n
al leadersh
ip
exis
ts b
ecaus
e of
the n
eed f
o
r
q
u
ality
l
earnin
g
.
PT3
I
b
eliev
e
th
at
th
e
f
o
cu
s
o
f
in
stru
ct
io
n
al
lead
ersh
ip
is
to
crea
te
o
p
p
o
rt
u
n
ities
f
o
r
stu
d
en
t
s
to
g
row
an
d
d
ev
elo
p
h
o
listically.
PT5
Fo
r
m
e
,
in
stru
ctio
n
al leaders’
action
s
m
u
st
h
ig
h
lig
h
t the attain
m
en
t of
lear
n
in
g
.
PT6
Bas
ed
o
n
m
y
r
ea
d
in
g
s
an
d
with
m
y
p
erso
n
al
v
iew
,
in
stru
ctio
n
al
lead
ersh
ip
sh
o
u
ld
target
q
u
ality
l
earnin
g
an
d
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t.
PT7
In
m
y
ex
p
erience
as
a
tea
m
lead
er
d
u
ring
o
f
f
-
ca
m
p
u
s
stu
d
en
t
teachin
g
,
I
was
ab
le
to
ap
p
re
ciate
a
p
rincip
al
wh
o
se
p
ri
m
ar
y
co
n
cern is
to see stu
d
en
ts’ po
sitiv
e lear
n
in
g
and
achiev
e
m
en
ts as
re
al
in
d
icato
rs of
su
ccess.
PT9
I
b
eliev
e
th
at
an
ex
cellent
in
stru
ctio
n
al
lead
er
o
u
g
h
t
to
h
av
e
th
e
h
eart
f
o
r
ex
cellence
in
learn
in
g
.
Hen
ce,
I
wan
t
to
see
sch
o
o
l leaders who
us
e their auth
o
rity to
i
m
p
rov
e the sta
n
d
ards
of
teachin
g
an
d
lear
n
in
g
.
PT10
My
b
elief
is
th
at
i
n
stru
ctio
n
al
lead
ersh
ip
ex
ist
s
as
a
lead
ersh
ip
co
n
cept
b
ecaus
e
it
m
u
st
stress
learnin
g
in
all
area
s.
W
h
en
i
m
p
rov
e
m
e
n
t
h
ap
p
en
s
i
n
th
e
q
u
ality
o
f
learnin
g
as
seen
in
th
e
h
i
g
h
p
erfo
r
m
an
ce
in
th
e
n
atio
n
al
ass
es
s
m
en
t
tests
,
th
en
I
c
an
sa
y
that th
e p
ri
n
cip
al is su
ccessf
u
l.
PT11
If
I
we
re
a
leader
,
I
wou
ld
be stu
d
en
t
-
cent
ered in all
m
y
ap
p
roach
es.
PT12
Lear
n
in
g
is the p
ri
m
e
f
acto
r
f
o
r
in
str
u
ctio
n
al leaders to
k
eep th
eir
f
eet on
t
rack.
As
delineat
ed
by
the
par
ti
ci
pa
nts,
in
structio
nal
le
adershi
p
is
a
pur
po
se
-
dri
ven
process
m
easur
ed
by
the
im
pr
ov
em
ent
in
t
he
inst
ru
ct
io
nal
pr
act
ic
e
and
qual
it
y
of
st
ud
e
nt
l
earn
i
ng.
T
his
belie
f
is
re
ga
r
ded
a
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2252
-
8822
In
t.
J
.
Eval
.
&
Re
s
.
E
du
c
.
Vo
l
.
8
, No
.
