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f
ec
tiv
e
,
b
io
lo
g
ical,
an
d
co
g
n
itiv
e)
[
1
5
]
.
Af
f
ec
tiv
e
s
tates
s
u
ch
as e
m
o
tio
n
al
ar
o
u
s
al
lik
e
an
g
er
,
f
ea
r
,
an
d
d
e
p
r
ess
io
n
.
A
h
ig
h
er
m
e
n
tal
d
is
tu
r
b
an
ce
was
f
o
u
n
d
a
m
o
n
g
h
ea
lth
wo
r
k
er
s
d
u
r
in
g
th
e
p
an
d
e
m
ic,
an
d
m
ed
ical
s
tu
d
en
ts
ar
e
n
o
ex
ce
p
t
io
n
[
7
]
.
Fear
o
f
r
ea
ch
in
g
p
e
o
p
le
wh
o
ar
e
co
n
ce
iv
ab
ly
in
f
ec
ted
b
y
C
OVI
D
-
1
9
h
as
b
ee
n
r
ep
o
r
ted
[
1
5
]
,
[
1
6
]
.
I
n
cid
en
tal
em
o
tio
n
s
o
f
f
ea
r
h
av
e
u
n
co
n
s
cio
u
s
ly
in
f
lu
en
ce
d
r
is
k
p
r
ef
er
en
ce
an
d
o
u
tco
m
e
ab
o
u
t
th
eir
f
u
tu
r
e
ca
r
ee
r
wh
ich
is
m
ak
in
g
a
d
r
a
wn
-
out
ef
f
ec
t
o
n
h
u
m
an
p
s
y
c
h
o
lo
g
y
[
1
7
]
,
[
1
8
]
.
Ou
r
em
o
tio
n
s
ar
e
an
i
m
p
o
r
ta
n
t
p
ar
t o
f
o
u
r
d
ec
is
io
n
-
m
ak
in
g
p
r
o
ce
s
s
with
a
n
im
p
ac
t o
n
ju
d
g
m
en
t a
n
d
c
h
o
ice.
Fear
is
r
elate
d
with
ap
p
r
aisals
o
f
u
n
ce
r
tain
ty
,
th
at
ad
v
a
n
cin
g
a
r
is
k
-
av
o
id
an
t
b
eh
av
i
o
r
[
1
8
]
.
T
h
e
ex
is
ten
ce
o
f
th
e
C
OVI
D
-
1
9
p
an
d
em
ic
m
ak
es
em
o
tio
n
al
ch
an
g
es
to
f
ea
r
th
a
t
m
ig
h
t
af
f
ec
t
s
o
m
eo
n
e
to
a
r
is
k
-
av
o
id
an
t
b
e
h
av
io
r
an
d
ca
u
s
es
th
e
ch
an
g
e
o
f
s
p
ec
ialty
p
r
ef
er
en
ce
.
T
h
e
r
ef
o
r
e,
r
esear
ch
er
s
wan
t
t
o
k
n
o
w
th
e
p
an
d
em
ic
im
p
ac
t
o
n
s
p
ec
ialty
p
r
ef
er
e
n
ce
s
am
o
n
g
m
ed
ical
s
tu
d
en
ts
.
2.
RE
S
E
ARCH
M
E
T
H
O
D
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
is
an
an
aly
tic
o
b
s
er
v
atio
n
al
with
a
c
r
o
s
s
-
s
ec
tio
n
al
m
eth
o
d
o
lo
g
y
d
ir
ec
ted
o
n
a
m
ed
ical
s
tu
d
en
t
at
an
y
s
tag
e
o
f
e
d
u
c
atio
n
,
in
ter
n
s
h
ip
d
o
ct
o
r
,
a
n
d
f
r
esh
g
r
a
d
u
ate,
a
n
d
an
y
in
s
titu
tio
n
in
I
n
d
o
n
esia.
Par
ticip
an
ts
o
b
tain
ed
b
y
s
n
o
wb
all
s
am
p
lin
g
tech
n
iq
u
e
wh
o
r
esp
o
n
d
ed
to
o
n
lin
e
q
u
esti
o
n
n
air
es
d
is
tr
ib
u
ted
th
r
o
u
g
h
s
o
cial
m
ed
ia
p
latf
o
r
m
s
f
r
o
m
1
4
th
J
u
ly
2
0
2
0
to
2
1
s
t Ju
ly
2
0
2
0
.
I
n
th
is
s
tu
d
y
,
th
e
ass
o
ciatio
n
b
etwe
en
p
s
y
ch
o
lo
g
ical
f
ac
to
r
s
an
d
ca
r
ee
r
p
r
ef
e
r
en
ce
s
was
m
ea
s
u
r
ed
b
y
Fear
o
f
C
OVI
D
-
1
9
Scale
(
FC
V
-
19S
)
an
d
Dep
r
ess
io
n
An
x
ie
ty
Stre
s
s
-
Scale
-
21
(
DASS
-
21
)
.
T
h
e
FC
V
-
1
9
S wa
s
u
tili
ze
d
in
th
is
s
tu
d
y
to
ev
alu
a
te
th
e
f
ea
r
o
f
th
e
C
OVI
D
-
1
9
p
an
d
em
ic
[
1
9
]
.
T
h
e
p
ar
ticip
an
t
s
s
h
o
w
th
eir
d
eg
r
ee
o
f
c
o
n
cu
r
r
en
ce
with
th
e
ass
er
tio
n
s
u
s
in
g
a
f
i
v
e
-
item
L
i
k
er
t
-
ty
p
e
s
ca
le.
