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k
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sk
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(4
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p
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Pre
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Prin
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T
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CC B
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C
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A
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:
Sh
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Millea
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Sh
ah
ar
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in
,
Dep
ar
tm
en
t o
f
Ma
th
em
atics,
Facu
lty
o
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Scien
ce
a
n
d
Ma
th
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atics,
Un
iv
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s
iti
Pen
d
id
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Su
ltan
I
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is
,
T
an
jo
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g
Ma
lim
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Per
ak
Dar
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l
R
id
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3
5
9
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Ma
la
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E
m
ail: sh
az
ly
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f
s
m
t.u
p
s
i.e
d
u
.
m
y
1.
I
NT
RO
D
UCT
I
O
N
E
ar
ly
C
h
ild
h
o
o
d
C
ar
e
an
d
E
d
u
ca
tio
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(
E
C
C
E
)
p
r
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am
is
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f
UNE
SC
O’
s
u
tm
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p
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m
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th
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aim
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to
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ev
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p
a
ch
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’
s
s
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cial,
em
o
tio
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al,
co
g
n
itiv
e
an
d
p
h
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s
ical
n
ee
d
s
h
o
lis
tically
in
o
r
d
er
to
b
u
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a
s
o
lid
an
d
b
r
o
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f
o
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n
d
atio
n
f
o
r
life
lo
n
g
lear
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in
g
an
d
wellb
ein
g
[
1
]
.
T
h
is
p
r
o
g
r
am
alig
n
ed
with
th
e
E
d
u
ca
tio
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2
0
3
0
Ag
en
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a
t
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s
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r
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th
at
ev
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ild
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ality
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ly
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r
e
atten
d
i
n
g
p
r
im
a
r
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ed
u
ca
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[
2
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.
Up
o
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th
is
cir
cu
m
s
tan
ce
,
a
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
am
o
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t
o
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im
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-
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th
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tiv
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to
b
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with
th
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ag
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a
[
3
-
6
]
.
Giv
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th
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awa
r
en
ess
an
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im
p
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tan
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f
t
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p
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am
,
th
e
Min
is
tr
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o
f
E
d
u
ca
ti
o
n
in
2
0
0
3
,
h
ad
d
ev
elo
p
e
d
th
e
Natio
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al
Pre
s
ch
o
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ls
C
u
r
r
icu
lu
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an
d
en
f
o
r
ce
d
all
p
r
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ls
to
f
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w
th
e
law
an
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r
esp
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[
7
]
,
an
d
d
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id
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to
im
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m
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m
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f
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r
all
p
r
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ch
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teac
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in
th
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co
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n
tr
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.
B
y
th
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r
2
0
2
0
all
p
r
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teac
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in
M
alay
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m
u
s
t
p
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s
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ess
a
m
in
im
u
m
q
u
alif
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f
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d
ip
lo
m
a
in
ea
r
ly
c
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ild
h
o
o
d
ed
u
ca
tio
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[
8
]
.
Nev
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t
h
eless
,
th
e
d
ev
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p
m
e
n
t
o
f
ea
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ca
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p
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a
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in
ac
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titu
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as b
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ar
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m
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o
u
s
ly
ar
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u
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th
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l
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b
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[
9
,
1
0
]
.
T
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s
u
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lead
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wh
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C
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C
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th
a
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Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
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Dev
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(
S
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189
will
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h
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p
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v
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ar
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1
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3
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.
T
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W
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C
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(
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Pre
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L
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f
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am
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wo
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k
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in
s
tr
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Ma
lay
s
ia.
2.
RE
S
E
ARC
H
M
E
T
H
O
D
2
.
1
.
D
ev
elo
pm
ent
s
t
a
g
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T
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in
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to
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Pre
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L
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I
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s
tr
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(
E
C
C
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PLI
)
u
s
in
g
q
u
an
tit
ativ
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m
eth
o
d
an
d
cr
o
s
s
-
s
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y
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.
I
t
is
d
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m
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at
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q
u
a
n
titativ
e
m
eth
o
d
s
in
ce
th
e
m
ain
f
o
cu
s
es
ar
e:
(
i)
to
co
r
r
o
b
o
r
ate
th
e
e
n
tire
ty
o
f
th
e
in
d
iv
id
u
als
’
ten
d
e
n
cy
o
f
r
esp
o
n
s
e
an
d
(
ii)
to
e
x
p
lo
r
e
th
e
v
ar
i
atio
n
o
f
ten
d
en
cies
am
o
n
g
s
t th
e
in
v
o
lv
ed
p
ar
ticip
an
ts
.
I
n
th
is
s
tu
d
y
,
a
t
h
r
ee
-
s
tag
e
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
was a
p
p
lied
.
Fig
u
r
e
1
d
ep
icts
th
r
ee
-
s
tag
e
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
was
ap
p
lied
wh
e
n
d
ev
el
o
p
in
g
E
C
C
E
PLI
.
I
n
s
tag
e
1
,
th
e
s
alien
t
s
ca
les we
r
e
id
en
tifi
ed
.
T
h
e
p
u
r
p
o
s
e
o
f
th
is
r
ev
iew
is
to
d
eter
m
in
e
wh
ich
elem
e
n
ts
wer
e
r
eg
ar
d
ed
as
im
p
o
r
tan
t
f
o
r
th
e
r
esear
ch
e
r
s
,
ex
p
er
ts
an
d
p
r
ac
titi
o
n
er
as
th
ese
elem
en
ts
ar
e
cr
it
ical
in
d
ev
elo
p
in
g
th
e
p
r
e
-
s
ch
o
o
l
p
r
o
f
ess
io
n
alis
m
co
n
ce
r
n
in
g
th
e
ca
r
ee
r
s
E
d
u
ca
to
r
s
.
I
n
th
is
s
tep
,
it
was
d
ev
elo
p
in
g
a
s
et
o
f
p
r
elim
in
ar
y
s
ca
les
wh
ich
h
av
e
f
o
r
s
ec
tio
n
s
:
d
is
p
o
s
itio
n
,
k
n
o
wled
g
e,
s
k
ills
an
d
p
r
ac
tice
s
.
T
wo
s
tep
s
wer
e
ess
en
tial
in
s
tag
e
2
.
First
was
to
f
am
iliar
ize
with
th
e
item
s
t
h
at
h
ad
b
ee
n
d
ev
elo
p
ed
an
d
d
ev
elo
p
m
o
r
e
item
s
f
o
r
th
e
n
ewly
id
en
tifie
d
s
ca
les.
Seco
n
d
ly
,
d
is
tr
ib
u
te
all
o
f
t
h
e
s
et
o
f
item
s
to
b
e
v
alid
ated
b
y
an
ex
p
er
ts
’
team
.
Fin
ally
,
Stag
e
3
in
clu
d
ed
f
iel
d
test
in
g
t
h
e
item
s
,
p
r
ec
ed
i
n
g
th
e
a
n
aly
s
is
o
f
item
s
an
d
th
e
v
alid
atio
n
p
r
o
ce
s
s
.
T
h
ese
ab
o
v
em
e
n
tio
n
ed
p
r
o
ce
d
u
r
es h
ad
b
e
en
p
e
r
f
o
r
m
ed
b
y
[
14
-
1
6
].
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
A
th
r
ee
-
s
tag
e
ap
p
r
o
a
ch
was a
p
p
lied
wh
en
d
ev
elo
p
i
n
g
E
C
C
E
PLI
2
.
2
.
V
a
lid
a
t
io
n
s
t
a
g
e
Prin
cip
al
co
m
p
o
n
en
t
an
aly
s
is
was
ca
r
r
ied
o
u
t
f
o
r
two
r
ea
s
o
n
s
:
f
ir
s
tly
,
it
was
to
im
p
r
o
v
e
th
e
s
ca
les
f
o
r
E
C
C
E
PLI
;
an
d
s
ec
o
n
d
ly
,
i
t
was
to
d
eliv
er
ev
id
en
ce
p
er
t
ain
in
g
h
o
w
th
e
e
n
h
an
ce
d
s
ca
les
wer
e
r
eliab
le
an
d
v
alid
.
T
h
e
d
esig
n
atio
n
o
f
Pr
in
cip
al
C
o
m
p
o
n
e
n
t
An
a
ly
s
is
(
PC
A)
m
o
d
er
ates
th
e
d
im
e
n
s
io
n
o
f
h
u
g
e
d
ata
m
atr
ix
to
a
l
o
wer
d
i
m
en
s
io
n
b
y
m
ain
tain
in
g
th
e
m
aj
o
r
ity
o
f
th
e
d
ata
’
s
in
itial
v
ar
iab
ilit
y
[
1
7
-
19]
.
T
h
e
ac
co
m
p
lis
h
m
en
t
was
m
a
d
e
b
y
th
e
co
n
v
er
s
io
n
o
f
th
e
o
b
s
er
v
ed
p
o
ten
tially
r
elate
d
v
a
r
iab
les
in
to
d
ir
ec
tly
in
d
ep
en
d
en
t
s
et
o
f
v
ar
iab
les
c
alled
p
r
in
cip
al
co
m
p
o
n
e
n
ts
.
T
h
e
f
ir
s
t
p
r
in
cip
al
co
m
p
o
n
e
n
t
in
clu
d
es
v
ar
iatio
n
s
with
in
th
e
in
itial
d
ata
ex
te
n
s
iv
ely
.