4
,
Dec
e
m
ber
201
9
: 5
96
-
603
600
po
sit
ive
one
be
cause,
i
n
the
repor
t
of
M
urp
hy,
Ell
i
ot,
Go
l
dr
i
ng,
an
d
Porte
r
[
30]
,
it
sh
owe
d
that
tho
s
e
instru
ct
io
nal
le
ader
s
w
ho
a
re
le
arn
in
g
-
c
enter
ed
are
t
he
ones
dynam
ic
al
l
y
i
nvolv
e
d
in
sch
oo
l
im
pr
ovem
e
nt
as
m
anifested
i
n
t
heir
st
ron
g
c
onvicti
on
as
ste
w
ard
s
of
s
ch
ool’
s
visio
n.
T
hey also p
osse
ss
a
stable
ori
entat
ion
f
or
the opti
m
iz
a
ti
on
of lea
rn
i
ng a
nd teac
hing
[
7].
3.3.
Theme
no
.
3:
Inst
ruc
tio
na
l l
eaders
hip is
a con
vers
at
io
n
Seve
ral
pa
rtic
ipants
belie
ve
d
that
instr
uctio
nal
le
ade
rsh
i
p
is
a
form
of
c
onve
rsati
on
se
e
in
Ta
ble
4
.
As
de
duced
from
their
insigh
ts
an
d
na
rr
at
i
ves,
they
c
onsider
in
struc
ti
onal
le
ader
sh
i
p
a
s
fin
ding
ways
to
use
creati
ve
com
m
un
ic
at
ion
an
d
crit
ic
al
dialogue
i
n
m
anag
in
g
the
flo
w
of
i
nfor
m
at
i
on
t
hat
is
int
i
m
at
e,
interact
ive,
a
nd
inclusi
ve.
T
hey
strongly
a
gr
ee
d
that
an
excell
ent
instr
uctional
l
eade
r
inv
ol
ves
in
div
id
uals
who
a
re
act
ive
ly
eng
agi
ng
i
n
the
proces
s
of
negotia
te
d
le
a
der
s
hip,
ta
king
into
acc
ount
var
ie
d
pe
rs
pec
ti
ves.
This
belie
f
is
congrue
nt
to
the
le
ader
s
hip
m
od
el
espouse
d
by
Groy
sb
er
g
an
d
Sli
nd
[31]
aff
irm
ing
that
eff
ect
ive
le
a
de
rs
in
the
sch
oo
ls
and
oth
e
r
se
tt
ing
s
sta
y
connecte
d
with
s
ubor
din
at
es
th
rough
fr
e
qu
e
nt
c
asual
and p
e
rs
on
al
di
al
ogues
a
nd sel
do
m
g
ivin
g o
f direct
ives
from
on hig
h.
Table
4.
T
hem
e
no
. 3
I
ns
tr
uctional
le
a
der
s
hi
p
is a
con
ver
sa
ti
on
Participan
ts
Res
p
o
n
ses
PT2
In
m
y
exp
erience
a
s a tea
m
le
ad
er,
I
r
eally
lov
ed
sp
eaki
n
g
m
y
m
in
d
.
That
is h
o
w an in
stru
ctio
n
al leader
sh
o
u
ld
be.
PT4
I
rega
rd in
stru
ctio
n
al leadersh
ip
as a
c
o
n
stan
t dialo
g
u
e between
auth
o
rities
an
d
su
b
o
rdi
n
ates.
PT5
Ins
tructio
n
al leaders
m
u
st co
n
sid
er
m
u
ltip
le persp
ectiv
es in
dealin
g
with p
eo
p
le and
issu
es.
PT6
Listen
in
g
well
to
all
th
e
co
n
cerns
o
f
t
h
e
p
u
p
ils,
co
lleag
u
es,
p
arents,
an
d
co
m
m
u
n
ity
m
ak
es
u
p
a
q
u
ality
in
stru
ctio
n
al
lead
er.
PT7
The v
isio
n
of
ins
tr
u
ctio
n
al leaders is
co
rdially
co
m
m
u
n
i
cated t
o
all
sch
o
o
l
p
o
p
u
lace a
n
d
co
m
m
u
n
it
y
f
o
lk
s.
