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T
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I
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2252
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8
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2
2
Th
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d
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1283
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id
en
tify
in
g
th
e
e
f
f
ec
tiv
en
ess
o
f
h
u
m
an
r
eso
u
r
ce
s
m
an
ag
e
m
e
n
t
in
attr
ac
tin
g
em
p
lo
y
ee
s
.
T
h
e
s
tu
d
ies
of
s
ev
er
al
r
esear
ch
er
s
[
1
6
]
,
[
1
7
]
aim
ed
t
o
r
ev
ea
l
th
e
im
p
ac
t
o
f
em
p
lo
y
m
en
t
an
d
p
o
lar
izatio
n
p
o
licies
o
n
th
e
cr
ea
tiv
ity
o
f
th
e
co
m
p
a
n
y
.
Als
o
,
th
e
p
r
ev
i
o
u
s
s
tu
d
ies
d
id
th
e
s
am
e
[
5
]
,
[
7
]
,
[
1
4
]
,
[
1
6
]
-
[
2
0
]
.
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
is
d
is
tin
g
u
is
h
ed
f
r
o
m
o
th
er
s
r
eg
ar
d
in
g
th
e
p
o
p
u
latio
n
o
f
t
h
e
s
tu
d
y
,
its
s
am
p
le,
tim
e,
an
d
p
lace
in
wh
ich
it
was
co
n
d
u
cte
d
a
n
d
th
e
r
esu
lts
will
b
e
o
b
tain
e
d
.
Hen
ce
,
th
is
s
tu
d
y
attem
p
ted
t
o
ex
p
lo
r
e
th
e
d
eg
r
ee
o
f
ca
r
ee
r
p
o
lar
izatio
n
am
o
n
g
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
lea
d
er
s
in
th
e
J
o
r
d
an
ian
Min
is
tr
y
o
f
E
d
u
ca
tio
n
f
r
o
m
th
eir
v
iewp
o
i
n
ts
in
th
ei
r
d
ir
ec
to
r
ates.
I
t
is
b
ec
au
s
e
th
ey
ar
e
in
d
ir
ec
t
c
o
n
tact,
an
d
e
v
en
p
ar
ticip
ate
in
th
e
p
r
o
ce
s
s
o
f
em
p
lo
y
m
en
t
p
o
la
r
izatio
n
.
T
h
u
s
,
th
i
s
s
tu
d
y
ca
m
e
to
c
o
m
p
lem
e
n
t
th
e
p
r
ev
i
o
u
s
s
tu
d
ies
an
d
n
o
t
to
r
ep
ea
t
th
em
.
B
y
tr
ac
k
i
n
g
t
h
e
s
t
u
d
y
q
u
esti
o
n
;
m
an
y
s
tu
d
ies
h
av
e
d
ea
lt
with
th
is
to
p
ic
in
v
a
r
io
u
s
asp
ec
ts
as
th
e
s
t
u
d
y
of
R
u
d
ai
n
i
an
d
Ma
h
y
u
d
d
i
n
[
1
6
]
wh
ic
h
aim
ed
to
id
en
tify
t
h
e
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
n
ess
o
f
h
u
m
an
r
eso
u
r
ce
s
m
an
a
g
em
en
t
in
attr
ac
tin
g
wo
r
k
er
s
in
p
r
iv
ate
s
ec
to
r
in
s
titu
tio
n
s
in
Sau
d
i
Ar
ab
ia.
T
h
ey
u
s
ed
th
e
d
escr
ip
tiv
e
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
,
ap
p
ly
in
g
a
q
u
esti
o
n
n
air
e
to
a
s
am
p
le
o
f
1
0
0
em
p
lo
y
ee
s
.
T
h
e
s
tu
d
y
f
o
u
n
d
t
h
at
o
p
tim
ally
u
s
in
g
r
eso
u
r
ce
s
lead
s
to
s
u
cc
es
s
an
d
in
cr
e
ase
s
th
e
ef
f
icien
cy
o
f
th
e
in
s
titu
tio
n
.
Als
o
,
a
s
tu
d
y
by
Dess
ler
[
2
1
]
aim
ed
to
id
en
tify
th
e
r
ea
lity
o
f
th
e
d
eg
r
ee
o
f
ca
r
ee
r
p
o
lar
izati
o
n
am
o
n
g
ac
ad
em
ic
lead
er
s
in
J
o
r
d
an
i
an
u
n
iv
er
s
ities
.
T
h
e
s
am
p
le
o
f
th
e
s
tu
d
y
co
m
p
r
is
ed
8
0
ac
ad
em
ic
lead
er
s
,
d
is
tr
ib
u
ted
to
p
u
b
lic
an
d
p
r
i
v
ate
J
o
r
d
an
ian
u
n
iv
e
r
s
ities
.
An
d
to
ac
h
iev
e
th
e
o
b
jectiv
e
s
o
f
th
e
s
tu
d
y
,
th
e
r
esear
ch
er
s
d
ev
elo
p
e
d
th
e
q
u
esti
o
n
n
air
e
as
an
in
s
tr
u
m
en
t
f
o
r
co
llectin
g
d
ata,
wh
ich
co
m
p
r
is
ed
2
0
item
s
,
d
is
tr
ib
u
ted
in
two
d
o
m
ain
s
,
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
y
ea
r
s
o
f
ex
p
e
r
ien
ce
a
n
d
ac
ad
e
m
ic
r
an
k
.
R
esear
ch
by
R
o
b
er
t
[
2
2
]
ca
m
e
to
id
en
tify
th
e
im
p
ac
t
o
f
th
e
b
en
ef
its
o
f
elec
tr
o
n
ic
p
o
lar
izatio
n
r
ep
r
esen
ted
(
co
s
t,
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
n
ess
,
an
d
ju
s
tice)
o
n
th
e
ca
r
ee
r
tu
r
n
o
v
e
r
r
ate
with
its
d
im
en
s
io
n
s
(
ca
r
ee
r
s
atis
f
ac
tio
n
,
o
r
g
an
izatio
n
al
lo
y
alty
)
.
T
h
e
r
ese
ar
ch
e
r
s
elec
ted
a
r
an
d
o
m
s
am
p
le
o
f
1
5
4
em
p
lo
y
ee
s
o
f
Um
n
iah
'
s
C
o
m
p
an
y
f
o
r
C
o
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
s
.
T
h
e
s
tu
d
y
f
o
u
n
d
th
at
t
h
er
e
was
a
s
tatis
tically
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
ef
f
ec
t
o
f
elec
tr
o
n
ic
p
o
lar
izatio
n
,
wh
ic
h
was r
ep
r
es
en
ted
in
(
c
o
s
t,
ef
f
ec
tiv
en
ess
,
a
n
d
ju
s
tice)
o
n
th
e
ca
r
ee
r
tu
r
n
o
v
er
r
ate.
B
esid
es,
a
s
tu
d
y
by
A
b
u
R
u
b
[
2
3
]
aim
e
d
to
r
ev
ea
l
th
e
im
p
a
ct
o
f
ca
r
ee
r
an
d
p
o
lar
izatio
n
p
o
licies
o
n
th
e
co
m
p
a
n
y
'
s
cr
ea
tiv
ity
in
N
o
r
way
.
T
h
e
r
esear
ch
e
r
s
r
an
d
o
m
ly
s
elec
ted
th
e
s
am
p
le
o
f
th
e
s
tu
d
y
to
c
o
m
p
r
is
e
1
4
u
n
i
v
er
s
ities
,
h
ig
h
er
ed
u
c
atio
n
,
in
s
titu
t
io
n
s
,
an
d
c
o
m
p
an
ies,
f
r
o
m
d
if
f
er
e
n
t
g
eo
g
r
ap
h
ical
r
eg
io
n
s
in
No
r
way
.
T
o
ac
h
iev
e
th
e
g
o
al
o
f
th
e
s
tu
d
y
,
th
e
r
esear
ch
er
s
u
s
ed
a
q
u
esti
o
n
n
air
e
an
d
an
in
t
er
v
iew
in
th
e
d
ata
co
llectio
n
p
r
o
ce
s
s
.
T
h
e
r
esu
lts
o
f
th
e
s
tu
d
y
r
e
v
ea
led
t
h
at
ca
r
ee
r
an
d
p
o
lar
izatio
n
p
o
lic
ies
u
s
ed
b
y
co
m
p
a
n
ies
b
ased
o
n
c
o
o
p
er
atio
n
b
etwe
en
th
e
co
m
p
a
n
y
an
d
u
n
iv
er
s
ities
an
d
h
ig
h
er
e
d
u
ca
tio
n
i
n
s
titu
tio
n
s
ar
e
wo
r
k
in
g
to
in
cr
ea
s
e
th
e
lev
el
o
f
in
n
o
v
ati
o
n
an
d
cr
ea
tiv
ity
in
No
r
weg
i
an
co
m
p
an
ies.
T
h
e
r
esu
lts
als
o
in
d
icate
d
th
at
th
e
p
o
lar
izatio
n
p
o
licy
b
ased
o
n
attr
ac
tin
g
an
d
r
ec
r
u
itin
g
q
u
alif
ied
in
d
i
v
id
u
als
co
n
s
tit
u
tes
a
co
m
p
etitiv
e
ad
v
an
tag
e
f
o
r
t
h
e
co
m
p
an
y
.
A
s
tu
d
y
of
Daw
o
o
d
[
2
4
]
aim
ed
to
id
en
tify
t
h
e
r
o
le
o
f
th
e
J
o
r
d
an
ian
Un
iv
e
r
s
ities
Ad
m
in
is
tr
atio
n
in
attr
ac
tin
g
f
ac
u
lty
m
em
b
e
r
s
a
s
v
iewe
d
b
y
ac
ad
em
i
c
lead
er
s
.