An
s
wer
s
in
clu
d
e
d
“stro
n
g
ly
a
g
r
ee
”,
“stro
n
g
ly
d
is
ag
r
ee
”
,
“
d
is
ag
r
e
e”
,
“n
eith
er
ag
r
ee
n
o
r
d
is
ag
r
ee
”
,
an
d
“a
g
r
ee
”
.
T
h
e
b
o
tto
m
s
co
r
e
f
ea
s
ib
le
f
o
r
ev
er
y
s
tatem
en
t is 1
,
an
d
th
er
ef
o
r
e
th
e
g
r
ea
test
is
5
.
An
en
tir
e
s
co
r
e
is
d
eter
m
in
ed
b
y
s
u
m
m
in
g
u
p
ev
er
y
s
co
r
e
(
r
an
g
in
g
f
r
o
m
7
t
o
3
5
)
.
T
h
e
g
r
ea
ter
th
e
f
ea
r
o
f
th
e
C
OVI
D
-
1
9
p
an
d
em
ic
s
h
o
ws th
e
h
ig
h
er
s
co
r
e.
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
also
u
s
ed
DA
SS
-
2
1
to
ass
es
s
th
r
ee
f
ac
to
r
s
.
T
h
is
q
u
esti
o
n
n
air
e
co
n
s
is
ts
o
f
2
1
item
s
an
d
m
ea
s
u
r
es
s
tr
ess
,
an
x
iety
,
an
d
d
ep
r
ess
io
n
in
n
o
r
m
al,
m
ild
,
m
o
d
er
ate,
s
ev
e
r
e
,
ex
tr
e
m
ely
s
ev
er
e
lev
els.
T
h
e
lev
el
o
f
d
ep
r
ess
io
n
is
r
ef
lecte
d
u
s
in
g
0
–
5
p
o
in
ts
.
T
h
e
DASS
-
2
1
v
alid
ity
was
ac
ce
p
tab
le
to
ex
ce
llen
t
r
an
g
es.
T
h
e
r
esu
lts
h
a
v
e
b
ee
n
v
er
y
p
o
s
itiv
e
an
d
a
r
e
in
th
e
r
an
g
e
o
f
g
o
o
d
to
v
er
y
g
o
o
d
f
o
r
all
s
ca
les
[
2
0
]
.
W
h
ile,
th
e
ca
r
ee
r
p
r
ef
er
e
n
ce
s
d
iv
id
e
in
t
o
th
r
ee
ca
teg
o
r
ies,
n
am
el
y
h
esit
an
cy
in
ca
r
ee
r
s
elec
tio
n
,
in
f
lu
e
n
ce
s
ca
r
ee
r
d
ec
is
io
n
,
in
cr
ea
s
e
ce
r
tain
ca
r
e
er
in
ter
ests
u
s
ed
“y
es”
o
r
“n
o
”
ca
teg
o
r
y
.
I
B
M
SP
SS
Statis
tics
2
4
p
r
o
g
r
am
was
ac
cu
s
to
m
ed
to
an
aly
ze
th
e
v
ar
iab
les.
Qu
an
titativ
e
v
ar
iab
les
wer
e
d
escr
ib
ed
b
y
th
e
m
ea
n
an
d
s
tan
d
ar
d
d
e
v
iatio
n
.
Qu
alitativ
e
v
ar
iab
les
wer
e
d
escr
ib
ed
b
y
f
r
eq
u
en
cy
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
.
T
h
e
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
o
f
q
u
alitativ
e
an
d
q
u
a
n
titativ
e
v
ar
iab
les
was
co
m
p
a
r
ed
u
s
in
g
th
e
two
-
tailed
C
h
i
-
s
q
u
ar
e
test
.
T
h
e
m
ea
n
s
o
f
F
C
V
-
1
9
S
an
d
ca
r
ee
r
p
r
ef
er
e
n
ce
wer
e
co
m
p
ar
ed
u
s
in
g
an
in
d
ep
en
d
en
t
T
-
test
(
p
<0
.
0
5
as st
atis
tical
s
ig
n
if
ican
ce
,
f
o
r
all
test
s
)
.
3.
RE
SU
L
T
S AN
D
D
I
SCU
SS
I
O
N
T
h
e
au
th
o
r
s
co
llected
1
,
0
2
7
r
esp
o
n
s
es
f
r
o
m
all
m
ed
ica
l
s
tu
d
en
ts
in
I
n
d
o
n
esia
f
r
o
m
o
n
lin
e
q
u
esti
o
n
n
air
es,
b
r
o
a
d
ca
s
ted
t
h
r
o
u
g
h
s
o
cial
m
ed
ia
f
r
o
m
1
4
th
-
2
1
s
t
J
u
ly
2
0
2
0
.
Of
t
h
e
1
0
2
7
m
e
d
ical
s
tu
d
en
ts
wh
o
f
illed
th
e
q
u
esti
o
n
n
air
e
,
6
7
8
(
6
6
%)
wer
e
f
em
ale
an
d
3
4
9
(
3
4
%)
wer
e
m
ale
with
a
n
av
er
ag
e
ag
e
o
f
2
3
y
ea
r
s
.
R
esp
o
n
d
e
n
ts
wer
e
d
o
m
in
ated
b
y
t
h
e
p
r
e
-
clin
ic
m
e
d
ical
s
tu
d
en
t
o
f
4
8
0
(
4
6
.