PT8
W
h
en
I
b
eco
m
e
a
p
rincip
al
g
iv
en
a
c
h
an
ce
in
th
e f
u
tu
re
,
I
will
d
ev
elo
p
a
h
ealth
y
in
terac
tio
n
b
etween
m
y
te
ache
rs
an
d
m
e
.
I
will be so
m
e
wh
at a
n
eg
o
tiato
r
o
r
so
m
eth
in
g
like t
h
at.
PT10
Ins
tructio
n
al leaders
m
u
st est
ab
lish
an in
ti
m
ate exch
an
g
e of
ideas
and
bes
t practices with o
th
e
rs.
PT11
Ins
tructio
n
al leadersh
ip
m
u
st
us
e pro
d
u
ctiv
e dialo
g
u
e to
pro
m
o
t
e org
an
izat
io
n
al interaction
.
3.4.
Theme
no
.
4:
Inst
ruc
tio
na
l l
eaders
hip is s
ervice
-
dri
ven
Ma
j
ori
ty
of
t
he
pa
rtic
ipants
belie
ved
that
i
ns
tr
uctional
le
ader
s
hip
is
ser
vice
-
dr
ive
n
se
e
in
Ta
ble
5
.
This
vie
w
em
a
nated
f
r
om
the
ir
desire
that
t
he
sch
ool
auth
or
it
y
m
us
t
be
the
f
or
e
fro
nt
of
prov
i
ding
ser
vice
s
that ca
n
m
ake a
po
sit
ive ch
a
nge in the
li
ves
of
the p
e
ople
. F
or
them
, th
is is
po
ssi
ble if instru
ct
io
nal lea
der
s
hip
is
fo
c
us
ed
on
genuine
a
nd
qual
it
y
serv
ic
e
f
or
al
l
the
cl
ie
nt
el
e
and
sta
ke
holde
rs
an
d
is
c
har
act
erize
d
by
lov
e,
care,
a
nd
com
passion
i
n
le
ad
ing
t
he
s
ubord
inate
s.
I
n
the
s
tud
y
of
C
hung
[32],
it
was
f
ound
ou
t
that
l
eaders
who
are
se
r
vice
-
dri
ve
n
dis
play
hig
h
c
onside
rati
on
of
thei
r
work
e
nvir
onm
ent,
accom
mo
date
thei
r
au
dienc
e
well
, and p
ref
e
r
creati
ng
ha
rm
on
i
ous wo
rk
i
ng li
ves
.
Table
5.
T
hem
e
no
. 4
I
ns
tr
uctional
le
a
der
s
hi
p
is se
r
vice
-
dri
ven
Participan
ts
Res
p
o
n
ses
PT3
It
is
m
y
f
ir
m
b
eli
ef
th
at
an
in
stru
ct
io
n
al
lead
er
m
u
st
u
n
co
n
d
itio
n
ally
serv
e
th
e
p
u
p
ils,
c
o
lleag
u
es,
p
arents,
an
d
co
m
m
u
n
ity
.
PT4
Fo
r
m
e
,
in
stru
ctio
n
al leadersh
ip
is an
o
p
p
o
rtu
n
ity
to
m
ak
e a
d
if
f
erence in th
e lives
of
oth
er
p
eo
p
le.
PT7
If
I
we
re
a
sch
o
o
l auth
o
rity
,
I
wou
ld
live b
y
m
y
m
an
t
ra
-
a gre
at leade
r
is a
great se
rvan
t.
PT8
An
ins
tructio
n
al leader
m
u
st o
f
f
er
h
im
s
elf
no
t to th
e lur
e of
po
wer
b
u
t the call of
service.
PT9
Ins
tructio
n
al leadersh
ip
is abo
u
t ef
f
ec
tiv
e service.
PT10
The
h
eart
o
f
in
stru
ctio
n
al
lead
ersh
ip
is
lo
v
e
an
d
care
.