T
h
e
co
m
m
u
n
ity
o
f
th
e
s
tu
d
y
co
m
p
r
is
ed
3
1
1
ac
ad
em
ic
lead
er
s
in
J
o
r
d
an
ia
n
Un
iv
er
s
ities
o
f
(
Yar
m
o
u
k
,
Scien
ce
an
d
T
ec
h
n
o
lo
g
y
,
J
ad
ar
a
Natio
n
al,
an
d
I
r
b
id
Natio
n
al)
f
o
r
th
e
ac
ad
em
ic
y
ea
r
2
0
1
2
/2
0
1
3
.
T
h
e
s
tu
d
y
s
am
p
le
co
m
p
r
is
ed
2
8
1
ac
ad
em
i
c
lead
er
s
.
T
h
e
s
tu
d
y
in
s
tr
u
m
en
t
co
m
p
r
is
ed
4
1
ite
m
s
.
T
h
e
r
esu
lts
o
f
th
e
s
tu
d
y
s
h
o
wed
th
at
th
e
d
eg
r
ee
o
f
r
a
tin
g
th
e
r
o
le
o
f
th
e
J
o
r
d
an
ian
Un
iv
e
r
s
ities
Ad
m
in
is
tr
atio
n
in
attr
ac
tin
g
f
ac
u
lty
m
em
b
er
s
f
r
o
m
th
e
lead
er
s
'
v
iewp
o
in
ts
was
h
ig
h
.
B
esid
es,
th
e
r
esu
lts
s
h
o
wed
th
e
ab
s
en
ce
o
f
s
tatis
tically
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
d
if
f
e
r
en
ce
s
d
u
e
to
th
e
e
f
f
ec
t
o
f
ca
r
ee
r
titl
e
an
d
ac
ad
em
ic
r
an
k
v
ar
iab
les i
n
all
d
o
m
ain
s
.
T
h
e
s
ig
n
if
ican
ce
o
f
th
is
s
tu
d
y
(
th
eo
r
etica
l a
n
d
ap
p
lied
)
is
r
ep
r
esen
ted
b
y
t
h
e
f
o
llo
win
g
:
i)
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
d
ea
ls
with
th
e
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
lead
er
s
'
p
o
in
ts
o
f
v
i
ew
as
b
ein
g
m
o
s
tly
r
elate
d
t
o
th
e
d
ec
is
io
n
-
m
ak
in
g
p
r
o
ce
s
s
.
T
h
u
s
,
t
h
is
wo
u
ld
attr
ac
t
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
a
n
d
ad
m
in
is
tr
ativ
e
co
m
p
eten
cies
an
d
lim
it
th
ei
r
m
ig
r
atio
n
.
ii)
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
ca
n
r
ev
ea
l
th
e
d
eg
r
ee
o
f
attr
ac
tin
g
ac
ad
e
m
ics
an
d
ad
m
in
is
tr
ato
r
s
,
a
n
d
th
e
r
o
le
o
f
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
lead
er
s
in
th
is
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
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iii)
I
t
is
h
o
p
ed
th
at
th
e
r
esu
lts
o
f
th
e
cu
r
r
en
t
s
tu
d
y
will
b
en
e
f
it
th
e
p
o
licy
m
ak
er
s
an
d
ad
m
in
is
tr
ato
r
s
in
th
e
J
o
r
d
an
ian
Min
is
tr
y
o
f
E
d
u
ca
tio
n
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ea
ch
f
o
llo
win
g
its
lo
ca
tio
n
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o
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at
th
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n
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ac
t
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o
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eth
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y
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ter
n
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e
x
ter
n
al
p
o
lar
iz
atio
n
o
r
b
o
th
.
iv
)
T
h
e
th
eo
r
etica
l
s
ig
n
if
ican
ce
a
p
p
ea
r
s
th
r
o
u
g
h
th
e
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
th
is
s
tu
d
y
ad
d
s
t
o
th
e
cu
r
r
e
n
tly
av
ailab
le
th
eo
r
etica
l
k
n
o
wled
g
e
a
b
o
u
t
ca
r
ee
r
p
o
lar
izatio
n
.
A
n
d
t
h
e
r
esu
lts
o
f
th
is
s
tu
d
y
m
a
y
co
n
tr
ib
u
te
to
em
p
lo
y
in
g
,
wh
at
was
wr
itten
f
r
o
m
th
e
th
e
o
r
etica
l
liter
atu
r
e
,
in
s
h
ed
d
in
g
lig
h
t
o
n
th
e
co
n
ce
p
t
o
f
ca
r
ee
r
p
o
lar
izatio
n
.
T
h
is
c
o
n
ce
p
t
is
an
im
p
o
r
tan
t
s
tag
e
o
f
h
u
m
a
n
r
eso
u
r
ce
s
m
an
a
g
em
en
t,
esp
ec
ially
in
th
e
J
o
r
d
an
ian
M
in
is
tr
y
o
f
E
d
u
ca
tio
n
th
at
o
cc
u
p
ies an
im
p
o
r
tan
t
p
lace
in
th
e
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
d
o
m
ai
n
.
T
h
e
cu
r
r
en
t
s
tu
d
y
s
ee
k
s
to
ac
h
iev
e
th
e
o
b
jectiv
es
as
:
i)
R
ev
ea
lin
g
th
e
d
eg
r
ee
o
f
ca
r
ee
r
p
o
lar
izatio
n
am
o
n
g
e
d
u
ca
tio
n
al
lea
d
er
s
in
th
e
J
o
r
d
an
ian
Mi
n
is
tr
y
o
f
E
d
u
ca
tio
n
f
r
o
m
th
ei
r
p
e
r
s
p
ec
tiv
es
;
ii)
I
d
en
tify
in
g
th
e
d
if
f
er
en
ce
in
th
e
v
iews
o
f
th
e
s
tu
d
y
s
am
p
le
i
n
d
iv
id
u
als
f
r
o
m
th
e
e
d
u
ca
tio
n
al
lead
er
s
in
th
e
J
o
r
d
an
ian
Min
is
tr
y
o
f
E
d
u
ca
tio
n
in
attr
ac
tin
g
ac
ad
em
ics an
d
ad
m
in
is
tr
ato
r
s
f
o
llo
win
g
th
e
v
ar
ia
b
les o
f
th
e
s
tu
d
y
.
2.
RE
S
E
ARCH
M
E
T
H
OD
2
.
1
.
Study
co
m
m
un
it
y
T
h
e
s
tu
d
y
co
m
m
u
n
ity
co
m
p
r
is
ed
all
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
lead
er
s
(
d
ir
ec
to
r
o
f
e
d
u
ca
tio
n
,
tech
n
ica
l
d
ir
ec
to
r
,
ad
m
in
is
tr
ativ
e
d
ir
ec
to
r
,
h
ea
d
o
f
a
d
ep
a
r
tm
en
t,
a
n
d
h
ea
d
o
f
a
s
ch
o
o
l)
.
T
h
ese
lead
er
s
wo
r
k
at
th
e
d
ir
ec
to
r
ates
o
f
Ajlo
u
n
an
d
J
er
ash
af
f
iliate
d
to
th
e
J
o
r
d
an
ian
Min
is
tr
y
o
f
E
d
u
ca
tio
n
.
T
h
ey
wer
e
4
3
7
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
lea
d
er
s
,
f
o
llo
win
g
th
e
s
tatis
tics
o
f
th
e
Ajlo
u
n
an
d
J
er
ash
E
d
u
ca
tio
n
Dir
ec
to
r
ates
f
o
r
t
h
e
f
ir
s
t
s
em
e
s
ter
o
f
th
e
ac
ad
em
ic
y
ea
r
2
0
1
9
/2
0
2
0
.
2
.
2
.
Study
s
a
m
ple
T
h
e
s
am
p
le
co
m
p
r
is
ed
2
5
0
e
d
u
ca
tio
n
al
lead
er
s
.
T
h
e
r
esear
c
h
er
s
s
elec
ted
th
em
b
y
th
e
s
im
p
le
r
an
d
o
m
m
eth
o
d
.
T
h
e
lead
er
s
c
o
n
s
titu
ted
5
7
%
o
f
th
e
s
tu
d
y
c
o
m
m
u
n
i
ty
.
T
ab
le
1
s
h
o
ws
th
eir
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
f
o
llo
win
g
th
e
tax
o
n
o
m
ic
v
ar
iab
les.
T
ab
le
1
.
D
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
o
f
th
e
s
am
p
le
r
esp
o
n
d
en
ts
f
o
llo
win
g
th
e
v
ar
iab
les
V
a
r
i
a
b
l
e
Le
v
e
l
F
r
e
q
u
e
n
c
y
P
e
r
c
e
n
t
a
g
e
G
e
n
d
e
r
M
a
l
e
1
5
0
6
0
%
F
e
mal
e
1
0
0
4
0
%
To
t
a
l
2
5
0
1
0
0
%
P
r
a
c
t
i
c
a
l
e
x
p
e
r
i
e
n
c
e
Le
ss
t
h
a
n
1
0
y
e
a
r
s
87
3
4
.
8
%
M
o
r
e
t
h
a
n
1
0
y
e
a
r
s
1
6
3
6
5
.
2
%
To
t
a
l
2
5
0
1
0
0
%
2
.
3
.
Study
ins
t
rum
ent
T
h
e
r
esear
ch
e
r
s
b
u
ilt
an
d
d
e
v
elo
p
ed
th
e
s
tu
d
y
in
s
tr
u
m
en
t
(
q
u
esti
o
n
n
air
e)
b
y
r
ef
er
r
in
g
to
th
eo
r
etica
l
liter
atu
r
e
an
d
p
r
ev
i
o
u
s
r
elate
d
s
tu
d
ies [
2
3
]
,
[
2
5
]
-
[
3
2
]
.
T
h
e
s
t
u
d
y
in
s
tr
u
m
en
t p
r
im
ar
ily
co
m
p
r
is
ed
2
4
item
s
th
at
m
ea
s
u
r
e
th
e
lev
el
o
f
ca
r
ee
r
p
o
lar
izatio
n
am
o
n
g
ed
u
ca
tio
n
a
l
lead
er
s
in
th
e
J
o
r
d
a
n
ian
Mi
n
is
tr
y
o
f
E
d
u
ca
tio
n
.