I
n
th
e
i
n
ter
im
,
e
v
er
y
f
o
llo
win
g
co
m
p
o
n
e
n
t
in
cl
u
d
e
th
e
o
u
ts
tan
d
in
g
v
ar
iatio
n
s
u
b
ject
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
to
b
ein
g
u
n
r
e
lated
with
t
h
e
p
r
e
ce
d
in
g
co
m
p
o
n
en
t.
C
o
v
ar
ian
ce
wh
ich
is
also
k
n
o
wn
as
co
r
r
elatio
n
m
at
r
ix
o
b
tain
e
d
f
r
o
m
th
e
d
ata
m
atr
ix
h
ad
a
r
esp
o
n
s
ib
ilit
y
in
PC
A
to
co
m
p
u
te
th
e
eig
e
n
v
alu
es
as
well
as
eig
en
v
ec
to
r
s
.
T
h
is
wo
u
l
d
ac
q
u
ir
e
th
e
lin
k
ed
co
m
p
o
n
en
ts
co
m
p
r
is
in
g
m
ajo
r
ity
o
f
th
e
v
ar
iatio
n
s
p
r
esen
ted
in
th
e
d
ata
[
20
,
2
1
]
.
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
u
s
ed
c
o
r
r
elatio
n
m
atr
ix
to
r
ea
ch
its
o
b
jectiv
es
[
2
2
]
.
T
h
e
r
ed
u
ce
d
m
atr
ix
was
th
e
co
m
p
o
n
e
n
t
m
atr
ix
o
f
eig
en
v
ec
to
r
“lo
ad
i
n
g
s
”
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
-
8
8
2
2
I
n
t.
J
.
E
v
al
.
&
R
es
.
E
d
u
c
.
Vo
l.
9
,
No
.
1
,
Ma
r
ch
2
0
2
0
:
1
8
8
-
1
9
4
190
wh
ich
g
a
v
e
d
e
f
in
itio
n
to
th
e
n
ew
v
ar
iab
les.
T
h
ese
co
n
s
is
ted
o
f
lin
ea
r
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
atio
n
o
f
th
e
in
itial
v
ar
iab
les
i
n
wh
ich
th
e
v
ar
ia
n
ce
in
th
e
n
ew
ax
es we
r
e
ca
p
italized
.
T
h
er
e
wer
e
f
iv
e
p
h
ases
in
th
e
PC
A
alg
o
r
ith
m
.
First,
th
e
in
p
u
t
m
atr
ix
was
o
b
tain
ed
.
T
h
e
c
o
r
r
elatio
n
m
atr
ix
was
ca
lcu
lated
.
Nex
t,
th
e
eig
en
v
ec
to
r
s
an
d
eig
e
n
v
alu
es
o
f
th
e
co
r
r
elatio
n
m
atr
i
x
wer
e
ca
lcu
lated
.
T
h
e
ut
m
o
s
t
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
p
r
in
ci
p
al
co
m
p
o
n
en
ts
wer
e
s
elec
ted
co
n
tin
g
e
n
t
o
n
th
e
ac
c
u
m
u
lati
v
e
p
er
ce
n
tag
e
f
r
o
m
th
e
o
v
er
all
v
a
r
iatio
n
.
Fin
ally
,
an
u
p
d
ated
s
er
ies o
f
d
ata
wer
e
d
er
iv
ed
.
2
.
3
.
Cro
nb
a
ch’
s
a
lpha
T
h
e
an
aly
s
is
o
f
d
ata
was
d
o
n
e
an
d
th
e
in
ter
n
al
c
o
n
s
is
ten
cy
r
eliab
ilit
y
f
o
r
th
e
item
s
in
ter
r
el
atio
n
s
was
m
ea
s
u
r
ed
u
s
in
g
C
r
o
n
b
ac
h
’
s
Alp
h
a
(
α
)
co
e
f
f
icien
t.
Sp
ec
if
i
ca
lly
,
th
e
ex
ten
t
o
f
th
is
m
ea
s
u
r
e
wh
er
e
th
e
item
s
with
in
a
s
ca
le
ev
alu
ates
th
e
s
am
e
s
tr
u
ctu
r
es
as
th
e
o
th
er
s
in
th
e
s
am
e
s
ca
le.
All
item
s
wh
i
ch
wer
e
less
r
elate
d
to
ea
ch
s
ca
le
wer
e
elim
in
ated
an
d
ea
ch
d
ata
wer
e
r
ee
x
am
in
e
d
to
th
e
p
o
in
t
wh
er
e
item
s
th
at
s
co
r
ed
th
e
lo
west
item
-
s
ca
le
r
elatio
n
s
wer
e
o
m
itted
wh
ile
th
e
alp
h
a
co
e
f
f
icien
t
is
ca
p
italized
.
T
h
e
p
o
li
s
h
ed
s
et
o
f
d
ata
an
aly
s
is
o
f
f
er
p
r
o
o
f
s
to
v
er
if
y
th
e
d
ep
e
n
d
ab
ilit
y
an
d
f
ac
to
r
ial
v
alid
ity
o
f
th
e
d
ev
elo
p
e
d
s
ca
les as a
wh
o
le.
3.
RE
SU
L
T
S
A
ND
AN
AL
Y
SI
S
Fo
r
th
is
s
tu
d
y
,
all
item
s
wh
ich
m
ea
s
u
r
ed
th
e
s
ig
n
if
ica
n
ce
an
d
q
u
ality
o
f
th
e
q
u
esti
o
n
s
wer
e
v
alid
ated
u
s
in
g
th
e
PC
A.
T
h
e
P
C
A
f
o
r
E
ar
ly
C
h
ild
h
o
o
d
C
ar
e
an
d
E
d
u
ca
tio
n
Pre
-
Ser
v
ice
L
ec
tu
r
er
I
n
s
tr
u
m
en
t
(
E
C
C
E
PLI
)
in
itiated
w
ith
6
5
item
s
.
Fro
m
th
e
lis
t,
ea
ch
item
wer
e
s
p
lit
in
to
f
o
u
r
s
ec
tio
n
s
wh
ich
ar
e
d
is
p
o
s
itio
n
,
k
n
o
wled
g
e,
s
k
ills
an
d
p
r
ac
tices.
C
o
n
s
eq
u
en
t
ly
,
PC
A
was
ap
p
lied
to
th
e
s
et
o
f
d
ata
in
th
e
r
esp
ec
tiv
e
s
ec
tio
n
s
to
co
n
f
ir
m
if
ea
ch
item
o
f
a
s
p
ec
if
ic
s
ca
le
s
o
lely
m
ea
s
u
r
ed
th
at
s
ca
l
e
[
2
3
]
.
T
h
e
E
ig
e
n
v
alu
es
wer
e
p
lo
tted
b
y
an
x
-
y
a
x
is
.
T
h
e
p
o
i
n
t
wh
er
e
th
e
cu
r
v
e
lo
wer
s
an
d
s
tr
aig
h
ten
s
ar
e
ca
lled
th
e
g
r
ap
h
‘
elb
o
w’
.
I
t
is
k
n
o
wn
as
th
e
p
o
in
t
wh
e
r
e
ev
e
r
y
co
m
p
o
n
e
n
t
b
ef
o
r
e
an
d
at
th
e
elb
o
w
n
ee
d
t
o
b
e
in
clu
d
ed
.
T
h
e
PC
A
f
o
r
E
C
C
E
PLI
f
o
r
d
is
p
o
s
itio
n
s
ec
tio
n
s
tar
ted
with
9
item
s
.
As
a
n
aly
ze
d
,
9
item
s
wer
e
g
ath
er
ed
u
n
d
er
a
f
ac
to
r
with
E
ig
en
v
alu
e
h
i
g
h
er
th
an
1
.
Scr
ee
Plo
t
(
Fig
u
r
e
2
)
also
s
h
o
ws
m
er
ely
o
n
e
p
o
in
t
b
ef
o
r
e
s
tar
tin
g
t
o
s
tr
aig
h
te
n
.
H
en
ce
,
th
e
f
ac
t
th
at
th
is
s
ca
le
co
n
s
is
ted
o
f
o
n
ly
a
c
o
m
p
o
n
en
t
in
d
icate
d
th
at
it
ca
n
b
e
ac
ce
p
ted
.
Fig
u
r
e
2
.
Prin
cip
al
co
m
p
o
n
en
t
s
elec
tio
n
u
s
in
g
a
Scr
ee
Plo
t f
o
r
d
is
p
o
s
itio
n
s
ec
tio
n
T
h
is
co
m
p
o
n
en
t
cla
r
if
ies
5
7
.
5
2
%
o
f
th
e
c
o
m
p
lete
v
ar
ian
ce
wh
ile
4
2
.
4
8
%
o
f
th
e
v
ar
ia
n
c
e
r
em
ain
s
u
n
ex
p
lain
e
d
.
I
n
s
o
cial
s
cien
ce
s
’
p
r
in
cip
le,
th
e
v
ar
ian
ce
r
ates
ac
h
iev
ed
b
etwe
en
4
0
%
a
n
d
6
0
%
ar
e
co
n
s
id
er
ed
as
ad
eq
u
ate
an
d
r
ec
o
g
n
ized
[
2
4
-
2
6
]
.