7
%)
r
esp
o
n
d
en
ts
.
O
u
t
o
f
1
0
2
7
r
esp
o
n
d
e
n
ts
,
9
.
7
%
o
f
r
es
p
o
n
d
e
n
ts
h
ad
co
m
o
r
b
id
ity
,
2
6
.
1
%
h
ad
d
o
n
e
C
OVI
D
-
1
9
e
x
a
m
in
atio
n
,
an
d
o
n
ly
2
.
2
% o
f
r
esp
o
n
d
e
n
ts
h
ad
e
v
er
b
ee
n
d
iag
n
o
s
ed
as p
o
s
itiv
e
as
s
h
o
wn
in
T
ab
le
1
.
Fig
u
r
e
1
s
h
o
w
s
th
at
th
e
m
o
s
t
p
r
ef
er
r
e
d
ca
r
ee
r
p
r
ef
er
e
n
ce
s
w
er
e
p
ed
iatr
ics
(
2
1
7
;
2
6
.
4
%)
f
o
llo
wed
b
y
o
b
s
tetr
ic
g
y
n
ec
o
lo
g
y
(
2
7
0
;
2
6
.
3
%)
an
d
in
ter
n
al
m
ed
icin
e
(
2
5
2
;
2
4
.
6
%).
Fig
u
r
e
2
s
h
o
ws
th
e
f
ac
t
o
r
s
th
a
t
af
f
ec
ted
s
tu
d
en
ts
’
d
ec
is
io
n
s
to
o
p
t
f
o
r
th
eir
ca
r
ee
r
s
.
T
h
e
m
o
s
t
f
r
eq
u
en
t
r
ea
s
o
n
f
o
r
c
h
o
o
s
in
g
a
f
u
tu
r
e
ca
r
e
e
r
was
ac
ad
em
ic
in
ter
est
(
8
7
9
;
8
5
.
6
%),
f
o
llo
we
d
b
y
o
p
in
io
n
a
b
o
u
t
m
atch
es
with
r
esp
o
n
d
en
t
’
s
ca
p
ab
ilit
ies
(
3
2
7
;
3
1
.
8
%).
C
o
n
v
e
r
s
ely
,
1
2
8
(
1
2
.
5
%)
m
ed
ical
s
tu
d
en
ts
r
ep
o
r
ted
th
at
th
ey
wer
e
s
till
u
n
d
ec
id
ed
to
o
p
t
f
o
r
th
ei
r
f
u
tu
r
e
ca
r
ee
r
s
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
8
2
2
Med
ica
l c
r
is
is
d
u
r
in
g
p
a
n
d
em
ic:
C
a
r
ee
r
p
r
eferen
ce
s
ch
a
n
g
e
in
med
ica
l stu
d
en
t
(
Dia
n
N
a
t
a
lia
)
1257
T
ab
le
1
.
Dem
o
g
r
ap
h
y
o
f
r
esp
o
n
d
en
ts
N
o
.
V
a
r
i
a
b
l
e
n
(
%)
1.
A
g
e
,
me
a
n
±
S
D
2
1
.
4
7
±
2
.
2
8
3
2.
G
e
n
d
e
r
M
a
l
e
3
4
9
(
3
4
)
F
e
mal
e
6
7
8
(
6
6
)
3.
Ed
u
c
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
st
a
g
e
Pre
-
c
l
i
n
i
c
4
8
0
(
4
6
.
7
)
C
l
i
n
i
c
a
l
(
c
o
-
a
ss
i
st
a
n
t
)
3
6
3
(
3
5
.
3
)
I
n
t
e
r
n
s
h
i
p
1
5
6
(
1
5
.
2
)
F
r
e
sh
g
r
a
d
u
a
t
e
2
8
(
2
.
8
)
4.
H
a
v
i
n
g
c
o
m
o
r
b
i
d
i
t
y
Y
e
s
1
0
0
(
9
.
7
)
No
9
2
7
(
9
0
.
3
)
5.
H
a
v
i
n
g
f
a
m
i
l
y
w
i
t
h
c
o
m
o
r
b
i
d
i
t
y
Y
e
s
5
0
8
(
4
9
.
5
)
No
5
1
9
(
5
0
.
5
)
6.
H
a
s d
o
n
e
a
C
O
V
I
D
-
1
9
e
x
a
m
i
n
a
t
i
o
n
Y
e
s
2
5
8
(
2
6
.
1
)
No
7
5
9
(
7
3
.
9
)
7.
H
a
v
e
e
v
e
r
b
e
e
n
d
i
a
g
n
o
s
e
d
C
O
V
I
D
-
1
9
(
+
)
Y
e
s
2
3
(
2
.
2
)
No
1
,
0
0
4
(
9
7
.
8
)
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
T
o
p
1
5
m
o
s
t
s
elec
ted
ca
r
ee
r
s
b
y
m
ed
ical
s
tu
d
en
ts
(
n
=1
,
0
2
7
)
Fig
u
r
e
2
.
Facto
r
s
th
at
in
f
lu
en
c
e
a
m
ed
ical
s
tu
d
en
t in
ch
o
o
s
in
g
th
eir
ca
r
ee
r
p
r
ef
e
r
en
ce
s
(
n
=
1
,
0
2
7
)
Fig
u
r
e
3
s
h
o
ws
th
at
th
e
m
o
s
t
f
r
eq
u
e
n
t
co
n
s
id
er
atio
n
i
n
d
eter
m
in
in
g
ca
r
ee
r
p
r
ef
er
e
n
ce
d
u
r
in
g
th
e
C
OVI
D
-
1
9
Pan
d
em
ic
was
a
c
ar
ee
r
with
less
ex
p
o
s
u
r
e
to
C
OVI
D
-
1
9
(
3
8
.