T
h
is
is
wh
at
a
lead
e
r
m
u
st
sh
o
w
to
h
is
su
b
o
rdin
ates.
I
can
sa
y
th
is
b
ecaus
e
I
ex
p
erienced
th
is
wh
en
I
was
in
th
e
o
f
f
-
ca
m
p
u
s
stu
d
en
t
teachin
g
.
The
sch
o
o
l
ad
m
in
istrato
r
was
war
m
an
d
co
m
p
ass
io
n
ate
to all of
us
.
PT11
I
a
m
q
u
ite
id
eal
istic
in
m
y
v
iew.
The
u
lti
m
ate
in
d
icato
r
o
f
a
su
ccessf
u
l
in
stru
ctio
n
al
lead
er
i
s
h
is/h
er
sin
cere
at
titu
d
e
o
f
servin
g
the sch
o
o
l.
3.5.
Theme
no
.
5:
Inst
ruc
tio
na
l l
eaders
hip is
a pursuit
of eq
u
ity
Sixty
pe
rcen
t
(
60%)
of
the
pa
rtic
ipants
s
ha
re
d
thei
r
belie
f
t
hat
instr
uctio
na
l
le
ader
s
hip
is
a
pu
rsu
it
of
equ
it
y
as
sho
w
n
in
Ta
ble
6
.
T
his
em
erg
in
g
t
hem
e
stemm
ed
from
their
insi
gh
ts
of
w
hat
th
e
cr
ucial
f
un
ct
i
on
of
sch
oo
l
le
a
der
s
sho
uld
be.
F
or
them
,
they
r
egard
t
he
sc
ho
ol
aut
horiti
es
no
t
a
s
plai
n
be
arers
of
orde
r
s
an
d
directi
ves
but
as
age
nts
of
bri
dgin
g
gap
s
be
tween
t
he
a
dvanta
ged
a
nd
deprive
d
gro
ups
i
n
the
sch
ool.
As
adh
e
re
d
by
the
m
,
instru
ct
ion
a
l
le
ader
s
hip
is
ancho
red
on
t
he
el
i
m
inati
on
of
ac
hievem
ent
gaps.
It
se
rv
es
as
a
le
ver
of im
par
ti
al
it
y i
n
al
l i
ns
tructi
onal
acti
ons a
nd
decisi
ons.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
In
t J
E
val & R
es Educ
.
IS
S
N:
22
52
-
8822
In
str
uctio
na
l l
e
ad
e
rsh
i
p beli
ef
s o
f Fi
li
pi
no p
r
e
-
servi
ce te
ac
he
rs
(
Ru
do
lf
T
. V
ecald
o
)
601
No
ta
bly,
this
be
li
ef
is
at
ta
ched
to
t
he
pr
im
a
ry
te
nets
of
s
oc
ia
l
Re
con
str
uc
ti
on
ism
as
an
ed
ucati
on
a
l
world
view
,
w
hich
c
on
si
der
s
j
us
ti
ce
as
the
fo
re
fro
nt
of
a
ll
structur
al
ac
ti
on
s
an
d
in
no
vations
[
33
]
.
I
t
sees
even
ts
,
pe
ople
,
an
d
e
ve
n
e
xp
e
riences
as
w
orkab
le
op
portu
niti
es
to
crit
ic
al
l
fo
r
m
s
of
discrim
inati
on
,
pr
e
jud
ic
es
a
nd
wide
ning
ga
ps
of
people
es
pecial
ly
con
ce
rn
i
ng
how
the
y
are
treat
ed
and
w
hat
m
us
t
they
deserve
[
34]
.
Hen
ce
,
this
pa
r
ti
ci
pan
ts’
belie
f
on
ins
tr
uctio
nal
le
ader
s
hip
on
ly
i
m
plies
that
they
wo
ul
d
li
ke
to
us
e
po
wer
no
t
to
perpetuate
do
m
inance
but
to
culti
vate
equ
it
y
betwee
n
and
am
ong
m
e
m
ber
s
of
the
s
chool
com
m
un
it
y
and
le
a
der
s
hip
m
us
t
con
trib
ut
e
to
t
he
sc
hool
de
velo
pm
ent
as
a
re
flect
ion
of
m
or
e
sig
n
ific
an
t
so
ci
et
al
ch
a
ng
e
.