T
a
b
le
1
s
h
o
ws
E
ig
e
n
v
alu
es
an
d
a
p
er
ce
n
ta
g
e
o
f
v
a
r
ian
ce
ac
co
u
n
ted
b
y
ea
ch
f
ac
to
r
i
n
th
e
E
C
C
E
PLI
f
o
r
d
is
p
o
s
itio
n
s
ec
tio
n
.
On
e
s
ca
le
was
in
itially
estab
lis
h
ed
f
o
r
d
is
p
o
s
itio
n
f
ield
test
o
f
th
e
E
C
C
E
PLI
an
d
,
af
ter
PC
A,
th
e
v
er
y
s
ca
le
attain
ed
all
o
f
th
e
item
s
in
T
ab
l
e
1
.
All
o
f
th
e
n
in
e
item
s
g
ath
er
ed
in
o
n
e
co
m
p
o
n
e
n
t
with
E
ig
en
v
alu
es
h
ig
h
e
r
th
a
n
1
.
T
h
e
f
i
r
s
t
co
m
p
o
n
e
n
t
clar
if
ies
5
7
.
5
2
%
o
f
th
e
wh
o
le
v
ar
ia
n
ce
wh
ich
s
ig
n
if
ies th
e
im
p
licatio
n
o
f
t
h
is
co
m
p
o
n
e
n
t f
o
r
th
e
s
et
o
f
d
ata.
I
tem
s
f
o
r
ev
er
y
co
m
p
o
n
e
n
t
an
d
th
e
r
esp
e
ctiv
e
co
m
p
o
n
e
n
t
lo
ad
in
g
s
f
o
r
d
is
p
o
s
itio
n
s
ec
tio
n
h
av
e
lo
ad
co
m
p
o
n
en
t
h
i
g
h
er
t
h
an
0
.
5
0
a
r
e
m
ain
tain
ed
in
th
e
PC
A;
th
er
ef
o
r
e,
n
o
item
s
wer
e
n
o
t
elim
in
ated
.
Gr
ad
u
ally
,
th
e
in
s
tr
u
m
en
t w
as c
o
n
clu
d
ed
with
n
in
e
item
s
.
T
h
e
p
r
in
cip
al
co
m
p
o
n
en
t
an
aly
s
is
f
o
r
E
C
C
E
PLI
f
o
r
k
n
o
wled
g
e
s
ec
tio
n
in
itiated
with
1
6
item
s
.
As
an
aly
ze
d
,
1
6
item
s
ar
e
t
o
talled
b
en
ea
th
o
n
e
f
ac
t
o
r
with
E
ig
en
v
alu
e
h
ig
h
er
t
h
an
1
.
Alth
o
u
g
h
b
o
th
co
m
p
o
n
en
ts
two
an
d
th
r
ee
h
el
d
eig
en
v
alu
e
h
i
g
h
er
th
an
1
,
th
e
f
ir
s
t
co
m
p
o
n
e
n
t
s
h
o
u
ld
b
e
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
en
o
u
g
h
to
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
.
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
8
2
2
Dev
elo
p
men
t a
n
d
va
lid
a
tio
n
o
f e
a
r
ly
ch
ild
h
o
o
d
ca
r
e
a
n
d
ed
u
ca
tio
n
…
(
S
h
a
z
lyn
Mil
lea
n
a
S
h
a
h
a
r
u
d
in
)
191
b
e
m
ain
tain
ed
f
o
r
t
h
e
in
ter
p
r
e
tatio
n
.
Scr
ee
Plo
t
(
Fig
u
r
e
3
)
,
t
o
o
,
s
h
o
ws
th
at
o
n
ly
o
n
e
p
o
i
n
t
b
ef
o
r
e
it
b
eg
in
s
to
s
tr
aig
h
ten
.
Hen
ce
,
it wa
s
ac
ce
p
ted
th
at
th
e
s
ca
le
o
n
l
y
h
as o
n
e
co
m
p
o
n
en
t.
T
ab
le
1
.
E
ig
e
n
v
alu
es a
n
d
p
er
c
en
tag
e
o
f
v
ar
ian
ce
ac
c
o
u
n
te
d
b
y
ea
ch
f
ac
t
o
r
in
th
e
E
C
C
E
P
L
I
f
o
r
d
is
p
o
s
itio
n
s
ec
tio
n
F1
F2
F3
F4
F5
F6
F7
F8
F9
Ei
g
e
n
v
a
l
u
e
5
.
1
8
0
.
9
8
0
.
7
5
0
.
6
3
0
.
4
2
0
.
3
8
0
.
2
9
0
.
2
3
0
.
1
4
V
a
r
i
a
b
i
l
i
t
y
(
%)
5
7
.
5
2
1
0
.
8
4
8
.
3
1
7
.
0
5
4
.
7
1
4
.
2
1
3
.
2
2
2
.
5
4
1
.
6
0
C
u
m
u
l
a
t
i
v
e
%
5
7
.
5
2
6
8
.
3
6
7
6
.
6
7
8
3
.
7
2
8
8
.
4
3
9
2
.
6
4
9
5
.
8
6
9
8
.
4
0
1
0
0
.
0
0
Fig
u
r
e
3
.
Prin
cip
al
co
m
p
o
n
en
t
s
elec
tio
n
u
s
in
g
a
Scr
ee
Plo
t f
o
r
k
n
o
wled
g
e
s
ec
tio
n
T
h
is
co
m
p
o
n
en
t
clar
if
ies
5
0
.
2
9
%
o
f
th
e
wh
o
le
v
a
r
ian
ce
wh
ile
4
9
.
7
1
%
o
f
th
e
v
a
r
ian
ce
is
u
n
ex
p
lain
e
d
.
T
a
b
le
2
illu
s
tr
at
es
th
e
E
ig
en
v
alu
es
a
n
d
a
p
er
c
en
tag
e
o
f
v
ar
ian
ce
ex
p
lain
e
d
b
y
r
esp
ec
tiv
e
f
ac
to
r
in
th
e
E
C
C
E
PLI
f
o
r
k
n
o
wled
g
e
s
ec
tio
n
.
O
n
e
s
ca
le
was
in
i
tiall
y
co
n
s
tr
u
cted
f
o
r
th
e
k
n
o
wled
g
e
f
ield
test
o
f
E
C
C
E
PLI
.
Af
ter
P
C
A,
th
e
s
ca
le
k
ep
t a
ll o
f
th
e
item
s
in
T
ab
l
e
3
,
th
ese
1
6
item
s
clu
s
ter
in
o
n
e
co
m
p
o
n
en
t w
ith
E
ig
en
v
alu
es
h
ig
h
er
t
h
an
1
.
T
h
e
f
ir
s
t
co
m
p
o
n
e
n
t
clar
if
ie
s
5
0
.
2
9
%
o
f
th
e
o
v
er
all
v
ar
ian
ce
th
at
s
ig
n
if
ie
s
th
e
im
p
o
r
tan
t c
o
m
p
o
n
en
t
f
o
r
t
h
is
s
et
o
f
d
ata.
I
tem
s
o
f
ea
ch
co
m
p
o
n
en
t
an
d
th
eir
co
m
p
o
n
en
t
lo
ad
in
g
s
f
o
r
k
n
o
wled
g
e
s
ec
tio
n
h
a
v
e
lo
ad
co
m
p
o
n
en
t
h
ig
h
er
th
an
0
.
5
0
ar
e
m
ain
tain
ed
in
th
e
PC
A;
th
er
ef
o
r
e
,
t
h
er
e
is
n
o
item
s
wh
ich
h
ad
n
o
t
b
ee
n
elim
in
ate
d
.
L
astl
y
,
th
e
in
s
tr
u
m
en
t f
in
is
h
e
d
with
1
6
item
s
.
T
ab
le
2
.
E
ig
e
n
v
alu
es a
n
d
p
er
c
en
tag
e
o
f
v
ar
ian
ce
e
x
p
lain
ed
b
y
ea
ch
f
ac
to
r
in
th
e
E
C
C
E
PLI
f
o
r
k
n
o
wled
g
e
s
ec
tio
n
F1
F2
F3
F4
F5
F6
F7
F8
F9
F
1
0
Ei
g
e
n
v
a
l
u
e
8
.
0
5
1
.
2
6
1
.
0
2
0
.
9
1
0
.
8
6
0
.
6
6
0
.
5
4
0
.
4
8
0
.
4
6
0
.
3
8
V
a
r
i
a
b
i
l
i
t
y
(
%)
5
0
.
2
9
7
.
8
8
6
.
3
6
5
.
7
0
5
.
3
7
4
.
1
5
3
.
3
8
3
.
0
1
2
.
8
5
2
.
3
7
C
u
m
u
l
a
t
i
v
e
%
5
0
.
2
9
5
8
.
1
7
6
4
.
5
3
7
0
.
2
3
7
5
.
6
0
7
9
.
7
6
8
3
.
1
3
8
6
.
1
5
8
8
.
9
9
9
1
.
3
7
T
h
e
p
r
in
cip
al
c
o
m
p
o
n
en
t
an
a
ly
s
is
f
o
r
E
C
C
E
PLI
f
o
r
s
k
ills
s
ec
tio
n
s
tar
ted
with
2
0
item
s
.
1
9
item
s
wer
e
g
ath
er
ed
u
n
d
er
o
n
e
f
a
cto
r
wh
ich
h
ad
E
ig
en
v
alu
e
h
ig
h
er
th
an
1
b
ased
o
n
th
e
an
aly
s
is
.