T
h
e
r
esear
ch
er
s
eq
u
ally
d
is
tr
i
b
u
ted
th
e
item
s
to
b
o
th
d
o
m
ai
n
s
o
f
th
e
s
tu
d
y
as 1
2
item
s
f
o
r
ea
ch
.
2
.
4
.
Va
lid
it
y
a
nd
re
lia
bil
it
y
o
f
t
he
s
t
ud
y
ins
t
rum
ent
T
h
e
r
esear
ch
e
r
s
v
er
if
ied
th
e
v
alid
ity
o
f
t
h
e
s
tu
d
y
in
s
tr
u
m
e
n
t
af
ter
p
r
e
s
en
tin
g
it
to
s
ev
er
al
s
p
ec
ialis
t
s
in
th
e
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
d
o
m
ai
n
s
in
th
e
s
p
ec
ializatio
n
s
o
f
ad
m
in
i
s
tr
atio
n
an
d
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
lead
e
r
s
h
ip
,
cu
r
r
ic
u
la
an
d
teac
h
in
g
,
m
ea
s
u
r
em
e
n
t,
an
d
e
v
alu
atio
n
.
T
h
e
y
ask
ed
1
2
r
ef
er
ee
s
ab
o
u
t th
e
latter
ar
e
o
b
s
er
v
atio
n
s
r
eg
ar
d
in
g
th
e
it
em
s
.
T
h
eir
a
p
p
r
o
v
al
p
er
ce
n
t
ag
e
is
less
th
an
7
5
%.
A
d
o
p
tin
g
th
e
r
ef
er
ee
s
'
co
m
m
e
n
ts
o
n
t
h
e
s
tu
d
y
item
s
,
th
e
f
in
al
f
o
r
m
o
f
th
e
s
tu
d
y
in
s
tr
u
m
en
t in
clu
d
ed
2
0
item
s
d
is
tr
ib
u
ted
eq
u
ally
to
t
h
e
two
d
o
m
ain
s
o
f
s
tu
d
y
.
T
h
e
f
ir
s
t
d
o
m
ain
is
in
d
iv
id
u
als'
n
ee
d
s
an
d
ca
p
ab
i
liti
es
.
I
t
co
m
p
r
is
ed
1
0
item
s
.
T
h
e
s
ec
o
n
d
d
o
m
ain
is
in
s
titu
tio
n
al
ca
r
ee
r
n
ee
d
s
,
co
m
p
r
is
in
g
1
0
i
tem
s
.
T
h
e
q
u
esti
o
n
n
air
e
item
s
wer
e
an
s
wer
ed
f
o
llo
win
g
th
e
L
ik
er
t
-
Fifth
Scale
(
Stro
n
g
ly
Ag
r
ee
,
Ag
r
ee
,
Neu
tr
al,
Dis
ag
r
ee
,
an
d
Stro
n
g
ly
Dis
ag
r
ee
)
.
T
h
e
r
esear
ch
er
s
v
er
if
ied
t
h
e
r
eliab
ilit
y
o
f
th
e
s
tu
d
y
in
s
tr
u
m
en
t
in
two
way
s
.
Firstl
y
,
th
e
y
u
s
ed
th
e
in
ter
n
al
co
n
s
is
ten
cy
m
eth
o
d
an
d
th
e
v
alu
es
o
f
t
h
e
r
eliab
il
ity
co
ef
f
icien
ts
(
C
r
o
n
b
ac
h
Al
p
h
a)
f
o
r
th
e
s
tu
d
y
d
o
m
ain
s
.
I
t
r
an
g
ed
f
r
o
m
0
.
8
0
to
0
.
8
2
.
Seco
n
d
ly
,
th
e
r
esear
ch
er
s
u
s
ed
test
in
g
an
d
r
etestin
g
m
eth
o
d
s
o
n
a
s
am
p
le
o
f
3
0
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
lead
er
s
f
r
o
m
ed
u
ca
tio
n
d
ir
ec
to
r
ate
s
o
f
Ajlo
u
n
an
d
J
er
ash
.
T
h
e
ti
m
e
d
if
f
e
r
en
ce
was
two
wee
k
s
.
T
h
e
r
eliab
ilit
y
v
al
u
e
o
f
th
e
s
tu
d
y
in
s
tr
u
m
en
t w
as 0
.
9
2
f
o
r
th
e
c
u
r
r
en
t stu
d
y
.
T
o
ex
p
lain
th
e
s
am
p
le
r
esp
o
n
d
en
ts
'
esti
m
ates o
f
ea
ch
o
f
th
e
in
s
tr
u
m
en
t'
s
item
s
,
th
e
f
o
llo
win
g
s
tatis
tical
s
tan
d
ar
d
was u
s
ed
[
3
3
]
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
8
2
2
Th
e
d
eg
r
ee
o
f c
a
r
ee
r
p
o
la
r
iz
a
t
io
n
a
mo
n
g
ed
u
ca
tio
n
a
l le
a
d
er
s
in
th
e
…
(
Mo
h
a
mma
d
Ha
s
a
n
Ha
ma
d
a
t
)
1285
2
.
5
.
I
ns
t
rum
ent
co
rr
ec
t
io
n pro
ce
du
re
s
T
h
e
r
esear
ch
e
r
s
ad
o
p
ted
th
e
Fifth
-
L
ik
er
t
Scale
to
co
r
r
ec
t
th
e
s
tu
d
y
in
s
tr
u
m
en
ts
b
y
g
iv
i
n
g
e
ac
h
o
f
its
item
s
a
s
p
ec
if
ic
d
eg
r
ee
o
u
t
o
f
its
f
iv
e
o
n
es.
Stro
n
g
ly
ag
r
ee
g
ets
5
d
eg
r
ee
s
;
Ag
r
ee
g
ets
4
;
Ag
r
ee
with
an
av
er
ag
e
d
eg
r
ee
g
ets
3
;
A
g
r
ee
a
litt
le
g
ets
2
;
a
n
d
ag
r
ee
litt
le
g
ets
1
.
T
h
e
s
ca
le
was
ca
lc
u
lated
th
r
o
u
g
h
t
h
e
f
o
llo
win
g
e
q
u
atio
n
:
T
h
e
u
p
p
er
lim
it
o
f
th
e
s
ca
le
5
-
t
h
e
lo
wer
lim
it
o
f
th
e
s
ca
le
1
/th
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
r
eq
u
ir
e
d
ca
teg
o
r
ies 3
=5
-
1
/3
=1
.
3
3
.
T
h
e
n
,
th
e
an
s
wer
1
.
3
3
is
ad
d
ed
to
th
e
en
d
o
f
ea
ch
ca
te
g
o
r
y
as sh
o
wn
in
T
ab
le
2.
T
h
e
r
esear
ch
e
r
s
p
r
ep
a
r
ed
t
h
e
s
tu
d
y
in
s
tr
u
m
e
n
t
in
its
f
in
al
f
o
r
m
,
v
er
if
y
i
n
g
its
v
alid
ity
an
d
r
elia
b
ilit
y
.
T
h
ey
d
is
tr
ib
u
ted
th
e
s
tu
d
y
in
s
tr
u
m
en
t
elec
tr
o
n
ically
v
ia
(
e
-
m
ail
an
d
W
h
atsAp
p
)
to
th
e
s
tu
d
y
s
am
p
le
o
f
2
5
0
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
lead
er
s
,
d
u
r
in
g
t
h
e
f
ir
s
t
s
em
ester
o
f
th
e
ac
a
d
em
ic
y
ea
r
2
0
2
0
/2
0
2
1
.
T
h
er
e
wer
e
2
4
0
v
ali
d
q
u
esti
o
n
n
air
es f
o
r
s
tatis
tical
a
n
aly
s
is
we
r
e
r
ec
o
v
er
ed
an
d
we
r
e
en
ter
ed
i
n
to
th
e
SP
SS
p
r
o
g
r
am
.
T
ab
le
2
.
Scale
o
f
d
eter
m
in
i
n
g
th
e
s
u
itab
ilit
y
f
o
r
th
e
m
ea
n
A
r
i
t
h
m
e
t
i
c
mea
n
R
a
t
i
n
g
d
e
g
r
e
e
(
1
t
o
l
e
ss
t
h
a
n
2
.
3
3
)
Lo
w
(
2
.
3
3
t
o
l
e
ss
t
h
a
n
3
.
6
7
)
A
v
e
r
a
g
e
(
3
.
6
7
t
o
5
)
H
i
g
h
2
.
6
.
Study
v
a
ria
bles
T
h
e
s
tu
d
y
in
clu
d
e
d
two
in
d
ep
en
d
en
t
v
ar
iab
les:
i
)
Gen
d
er
:
I
t
h
as
two
lev
els
(
m
ale
an
d
f
e
m
ale
(
;
an
d
ii
)
W
o
r
k
ex
p
er
ien
ce
:
I
t
h
as
tw
o
lev
els
(
less
th
an
1
0
y
ea
r
s
an
d
1
0
y
ea
r
s
o
r
m
o
r
e)
.
T
h
e
d
ep
en
d
en
t
v
ar
iab
les
,
it
is
th
e
d
eg
r
ee
t
h
at
ex
p
r
ess
es
th
e
lev
el
o
f
ca
r
ee
r
p
o
lar
izati
o
n
am
o
n
g
e
d
u
ca
tio
n
al
lead
er
s
in
th
e
J
o
r
d
a
n
ian
Min
is
tr
y
o
f
E
d
u
ca
tio
n
f
o
llo
win
g
th
e
d
o
m
ain
s
m
en
tio
n
ed
in
th
e
s
tu
d
y
.
3.
RE
SU
L
T
S AN
D
D
I
SCU
SS
I
O
N
3
.
1
.
Wha
t
is
t
he
deg
re
e
o
f
ca
re
er
po
la
riza
t
io
n
a
m
o
ng
educa
t
io
na
l
lea
ders
i
n
t
he
J
o
rda
nia
n
M
i
nis
t
ry
o
f
E
du
ca
t
io
n f
ro
m
t
he
lea
ders' po
ints o
f
v
iew?