Table
6.
T
hem
e
no
. 5
I
ns
tr
uctional
le
a
der
s
hi
p
is a
pursuit
of e
qu
it
y
Participan
ts
Res
p
o
n
ses
PT1
Ideally,
giv
in
g
m
o
re
to
the less
p
rivileg
ed
m
e
m
b
e
rs of
sch
o
o
l po
p
u
lace is the essen
ce of
ins
tructio
n
al leadersh
ip
.
PT2
If
I
we
re
a
sch
o
o
l leader, I wou
ld
giv
e
m
o
re
r
eso
u
rces
t
o
gro
u
p
s th
at need
the
m
m
o
re.
PT5
Becau
se
o
f
m
y
le
a
rnin
g
in
m
y
f
ield
o
f
sp
ecialization
,
I
ca
m
e
to
u
n
d
erstand
th
at
lead
ersh
ip
in
sch
o
o
l
shou
ld
h
elp
in
redu
cin
g
gap
s b
et
ween th
e do
m
in
an
t and
the
m
a
rgi
n
alized
m
e
m
b
ers of
th
e sch
o
o
l co
m
m
u
n
it
y
.
PT6
W
h
en
I
wou
ld
beco
m
e a
leader
in th
e
f
u
tu
re,
I
wo
u
ld
em
p
h
asize
the d
ec
re
ase o
f
dis
p
arity
a
m
o
n
g
pupils
’
p
erfo
rm
a
n
c
e
an
d
stan
d
in
g
.
PT8
Bas
ed
o
n
wh
at
I
l
earned
in
a
le
ad
ers
h
ip
se
m
in
ar
wh
ich
I
atten
d
ed
a
y
ea
r
ag
o
,
I
re
alized
th
at
lead
ers
m
u
st
p
rior
itize
f
airness
in all edu
catio
n
al un
d
ertakings
.
PT11
Ins
tructio
n
al leaders
m
u
st al
wa
y
s b
e i
m
p
artial
in ev
er
y
th
in
g
they
d
o
.
PT12
Fo
r
m
e
,
an
ideal
le
ad
er
o
f
the sch
o
o
l is jus
t.
3.6.
Further
discu
ssion
Rem
ark
ably
,
the
five
t
hem
e
s
extracte
d
as
the
unde
rly
ing
instru
ct
io
nal
belie
fs
of
the
par
ti
ci
pa
nts,
nam
ely:
sh
ared,
le
arn
in
g
-
f
ocused,
c
onversat
ion,
ser
vice
-
dr
i
ven,
an
d
purs
ui
t
of
equ
it
y
can
be
discusse
d
f
ur
t
her
by
lookin
g
at
a
theor
et
ic
al
m
o
del
of
21
st
-
cent
ur
y
instr
uctio
na
l
le
a
der
sh
i
p
that
is
advocate
d
by
Ba
ldanza
[35].
In
this
f
ram
ewo
r
k,
the
inst
ru
c
ti
on
al
le
ader
s
hi
p
serv
es
as
a
c
at
al
yst
fo
r
the
bette
rm
ent
of
t
eachin
g
an
d
le
arn
i
ng
and
pro
visio
n
of
pro
du
ct
i
ve
s
erv
ic
es
t
o
al
l
edu
cat
io
n
sta
ke
ho
l
der
s
.
I
n
this
case,
pote
ntial
le
ader
s
m
us
t
possess
desira
ble
belie
fs
an
d
qual
it
ies
that
f
os
te
r
t
he
est
ablis
hme
nt
of
a
prof
e
ssion
al
c
ultur
e
that
ack
nowl
edg
e
s
ind
ivi
du
al
pur
po
s
e
an
d
goal
s
an
d
prom
otes
respec
t
to
eac
h
of
it
s
colla
borat
or
s
.