Alth
o
u
g
h
co
m
p
o
n
en
t
two
,
th
r
ee
a
n
d
f
o
u
r
h
ad
eig
e
n
v
alu
es
h
ig
h
er
th
an
1
,
t
h
e
f
ir
s
t
was
d
ee
m
ed
to
b
e
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
to
r
etain
f
o
r
in
ter
p
r
etatio
n
.
Scr
ee
Plo
t
(
Fig
u
r
e
4
)
also
s
h
o
ws
m
er
ely
o
n
e
p
o
i
n
t
b
ef
o
r
e
it
s
ta
r
ted
to
s
tr
aig
h
ten
.
Hen
ce
,
th
e
ac
ce
p
ted
s
ca
le
is
o
n
ly
o
n
e
co
m
p
o
n
en
t.
T
h
is
o
n
e
co
m
p
o
n
e
n
t
clar
if
ies
4
9
.
5
1
%
o
f
th
e
o
v
e
r
all
v
ar
ian
ce
wh
ile
5
0
.
4
9
%
o
f
th
e
v
ar
ia
n
ce
is
s
t
il
l
u
n
ex
p
lain
e
d
.
T
a
b
le
3
illu
s
tr
ates
E
ig
en
v
alu
es
an
d
a
p
er
ce
n
tag
e
o
f
v
ar
ia
n
ce
d
escr
ib
ed
b
y
ev
er
y
f
ac
to
r
in
th
e
E
C
C
E
PLI
f
o
r
s
k
ills
s
ec
tio
n
.
On
e
s
ca
le
was
in
itial
ly
co
n
s
tr
u
cte
d
f
o
r
th
e
k
n
o
wl
ed
g
e
f
ield
test
o
f
E
C
C
E
PLI
an
d
,
af
ter
PC
A,
th
e
s
am
e
s
ca
le
m
ain
tain
ed
all
i
t
em
s
,
ex
ce
p
t
item
2
7
,
th
ese
1
9
item
s
clu
s
ter
in
to
a
co
m
p
o
n
en
t
th
at
h
a
d
E
ig
en
v
a
lu
es
h
ig
h
er
th
a
n
1
.
T
h
e
f
ir
s
t
c
o
m
p
o
n
en
t
clar
if
ies
4
9
.
5
1
%
o
f
th
e
wh
o
le
v
ar
ian
ce
wh
ich
s
h
o
wed
th
e
im
p
o
r
ta
n
t c
o
m
p
o
n
en
t f
o
r
th
is
s
et
o
f
d
ata.
I
tem
s
o
f
ea
c
h
c
o
m
p
o
n
en
t
an
d
th
eir
co
m
p
o
n
en
t
lo
ad
i
n
g
s
f
o
r
s
k
ills
s
ec
tio
n
with
lo
ad
co
m
p
o
n
en
t
h
ig
h
er
th
an
0
.
5
0
wh
ich
h
as
b
ee
n
m
ain
tain
ed
in
th
e
PC
A;
th
er
ef
o
r
e,
an
item
(
item
2
7
)
was
elim
in
ated
.
I
n
th
e
en
d
,
t
h
e
in
s
tr
u
m
en
t
f
in
i
s
h
ed
with
1
9
item
s
.
T
h
e
p
r
in
c
ip
al
co
m
p
o
n
e
n
t
an
aly
s
is
f
o
r
E
C
C
E
PLI
f
o
r
s
k
ills
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
-
8
8
2
2
I
n
t.
J
.
E
v
al
.
&
R
es
.
E
d
u
c
.
Vo
l.
9
,
No
.
1
,
Ma
r
ch
2
0
2
0
:
1
8
8
-
1
9
4
192
s
ec
tio
n
s
tar
ted
with
2
0
item
s
.
1
9
item
s
wer
e
g
at
h
er
ed
u
n
d
er
two
f
ac
to
r
s
wh
ic
h
h
ad
E
ig
en
v
alu
e
h
ig
h
er
th
a
n
1
b
ased
o
n
th
e
a
n
aly
s
is
.
Alth
o
u
g
h
co
m
p
o
n
en
t
two
,
th
r
ee
an
d
f
o
u
r
h
ad
eig
en
v
alu
es
h
ig
h
er
t
h
an
1
,
th
e
f
ir
s
t
an
d
s
ec
o
n
d
wer
e
d
ee
m
ed
t
o
b
e
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
to
r
etain
f
o
r
in
ter
p
r
etatio
n
.
Scr
ee
Plo
t
(
Fig
u
r
e
5
)
als
o
d
is
p
lay
s
ju
s
t
two
p
o
in
ts
b
ef
o
r
e
it st
r
aig
h
ten
ed
.
Hen
ce
,
th
e
ac
ce
p
ted
s
ca
le
ar
e
o
n
ly
two
co
m
p
o
n
en
ts
.
C
o
m
p
o
n
en
ts
o
n
e
a
n
d
two
illu
m
in
ate
3
9
.
3
4
%
an
d
1
2
.
8
1
%
o
f
th
e
o
v
er
all
v
a
r
ian
ce
wh
ile
4
7
.
8
5
%
o
f
th
e
v
ar
ian
ce
is
s
til
l
u
n
ex
p
lain
ed
.
T
ab
le
4
d
is
p
lay
s
E
ig
en
v
a
lu
es
an
d
a
p
er
ce
n
tag
e
o
f
v
ar
i
an
ce
d
escr
ib
ed
b
y
ea
ch
f
ac
to
r
in
th
e
E
C
C
E
PTI
f
o
r
p
r
ac
tice
s
ec
tio
n
.
O
n
e
s
ca
le
was
in
itially
co
n
s
tr
u
cted
f
o
r
t
h
e
p
r
ac
tice
f
ield
t
est
o
f
E
C
C
E
PTI
.
Af
ter
PC
A,
th
e
s
am
e
s
ca
le
(
o
n
e
an
d
two
)
m
ai
n
tain
ed
all
item
s
in
T
ab
le
4
,
ex
ce
p
t
f
o
r
item
4
9
.
T
h
ese
1
8
item
s
clu
s
ter
in
two
co
m
p
o
n
en
ts
h
ad
E
ig
e
n
v
alu
es
h
ig
h
er
th
a
n
1
.
T
h
e
f
ir
s
t
o
n
e
clar
if
ies
3
9
.
3
4
%
o
f
th
e
to
tal
v
ar
ian
ce
,
wh
ile
th
e
s
ec
o
n
d
clar
if
ies
1
2
.
8
1
%
o
f
th
e
o
v
er
all
v
ar
ian
ce
.
As
o
b
s
er
v
e
d
,
b
o
th
co
m
p
o
n
e
n
ts
clar
if
y
5
2
.
1
5
% f
r
o
m
th
e
w
h
o
l
e
v
ar
ian
ce
.
I
tem
s
o
f
ea
ch
co
m
p
o
n
en
t
an
d
th
eir
co
m
p
o
n
e
n
t
lo
ad
in
g
s
f
o
r
p
r
ac
tices
s
ec
tio
n
with
lo
ad
co
m
p
o
n
en
t
h
ig
h
er
th
a
n
0
.
5
0
ar
e
m
ai
n
tain
ed
in
th
e
PC
A;
s
o
,
o
n
e
item
(
item
4
9
)
was
elim
in
ated
.
T
h
e
r
e
wer
e
n
in
e
item
s
with
lo
ad
v
alu
es
v
ar
y
in
g
b
et
wee
n
0
.
6
8
a
n
d
0
.
7
5
f
o
r
th
e
f
i
r
s
t
f
ac
to
r
.
O
n
th
e
o
th
er
h
a
n
d
,
th
er
e
was
o
n
e
item
with
th
e
lo
ad
v
al
u
e
0
.
7
2
f
o
r
th
e
s
ec
o
n
d
f
ac
to
r
.
T
h
e
f
in
al
item
n
u
m
b
e
r
f
o
r
th
e
in
s
tr
u
m
e
n
t w
a
s
1
8
.
Fig
u
r
e
4
.
Prin
cip
al
co
m
p
o
n
en
t
s
elec
tio
n
u
s
in
g
a
Scr
ee
Plo
t f
o
r
s
k
ills
s
ec
tio
n
Fig
u
r
e
5
.
Prin
cip
al
co
m
p
o
n
en
t
s
elec
tio
n
u
s
in
g
a
Scr
ee
Plo
t f
o
r
p
r
ac
tices sectio
n
T
ab
le
3
.
E
ig
e
n
v
alu
es a
n
d
p
er
c
en
tag
e
o
f
v
ar
ian
ce
ac
c
o
u
n
te
d
b
y
ea
ch
f
ac
to
r
in
th
e
E
C
C
E
PTI
f
o
r
s
k
ills
s
ec
tio
n
F1
F2
F3
F4
F5
F6
F7
F8
F9
F
1
0
Ei
g
e
n
v
a
l
u
e
9
.
9
0
1
.
5
6
1
.
3
4
1
.
0
0
0
.
8
5
0
.
8
1
0
.
6
8
0
.
6
1
0
.
5
4
0
.
5
3
V
a
r
i
a
b
i
l
i
t
y
(
%)
4
9
.
5
1
7
.
8
0
6
.
7
0
5
.
0
0
4
.
2
5
4
.
0
4
3
.
4
2
3
.