T
o
an
s
wer
th
is
q
u
esti
o
n
,
t
h
e
r
esear
ch
er
s
ex
tr
ac
ted
a
r
ith
m
et
ic
m
ea
n
s
an
d
s
tan
d
a
r
d
d
e
v
iatio
n
s
f
r
o
m
th
e
r
esp
o
n
d
e
n
ts
'
r
esp
o
n
s
es
to
th
e
d
o
m
ain
s
o
f
th
e
s
tu
d
y
in
s
tr
u
m
en
t
an
d
th
e
in
s
tr
u
m
e
n
t
a
s
a
wh
o
le.
T
ab
le
3
s
h
o
ws th
at
th
e
d
o
m
ain
o
f
in
d
i
v
id
u
als
n
ee
d
s
an
d
ca
p
ab
ilit
ies ca
m
e
in
th
e
f
ir
s
t p
lace
with
an
ar
ith
m
etic
m
ea
n
o
f
3
.
6
6
.
I
t
g
o
t a
n
d
a
s
tan
d
ar
d
d
ev
iatio
n
o
f
0
.
5
8
with
an
av
er
a
g
e
r
atin
g
d
eg
r
ee
.
I
n
s
ec
o
n
d
p
lace
was th
e
d
o
m
ain
o
f
in
s
titu
tio
n
al
ca
r
ee
r
n
ee
d
s
with
ar
ith
m
etic
m
ea
n
(
3
.
6
4
)
.
I
t
g
o
t
a
s
tan
d
ar
d
d
ev
iatio
n
o
f
0
.
5
9
with
an
a
v
er
ag
e
r
atin
g
d
eg
r
ee
.
T
h
e
i
n
s
tr
u
m
en
t a
s
a
wh
o
le
o
b
tain
ed
a
n
ar
ith
m
etic
m
ea
n
(
3
.
6
5
)
,
a
s
tan
d
ar
d
d
ev
iatio
n
(
0
.
5
8
)
,
an
d
an
av
er
a
g
e
r
atin
g
d
eg
r
ee
.
T
h
i
s
in
d
icate
s
th
at
th
e
d
eg
r
ee
o
f
ca
r
ee
r
p
o
lar
izatio
n
am
o
n
g
e
d
u
ca
tio
n
al
lea
d
er
s
,
f
r
o
m
th
eir
v
iewp
o
in
ts
,
in
th
e
J
o
r
d
an
ian
Min
is
tr
y
o
f
E
d
u
ca
tio
n
ca
m
e
with
an
a
v
er
ag
e
d
eg
r
e
e.
T
h
e
r
esear
ch
er
s
attr
ib
u
te
th
is
r
esu
lt
to
th
e
f
ac
t
th
at
ca
r
ee
r
p
o
lar
izatio
n
,
f
r
o
m
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
lead
er
s
'
v
iewp
o
in
ts
,
is
s
till
les
s
th
an
asp
ir
atio
n
s
an
d
ex
p
ec
tatio
n
s
.
I
t
m
ay
b
e
b
ec
au
s
e
o
f
t
h
e
f
in
an
cial
d
is
tr
ess
ex
p
er
ien
ce
d
b
y
th
e
J
o
r
d
an
ian
s
tate
in
s
ti
tu
tio
n
s
a
lik
e,
h
in
d
er
in
g
th
eir
ab
ilit
y
to
attr
ac
t
s
cien
tific
ex
p
er
ien
ce
d
co
m
p
eten
cies.
An
d
it
m
ay
b
e
f
o
r
th
e
s
tan
d
ar
d
s
ad
o
p
te
d
b
y
th
e
Min
is
tr
y
o
f
E
d
u
ca
tio
n
in
th
e
p
r
o
ce
s
s
o
f
p
o
lar
izatio
n
.
T
h
e
s
tan
d
ar
d
s
,
f
o
r
e
x
am
p
le,
ar
e
th
e
g
r
ad
u
atio
n
co
u
n
tr
y
,
f
a
v
o
r
itis
m
,
t
h
e
d
eg
r
e
e
o
f
m
aster
y
o
f
th
e
E
n
g
lis
h
lan
g
u
ag
e,
a
n
d
o
th
er
s
.
T
h
is
r
esu
lt
d
if
f
er
s
f
r
o
m
th
e
f
in
d
in
g
s
of
Ad
eo
s
u
n
an
d
Oh
i
an
i
[
2
5
]
.
His
s
tu
d
y
in
d
icate
d
th
at
th
e
r
atin
g
d
eg
r
ee
f
o
r
th
e
r
o
le
o
f
J
o
r
d
a
n
ian
Un
iv
er
s
ities
Ma
n
ag
em
en
t,
i
n
attr
ac
tin
g
f
ac
u
lty
m
em
b
er
s
,
f
r
o
m
th
e
lead
er
s
'
v
iewp
o
in
ts
was
h
ig
h
.
T
h
e
r
ese
ar
ch
er
s
also
e
x
tr
ac
ted
th
e
a
r
ith
m
etic
m
ea
n
s
an
d
s
tan
d
ar
d
d
e
v
iatio
n
s
o
f
th
e
s
am
p
le
r
esp
o
n
d
en
ts
'
r
esp
o
n
s
es to
th
e
item
s
o
f
ea
ch
i
n
s
tr
u
m
en
t d
o
m
ain
s
o
lely
.
T
ab
le
3
.
Ar
ith
m
etic
m
ea
n
s
an
d
s
tan
d
ar
d
d
ev
iatio
n
s
o
f
r
esp
o
n
d
en
ts
'
r
esp
o
n
s
es to
th
e
d
o
m
ai
n
s
o
f
th
e
s
tu
d
y
in
s
tr
u
m
en
t a
n
d
th
e
in
s
tr
u
m
e
n
t
as a
wh
o
le
in
d
escen
d
i
n
g
o
r
d
e
r
f
o
llo
win
g
t
h
eir
ar
ith
m
etic
m
ea
n
R
a
n
k
D
o
ma
i
n
A
r
i
t
h
m
e
t
i
c
mea
n
s
S
t
a
n
d
a
r
d
d
e
v
i
a
t
i
o
n
s
R
a
t
i
n
g
d
e
g
r
e
e
1
I
n
d
i
v
i
d
u
a
l
s'
n
e
e
d
s a
n
d
c
a
p
a
b
i
l
i
t
i
e
s
3
.
6
6
0
.
5
8
A
v
e
r
a
g
e
2
I
n
st
i
t
u
t
i
o
n
a
l
c
a
r
e
e
r
n
e
e
d
s
3
.
6
4
0
.
5
9
A
v
e
r
a
g
e
Th
e
i
n
st
r
u
me
n
t
a
s
a
w
h
o
l
e
3
.
6
5
0
.
5
8
A
v
e
r
a
g
e
3
.
1
.
1
.
I
nd
iv
idu
a
ls
’
nee
ds
a
nd
ca
pa
bil
it
ies
T
ab
le
4
clar
if
ies
th
at
all
th
e
i
tem
s
o
f
th
e
d
o
m
ain
an
d
th
e
d
o
m
ain
as
a
wh
o
le
o
b
tain
ed
an
av
er
ag
e
r
atin
g
d
eg
r
ee
.
I
tem
1
p
o
lar
iza
tio
n
m
ee
ts
th
e
r
eq
u
ir
e
m
en
ts
f
o
r
p
r
o
f
ess
io
n
al
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t
am
o
n
g
in
d
iv
id
u
als"
ca
m
e
in
th
e
f
ir
s
t
p
lace
with
an
ar
ith
m
etic
m
ea
n
(
3
.
6
6
)
an
d
a
s
tan
d
ar
d
d
e
v
iatio
n
(
0
.
5
7
)
.
I
tem
2
n
o
m
in
ate
d
in
d
iv
id
u
als ar
e
s
elec
ted
f
r
o
m
e
x
ter
n
al
s
o
u
r
ce
s
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
-
8
8
2
2
I
n
t
J
E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
,
Vo
l
.
10
,
No
.
4
,
Dec
em
b
er
2
0
2
1
:
1
2
8
2
-
1
2
8
9
1286
L
ab
o
r
o
f
f
ices,
th
e
m
ed
ia,
u
n
iv
er
s
ities
,
an
d
co
lleg
es c
am
e
s
ec
o
n
d
ly
with
ar
ith
m
etic
m
ea
n
(
3
.
6
5
)
an
d
a
s
tan
d
ar
d
d
ev
iatio
n
(
0
.
6
5
)
.
T
h
e
n
ex
t
-
to
-
last
p
lace
was
f
o
r
item
9
p
o
lar
izatio
n
attr
a
cts
m
o
tiv
ated
an
d
en
th
u
s
iast
ic
ca
n
d
id
ates
with
an
ar
ith
m
etic
m
ea
n
(
3
.
3
7
)
a
n
d
a
s
tan
d
ar
d
d
ev
iatio
n
(
0
.
6
2
)
.
I
tem
1
0
h
ig
h
ly
q
u
alif
ied
in
d
i
v
id
u
als
ar
e
p
o
lar
ized
ca
m
e
last
ly
with
an
a
r
ith
m
etic
m
ea
n
(
3
.
2
9
)
an
d
a
s
tan
d
ar
d
d
ev
iatio
n
(
0
.
6
0
)
.
T
h
e
d
o
m
ai
n
as a
wh
o
le
g
o
t a
n
a
r
ith
m
etic
m
ea
n
(
3
.
5
2
)
an
d
a
s
tan
d
a
r
d
d
e
v
iatio
n
(
0
.
5
7
)
.
T
h
e
r
esear
ch
er
s
attr
ib
u
te
th
e
o
cc
u
r
r
en
ce
o
f
item
1
in
th
e
f
ir
s
t
p
lace
with
an
av
er
ag
e
r
atin
g
d
eg
r
ee
to
its
co
m
p
atib
ilit
y
with
th
e
cr
iter
ia
f
o
r
ca
r
ee
r
p
o
lar
izatio
n
an
d
its
p
u
r
p
o
s
e.