6
%)
f
o
llo
wed
b
y
ca
r
ee
r
s
th
at
wer
e
m
o
r
e
n
ee
d
ed
d
u
r
in
g
th
e
p
a
n
d
em
ic
(
3
5
.
2
%).
Ho
wev
e
r
,
5
1
9
(
5
0
.
6
%)
m
e
d
ical
s
tu
d
en
ts
r
ep
o
r
ted
th
at
th
e
C
OVI
D
-
1
9
p
an
d
em
ic
d
o
es n
o
t
af
f
ec
t th
eir
ca
r
ee
r
p
r
e
f
er
en
ce
s
.
Data
o
b
tain
ed
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
q
u
e
s
tio
n
n
air
e
wer
e
an
aly
ze
d
u
s
in
g
C
h
i
-
s
q
u
ar
e.
Ge
n
d
er
is
ass
o
ciate
d
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
with
h
esit
an
cy
i
n
ca
r
ee
r
s
elec
tio
n
(
p
-
v
alu
e
<
0
.
0
5
)
.
E
d
u
ca
tio
n
al
s
tag
e
ass
o
ciate
d
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
with
h
esit
an
cy
in
ca
r
ee
r
s
elec
t
io
n
an
d
in
cr
ea
s
in
g
ce
r
tain
ca
r
e
er
in
ter
ests
(
p
-
va
lu
e<
0
.
0
5
)
.
As s
h
o
wn
in
T
ab
le
2
,
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
-
8
8
2
2
I
n
t
J
E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
,
Vo
l
.
10
,
No
.
4
,
Dec
em
b
er
2
0
2
1
:
1
2
5
5
-
1
2
6
1
1258
f
ea
r
o
f
b
ein
g
in
f
ec
ted
,
tr
a
n
s
m
itti
n
g
,
an
d
d
ea
th
f
r
o
m
C
OVI
D
-
1
9
h
ad
a
s
ig
n
if
ica
n
t
ass
o
ciatio
n
with
h
esit
an
cy
i
n
ca
r
ee
r
s
elec
tio
n
,
i
n
f
lu
en
ce
th
e
ca
r
ee
r
d
ec
is
io
n
,
a
n
d
in
cr
e
ase
c
er
tain
ca
r
ee
r
in
ter
est
(
p
-
v
alu
e
<0
.
0
5
)
.
T
h
e
co
m
o
r
b
i
d
f
ac
to
r
s
in
r
esp
o
n
d
e
n
ts
o
r
th
eir
f
am
ilies
h
ad
a
s
i
g
n
if
ican
t
im
p
ac
t
o
n
ca
r
ee
r
d
e
cisi
o
n
s
f
o
r
m
ed
ical
s
tu
d
en
ts
d
u
e
t
o
th
e
C
OVI
D
-
1
9
Pan
d
em
ic
(
p
-
v
alu
e
<0
.
0
5
)
.
A
n
x
iety
h
a
d
a
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
ass
o
ci
atio
n
with
th
e
th
r
e
e
s
tatem
en
ts
in
ca
r
ee
r
p
r
ef
er
en
c
es
(
p
-
v
alu
e
<0
.
0
5
)
.
A
n
d
,
d
e
p
r
e
s
s
io
n
h
ad
a
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
ass
o
ciatio
n
with
h
esit
an
cy
in
ca
r
ee
r
s
elec
tio
n
(
p
-
va
lu
e=
0
.
0
1
7
)
.
T
a
b
le
2
also
s
h
o
ws
th
at
t
h
er
e
wer
e
s
ig
n
if
ican
t d
if
f
e
r
e
n
c
es in
th
e
m
ea
n
s
o
f
FC
V
-
1
9
S sco
r
e
d
u
e
to
ca
r
ee
r
p
r
ef
er
en
ce
s
.
Fig
u
r
e
3
.
C
o
n
s
id
er
atio
n
in
d
eter
m
in
in
g
ca
r
ee
r
p
r
ef
er
en
ce
am
o
n
g
m
e
d
ical
s
tu
d
en
t d
u
r
in
g
C
OVI
D
-
19
p
an
d
em
ic
T
ab
le
2
.
C
OVI
D
-
19
p
an
d
em
ic
an
d
ca
r
ee
r
p
r
e
f
er
en
ce
C
O
V
I
D
-
1
9
p
a
n
d
e
m
i
c
C
a
r
e
e
r
p
r
e
f
e
r
e
n
c
e
H
e
si
t
a
n
c
y
i
n
c
a
r
e
e
r
sel
e
c
t
i
o
n
(
n
,
p
v
a
l
u
e
)
I
n
f
l
u
e
n
c
e
s
c
a
r
e
e
r
d
e
c
i
si
o
n
(
n
,
p
v
a
l
u
e
)
I
n
c
r
e
a
se
c
e
r
t
a
i
n
c
a
r
e
e
r
i
n
t
e
r
e
s
t
s (
n
,
p
v
a
l
u
e
)
G
e
n
d
e
r
M
a
l
e
F
e
mal
e
72
2
0
4
0
.
0
0
1
*
95
2
1
0
0
.
2
1
3
1
6
5
3
4
7
0
.