0
4
2
.
7
0
2
.
6
7
C
u
m
u
l
a
t
i
v
e
%
4
9
.
5
1
5
7
.
3
0
6
4
.
0
0
6
9
.
0
0
7
3
.
2
5
7
7
.
2
9
8
0
.
7
1
8
3
.
7
5
8
6
.
4
5
8
9
.
1
2
T
ab
le
4
.
E
ig
e
n
v
alu
es a
n
d
p
er
c
en
tag
e
o
f
v
ar
ian
ce
ac
c
o
u
n
te
d
b
y
ea
ch
f
ac
to
r
in
th
e
E
C
C
E
PTI
f
o
r
p
r
ac
tices sectio
n
F1
F2
F3
F4
F5
F6
F7
F8
F9
F
1
0
Ei
g
e
n
v
a
l
u
e
7
.
4
8
2
.
4
3
1
.
3
9
1
.
3
3
1
.
0
6
0
.
9
6
0
.
8
3
0
.
7
3
0
.
5
7
0
.
4
6
V
a
r
i
a
b
i
l
i
t
y
(
%)
3
9
.
3
4
1
2
.
8
1
7
.
3
4
7
.
0
2
5
.
5
9
5
.
0
4
4
.
3
5
3
.
8
3
2
.
9
9
2
.
4
0
C
u
m
u
l
a
t
i
v
e
%
3
9
.
3
4
5
2
.
1
5
5
9
.
4
9
6
6
.
5
1
7
2
.
1
0
7
7
.
1
4
8
1
.
4
9
8
5
.
3
1
8
8
.
3
1
9
0
.
7
0
T
ab
le
5
p
r
esen
ts
th
e
r
eliab
ilit
y
f
o
r
r
esp
ec
tiv
ely
d
e
v
elo
p
ed
E
C
C
E
PLI
s
ca
le
w
ith
th
e
s
am
p
le
o
f
7
0
p
ar
ticip
an
ts
.
T
h
e
in
ter
n
al
co
n
s
is
ten
cy
r
eliab
ilit
y
(
co
ef
f
ici
en
t
alp
h
a)
f
o
r
t
h
e
f
o
u
r
E
C
C
E
PLI
s
ca
les
r
an
g
ed
b
etwe
en
0
.
9
0
u
p
to
0
.
9
7
.
S
p
ec
if
ically
,
th
e
C
r
o
n
b
ac
h
’
s
Alp
h
a
ar
e
0
.
9
0
f
o
r
d
is
p
o
s
itio
n
s
ec
tio
n
,
0
.
9
3
f
o
r
k
n
o
wled
g
e
s
ec
tio
n
,
0
.
9
4
f
o
r
s
k
ills
s
ec
tio
n
,
an
d
0
.
9
0
f
o
r
p
r
a
ctice
s
s
ec
tio
n
.
B
y
ap
p
ly
in
g
th
e
g
en
er
al
‘
r
u
le
-
of
-
th
u
m
b
’
,
th
e
co
n
clu
d
ed
r
an
g
e
wer
e
co
n
s
id
er
e
d
g
o
o
d
en
o
u
g
h
to
b
e
ac
ce
p
ta
b
le
[
2
7
,
2
8
]
wh
i
ch
th
e
cl
o
s
en
ess
o
f
th
e
alp
h
a
to
1
is
h
ig
h
ly
r
elate
d
to
th
e
item
s
’
in
ter
n
al
c
o
n
s
is
ten
cy
.
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
s
ee
k
s
to
estab
lis
h
r
eliab
le
an
d
v
ali
d
in
s
tr
u
m
en
t
to
ev
alu
ate
E
C
C
E
p
r
eser
v
ice
lectu
r
er
in
s
tr
u
m
en
t.
T
h
e
d
r
af
t
s
ca
le
was
co
n
clu
d
ed
with
o
f
6
5
it
em
s
an
d
m
an
a
g
ed
7
0
p
a
r
ticip
an
ts
wh
o
ar
e
also
lectu
r
er
s
f
r
o
m
all
o
v
er
Ma
l
ay
s
ia.
Acc
o
r
d
in
g
ly
,
b
ased
o
n
th
e
f
in
alize
d
in
s
tr
u
m
en
t,
6
3
item
s
with
lo
ad
co
m
p
o
n
en
t
h
ig
h
er
t
h
an
0
.
5
0
wer
e
k
ep
t
i
n
th
e
PC
A;
wh
ile
two
o
f
t
h
em
(
item
2
7
a
n
d
item
4
9
)
wer
e
elim
in
ated
.
T
h
er
e
wer
e
f
o
u
r
ca
teg
o
r
ies:
d
is
p
o
s
itio
n
s
ec
tio
n
,
k
n
o
wled
g
e
s
ec
tio
n
,
s
k
ills
s
ec
tio
n
an
d
p
r
ac
tices
s
ec
tio
n
.
As
an
aly
ze
d
,
th
e
in
s
tr
u
m
en
t
E
C
C
E
PLI
wa
s
d
ee
m
ed
t
o
b
e
h
ig
h
ly
r
eliab
le
an
d
its
co
n
s
tr
u
ct
v
alid
ity
was
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
.
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
8
2
2
Dev
elo
p
men
t a
n
d
va
lid
a
tio
n
o
f e
a
r
ly
ch
ild
h
o
o
d
ca
r
e
a
n
d
ed
u
ca
tio
n
…
(
S
h
a
z
lyn
Mil
lea
n
a
S
h
a
h
a
r
u
d
in
)
193
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
wh
ich
wer
e
b
en
e
f
icial
f
o
r
th
is
s
tu
d
y
.
I
t
in
im
itab
ly
en
co
m
p
ass
ed
asp
ec
ts
o
f
p
r
o
f
ess
io
n
alis
m
wh
ich
co
u
ld
a
g
r
ea
t
f
ac
to
r
f
o
r
th
e
estab
lis
h
m
en
t
o
f
ca
r
er
s
-
ed
u
ca
t
o
r
s
in
p
r
e
-
s
ch
o
o
ls
.
All
o
f
th
e
as
p
ec
ts
wer
e
s
elec
ted
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
f
in
alize
d
in
s
tr
u
m
e
n
ts
,
r
esu
lt
o
f
p
r
io
r
s
tu
d
ies
an
d
o
r
al
c
o
n
d
u
cts
with
th
e
e
x
p
e
r
ien
ce
d
p
r
e
-
s
ch
o
o
l
teac
h
er
s
as
well
as
s
o
m
e
ex
p
e
r
ts
.
Am
o
n
g
th
e
lead
s
o
f
t
h
e
E
C
C
E
PLI
wer
e
it
was
r
esp
o
n
d
e
n
ts
f
r
ien
d
ly
as
th
ey
co
u
ld
m
an
ag
e
an
d
an
s
wer
it
wi
th
ea
s
e.
I
t
c
o
m
p
r
is
ed
f
o
u
r
s
ca
les
wh
ich
o
v
er
all
h
a
d
6
5
ite
m
s
,
co
n
s
id
er
ed
to
b
e
ac
ce
s
s
ib
le
an
d
ad
eq
u
ate
f
o
r
th
e
r
esp
o
n
d
e
n
ts
to
an
s
wer
.
Mo
r
eo
v
er
,
th
e
g
r
am
m
ar
s
tr
u
ctu
r
es
as
well
as
th
e
wo
r
d
s
ch
o
ices
in
th
e
E
C
C
E
PLI
wer
e
co
m
p
r
eh
en
s
iv
ely
u
n
co
m
p
licated
.
L
ik
ewise
,
it
was
co
s
t
-
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
an
d
tim
ely
f
itti
n
g
.
B
ased
o
n
[
2
9
,
3
0
]
d
u
e
to
th
e
tim
e
lim
itatio
n
s
th
at
teac
h
er
s
h
ad
,
i
n
s
tr
u
m
en
t
r
esp
o
n
s
e
tim
e
m
u
s
t
b
e
s
h
o
r
t
an
d
n
o
t
in
ter
r
u
p
tiv
e.
E
C
C
E
PLI
is
ad
d
itio
n
al
to
th
e
cu
r
r
en
t
in
s
tr
u
m
e
n
ts
,
m
o
r
e
s
p
ec
if
ically
f
o
r
ev
alu
atin
g
th
e
estab
lis
h
m
en
t
o
f
p
r
e
-
s
ch
o
o
l
p
r
o
f
ess
io
n
alis
m
.
T
h
e
E
C
C
E
PLI
al
s
o
co
u
ld
also
ad
ap
t
an
d
b
e
ap
p
licab
le
f
o
r
n
u
m
e
r
o
u
s
ty
p
e
s
o
f
r
esp
o
n
d
e
n
ts
an
d
f
o
r
d
iv
e
r
s
e
s
ettin
g
s
b
ased
o
n
th
e
r
ese
ar
ch
er
s
’
n
ec
ess
ity
an
d
in
g
e
n
u
ity
.
No
n
eth
eless
,
b
ec
au
s
e
it
was
m
ea
n
t
to
b
e
u
s
ed
b
y
p
r
e
-
s
ch
o
o
l
teac
h
er
s
,
th
e
asp
ec
t
o
f
ca
r
e
was a
p
r
io
r
ity
.
T
ab
le
5
.