I
t
is
b
ec
a
u
s
e
in
d
iv
id
u
als
ar
e
n
o
r
m
ally
p
o
lar
ize
d
f
o
llo
win
g
th
eir
q
u
alif
icatio
n
s
an
d
co
m
p
atib
ilit
y
with
v
ac
an
cies.
T
h
is
r
esu
lt
is
co
n
s
is
ten
t
with
th
e
f
in
d
in
g
s
o
f
Her
s
tad
,
San
d
v
e
n
,
a
n
d
E
b
er
s
b
er
g
er
[
1
7
]
.
I
t
i
n
d
icate
d
t
h
at
th
e
ca
r
ee
r
,
b
ased
o
n
th
e
p
o
lar
izatio
n
a
n
d
n
o
m
in
atio
n
o
f
q
u
alif
ie
d
in
d
i
v
id
u
als,
co
n
s
titu
tes
a
co
m
p
etitiv
e
ad
v
a
n
tag
e
f
o
r
th
e
co
m
p
an
y
.
T
h
e
last
r
an
k
was
f
o
r
i
tem
1
0
to
g
et
an
av
er
a
g
e
r
atin
g
d
eg
r
ee
.
T
h
e
two
r
esear
ch
er
s
attr
ib
u
te
it
to
th
e
p
r
ev
alen
ce
o
f
ac
a
d
em
ic
lead
e
r
s
in
lig
h
t
o
f
d
i
f
f
er
en
t
f
ac
to
r
s
.
T
h
ese
f
ac
to
r
s
ca
n
b
e
f
av
o
r
it
is
m
,
f
ac
tio
n
alis
m
,
class
es,
an
d
r
eg
io
n
alis
m
in
th
e
p
r
o
ce
s
s
o
f
s
elec
tin
g
o
r
at
tr
ac
tin
g
in
d
iv
id
u
als
to
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
in
s
titu
tio
n
s
.
B
esid
es,
th
e
ab
s
en
ce
o
f
a
clea
r
ly
d
e
f
in
ed
s
ca
le
in
th
e
p
o
lar
i
za
tio
n
p
r
o
ce
s
s
m
ay
ex
p
lain
item
1
0
’
s
f
in
al
r
an
k
.
T
h
e
Min
is
tr
y
o
f
E
d
u
ca
tio
n
p
o
s
s
es
s
es
g
o
o
d
an
d
s
tr
o
n
g
h
u
m
a
n
en
er
g
ies
th
at
ca
u
s
e
th
e
e
x
cl
u
s
io
n
o
f
th
e
p
r
o
ce
s
s
o
f
attr
ac
tin
g
e
d
u
ca
tio
n
al
c
o
m
p
eten
cies f
r
o
m
o
u
ts
id
e
th
e
in
s
titu
tio
n
.
T
ab
le
4
.
Ar
ith
m
etic
m
ea
n
s
an
d
s
tan
d
ar
d
d
ev
iatio
n
s
o
f
r
esp
o
n
d
en
ts
'
r
esp
o
n
s
es to
th
e
item
s
o
f
th
e
in
d
iv
id
u
als'
n
ee
d
s
an
d
ca
p
ab
ilit
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T
ab
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5
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at
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s
in
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ain
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ai
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r
ee
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I
tem
1
"p
o
lar
izatio
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a
f
f
ec
ts
th
e
in
s
titu
tio
n
n
o
w
an
d
in
th
e
f
u
tu
r
e"
ca
m
e
f
ir
s
t
with
an
ar
ith
m
etic
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ea
n
(
3
.
6
4
)
an
d
a
s
tan
d
ar
d
d
ev
iat
io
n
(
0
.
5
7
)
.
T
h
e
s
ec
o
n
d
p
lac
e
was
f
o
r
item
2
"
p
o
lar
izati
o
n
attr
ac
ts
h
ig
h
er
p
r
o
d
u
ctiv
ity
in
th
e
o
r
g
an
izatio
n
wo
r
k
"
with
ar
ith
m
etic
m
ea
n
(
3
.
6
1
)
an
d
a
s
tan
d
ar
d
d
ev
iatio
n
(
0
.
6
8
)
.
As f
o
r
th
e
n
ex
t
-
to
-
last
p
lace
,
item
9
"
t
h
e
p
o
lar
izatio
n
o
f
th
e
o
r
g
a
n
izatio
n
p
r
o
v
id
es
a
wid
er
s
co
p
e
f
o
r
c
h
o
o
s
in
g
in
d
iv
id
u
als"
g
o
t
an
ar
ith
m
etic
m
ea
n
(
3
.
3
9
)
an
d
a
s
tan
d
a
r
d
d
ev
iatio
n
(
0
.
6
1
)
.
T
h
e
last
p
la
ce
was
f
o
r
item
1
0
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h
e
ap
p
o
in
t
m
en
t
is
m
ad
e
in
t
h
e
o
r
g
a
n
izatio
n
f
o
llo
win
g
its
ac
tu
al
n
ee
d
s
"
last
,
with
an
ar
it
h
m
etic
m
ea
n
(
3
.
3
7
)
an
d
a
s
tan
d
ar
d
d
ev
iatio
n
(
0
.
6
2
)
.
T
h
e
d
o
m
ain
as
a
wh
o
le
g
o
t
a
n
ar
ith
m
etic
m
ea
n
(
3
.
4
9
)
a
n
d
a
s
tan
d
ar
d
d
ev
iatio
n
(
0
.
5
4
)
.
T
h
e
two
r
esear
ch
er
s
attr
ib
u
te
th
at
all
item
s
o
f
th
e
d
o
m
ain
an
d
th
e
d
o
m
ain
as
a
wh
o
le
r
ec
eiv
ed
an
av
er
ag
e
r
atin
g
f
o
r
th
e
lack
o
f
f
in
an
cial
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
p
r
o
v
id
ed
t
o
t
h
e
M
in
is
tr
y
o
f
E
d
u
ca
tio
n
.
I
t
is
co
n
s
id
er
ed
o
n
e
o
f
th
e
lar
g
est
in
s
titu
tio
n
s
in
th
e
J
o
r
d
an
ian
s
tate,
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ich
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n
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d
e
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lar
g
e
n
u
m
b
e
r
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o
f
ed
u
ca
t
o
r
s
,
wh
ich
p
r
o
m
p
ted
it
to
r
atio
n
alize
e
x
p
en
d
itu
r
es.
H
en
ce
,
th
e
Min
is
tr
y
o
f
E
d
u
ca
tio
n
r
eso
r
ted
to
v
er
y
lim
ited
in
te
r
n
al
p
o
la
r
izatio
n
as
it
is
le
s
s
ex
p
en
s
iv
e
th
an
th
e
ex
ter
n
al
o
n
e.
B
esid
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it
i
s
b
ec
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s
e
o
f
th
e
co
n
f
id
en
ce
o
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th
e
d
e
cisi
o
n
-
m
ak
er
s
(
th
e
d
ec
is
io
n
to
p
o
lar
ize)
am
o
n
g
th
e
m
em
b
er
s
o
f
th
is
in
s
titu
tio
n
,
th
eir
ca
p
a
b
ilit
ies,
an
d
ex
p
er
ien
ce
s
th
at
th
ey
ac
q
u
ir
ed
d
u
r
in
g
th
e
y
ea
r
s
o
f
wo
r
k
an
d
ca
r
ee
r
.
T
h
u
s
,
th
e
m
atter
was
lim
ited
to
in
ter
n
a
l
p
o
lar
izatio
n
.
T
h
e
d
esire
d
b
e
n
ef
it
f
r
o
m
th
e
m
ater
ialis
tic
an
d
m
o
r
al
p
o
la
r
izatio
n
r
em
ain
s
with
in
th
e
in
s
titu
tio
n
'
s
p
er
s
o
n
n
el
as
th
e
p
s
y
ch
o
lo
g
ical
asp
ec
t
h
as
a
n
i
m
p
ac
t
o
n
th
e
q
u
ality
o
f
th
e
p
e
r
s
o
n
n
el'
s
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
.
Als
o
,
i
n
ter
n
al
p
o
lar
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n
is
p
r
ev
alen
t
in
th
e
i
n
s
titu
tio
n
.
An
d
th
u
s
,
th
e
d
o
m
ain
o
f
ch
o
ic
e
is
lim
ited
to
th
o
s
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with
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d
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d
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r
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th
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p
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k
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an
d
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m
o
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t
q
u
alif
ied
o
n
es.
T
h
e
d
ec
is
io
n
-
m
ak
er
s
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
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&
R
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2252
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8
8
2
2
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o
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th
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o
n
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i
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t
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ap
p
lied
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wer
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th
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am
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y
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a
wh
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o
l
lo
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en
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er
v
ar
iab
le.
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ab
le
6
s
h
o
ws
th
at
th
er
e
ar
e
n
o
s
tatis
tical
ly
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ig
n
if
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t
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th
e
lev
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n
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ican
ce
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0
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n
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ed
u
ca
tio
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al
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s
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ag
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r
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s
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in
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o
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k
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e
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d
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Min
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E
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tio
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en
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le.
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(
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ican
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le
6
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t
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lly
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ig
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nt
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er
ence
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t
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le
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el
o
f
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ig
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nce
(
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0
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0
5
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m
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h
e
a
v
er
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g
e
re
s
po
ns
es
o
f
educa
t
io
na
l
lea
ders
in
t
he
J
o
rda
nia
n
M
ini
s
t
ry
o
f
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du
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t
io
n
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ro
m
t
heir
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in
t
o
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v
iew,
which a
re
a
t
t
ribute
d t
o
a
v
a
ria
ble (
nu
m
ber
o
f
y
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rs o
f
pra
ct
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l e
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perience
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o
an
s
wer
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esti
o
n
,
th
e
in
d
ep
en
d
en
t
s
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p
le
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-
t
est
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p
lied
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e
s
am
p
le
r
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n
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en
ts
'
r
esp
o
n
s
es
to
t
h
e
d
o
m
ain
s
o
f
t
h
e
s
tu
d
y
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tr
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m
en
t
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th
e
in
s
tr
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m
en
t
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le,
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co
r
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o
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u
m
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f
y
ea
r
s
o
f
p
r
a
ctica
l
ex
p
er
ien
ce
.