2
3
6
Ed
u
c
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
st
a
g
e
Pre
-
c
l
i
n
i
c
a
l
C
l
i
n
i
c
a
l
(
co
-
a
ss
i
st
a
n
t
)
I
n
t
e
r
n
s
h
i
p
F
r
e
sh
g
r
a
d
u
a
t
e
1
1
6
1
0
9
48
3
0
.
0
3
6
*
1
3
8
1
0
4
58
5
0
.
0
9
1
2
8
2
1
6
3
60
7
0
.
0
0
0
*
F
e
a
r
b
e
i
n
g
i
n
f
e
c
t
e
d
o
f
C
O
V
I
D
-
1
9
d
u
r
i
n
g
e
d
u
c
a
t
i
o
n
Y
e
s
No
2
6
5
11
0
.
0
0
0
*
2
8
8
17
0
.
0
0
0
*
4
5
3
59
0
.
0
0
0
*
F
e
a
r
o
f
t
r
a
n
sm
i
t
t
i
n
g
C
O
V
I
D
-
1
9
t
o
y
o
u
r
s
u
r
r
o
u
n
d
i
n
g
s
Y
e
s
No
2
7
3
3
0
.
0
0
0
*
3
0
0
5
0
.
0
0
1
*
4
9
2
20
0
.
0
4
0
*
F
e
a
r
o
f
d
e
a
t
h
f
r
o
m
C
O
V
I
D
-
19
Y
e
s
No
2
1
8
58
0
.
0
0
0
*
2
3
8
67
0
.
0
0
0
*
3
5
5
1
5
7
0
.
0
0
0
*
W
i
t
h
c
o
m
o
r
b
i
d
i
t
y
Y
e
s
No
35
2
4
1
0
.
0
5
4
47
2
5
8
0
.
0
0
0
*
56
4
5
6
0
.
1
9
6
F
a
mi
l
y
w
i
t
h
c
o
m
o
r
b
i
d
i
t
y
Y
e
s
No
1
4
8
1
2
8
0
.
1
0
6
1
7
9
1
2
6
0
.
0
0
0
*
2
6
3
2
4
9
0
.
2
2
4
H
a
s d
o
n
e
a
C
O
V
I
D
-
19
e
x
a
mi
n
a
t
i
o
n
Y
e
s
No
70
2
0
6
0
.
7
4
6
77
2
2
8
0
.
6
8
7
1
2
9
3
9
3
0
.
0
3
8
*
H
a
v
e
e
v
e
r
b
e
e
n
d
i
a
g
n
o
s
e
d
C
O
V
I
D
-
1
9
(
+
)
Y
e
s
No
9
2
7
6
0
.
1
8
0
8
3
7
7
0
.
5
8
9
9
5
0
3
0
.
2
9
8
D
o
mi
c
i
l
e
i
n
a
h
i
g
h
-
r
i
s
k
z
o
n
e
Y
e
s
No
1
6
4
1
1
2
0
.
0
4
4
*
1
8
1
1
2
3
0
.
5
1
5
3
1
5
1
9
7
0
.
4
7
8
S
t
r
e
ss
Y
e
s
No
1
3
6
1
4
0
0
.
0
6
7
1
5
0
1
5
5
0
.
0
5
5
2
5
0
2
6
2
0
.
0
0
7
*
A
n
x
i
e
t
y
Y
e
s
No
1
6
4
1
1
2
0
.
0
0
0
*
1
7
5
1
3
0
0
.
0
0
0
*
2
6
6
2
4
6
0
.
0
0
8
*
D
e
p
r
e
ss
i
o
n
Y
e
s
No
63
2
1
3
0
.
0
3
0
*
65
2
4
0
0
.
1
3
2
1
0
3
4
0
9
0
.
1
8
3
F
C
V
-
19
M
e
a
n
(
S
D
)
1
8
.
2
4
0
.
0
0
0
*
*
1
8
.
3
0
.
0
0
0
*
*
1
7
.
8
9
0
.
0
0
0
*
*
*
p
-
v
a
l
u
e
<
0
.
0
5
,
u
si
n
g
P
e
a
r
s
o
n
C
hi
-
sq
u
a
r
e
i
f
e
x
p
e
c
t
e
d
c
o
u
n
t
<
2
0
%
(
T
a
b
l
e
>
2
x
2
)
**p
-
v
a
l
u
e
<
0
.
0
5
,
u
si
n
g
I
n
d
e
p
e
n
d
e
n
t
T
-
t
e
st
T
h
e
im
p
ac
t
o
f
C
OVI
D
-
1
9
o
n
m
ed
ical
s
tu
d
en
ts
co
u
ld
b
e
co
n
s
id
er
ab
le.
Me
d
ical
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
wer
e
p
o
s
tp
o
n
ed
f
r
o
m
atten
d
in
g
clin
ical
r
o
tatio
n
s
in
s
ev
er
al
teac
h
in
g
h
o
s
p
itals
.
T
h
is
p
o
s
tp
o
n
e
m
en
t
co
u
ld
r
ed
u
ce
ex
p
o
s
u
r
e
to
s
p
ec
if
ic
s
p
ec
ialties
am
o
n
g
m
ed
ical
s
tu
d
en
ts
.
I
n
th
is
s
tu
d
y
,
th
e
m
o
s
t
p
r
ef
er
r
ed
s
p
ec
ialties
wer
e
Ped
iatr
ics,
f
o
llo
wed
b
y
Ob
s
te
tr
ic
Gy
n
ec
o
lo
g
y
,
an
d
I
n
ter
n
al
Me
d
icin
e
.