Scale
r
eliab
ilit
y
u
s
in
g
C
r
o
n
b
ac
h
’
s
Alp
h
a
co
ef
f
icie
n
t f
o
r
E
C
C
E
PLI
S
e
c
t
i
o
n
N
u
mb
e
r
o
f
I
t
e
ms
C
r
o
n
b
a
c
h
’
s Al
p
h
a
D
i
sp
o
si
t
i
o
n
9
0
.
9
0
K
n
o
w
l
e
d
g
e
16
0
.
9
3
S
k
i
l
l
s
20
0
.
9
4
P
r
a
c
t
i
c
e
s
19
0
.
9
0
N
=
70
4.
CO
NCLU
SI
O
N
T
h
is
p
ap
er
r
e
p
o
r
ts
th
e
estab
lis
h
m
en
t
an
d
v
ali
d
atio
n
o
f
an
i
n
s
tr
u
m
en
t
d
esig
n
e
d
to
m
ea
s
u
r
e
th
e
lev
el
o
f
co
m
p
eten
cies
o
f
E
C
C
E
p
r
e
-
s
er
v
ice
lectu
r
e
r
.
W
ith
an
aim
to
ass
ess
ca
r
er
s
-
ed
u
ca
to
r
s
’
p
r
o
f
ess
io
n
alis
m
,
th
e
E
C
C
E
PLI
was
estab
lis
h
ed
to
s
er
v
e
ad
d
itio
n
ally
to
th
e
p
r
io
r
in
s
tr
u
m
en
ts
.
I
n
co
n
clu
s
io
n
,
th
e
r
esu
lts
f
r
o
m
th
is
s
tu
d
y
h
ad
ju
s
tifie
d
t
h
at
th
e
E
ar
ly
C
h
ild
h
o
o
d
C
ar
e
an
d
E
d
u
ca
tio
n
Pre
-
Ser
v
ice
L
ec
tu
r
er
I
n
s
tr
u
m
e
n
t
ar
e
v
alid
an
d
r
eliab
le.
Nev
er
t
h
eless
,
ad
d
itio
n
al
r
esear
c
h
wo
u
ld
f
u
r
t
h
er
u
p
g
r
a
d
e
it
b
y
c
o
n
s
id
er
in
g
t
h
e
ch
ar
ac
ter
is
tics
d
if
f
er
en
ce
s
o
f
th
e
r
esp
o
n
d
en
ts
.
T
h
is
ex
ten
s
iv
e
s
tep
wo
u
ld
b
e
m
a
k
in
g
a
b
ig
g
er
r
o
o
m
o
f
im
p
r
o
v
em
e
n
t
f
o
r
t
h
e
d
e
v
elo
p
m
en
t
o
f
m
o
r
e
d
e
p
en
d
a
b
le
ev
al
u
atio
n
o
f
th
e
E
ar
ly
C
h
ild
h
o
o
d
C
ar
e
an
d
E
d
u
ca
tio
n
Pre
-
Ser
v
ice
L
ec
tu
r
er
i
n
s
tr
u
m
e
n
t.
ACK
NO
WL
E
DG
E
M
E
NT
S
T
h
is
r
esear
ch
s
tu
d
y
h
as
r
ec
e
iv
ed
s
u
p
p
o
r
ts
f
r
o
m
th
e
Min
i
s
tr
y
o
f
Fin
an
ce
(
MO
F)
v
ia
t
h
e
aid
o
f
th
e
Min
is
tr
y
o
f
E
d
u
ca
tio
n
(
MO
E
)
Ma
lay
s
ia.
Fo
r
th
is
s
tu
d
y
,
we
s
in
ce
r
ely
ex
p
r
ess
o
u
r
g
r
atitu
d
e
to
war
d
s
Natio
n
al
C
h
ild
Dev
elo
p
m
e
n
t
R
esear
ch
C
en
tr
e
(
N
C
DR
C
)
,
Un
iv
er
s
iti
Pen
d
id
ik
an
Su
lta
n
I
d
r
is
(
UPSI)
as
th
e
lead
in
g
u
n
iv
e
r
s
ity
in
co
llab
o
r
atio
n
with
SEGi
Un
iv
er
s
ity
.
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
is
titl
ed
“De
v
elo
p
m
en
t
o
f
C
o
m
p
r
eh
en
s
iv
e
a
n
d
I
n
teg
r
ated
Mo
d
el
o
f
Qu
ality
Ma
lay
s
i
an
E
ar
ly
C
h
ild
h
o
o
d
C
ar
e
a
n
d
E
d
u
ca
tio
n
(
2
0
1
5
-
0024
-
10
6
-
0
4
)
with
th
e
s
u
b
p
r
o
ject
is
Pro
ject
2
:
Dev
elo
p
m
e
n
t
o
f
C
ar
er
s
-
E
d
u
ca
to
r
s
’
Pro
f
e
s
s
io
n
alis
m
”
(
2
0
1
5
-
0024
-
1
0
6
-
04
-
0
2
)
.
I
t
is
s
u
b
s
id
ized
b
y
th
e
Min
is
tr
y
o
f
Fin
an
ce
th
r
o
u
g
h
th
e
Min
is
tr
y
o
f
E
d
u
ca
tio
n
Ma
lay
s
ia.
W
e
wo
u
ld
lik
e
to
co
n
v
ey
o
u
r
th
an
k
s
to
th
e
co
n
tr
i
b
u
tio
n
s
o
f
ev
er
y
m
em
b
er
o
f
th
e
r
esear
ch
team
as
well
as
th
e
s
teer
in
g
co
m
m
ittee,
v
alu
ab
le
in
f
o
r
m
a
n
ts
,
teac
h
er
s
,
p
ar
e
n
ts
an
d
o
th
er
s
tak
e
h
o
ld
er
s
wh
o
t
o
o
k
p
a
r
ticip
atio
n
.
RE
F
E
R
E
NC
E
S
[1
]
UN
ES
CO,
Early
C
h
il
d
h
o
o
d
Ca
re
a
n
d
E
d
u
c
a
ti
o
n
,
2
0
1
9
.
[2
]
Ish
imin
e
,
K.
a
n
d
Tay
ler,
C
.
,
"
A
ss
e
ss
in
g
q
u
a
li
t
y
i
n
e
a
rly
c
h
il
d
h
o
o
d
e
d
u
c
a
ti
o
n
a
n
d
c
a
re
,
”
Eu
r
o
p
e
a
n
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
Ed
u
c
a
ti
o
n
Res
e
a
rc
h
,
De
v
e
lo
p
me
n
t
a
n
d
P
o
li
c
y
,
v
o
l.
4
9
(
2
)
,
p
p
.
2
7
2
-
2
9
0
,
2
0
1
4
.
[3
]
S
a
ra
c
h
o
,
O.
N.
a
n
d
S
p
o
d
e
k
,
B
.
,
“
Early
c
h
i
ld
h
o
o
d
tea
c
h
e
rs'
p
re
p
a
ra
ti
o
n
a
n
d
t
h
e
q
u
a
li
t
y
o
f
p
ro
g
ra
m
o
u
tco
m
e
s
,
”
Ea
rly
Ch
il
d
De
v
e
lo
p
me
n
t
a
n
d
Ca
re
,
v
o
l
1
7
7
,
n
o
.
1
,
p
p
.
7
1
-
9
1
,
2
0
0
7
.
[4
]
S
a
ra
c
h
o
,
O.
N.
a
n
d
S
p
o
d
e
k
,
B.
,
Imp
ro
v
in
g
tea
c
h
e
r
q
u
a
li
ty
,
i
n
:
O.
N.
S
a
ra
c
h
o
a
n
d
B.
S
p
o
d
e
k
(
Ed
s)
.
S
tu
d
y
i
n
g
tea
c
h
e
rs i
n
e
a
rly
c
h
il
d
h
o
o
d
se
tt
i
n
g
s
(G
re
e
n
wic
h
,
CT,
In
f
o
rm
a
ti
o
n
Ag
e
P
u
b
li
sh
i
n
g
)
,
p
p
.
2
0
9
–
2
2
1
,
2
0
0
3
.
[5
]
S
a
ra
c
h
o
,
O.
N.
a
n
d
S
p
o
d
e
k
,
B
.
,
“
P
re
sc
h
o
o
l
tea
c
h
e
rs’
p
r
o
fe
ss
io
n
a
l
d
e
v
e
lo
p
m
e
n
t,
i
n
:
B.
S
p
o
d
e
k
a
n
d
O.
N.
S
a
ra
c
h
o
(Ed
s)”
,
Ha
n
d
b
o
o
k
o
f
re
se
a
rc
h
o
n
t
h
e
e
d
u
c
a
ti
o
n
o
f
y
o
u
n
g
c
h
il
d
r
e
n
,
2
nd
e
d
,
(Ne
w
Yo
r
k
,
Erl
b
a
u
m
),
p
p
.
4
2
3
–
4
3
9
,
2
0
0
6
.
[6
]
Eg
e
rt,
F
.
,
F
u
k
k
in
k
,
R.
G
.
,
a
n
d
Ec
k
h
a
rd
t
,
A.
G
.