T
ab
le
7
s
h
o
ws
th
at
th
er
e
ar
e
n
o
s
tatis
tically
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
d
if
f
er
en
ce
s
at
th
e
lev
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o
f
s
ig
n
if
ican
ce
(
α
=0
.
0
5
)
am
o
n
g
t
h
e
ed
u
ca
tio
n
a
l
lead
er
s
'
av
er
ag
e
r
esp
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n
s
es
f
r
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m
th
eir
p
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in
ts
o
f
v
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T
h
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lead
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s
wo
r
k
in
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e
J
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r
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a
n
ian
Min
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tr
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f
E
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ca
tio
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.
T
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a
b
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en
c
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d
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ce
s
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attr
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th
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n
u
m
b
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f
ex
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ee
.
I
n
a
d
d
itio
n
,
th
er
e
wer
e
n
o
s
tatis
tically
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
d
if
f
er
en
ce
s
in
t
h
e
d
eg
r
ee
o
f
ca
r
ee
r
p
o
lar
izatio
n
p
r
ac
tice
am
o
n
g
ed
u
ca
ti
o
n
al
lead
er
s
f
r
o
m
th
eir
p
o
in
ts
o
f
v
iew.
T
h
ese
lead
er
s
wo
r
k
in
th
e
J
o
r
d
an
ian
Min
is
tr
y
o
f
E
d
u
ca
tio
n
.
T
h
ese
d
if
f
er
en
ce
s
ar
e
attr
ib
u
ted
to
,
wh
ich
g
en
d
er
an
d
th
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
e
x
p
er
ien
ce
y
ea
r
s
as
th
e
s
tu
d
y
v
ar
i
ab
les.
All
v
alu
es
wer
e
h
ig
h
er
t
h
an
th
e
lev
el
o
f
s
tatis
tical
s
ig
n
if
ican
ce
(
α
=0
.
0
5
)
.
T
ab
le
7
.
R
esu
lts
o
f
ap
p
ly
i
n
g
(
i
n
d
ep
en
d
en
t sam
p
les
T
-
T
est)
t
o
th
e
an
s
wer
s
o
f
th
e
s
am
p
le
m
em
b
er
s
ab
o
u
t th
e
d
o
m
ain
s
o
f
s
tu
d
y
in
s
tr
u
m
e
n
t a
n
d
in
s
tr
u
m
e
n
t a
cc
o
r
d
i
n
g
to
t
h
e
v
ar
iab
le
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
y
ea
r
s
o
f
p
r
ac
tical
ex
p
er
ien
ce
D
o
ma
i
n
N
u
mb
e
r
o
f
e
x
p
e
r
i
e
n
c
e
y
e
a
r
s
A
r
i
t
h
m
e
t
i
c
mea
n
s
S
t
a
n
d
a
r
d
d
e
v
i
a
t
i
o
n
s
T
v
a
l
u
e
S
t
a
t
i
st
i
c
a
l
s
i
g
n
i
f
i
c
a
n
c
e
A
d
mi
n
i
s
t
r
a
t
i
v
e
o
b
s
t
a
c
l
e
s
Le
ss
t
h
a
n
1
0
y
e
a
r
s
3
.
6
6
0
.
6
6
0
.
1
4
0
.
7
7
1
0
y
e
a
r
s
a
n
d
mo
r
e
3
.
6
7
0
.
6
4
Ed
u
c
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
o
b
s
t
a
c
l
e
s
Le
ss
t
h
a
n
1
0
y
e
a
r
s
3
.
5
8
0
.
5
8
0
.
2
6
0
.
2
4
1
0
y
e
a
r
s
a
n
d
mo
r
e
3
.
5
5
0
.
6
0
I
n
st
r
u
me
n
t
a
s
a
w
h
o
l
e
Le
ss
t
h
a
n
1
0
y
e
a
r
s
3
.
6
2
0
.
6
1
0
.
6
6
0
.
4
9
1
0
y
e
a
r
s
a
n
d
mo
r
e
3
.
6
1
0
.
5
9
4.
CO
NCLU
SI
O
N
T
h
e
s
tu
d
y
f
o
u
n
d
th
at
t
h
e
d
e
g
r
ee
o
f
jo
b
p
o
lar
izatio
n
am
o
n
g
e
d
u
ca
tio
n
al
lead
er
s
in
th
e
J
o
r
d
an
ia
n
Min
is
tr
y
o
f
E
d
u
ca
tio
n
ca
m
e
with
an
av
er
ag
e
d
eg
r
ee
in
all
its
f
ield
s
an
d
item
s
.
T
h
e
r
esu
l
ts
also
s
h
o
wed
th
at
th
er
e
wer
e
n
o
s
tatis
tically
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
d
if
f
er
en
ce
s
at
t
h
e
lev
el
o
f
s
tatis
tical
s
ig
n
if
ican
ce
(
α
=0
.
0
5
)
d
u
e
to
th
e
s
tu
d
y
v
ar
iab
les o
f
g
en
d
er
an
d
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
e
x
p
er
ien
ce
y
ea
r
s
.
T
h
e
s
tu
d
y
p
r
esen
ts
a
s
et
o
f
p
r
o
p
o
s
als
an
d
r
ec
o
m
m
e
n
d
ati
o
n
s
th
at
wo
u
ld
c
o
n
tr
ib
u
te
to
r
aisi
n
g
th
e
d
eg
r
ee
o
f
jo
b
p
o
lar
izatio
n
am
o
n
g
e
d
u
ca
tio
n
al
lead
e
r
s
in
t
h
e
J
o
r
d
an
ian
Min
is
tr
y
o
f
E
d
u
c
atio
n
.
B
esid
es,
th
e
two
r
esear
ch
er
s
r
ec
o
m
m
en
d
th
e
n
ec
ess
ity
o
f
h
o
ld
in
g
s
em
in
ar
s
an
d
wo
r
k
s
h
o
p
s
f
o
r
e
d
u
ca
tio
n
al
lead
er
s
to
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ate
th
e
im
p
o
r
tan
ce
o
f
jo
b
p
o
la
r
izatio
n
in
a
p
p
ly
in
g
it
in
th
e
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
f
ield
.
T
h
r
o
u
g
h
th
e
r
esu
lt
s
o
f
t
h
e
s
tu
d
y
,
th
e
r
esear
ch
er
s
r
ec
o
m
m
en
d
:
i)
E
n
co
u
r
ag
in
g
an
d
s
u
p
p
o
r
tin
g
ex
ter
n
al
an
d
in
ter
n
al
ca
r
ee
r
p
o
lar
izatio
n
b
y
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
lea
d
er
s
in
th
e
J
o
r
d
an
ian
Mi
n
is
tr
y
o
f
E
d
u
ca
tio
n
.
I
t
is
b
ec
au
s
e
it
h
as
th
e
im
m
ed
iate
an
d
f
u
tu
r
e
b
e
n
ef
its
o
f
th
is
f
o
r
th
e
f
u
t
u
r
e
o
f
ed
u
ca
tio
n
i
n
J
o
r
d
an
;
ii)
T
h
e
n
ee
d
to
wo
r
k
o
n
d
e
v
elo
p
in
g
p
o
licies
an
d
leg
is
latio
n
b
y
th
e
Min
is
tr
y
o
f
E
d
u
ca
tio
n
th
at
wo
u
ld
en
h
an
ce
wo
r
k
o
n
th
e
m
eth
o
d
o
l
o
g
y
o
f
ca
r
ee
r
p
o
la
r
izatio
n
in
its
v
ar
io
u
s
ed
u
c
atio
n
al
d
ir
ec
to
r
ates.
T
h
e
y
w
o
u
ld
co
n
tr
ib
u
te
to
in
cr
ea
s
in
g
th
e
q
u
ality
,
e
f
f
icie
n
cy
,
an
d
e
f
f
ec
tiv
en
ess
o
f
th
e
m
em
b
er
s
o
f
th
e
teac
h
i
n
g
s
taf
f
,
an
d
th
u
s
o
n
th
e
o
u
tp
u
ts
o
f
th
e
ed
u
ca
ti
o
n
al
in
s
titu
tio
n
;
iii)
Ho
ld
in
g
tr
ain
i
n
g
co
u
r
s
es,
wo
r
k
s
h
o
p
s
,
o
r
s
em
in
ar
s
f
o
r
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
lead
er
s
o
n
th
e
ad
v
an
tag
es
o
f
p
o
lar
izatio
n
an
d
its
im
p
ac
t
o
n
th
e
p
r
o
d
u
ctiv
ity
o
f
th
e
in
s
titu
tio
n
,
an
d
its
im
p
ac
t
o
n
th
e
p
e
r
f
o
r
m
an
ce
o
f
em
p
l
o
y
ee
s
;
iv
)
T
h
e
n
e
ed
t
o
in
c
r
ea
s
e
t
h
e
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
p
r
o
v
id
ed
to
th
e
Min
is
tr
y
o
f
E
d
u
ca
tio
n
b
y
th
e
s
tate
an
d
p
r
iv
ate
en
ti
ties
,
to
d
o
ev
er
y
th
in
g
th
at
r
aises
it
s
lev
el,
esp
ec
ially
in
th
e
f
ield
o
f
ca
r
ee
r
p
o
lar
izatio
n
;
v
)
C
o
n
d
u
ctin
g
m
o
r
e
s
tu
d
ies
o
n
th
e
jo
b
p
o
l
ar
izatio
n
p
r
o
ce
s
s
,
th
e
d
eg
r
ee
o
f
its
p
r
ac
tice
in
J
o
r
d
an
ian
u
n
iv
er
s
ities
,
th
e
d
if
f
icu
lties
th
ey
f
ac
e,
an
d
o
th
er
v
a
r
iab
les.