An
o
th
er
s
tu
d
y
s
h
o
wed
th
at
Su
r
g
er
y
,
Ped
iatr
ics,
Ob
s
tetr
ics
an
d
G
y
n
ec
o
lo
g
y
,
an
d
I
n
ter
n
al
Me
d
icin
e
wer
e
th
e
m
o
s
t
d
esira
b
le
o
p
tio
n
s
am
o
n
g
m
ed
ical
s
tu
d
en
ts
[
1
0
]
,
[
2
1
]
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
8
2
2
Med
ica
l c
r
is
is
d
u
r
in
g
p
a
n
d
em
ic:
C
a
r
ee
r
p
r
eferen
ce
s
ch
a
n
g
e
in
med
ica
l stu
d
en
t
(
Dia
n
N
a
t
a
lia
)
1259
T
h
e
d
if
f
er
e
n
t
r
ea
s
o
n
s
f
o
r
th
e
m
o
s
t
p
r
ef
er
r
e
d
s
p
ec
ialties
co
u
ld
b
e
attr
ib
u
te
d
to
g
en
d
er
d
i
f
f
er
en
ce
s
.
Ma
le
s
tu
d
en
ts
m
o
r
e
p
r
e
f
er
r
e
d
to
s
p
ec
ialize
i
n
Su
r
g
er
y
,
th
e
r
ev
er
s
e
f
o
r
f
em
ale
s
tu
d
en
ts
m
o
r
e
p
r
e
f
er
r
ed
t
o
s
p
ec
ialize
in
Ped
iatr
ics
[
2
2
]
-
[
2
5
]
.
Fem
ales
ten
d
to
o
p
t
-
in
f
ewe
r
s
p
ec
ialties
s
u
ch
as
Ped
iatr
ics,
Gen
er
al
Pra
ctice
,
an
d
Ob
s
tetr
ic
Gy
n
ec
o
lo
g
y
wh
ic
h
ar
e
ch
a
r
ac
ter
ized
b
y
a
f
o
c
u
s
o
n
p
atien
t
-
d
o
cto
r
r
e
latio
n
s
[
2
3
]
.
T
h
ese
r
esu
lts
in
d
icate
th
at
th
er
e
is
an
in
cr
ea
s
ed
p
r
ev
alen
ce
o
f
P
ed
iatr
ics
an
d
Ob
s
tetr
ic
Gy
n
e
co
lo
g
y
as
th
e
m
o
s
t
p
r
ef
er
r
e
d
ca
r
ee
r
am
o
n
g
m
ed
ic
al
s
tu
d
en
ts
b
ec
au
s
e
o
f
th
e
h
ig
h
er
p
er
ce
n
ta
g
e
o
f
f
em
ale
p
a
r
ticip
an
ts
.
T
h
e
m
o
s
t
f
r
e
q
u
en
t
r
ea
s
o
n
to
o
p
t
f
o
r
a
f
u
tu
r
e
s
p
ec
ialty
w
as
ac
ad
em
ic
in
ter
est
f
o
llo
we
d
b
y
t
h
eir
ca
p
ab
ilit
ies.
I
n
d
iv
id
u
al
in
ter
es
t
was
th
e
m
o
s
t
af
f
ec
tin
g
elem
e
n
t
in
d
eter
m
in
in
g
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
’
ca
r
ee
r
d
ec
is
io
n
s
[
2
5
]
.
I
n
d
iv
id
u
al
in
ter
ests
s
u
ch
as
ac
ad
em
ic
in
ter
ests
wer
e
th
e
m
o
s
t
well
-
k
n
o
wn
r
ea
s
o
n
f
o
r
o
p
tin
g
f
o
r
a
m
ed
ical
ca
r
ee
r
in
d
ev
elo
p
in
g
o
r
d
ev
el
o
p
ed
c
o
u
n
t
r
ies
[
2
6
]
.
Fu
r
t
h
er
m
o
r
e,
th
e
p
r
e
v
io
u
s
s
tu
d
y
s
h
o
we
d
th
at
a
p
o
r
tio
n
o
f
th
e
m
ed
ical
s
tu
d
en
ts
o
p
ts
f
o
r
th
eir
ca
r
ee
r
b
ec
au
s
e
m
atch
t
h
eir
ab
ilit
ies
.
T
h
ese
o
u
tco
m
e
s
h
av
e
s
h
o
wn
th
at
m
ed
ical
s
tu
d
en
ts
alr
ea
d
y
k
n
e
w
ab
o
u
t th
eir
ca
p
ac
ities
an
d
th
ei
r
p
o
ten
tial to
o
p
t f
o
r
a
ca
r
ee
r
[
1
2
]
,
[
2
7
]
.
C
o
n
v
er
s
ely
,
th
is
s
tu
d
y
s
h
o
wed
th
at
1
2
.
5
%
o
f
m
e
d
ical
s
tu
d
en
ts
r
ep
o
r
ted
th
at
th
ey
wer
e
s
till
u
n
d
ec
id
e
d
to
o
p
t
f
o
r
th
eir
f
u
tu
r
e
ca
r
ee
r
s
.
Similar
f
in
d
in
g
s
h
a
d
b
ee
n
r
ep
o
r
ted
th
at
o
n
l
y
1
0
%
o
f
r
esp
o
n
d
e
n
ts
in
th
e
s
tu
d
y
co
u
ld
n
o
t
s
elec
t
a
s
p
ec
ialty
[
1
2
]
.