,
“
Im
p
a
c
t
o
f
in
-
se
rv
i
c
e
p
ro
fe
ss
io
n
a
l
d
e
v
e
lo
p
m
e
n
t
p
ro
g
ra
m
s
fo
r
e
a
rl
y
c
h
il
d
h
o
o
d
tea
c
h
e
rs
o
n
q
u
a
li
t
y
ra
t
in
g
s
a
n
d
c
h
i
ld
o
u
tc
o
m
e
s:
a
m
e
ta
-
a
n
a
ly
sis
,
”
Rev
iew
o
f
E
d
u
c
a
t
io
n
a
l
Res
e
a
rc
h
,
v
o
l.
8
8
,
n
o
.
3
,
p
p
.
4
0
1
-
4
3
3
,
2
0
1
8
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
-
8
8
2
2
I
n
t.
J
.
E
v
al
.
&
R
es
.
E
d
u
c
.
Vo
l.
9
,
No
.
1
,
Ma
r
ch
2
0
2
0
:
1
8
8
-
1
9
4
194
[7
]
Cu
rricu
l
u
m
De
v
e
lo
p
m
e
n
t
Ce
n
tr
e
(CDC).
Ea
rly
c
h
il
d
h
o
o
d
c
a
re
a
n
d
e
d
u
c
a
t
io
n
p
o
li
c
y
im
p
lem
e
n
ta
ti
o
n
re
v
iew
.
P
u
traja
y
a
:
M
in
istr
y
o
f
Ed
u
c
a
ti
o
n
M
a
lay
sia
,
2
0
0
7
.
[8
]
L.
F
o
o
n
g
,
e
t
a
l.
,
“
P
riv
a
te
se
c
to
r
e
a
rly
c
h
il
d
c
a
re
a
n
d
e
d
u
c
a
ti
o
n
in
M
a
lay
sia
:
wo
r
k
fo
rc
e
re
a
d
i
n
e
ss
fo
r
fu
rth
e
r
e
d
u
c
a
ti
o
n
,
”
Ka
ji
a
n
M
a
la
y
si
a
,
v
o
l.
3
6
,
n
o
.
1
,
p
p
.
1
2
7
-
1
5
4
,
2
0
1
8
.
[9
]
Ye
n
p
iam
,
K.,
S
iri
su
n
h
iru
n
,
S
.
,
a
n
d
Wi
c
h
it
p
u
tch
ra
p
r
o
n
,
W
.
,
“
Ca
u
sa
l
re
latio
n
sh
i
p
m
o
d
e
l
o
f
f
a
c
to
rs
a
ffe
c
ti
n
g
c
o
ll
a
b
o
ra
ti
o
n
b
e
twe
e
n
lo
c
a
l
a
d
m
i
n
istrativ
e
o
r
g
a
n
iza
ti
o
n
s
i
n
e
a
rly
c
h
il
d
h
o
o
d
e
d
u
c
a
ti
o
n
m
a
n
a
g
e
m
e
n
t
i
n
T
h
a
il
a
n
d
,
”
Ka
se
tsa
rt Jo
u
r
n
a
l
o
f
S
o
c
i
a
l
S
c
ien
c
e
s,
v
o
l.
4
0
,
p
p
.
5
5
8
-
5
6
6
,
2
0
1
8
.
[1
0
]
G
o
n
g
,
X.
a
n
d
Wa
n
g
,
P
.
,
“
A
c
o
m
p
a
ra
ti
v
e
s
tu
d
y
o
f
p
re
-
se
rv
ice
e
d
u
c
a
ti
o
n
f
o
r
p
re
sc
h
o
o
l
tea
c
h
e
rs
in
Ch
i
n
a
a
n
d
t
h
e
Un
it
e
d
S
tate
s.
Cu
rre
n
t
Iss
u
e
s in
C
o
m
p
a
ra
ti
v
e
E
d
u
c
a
ti
o
n
(CICE)”,
v
o
l.
1
9
,
n
o
.
2
,
p
p
.
8
4
-
1
1
0
,
2
0
1
7
.
[1
1
]
M
a
n
n
i
n
g
,
M
.
,
G
a
rv
is,
S
.
,
F
lem
in
g
,
C.
,
a
n
d
W
o
n
g
,
G
.
T.
W.
,
“
T
h
e
r
e
latio
n
sh
i
p
b
e
twe
e
n
tea
c
h
e
r
q
u
a
li
fica
ti
o
n
a
n
d
th
e
q
u
a
li
t
y
o
f
th
e
e
a
rl
y
c
h
il
d
h
o
o
d
c
a
r
e
a
n
d
lea
rn
i
n
g
e
n
v
ir
o
n
m
e
n
t
:
A
sy
ste
m
a
ti
c
re
v
iew
,
”
Ca
mp
b
e
ll
S
y
ste
ma
ti
c
Rev
iews
,
v
o
l.
1
,
p
p
.
1
3
-
2
1
,
2
0
1
7
.
[1
2
]
M
a
n
n
i
n
g
,
M
.
,
Wo
n
g
,
G
.
T.
W.
,
F
lem
in
g
,
C.
,
a
n
d
G
a
rv
is,
S
.
,
“
Is
tea
c
h
e
r
q
u
a
li
fica
ti
o
n
a
ss
o
c
iat
e
d
wit
h
th
e
q
u
a
li
t
y
o
f
th
e
e
a
rly
c
h
il
d
h
o
o
d
e
d
u
c
a
ti
o
n
a
n
d
c
a
re
e
n
v
iro
n
m
e
n
t?
A
m
e
ta
-
a
n
a
ly
ti
c
re
v
iew
,
”
Rev
iew
o
f
Ed
u
c
a
ti
o
n
a
l
Res
e
a
rc
h
,
v
o
l.
1
8
,
n
o
.
3
,
p
p
.
3
7
0
-
4
1
5
,
2
0
1
9
.
[1
3
]
M
e
li
n
d
a
,
C
.
,
Ju
d
it
,
F
.
,
Ag
n
e
s,
N.,
a
n
d
Ju
d
it
,
P
.
,
“
Re
se
a
rc
h
o
n
t
h
e
h
e
a
lt
h
li
tera
c
y
o
f
p
r
o
fe
ss
io
n
a
ls
w
o
rk
i
n
g
i
n
e
a
rly
c
h
il
d
h
o
o
d
e
d
u
c
a
ti
o
n
,
”
Ko
n
t
a
k
t,
v
o
l.
2
0
,
n
o
.
4
,
p
p
.
3
5
6
-
3
6
2
,
2
0
1
8
.
[1
4
]
S
.
Wal
k
e
r
a
n
d
B.
F
ra
se
r,
“
De
v
e
lo
p
m
e
n
t
a
n
d
v
a
li
d
a
ti
o
n
o
f
th
e
in
stru
m
e
n
t
a
ss
e
ss
in
g
d
ista
n
c
e
e
d
u
c
a
ti
o
n
lea
rn
i
n
g
e
n
v
iro
n
m
e
n
ts
in
h
ig
h
e
r
e
d
u
c
a
ti
o
n
:
Th
e
Dista
n
c
e
Lea
rn
in
g
En
v
iro
n
m
e
n
t
S
u
rv
e
y
(DEL
ES
),
”
L
e
a
rn
in
g
En
v
iro
n
me
n
ts
Res
e
a
rc
h
:
An
I
n
ter
n
a
t
io
n
a
l
J
o
u
r
n
a
l
,
v
o
l
.
8
,
n
o
.
3
,
p
p
.
2
8
9
-
3
0
8
,
2
0
0
5
.
[1
5
]
C.
N.
Ch
e
Ah
m
a
d
,
e
t
a
l
.
,
“
Th
e
Estab
li
sh
m
e
n
t
o
f
P
h
y
sic
a
l
As
p
e
c
ts
o
f
S
c
ien
c
e
Lab
o
ra
to
ry
En
v
iro
n
m
e
n
t
In
v
e
n
to
r
y
(P
S
LE
I),
”
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
T
u
rk
ish
S
c
ien
c
e
Ed
u
c
a
ti
o
n
,
v
o
l.
1
1
,
n
o
.
2
,
p
p
.
1
2
3
-
1
3
6
,
2
0
1
4
.
[1
6
]
C.
N.
Ch
e
Ah
m
a
d
,
e
t
a
l.
,
“
An
in
stru
m
e
n
t
t
o
a
ss
e
ss
p
h
y
sic
a
l
a
s
p
e
c
ts
o
f
c
las
sro
o
m
e
n
v
iro
n
m
e
n
t
in
M
a
lay
sia
,
”
In
ter
n
a
t
io
n
a
l
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
Arts
a
n
d
S
c
ien
c
e
,
v
o
l.
8
,
n
o
.
2
,
p
p
.
1
-
1
2
,
2
0
1
5
.
[1
7
]
S
.
M
.
S
h
a
h
a
r
u
d
i
n
,
e
t
a
l.
,
“
Id
e
n
t
ifi
c
a
ti
o
n
o
f
ra
in
fa
ll
p
a
tt
e
rn
s
o
n
h
y
d
ro
l
o
g
ica
l
sim
u
lati
o
n
u
si
n
g
r
o
b
u
st
p
ri
n
c
ip
a
l
c
o
m
p
o
n
e
n
t
a
n
a
ly
sis,
”
In
d
o
n
e
sia
n
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
E
lec
trica
l
En
g
in
e
e
rin
g
a
n
d
C
o
mp
u
ter
S
c
ien
c
e
(IJ
EE
CS
),
v
o
l.
1
1
,
n
o
.
3
,
p
p
.
1
1
6
2
-
1
1
6
7
,
2
0
1
8
.