RE
F
E
R
E
NC
E
S
[1
]
K
.
Ab
d
e
l
-
Ra
h
im
Al
-
Hiti
,
H
u
ma
n
Res
o
u
rc
e
s
M
a
n
a
g
e
me
n
t
,
F
irst
Ed
it
i
o
n
.
(
in
Ara
b
ic),
Am
m
a
n
:
W
a
e
l'
s
Ho
u
se
fo
r
P
u
b
l
ish
i
n
g
a
n
d
Distri
b
u
ti
o
n
,
2
0
0
3
.
[2
]
Z
.
M.
Al
-
Qa
d
h
i
,
“
Th
e
re
latio
n
sh
i
p
o
f
stra
teg
ic
p
ra
c
ti
c
e
s
fo
r
h
u
m
a
n
re
so
u
rc
e
s
m
a
n
a
g
e
m
e
n
t
a
n
d
sta
ff
p
e
rfo
rm
a
n
c
e
a
n
d
t
h
e
ir
imp
a
c
t
o
n
o
r
g
a
n
iza
ti
o
n
s'
p
e
rfo
rm
a
n
c
e
:
An
a
p
p
li
e
d
stu
d
y
o
n
p
ri
v
a
te
u
n
i
v
e
rsiti
e
s
in
Jo
rd
a
n
,”
Un
p
u
b
li
s
h
e
d
M
a
ste
r
’
s T
h
e
sis
,
Am
m
a
n
:
M
id
d
le
Eas
t
Un
iv
e
rsit
y
,
2
0
1
2
.
[3
]
M
.
Lo
P
a
lo
a
n
d
P
.
M.
Orre
n
i
u
s,
“
Emp
lo
y
m
e
n
t
g
ro
wt
h
a
n
d
lab
o
r
m
a
rk
e
t
p
o
lariz
a
ti
o
n
in
th
e
U
n
it
e
d
S
tate
s
a
n
d
Tex
a
s
,
”
i
n
P
.
M
.
Orre
n
iu
s
,
J.
Ca
ñ
a
s
,
a
n
d
M
.
Weiss
,
e
d
s
.,
T
e
n
-
g
a
ll
o
n
e
c
o
n
o
my
.
P
a
l
g
ra
v
e
M
a
c
m
il
l
a
n
,
Ne
w
Yo
rk
,
2
0
1
5
,
d
o
i:
1
0
.
1
0
5
7
/
9
7
8
1
1
3
7
5
3
0
1
7
2
_
7
.
[4
]
P
.
M
.
Orre
n
i
u
s
,
J
.
Ca
ñ
a
s
,
a
n
d
M
.
Weiss
,
T
e
n
–
g
a
ll
o
n
e
c
o
n
o
my
:
S
izin
g
u
p
e
c
o
n
o
mic
g
ro
wt
h
in
T
e
x
a
s
.
Be
rli
n
:
S
p
rin
g
e
r
Ve
rlag
,
2
0
1
5
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
8
2
2
Th
e
d
eg
r
ee
o
f c
a
r
ee
r
p
o
la
r
iz
a
t
io
n
a
mo
n
g
ed
u
ca
tio
n
a
l le
a
d
er
s
in
th
e
…
(
Mo
h
a
mma
d
Ha
s
a
n
Ha
ma
d
a
t
)
1289
[5
]
E
.
C.
M
u
rp
h
y
a
n
d
D
.
Oe
sc
h
,
“
Is
e
m
p
lo
y
m
e
n
t
p
o
larisa
ti
o
n
i
n
e
v
it
a
b
le
?
Oc
c
u
p
a
ti
o
n
a
l
c
h
a
n
g
e
in
Ire
lan
d
a
n
d
S
witze
rlan
d
,
1
9
7
0
-
2
0
1
0
,”
W
o
rk
,
Emp
lo
y
me
n
t,
a
n
d
S
o
c
iety
,
v
o
l
.
32
,
n
o
.
6
,
p
p
.
1
0
9
9
–
1
1
1
7
,
2
0
1
8
.
[6
]
F.
He
y
m
a
n
,
“
Jo
b
p
o
lariz
a
ti
o
n
,
j
o
b
tas
k
s,
a
n
d
th
e
r
o
le o
f
firms
,”
Eco
n
o
mic
s L
e
tt
e
rs
,
v
o
l.
1
4
5
,
p
p
.
2
4
6
-
251
,
2
0
1
6
.
[7
]
A.
M
a
h
e
r,
Hu
m
a
n
Res
o
u
rc
e
s
M
a
n
a
g
e
me
n
t
,
(
in
Ara
b
ic)
.
Un
iv
e
rsity
Ho
u
se
f
o
r
P
u
b
li
sh
i
n
g
a
n
d
Distri
b
u
t
io
n
,
Ale
x
a
n
d
ria,
Ara
b
Re
p
u
b
li
c
o
f
E
g
y
p
t
,
2
0
1
4
.
[8
]
H.
Hijaz
i,
An
in
te
g
ra
ted
a
p
p
ro
a
c
h
to
k
n
o
w
led
g
e
ma
n
a
g
e
me
n
t
in
o
rg
a
n
iza
t
io
n
s
.
Am
m
a
n
:
Al
-
Ra
d
wa
n
Ho
u
se
fo
r
P
u
b
l
ish
i
n
g
,
2
0
1
4
.
[9
]
C
.
L.
F
o
o
te
a
n
d
R
.
W.
Ry
a
n
,
“
La
b
o
r
m
a
rk
e
t
p
o
lariz
a
ti
o
n
o
v
e
r
t
h
e
b
u
sin
e
ss
c
y
c
le
,”
N
BE
R
M
a
c
ro
e
c
o
n
o
mic
s
A
n
n
u
a
l
,
v
o
l.
29
,
n
o
.
1
,
p
p
.
3
7
1
–
4
1
3
,
2
0
1
5
.
[1
0
]
J
.
Hu
n
t
a
n
d
R.
Nu
n
n
,
“
Is
e
m
p
l
o
y
m
e
n
t
p
o
lariz
a
ti
o
n
in
f
o
rm
a
ti
v
e
a
b
o
u
t
wa
g
e
in
e
q
u
a
li
t
y
a
n
d
is
e
m
p
lo
y
m
e
n
t
re
a
ll
y
P
o
lariz
in
g
?
”
In
stit
u
te o
f
L
a
b
o
r
Eco
n
o
mic
s,
p
p
.
1
-
67
,
2
0
1
9
,
d
o
i:
1
0
.
3
3
8
6
/w2
6
0
6
4
.
[1
1
]
M
.
S
h
im
a
n
d
H
.
–
S
.
Ya
n
g
,
“
Ne
w
sty
li
z
e
d
fa
c
ts
o
n
o
c
c
u
p
a
ti
o
n
a
l
e
m
p
lo
y
m
e
n
t
a
n
d
th
e
ir
imp
l
ica
ti
o
n
s:
Ev
id
e
n
c
e
fro
m
c
o
n
siste
n
t
e
m
p
l
o
y
m
e
n
t
d
a
ta
,”
Ec
o
n
o
mic
M
o
d
e
ll
i
n
g
,
v
o
l.
5
9
,
p
p
.
4
0
2
–
4
1
5
,
2
0
1
8
.
[1
2
]
D
.
A.
G
re
e
n
a
n
d
M
.
S
.
Be
n
jam
in
,
“
Ha
s
t
h
e
Ca
n
a
d
ia
n
la
b
o
r
m
a
rk
e
t
p
o
lariz
e
d
?
”
Ca
n
a
d
ia
n
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
Eco
n
o
mic
s,
v
o
l.
48
,
n
o
.
2
,
p
p
.
6
1
2
-
6
4
6
,
2
0
1
5
.
[1
3
]
F
.
Ce
rin
a
,
A.
M
o
ro
,
a
n
d
M
.
Re
n
d
a
ll
,
“
T
h
e
ro
le
o
f
g
e
n
d
e
r
in
e
m
p
lo
y
m
e
n
t
p
o
lariz
a
ti
o
n
,
”
Disc
u
ss
io
n
P
a
p
e
rs
1
7
0
4
,
Ce
n
tre fo
r
M
a
c
ro
e
c
o
n
o
m
ics
(CF
M
)
,
2
0
1
7
.
[O
n
li
n
e
].
Av
a
il
a
b
le:
h
tt
p
s://
id
e
a
s.rep
e
c
.
o
r
g
/p
/cfm
/wp
a
p
e
r/1
7
0
4
.
h
tml
.
[1
4
]
A.
Ni,
“
Lea
d
e
rsh
ip
a
n
d
P
o
we
r
G
a
m
e
in
a
M
u
lt
i
-
P
o
lariz
in
g
Wo
rl
d
:
Th
e
Co
m
p
e
ti
t
io
n
b
e
twe
e
n
th
e
US
a
n
d
Ch
in
a
,
”
Op
e
n
J
o
u
r
n
a
l
o
f
Po
l
it
ica
l
S
c
ien
c
e
,
v
o
l.
10,
n
o
.
2
,
p
p
.
2
5
3
-
2
7
7
,
2
0
2
0
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d
o
i:
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0
.
4
2
3
6
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o
j
p
s.2
0
2
0
.
1
0
2
0
1
7
.
[1
5
]
Z
.
L.
Bá
rá
n
y
a
n
d
C.
S
ieg
e
l,
“
Jo
b
p
o
lariz
a
ti
o
n
a
n
d
str
u
c
tu
ra
l
c
h
a
n
g
e
,”
Ame
ric
a
n
Eco
n
o
mic
J
o
u
rn
a
l
:
M
a
c
ro
e
c
o
n
o
mic
s,
v
o
l.
10
,
n
o
.
1
,
p
p
.
57
–
89
,
2
0
1
8
.
[1
6
]
E.
A.A.
Al
-
Ru
d
a
in
i
a
n
d
M
.
K.