Pas
t
s
tu
d
ies
s
h
o
wed
t
h
at
ea
r
l
y
s
p
ec
ialty
e
x
p
o
s
u
r
e
in
clin
ical
tr
ain
in
g
m
a
y
s
tim
u
late
s
tu
d
en
ts
’
ac
ad
em
ic
in
ter
est
an
d
d
ev
elo
p
th
e
ir
clin
ical
s
k
ills
[
2
6
]
.
T
h
e
ex
p
er
ien
ce
o
f
wo
r
k
in
g
in
d
ep
e
n
d
en
tly
as
a
d
o
cto
r
is
a
r
ea
s
o
n
to
ch
o
o
s
e
th
eir
f
in
al
ca
r
ee
r
[
1
4
]
.
T
h
er
e
was
a
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
ass
o
ciatio
n
b
etwe
en
f
in
is
h
in
g
a
clin
ical
r
o
tatio
n
to
o
p
t
f
o
r
th
e
ca
r
ee
r
s
p
ec
ialty
[
1
1
]
,
[
2
8
]
.
A
h
ig
h
er
p
er
ce
n
tag
e
o
f
a
p
r
e
-
clin
ical
m
ed
ical
s
tu
d
en
ts
in
o
u
r
s
tu
d
y
c
o
u
ld
b
e
th
e
r
ea
s
o
n
b
ec
au
s
e
t
h
ey
h
ad
n
o
t
f
in
is
h
ed
clin
ical
r
o
tatio
n
s
y
et.
T
h
e
r
ef
o
r
e,
p
ar
e
n
ts
o
r
f
am
ilies
also
b
ec
am
e
o
n
e
o
f
th
e
f
ac
to
r
s
f
o
r
m
ed
ica
l
s
tu
d
en
ts
to
m
ak
e
d
ec
is
io
n
s
ab
o
u
t
th
eir
ca
r
ee
r
p
r
ef
er
en
ce
s
[
2
9
]
,
[
3
0
]
.
I
n
th
e
c
o
llectiv
is
t
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
t,
lik
e
I
n
d
o
n
esia,
p
ar
e
n
ts
’
an
d
eld
er
ly
’
s
o
p
in
io
n
s
ar
e
h
ea
v
ily
r
eg
ar
d
e
d
.
Par
en
ts
’
d
is
ce
r
n
m
en
t w
ill in
f
lu
en
ce
th
eir
ass
es
s
m
en
t,
b
ec
au
s
e
th
e
s
p
ec
if
ic
ca
r
ee
r
b
ec
o
m
in
g
m
o
r
e
cr
itical
[
3
0
]
,
[
3
1
]
.
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
s
h
o
wed
th
at
o
n
l
y
n
ea
r
ly
o
n
e
-
f
o
u
r
t
h
o
f
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
ch
o
s
e
ad
v
ice
f
r
o
m
p
a
r
en
ts
as
th
e
d
eter
m
in
a
n
t
o
f
th
eir
ca
r
ee
r
p
r
e
f
er
en
ce
s
.
M
o
s
t
s
tu
d
en
ts
d
id
n
o
t
s
ee
m
to
f
ee
l
th
e
p
r
ess
u
r
e
f
r
o
m
p
ar
e
n
ts
to
o
p
t
f
o
r
t
h
eir
f
u
tu
r
e
ca
r
ee
r
s
.
T
h
is
m
ay
b
e
b
ec
au
s
e
th
e
y
ar
e
n
o
t
y
et
at
t
h
at
s
tag
e
wh
en
th
ey
n
ee
d
to
talk
ab
o
u
t i
t [
28
].
On
e
o
f
two
m
ed
ical
s
tu
d
en
t
s
h
ad
s
y
m
p
to
m
s
o
f
s
tr
ess
o
r
an
x
iety
.
C
o
n
tr
asted
with
n
o
n
-
h
ea
lt
h
wo
r
k
er
s
,
h
ea
lth
wo
r
k
er
s
h
ad
a
h
ig
h
er
p
r
ev
ale
n
ce
o
f
an
x
iet
y
,
d
ep
r
ess
io
n
,
an
d
s
leep
in
g
d
is
o
r
d
er
s
esp
ec
ially
in
s
o
m
n
ia
[
2
9
]
.
T
h
e
p
r
ev
i
o
u
s
s
tu
d
y
s
h
o
wed
th
at
t
h
e
m
ed
ical
s
taf
f
h
as
a
m
o
r
e
s
ig
n
if
i
ca
n
t
lev
el
o
f
f
ea
r
,
d
ep
r
ess
io
n
,
a
n
d
a
n
x
iety
th
an
th
e
r
e
g
u
lar
s
taf
f
[
32
]
.
An
o
b
s
er
v
atio
n
al
s
tu
d
y
i
n
v
o
lv
i
n
g
1
,
2
0
7
I
n
d
o
n
esian
m
ed
ical
s
tu
d
en
ts
r
ev
ea
le
d
th
at
alm
o
s
t
h
alf
o
f
th
e
r
esp
o
n
d
en
t
s
h
ad
s
y
m
p
t
o
m
s
o
f
a
n
x
iety
d
u
r
in
g
th
e
C
OVI
D
-
1
9
p
an
d
em
ic
[
33
]
.