[1
8
]
H.
S
a
b
ro
l,
e
t
a
l.
,
“
Re
c
o
g
n
it
i
o
n
o
f
to
m
a
to
late
b
li
g
h
t
b
y
u
si
n
g
DW
T
a
n
d
c
o
m
p
o
n
e
n
t
a
n
a
l
y
sis
,
”
In
d
o
n
e
sia
n
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
El
e
c
trica
l
En
g
in
e
e
rin
g
a
n
d
Co
m
p
u
ter
S
c
ien
c
e
(IJ
EE
CS
)
,
v
o
l.
7
,
n
o
.
1
,
p
p
.
1
9
4
-
1
9
9
,
2
0
1
7
.
[1
9
]
S
.
M
.
S
h
a
h
a
ru
d
in
,
e
t
a
l.
,
“
Clas
sifica
ti
o
n
o
f
d
a
il
y
to
rre
n
ti
a
l
ra
in
fa
ll
p
a
tt
e
rn
s
b
a
se
d
o
n
a
ro
b
u
st
c
o
rre
l
a
ti
o
n
m
e
a
su
r
e
,
”
In
ter
n
a
t
io
n
a
l
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
A
d
v
a
n
c
e
d
S
c
ien
c
e
a
n
d
T
e
c
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
,
v
o
l
.
2
8
,
n
o
.
8
s,
p
p
.
2
5
1
-
2
5
9
,
2
0
1
9
.
[2
0
]
S
.
M
.
S
h
a
h
a
ru
d
i
n
,
e
t
a
l.
,
“
T
h
e
c
o
m
p
a
riso
n
o
f
t
-
m
o
d
e
a
n
d
p
e
a
rso
n
c
o
rre
latio
n
m
a
tri
c
e
s
in
c
las
sifi
c
a
ti
o
n
o
f
d
a
il
y
ra
in
fa
ll
p
a
tt
e
rn
s
in
P
e
n
i
n
su
lar M
a
lay
sia
,
”
M
a
tem
a
ti
k
a
,
v
o
l.
2
9
,
n
o
.
1
c
,
p
p
.
1
8
7
-
1
9
4
,
2
0
1
3
.
[2
1
]
S
.
M
.
S
h
a
h
a
r
u
d
i
n
,
e
t
a
l.
,
“
An
e
ffi
c
ien
t
m
e
th
o
d
to
imp
r
o
v
e
th
e
c
lu
st
e
rin
g
p
e
rfo
rm
a
n
c
e
u
sin
g
h
y
b
ri
d
r
o
b
u
st
p
rin
c
i
p
a
l
c
o
m
p
o
n
e
n
t
a
n
a
l
y
sis
-
sp
e
c
tral
b
iclu
ste
rin
g
i
n
ra
in
fa
ll
p
a
tt
e
r
n
s
i
d
e
n
ti
fica
ti
o
n
,
”
I
n
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
Arti
fi
c
ia
l
In
telli
g
e
n
c
e
(IJ
-
AI)
,
v
o
l.
8
,
n
o
.
3
,
p
p
.
1
1
6
2
-
1
1
6
7
,
2
0
1
9
.
[2
2
]
M
.
S
.
S
a
m
su
d
i
n
,
e
t
a
l
.
,
“
As
se
ss
m
e
n
t
o
f
se
a
so
n
a
l
a
n
d
sp
a
ti
a
l
s
u
rfa
c
e
m
a
rin
e
wa
ter
q
u
a
li
t
y
v
a
riatio
n
i
n
S
e
m
e
ra
k
Riv
e
r
Estu
a
ry
,
M
a
lay
sia
,
”
In
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
E
n
g
i
n
e
e
rin
g
a
n
d
T
e
c
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
,
v
o
l.
7
.
No
.
4
.
4
3
,
p
p
.
2
9
-
3
5
,
2
0
1
8
.
[2
3
]
N.M
.
N.
M
a
th
i
v
a
n
a
n
,
e
t
a
l
.
,
A
c
o
m
p
a
ra
ti
v
e
stu
d
y
o
n
d
ime
n
sio
n
a
li
ty
re
d
u
c
ti
o
n
b
e
twe
e
n
p
ri
n
c
i
p
a
l
c
o
m
p
o
n
e
n
t
a
n
a
ly
sis
a
n
d
k
-
m
e
a
n
s
c
lu
ste
rin
g
,
”
In
d
o
n
e
sia
n
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
El
e
c
trica
l
E
n
g
in
e
e
rin
g
a
n
d
Co
m
p
u
ter
S
c
ien
c
e
(IJ
EE
CS
),
v
o
l.
1
6
,
n
o
.
2
,
p
p
.
7
5
2
-
7
5
8
,
2
0
1
9
.
[2
4
]
T.
Ku
tl
u
c
a
,
“
De
v
e
lo
p
in
g
a
sc
a
le
t
o
m
e
a
su
re
in
fo
rm
a
ti
o
n
a
n
d
c
o
m
m
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
tec
h
n
o
lo
g
y
u
ti
li
z
a
ti
o
n
l
e
v
e
ls
,
”
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
T
u
rk
ish
S
c
ien
c
e
E
d
u
c
a
ti
o
n
,
v
o
l
.
7
,
n
o
.
4
,
p
p
.
3
7
-
4
5
,
2
0
1
0
.
[2
5
]
C.
N.
Ch
e
A
h
m
a
d
,
e
t
a
l.
,
“
De
v
e
lo
p
m
e
n
t
a
n
d
v
a
li
d
a
ti
o
n
o
f
tea
c
h
e
r
p
e
rc
e
p
ti
o
n
o
n
Earl
y
C
h
il
d
h
o
o
d
Ca
re
a
n
d
Ed
u
c
a
ti
o
n
C
u
rricu
l
u
m
I
n
stru
m
e
n
t
(E
CCECI),
”
I
n
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
Ac
a
d
e
mic
Res
e
a
rc
h
in
Bu
si
n
e
ss
a
n
d
S
o
c
i
a
l
S
c
ien
c
e
s,
v
o
l
.
8
,
n
o
.
1
,
p
p
.
7
1
6
-
7
2
7
,
2
0
1
8
.
[2
6
]
L.
N.
S
h
a
rm
a
,
e
t
a
l.
,
“
M
u
lt
isc
a
le
P
CA
b
a
se
d
q
u
a
li
ty
c
o
n
tr
o
ll
e
d
d
e
n
o
isi
n
g
o
f
m
u
lt
ich
a
n
n
e
l
e
c
g
sig
n
a
ls
,
”
In
ter
n
a
t
io
n
c
a
l
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
In
fo
rm
a
t
io
n
a
n
d
E
lec
tro
n
ics
E
n
g
i
n
e
e
rin
g
,
v
o
l
.
2
,
n
o
.
2
,
p
p
.
1
0
7
-
1
1
1
,
2
0
1
2
.
[2
7
]
D.
G
e
o
rg
e
a
n
d
P
.
M
a
ll
e
ry
,
S
P
S
S
fo
r
W
i
n
d
o
ws
S
tep
b
y
S
tep
:
A
S
i
mp
le
Gu
i
d
e
a
n
d
Refe
re
n
c
e
1
0
.
0
u
p
d
a
te
,
3
rd
e
d
.
To
ro
n
to
:
Ally
n
a
n
d
Ba
c
o
n
,
2
0
0
1
.
[2
8
]
N.F
.
Ha
b
i
d
in
,
“
S
u
sta
i
n
a
b
le
p
e
rfo
rm
a
n
c
e
m
e
a
su
re
s
f
o
r
M
a
lay
sia
n
Au
to
m
o
ti
v
e
I
n
d
u
stry
,
”
W
o
rl
d
A
p
p
li
e
d
S
c
ien
c
e
s
J
o
u
rn
a
l
,
v
o
l
.
3
3
,
n
o
.
6
,
p
p
.
1
0
1
7
-
1
0
2
4
,
2
0
1
5
.
[2
9
]
B.
Lew
th
wa
it
e
,
“
Th
e
d
e
v
e
lo
p
m
e
n
t,
v
a
li
d
a
ti
o
n
a
n
d
a
p
p
li
c
a
ti
o
n
o
f
a
sc
ien
c
e
c
u
rricu
lu
m
d
e
li
v
e
ry
e
v
a
lu
a
ti
o
n
q
u
e
stio
n
n
a
ire
f
o
r
fra
n
c
o
p
h
o
n
e
-
m
in
o
rit
y
se
tt
i
n
g
s,
”
Ca
n
a
d
i
a
n
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
S
c
ien
c
e
,
M
a
t
h
e
ma
ti
c
s
a
n
d
T
e
c
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
Ed
u
c
a
ti
o
n
,
v
o
l
.
7
,
n
o
.
4
,
p
p
.
3
3
5
-
3
5
4
,
2
0
0
7
.
[3
0
]
R.
C.
F
.
S
u
n
a
n
d
D.
T.
L.
S
h
e
k
,
“
S
tu
d
e
n
t
c
las
sro
o
m
m
isb
e
h
a
v
i
o
u
r
:
An
e
x
p
lo
ra
t
o
ry
stu
d
y
b
a
se
d
o
n
tea
c
h
e
rs’
p
e
rc
e
p
ti
o
n
s
”
,
v
o
l.
2
0
1
2
,
p
p
.
1
-
8
,
2
0
1
2
.
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