U
ndou
btedly,
the
bel
ie
fs
of
the
par
ti
ci
pa
nts
fit
this
m
o
del
becau
se
of
th
ei
r
e
m
ph
asi
s
on
sh
a
red
r
esp
onsibil
it
y,
eff
ec
ti
ve
com
m
un
icati
on
,
qu
al
it
y
le
arn
in
g
an
d
ser
vice,
and
desire
f
or
equ
it
y.
The
se
are
favo
rab
le
vi
ews
of
le
aders
hip
that
are
ne
cessary
for
the
fast
-
c
ha
ng
i
ng
la
ndsca
pe
of
t
he
21
st
-
centu
ry
ed
ucat
ion
al
m
ilieu.
As
Ad
am
s,
K
ut
ty
,
and
M
ohd
Zabi
di
[4
]
cl
aim
,
edu
cat
ion
al
syst
e
m
s
no
w
de
m
and
a
new
br
ee
d
of
instr
uctional
le
ade
rs
who
can
a
dap
t
to
the
globali
zi
ng
an
d
te
ch
no
l
og
ic
al
ly
-
dri
ve
n
so
ci
et
y.
Inde
ed,
the
si
gn
ifi
cance
of
le
ad
ersh
i
p
ed
ucati
on
for
tod
ay
’s
pr
e
-
se
rv
ic
e
te
ache
rs
cannot
be
un
dervalue
d.
In
their
f
uture
pr
act
ic
e
of
the
t
eachin
g
pr
of
es
sion,
they
will
exp
erience
the
vola
ti
li
ty
of
tod
ay
’s
w
ork
se
tt
ing
and
s
o
to
su
ccee
d;
th
ey
need
to
em
br
ace
per
s
pecti
ves
of
instruc
ti
on
al
le
ader
sh
i
p
th
at
are
gear
ed
towa
r
ds
em
power
i
ng
ot
hers
as
they
deliberately
e
m
po
we
r
t
hem
sel
ves [15]
.
More
ov
e
r,
this
stu
dy
prese
nts
im
plications
f
or
resea
rc
h
a
nd
pr
act
ic
e
i
n
te
acher
ed
ucati
on
no
t
only
in
the
Ph
il
ip
pin
es
bu
t
al
so
i
n
the
AS
E
AN
la
nd
s
cape.
I
ntere
sti
ngly
,
the
stu
dy
m
ay
enco
urag
e
the
de
velo
pme
nt
of
Fil
ipino
pr
e
-
se
rv
ic
e
te
ache
rs’
instru
ct
io
nal
le
ader
s
hip
f
ra
m
ewo
r
k
that
can
be
util
iz
ed
f
or
program
m
at
ic
act
ion
s
to
m
at
c
h
the
trai
ni
ng
of
pr
e
-
ser
vice
te
achers
with
th
ei
r
belie
f
syst
em
.
Kn
owin
g
th
e
belie
fs
of
the
pr
e
-
serv
ic
e
te
ache
r
s
m
ak
es
it
easy
on
the
pa
rt
of
te
acher
e
du
cat
i
on
t
o
ide
ntify
appr
opriat
e
strat
egies
in
integ
ra
ti
ng
le
ader
s
hip
c
on
cepts
that
are
ta
il
or
ed
t
o
the
con
te
xt
of
the
stud
e
nts.
In
do
ing
s
o,
it
gen
e
rates
op
portu
niti
es
to
unde
rstan
d
bet
te
r
and
ap
preci
at
e
the
m
as
pote
ntia
l
instru
ct
ion
al
le
ade
rs
of
the
fu
tu
re.