I
t
was
p
o
s
s
ib
l
e
th
at
m
e
d
ical
s
tu
d
en
ts
also
h
av
e
a
h
ig
h
er
lev
el
o
f
f
ea
r
o
r
an
x
iety
th
a
n
o
th
er
s
tu
d
en
ts
.
W
ith
th
e
d
em
an
d
s
an
d
p
r
ess
in
g
f
ac
to
r
s
th
at
m
e
d
ical
s
tu
d
en
ts
f
ac
e,
it
is
n
o
th
in
g
u
n
ex
p
ec
ted
th
at
m
ed
ical
s
tu
d
en
t’
s
p
s
y
ch
o
lo
g
ic
al,
p
h
y
s
ical,
an
d
s
p
ir
itu
al
wellb
ein
g
ca
n
b
e
co
m
p
r
o
m
is
ed
[
3
4
]
.
Hig
h
er
r
ates
o
f
d
iag
n
o
s
ed
s
u
icid
al
id
ea
tio
n
,
m
o
o
d
d
is
o
r
d
er
s
,
an
d
p
s
y
ch
o
lo
g
ical
d
is
tr
ess
wer
e
f
o
u
n
d
s
ig
n
i
f
ican
tly
in
m
ed
ica
l
s
tu
d
en
ts
[
3
5
]
.
T
h
e
r
e
was
a
s
h
r
ed
o
f
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
ev
id
e
n
ce
th
at
m
ed
ical
s
tu
d
en
ts
o
v
er
all
ex
p
er
ien
ce
p
s
y
ch
iatr
ic
d
is
o
r
d
er
s
an
d
p
s
y
ch
o
lo
g
ical
d
is
tr
ess
[
3
6
].
Desp
ite
wid
esp
r
ea
d
f
ea
r
a
n
d
u
n
ce
r
tain
ty
a
b
o
u
t
th
e
C
OVI
D
-
1
9
p
an
d
em
ic,
th
ese
r
esu
lts
in
d
ic
ate
th
at
f
ea
r
o
f
C
OVI
D
-
1
9
w
as
ass
o
ciate
d
with
ca
r
ee
r
p
r
ef
er
en
c
es.
FC
V
-
1
9
S,
f
ea
r
o
f
b
ein
g
in
f
ec
ted
,
tr
a
n
s
m
itti
n
g
,
d
ea
th
f
r
o
m
C
OVI
D
-
1
9
,
h
a
v
in
g
c
o
m
o
r
b
id
f
ac
to
r
s
,
an
x
iety
was
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
ass
o
ciate
d
with
c
ar
ee
r
p
r
ef
er
en
c
es
in
th
e
m
e
d
ical
s
tu
d
en
t
d
u
r
in
g
th
e
p
an
d
em
i
c.
T
h
is
k
i
n
d
o
f
f
ea
r
h
ad
a
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
with
h
esit
an
cy
in
ca
r
ee
r
s
elec
tio
n
,
in
f
lu
e
n
ce
th
e
ca
r
ee
r
d
ec
i
s
io
n
,
an
d
in
c
r
ea
s
e
ce
r
tain
ca
r
ee
r
i
n
ter
ests
(
p
-
v
al
u
e<
0
.
0
5
)
.
Peo
p
le
with
co
m
o
r
b
id
f
ac
to
r
s
wer
e
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
r
elate
d
to
ca
r
ee
r
p
r
ef
er
en
ce
s
.
C
o
m
o
r
b
id
f
ac
t
o
r
s
co
u
ld
i
n
cr
ea
s
e
f
ea
r
o
f
C
OVI
D
-
1
9
b
ec
au
s
e
p
e
o
p
le
with
co
m
o
r
b
id
ity
h
av
e
in
cr
ea
s
ed
m
o
r
tality
r
is
k
b
y
f
iv
e
tim
es
[
3
7
]
.
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
also
s
h
o
wed
th
at
th
er
e
wer
e
s
ig
n
i
f
ican
t
d
if
f
e
r
en
ce
s
i
n
th
e
m
ea
n
s
o
f
FC
V
-
1
9
S
s
co
r
e
d
u
e
to
ca
r
ee
r
p
r
ef
e
r
en
ce
s
(
p
-
v
alu
e
<0
.
0
5
)
.
T
h
e
h
ig
h
e
r
s
co
r
es
o
f
th
e
FC
V
-
1
9
S
s
h
o
w
m
o
r
e
s
er
io
u
s
f
ea
r
o
f
C
OVI
D
-
1
9
[
1
9
]
.
A
p
an
d
em
ic
o
f
C
OVI
D
-
1
9
c
an
f
o
r
m
p
an
ic,
f
ea
r
,
an
d
an
x
i
ety
r
ap
id
ly
am
o
n
g
p
eo
p
le
o
v
er
all
[
1
9
]
,
[
38
]
.
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
s
h
o
wed
m
ed
i
ca
l
s
tu
d
en
ts
s
tar
t
to
co
n
s
id
er
a
ca
r
ee
r
with
less
ex
p
o
s
u
r
e
to
C
OVI
D
-
1
9
an
d
a
ca
r
ee
r
th
at
m
o
r
e
n
ee
d
ed
d
u
r
i
n
g
th
e
p
an
d
em
ic.
B
ec
au
s
e
o
f
th
e
f
lar
e
-
u
p
o
f
C
OVI
D
-
1
9
,
f
ea
r
em
er
g
es
am
o
n
g
h
ea
lth
wo
r
k
er
s
in
r
eg
ar
d
s
to
o
p
t
th
eir
f
u
tu
r
e
ca
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.
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.
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.
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