M
a
h
y
u
d
d
in
,
“
Hu
m
a
n
re
so
u
rc
e
m
a
n
a
g
e
m
e
n
t
e
fficie
n
c
y
in
a
tt
ra
c
ti
n
g
e
m
p
lo
y
e
e
s
o
f
p
riv
a
te
se
c
to
r
in
stit
u
ti
o
n
s:
A
c
a
se
stu
d
y
a
t
a
u
n
it
e
d
sa
le
c
o
m
p
a
n
y
li
m
it
e
d
(Ab
d
u
l
Lati
Ja
m
e
e
l
Co
m
p
a
n
y
)
i
n
Je
d
d
a
h
,”
In
ter
n
a
t
io
n
a
l
E
-
J
o
u
r
n
a
l
o
f
Ad
v
a
n
c
e
s in
S
o
c
i
a
l
S
c
ien
c
e
s,
v
o
l.
5
,
n
o
.
14,
p
p
.
1
0
5
0
-
1
0
6
4
,
2
0
1
9
.
[1
7
]
S.
He
rsta
d
,
T.
S
a
n
d
v
e
n
,
a
n
d
B.
Eb
e
rsb
e
r
g
e
r,
“
P
o
lariz
a
ti
o
n
,
k
n
o
wle
d
g
e
i
n
teg
ra
ti
o
n
,
a
n
d
m
o
d
e
s
o
f
i
n
n
o
v
a
ti
o
n
,”
Res
e
a
rc
h
Po
li
c
y
,
v
o
l.
44
,
n
o
.
1
,
p
p
.
1
3
8
-
1
5
3
,
2
0
1
5
.
[1
8
]
E.
G
.
Ab
o
u
l,
“
De
v
e
lo
p
m
e
n
t
sc
a
le
to
m
e
a
su
re
th
e
p
e
rc
e
iv
e
d
Be
n
e
fit
s
o
f
E
-
P
o
lariz
a
ti
o
n
fro
m
th
e
v
i
e
wp
o
in
t
o
f
th
e
Re
c
ru
it
e
r
,”
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
B
u
sin
e
ss
a
n
d
Ret
a
il
M
a
n
a
g
e
me
n
t
Res
e
a
rc
h
,
v
o
l.
9
,
n
o
.
1
,
p
p
.
4
0
-
5
1
,
2
0
1
4
.
[1
9
]
R.
W
.
M
o
n
d
y
,
Hu
m
a
n
Res
o
u
rc
e
M
a
n
a
g
e
me
n
t
.
P
re
n
ti
c
e
Ha
ll
Up
p
e
r
S
a
d
d
le R
iv
e
r,
Ne
w Je
rse
y
,
2
0
1
8
.
[2
0
]
P.
Ka
u
r,
“
E
-
re
c
ru
i
tme
n
t:
A co
n
c
e
p
t
a
n
t
stu
d
y
,”
I
n
t
.
J
.
Ap
p
l
.
Res
.
,
v
o
l.
1
,
n
o
.
8
,
p
p
.
78
–
82
,
2
0
1
5
.
[2
1
]
G
.
De
s
sle
r,
Hu
ma
n
Res
o
u
rc
e
M
a
n
a
g
e
me
n
t
.
USA,
P
re
n
ti
c
e
Ha
ll
In
t
e
rn
a
ti
o
n
a
l
I
n
c
,
2
0
1
7
.
[2
2
]
E
.
B.
R
o
b
e
rt,
Asse
ss
me
n
t
me
th
o
d
s
in
p
o
l
a
riza
ti
o
n
.
L
o
u
d
o
n
a
n
d
S
terl
in
g
,
VA
.
USA
,
2
0
0
5
.
[2
3
]
B
.
S.
Ab
u
R
u
b
,
“
T
h
e
Ro
le
o
f
Hu
m
a
n
Re
so
u
rc
e
M
a
n
a
g
e
m
e
n
t
o
n
A
tt
ra
c
ti
n
g
a
n
d
Re
tain
i
n
g
o
f
Q
u
a
li
fi
e
d
Emp
lo
y
e
e
s in
Jo
rd
a
n
Or
g
a
n
iza
ti
o
n
s
,
”
S
S
RN
,
2
0
1
0
,
d
o
i:
1
0
.
2
1
3
9
/ssr
n
.
1
6
0
0
8
1
3
.
[2
4
]
I
.
A
.
Da
wo
o
d
,
“
Th
e
Eff
e
c
t
o
f
t
h
e
Be
n
e
fit
s
o
f
El
e
c
tr
o
n
ic
P
o
lariz
a
ti
o
n
o
n
t
h
e
Jo
b
T
u
rn
o
v
e
r:
A
c
a
se
stu
d
y
i
n
Um
n
ia
h
Tele
c
o
m
,”
Un
p
u
b
li
sh
e
d
M
a
ste
r
’
s
Th
e
sis
,
Am
m
a
n
:
M
id
d
le E
a
st Un
i
v
e
rsity
,
2
0
1
6
.
[2
5
]
O.T
.
Ad
e
o
su
n
a
n
d
A.S
.
O
h
ian
i
,
“
Attrac
ti
n
g
a
n
d
re
c
ru
it
in
g
q
u
a
li
t
y
t
a
len
t:
firm
p
e
rsp
e
c
ti
v
e
s
,
”
Ra
ja
g
ir
i
M
a
n
a
g
e
me
n
t
J
o
u
rn
a
l
,
Vo
l.
1
4
,
No
.
2
,
p
p
.
1
0
7
-
120
,
2
0
2
0
,
d
o
i:
1
0
.
1
1
0
8
/RA
M
J
-
05
-
2
0
2
0
-
0
0
1
6
.
[2
6
]
S.
Ra
n
d
ll
,
M
a
n
a
g
in
g
H
u
ma
n
Res
o
u
rc
e
.
P
a
u
l
,
Wes
t
P
u
b
l
ish
i
n
g
,
2
0
1
7
.
[2
7
]
W.
Ba
rq
a
wi,
Hu
ma
n
re
so
u
rc
e
m
a
n
a
g
e
me
n
t:
Co
n
c
e
p
t,
f
u
n
c
ti
o
n
s,
a
n
d
str
a
teg
ies
.
Am
m
a
n
:
Al
-
Ya
z
o
u
ri
Ho
u
se
fo
r
P
u
b
l
ish
i
n
g
a
n
d
Distri
b
u
ti
o
n
,
2
0
1
3
.
[2
8
]
M.
Ad
wa
n
,
“
Th
e
re
a
li
t
y
o
f
th
e
se
lec
ti
o
n
a
n
d
a
p
p
o
in
tme
n
t
p
o
li
c
y
a
n
d
i
ts
imp
a
c
t
o
n
t
h
e
c
a
re
e
r
p
a
th
o
f
wo
rk
e
rs
i
n
t
h
e
b
a
n
k
s
o
p
e
ra
ti
n
g
i
n
t
h
e
G
a
z
a
S
tri
p
,”
Un
p
u
b
li
sh
e
d
M
a
ste
r
’
s T
h
e
sis
,
G
a
z
z
a
:
Isla
m
i
c
Un
iv
e
rsity
,
2
0
1
1
.
[2
9
]
A
.
Erek
a
t,
N
.
Ja
ra
d
a
t,
a
n
d
M.
Al
-
O
’
taib
i,
“
Th
e
r
o
le
o
f
a
p
p
ly
in
g
p
o
l
a
riza
ti
o
n
a
n
d
p
o
lariz
a
ti
o
n
sta
n
d
a
r
d
s
in
a
c
h
iev
in
g
c
o
m
p
e
ti
ti
v
e
a
d
v
a
n
tag
e
.
"
A
c
a
se
stu
d
y
o
f
th
e
Jo
r
d
a
n
Ho
u
sin
g
Ba
n
k
fo
r
tra
d
e
a
n
d
fi
n
a
n
c
e
"
”
Z
a
rq
a
J
o
u
rn
a
l
f
o
r
Res
e
a
rc
h
a
n
d
Hu
m
a
n
it
a
ria
n
S
tu
d
ies
,
v
o
l
.
10
,
n
o
.
2
,
p
p
.
63
-
84
,
2
0
1
0
.
[3
0
]
J.
Ro
wle
y
,
“
Kn
o
wle
d
g
e
M
a
n
a
g
e
m
e
n
t:
An
In
te
g
ra
ted
A
p
p
r
o
a
c
h
,
”
J
o
u
r
n
a
l
o
f
D
o
c
u
me
n
t
a
ti
o
n
,
Vo
l.
6
2
,
N
o
.
6
,
p
p
.
7
7
3
-
774
,
2
0
0
6
,
d
o
i:
1
0
.
1
1
0
8
/
0
0
2
2
0
4
1
0
6
1
0
7
1
4
9
9
4
.
[3
1
]
H.
Ha
li
d
,
D.
M
.
H.
Ke
e
,
a
n
d
N.
F
.
A.
Ra
h
im,
“
P
e
rc
e
iv
e
d
H
u
m
a
n
Re
so
u
rc
e
M
a
n
a
g
e
m
e
n
t
P
ra
c
ti
c
e
s
a
n
d
In
ten
ti
o
n
t
o
S
tay
in
P
riv
a
te
Hig
h
e
r
Ed
u
c
a
ti
o
n
In
stit
u
ti
o
n
s
in
M
a
lay
sia
:
Th
e
Ro
le
o
f
Org
a
n
iza
ti
o
n
a
l
Cit
ize
n
s
h
ip
Be
h
a
v
io
u
r
,
”
Glo
b
a
l
B
u
sin
e
ss
Rev
iew
,
2
0
2
0
,
d
o
i:
1
0
.
1
1
7
7
/
0
9
7
2
1
5
0
9
2
0
9
5
0
9
0
6
.
[3
2
]
W.
Ca
sc
io
,
M
a
n
a
g
in
g
h
u
ma
n
re
so
u
rc
e
s: P
ro
d
u
c
ti
v
it
y
,
q
u
a
li
ty o
f
w
o
rk
.
Ne
w Yo
rk
:
M
c
G
ra
w
-
Hill
Co
,
2
0
1
9
.
[3
3
]
A
.
Al
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