Ult
i
m
at
ely,
the
pr
esent
stud
y
m
ay
al
so
be
c
onsidere
d
as
a
prel
i
m
inary
effor
t
to
fill
in
li
te
ratur
e
ga
ps
an
d
to
put
f
orwa
rd
the
po
te
ntial
fu
t
ur
e
of m
or
e
researc
h o
n
ins
tructi
onal
lead
ersh
i
p
in
teac
he
r
e
du
cat
io
n.
Since
the
stu
dy
is
ex
plo
rat
or
y,
adm
ittedly
,
it
bear
s
so
m
e
lim
it
at
ion
s.
Re
ga
r
ding
sc
op
e
,
the
data
cam
e
on
ly
from
12
par
ti
ci
pa
nts
in
the
sam
e
ge
ogra
phic
al
locat
ion
an
d
e
ducat
ion
al
i
ns
ti
tuti
on
in
the
P
hili
ppines
.
Ty
pical
in
a
qual
it
at
ive
design,
the
sam
ples
m
ay
no
t
su
f
fici
ently
char
act
er
iz
e
al
l
Filipino
p
re
-
ser
vice
te
acher
s
.
Hen
ce
, p
a
rall
el
stud
ie
s
on
this
area m
a
y t
ake in
to acco
unt a m
ixed
-
m
et
ho
d, broad
e
r geo
graph
ic
al
sc
op
e
, a
nd
a
higher
num
ber
of sam
ples w
it
h
the
inclu
sio
n of p
re
-
se
r
vice te
achers
fro
m
private
TE
Is
as
re
sponde
nts.
4.
CONCL
US
I
O
N
This
st
ud
y
e
xp
lore
d
the
instr
uctional
le
a
dership
belie
fs
of
Fil
ipino
pre
-
s
erv
ic
e
te
ac
her
s
.
Ge
ne
rall
y,
the
pa
rtic
ipant
s
viewe
d
i
ns
tr
uc
ti
on
al
le
ade
rs
hip
as
s
har
e
d,
l
earn
i
ng
-
f
oc
us
e
d,
c
onve
rsati
on
,
ser
vice
-
dr
i
ve
n,
a
nd
a
purs
uit
of
e
quit
y.
These
belie
fs
are
see
n
to
be
a
dvanta
ge
ou
s
i
n
the
c
on
t
ext
of
t
he
21st
-
cent
ur
y
ed
uca
ti
on
al
dem
and
s,
chall
eng
e
s,
an
d
op
portu
niti
es
as
confirm
ed
by
existi
ng
li
te
ratur
e
.
Indee
d,
th
e
pr
e
-
se
r
vice
te
achers
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2252
-
8822
In
t.
J
.
Eval
.
&
Re
s
.
E
du
c
.
Vo
l
.
8
, No
.
4
,
Dec
e
m
ber
201
9
: 5
96
-
603
602
po
s
sess
well
-
def
i
ned
belie
f
s
that
they
c
an
rely
o
n
to
at
ta
in
qu
al
it
y
per
f
or
m
ance
on
ce
they
beco
m
e
prof
e
ssio
nal
te
achers
a
nd
i
ns
tr
uctional
le
ader
s
in
the
f
uture.
Co
ntributi
ng
to
kn
owle
dge
an
d
pract
ic
e,
this
resea
rch
can
be
a
guide
to
te
ache
r
ed
ucati
on
in
identify
in
g
a
ppr
opriat
e
stra
te
gies
of
inte
gr
at
in
g
instru
ct
io
nal
le
ader
s
hip
to
c
urriculum
and
in
structio
n
an
d
m
ay
beco
m
e
t
he
basis
of
co
nst
ru
ct
in
g
a
viable
pr
e
-
serv
ic
e
te
ache
rs’
instr
uctio
na
l
le
ader
sh
ip
fr
am
ewo
r
k
no
t
on
ly
in
the
Ph
il
ipp
i
ne
co
nt
ext
bu
t
al
so
in
the
AS
E
AN re
gion
.
ACKN
OWLE
DGE
MENTS
The
resea
rch
e
r
exp
re
sses
his
profo
und
grat
it
ud
e
to
the
Re
s
earch
a
nd
De
ve
lop
m
ent
Un
it
of
Ca
gaya
n
Stat
e
Un
ive
rsity
(CSU
)
f
or
m
aking
this
researc
h
possi
ble.
This
arti
c
le
is
par
t
of
the
stud
y
that
was
insti
tuti
on
al
ly
appr
ov
e
d
a
nd
fun
ded
by
CS
U.
Also,
the
r
esearche
r
ac
kn
ow
le
dg
e
s
the
s
tud
y
par
ti
ci
pa
nts
f
or
their cre
di
ble a
nd acti
ve
i
nvol
vem
ent.
REFERE
NCE
S
[1]
T.
Northe
rn
,
and
G.
Bai
l
e
y
,
"
Inst
ruc
ti
on
al
l
ea
d
ers
for
the
21
st
ce
nt
ur
y
:
S
ev
en
cr
it
i
c
al
ch
aract
er
isti
cs
,
"
Educ
at
iona
l
Considerati
ons
,
vol.
18
(
2
)
,
p
p.
25
-
28,
199
1.
[Online
]
.
Available:
htt
ps:/
/doi
.
org
/10.
4148
/0146
-
9282.
154
7.
[Acc
essed
on
Ja
n
26,
2019]
.
[2]
M.
M.
Mangin,
"
Faci
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ri
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ph
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sic
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t
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ar
ch
t
ec
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que
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n
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ti
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t J
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str
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at
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sa
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ac
t
ic
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st
ep
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by
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ste
p
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for
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te
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g
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A
ll
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el
and
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o
f
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Psyc
hothe
r
apy:
A
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f
or
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nts
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t
ea
m
s:
An
inve
stig
at
i
on
of
ant
e
ce
d
ent
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ent
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le
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ti
on
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W
al
la
c
e
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on
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ade
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ent
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ab
le
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p
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le
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ic
e
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ea
d
e
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tp:
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f
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n
educ
ation
of
del
ib
era
t
ive
c
it
i
ze
ns,
"
Journal
on
Curr
ic
ulum
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ent
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ss
ional
Pract
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ab
le
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ww
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co
m
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[Acc
essed
on
Jun 6, 2019]
.
BIOGR
AP
H
Y
O
F
AU
TH
OR
Rudolf
T.
Vec
al
do
,
E
dD
is
a
n
Assista
nt
Pr
ofesso
r
at
the
Coll
ege
of
Teac
her
E
du
c
at
ion,
Ca
gayan
Stat
e
Un
iv
ersit
y,
Tu
gu
e
gar
a
o
C
it
y,
Ph
il
ipp
ine
s.
He
ha
ndle
s
prof
essi
onal
edu
cat
io
n
a
nd
basic
so
ci
al
sci
ences
co
urs
es.
Currentl
y,
Dr
.
Vecald
o
is
the
Coll
ege
Stud
e
nt
I
nternship
P
rogr
am
Coordi
n
at
or
of
the
Ba
chelo
r
of
Ele
m
entary
Edu
cat
io
n
(BEEd
)
dep
a
rt
m
ent.
He
has
publishe
d
st
udie
s
in
natio
nal
an
d
inter
natio
nal
re
fer
ee
d
j
ou
rn
al
s
an
d
ha
s
pr
ese
nted
hi
s
researc
h
to
na
ti
on
al
and
int
ern
at
io
nal
acad
e
m
ic
fo
ra.
His
researc
h
inte
re
sts
include
c
ol
le
ge
rea
d
ines
,
pr
e
-
ser
vice
te
a
cher
s
&
te
ach
er
ed
ucati
on,
belie
fs
syst
em
,
and
ph
e
nom
eno
lo
gical
in
qu
ir
y.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.