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)
Vo
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,
No
.
3
,
Sep
tem
b
er
2020
,
p
p
.
517
~
523
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N:
2252
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8822
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DOI
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[
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3
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4
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.
I
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P
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teac
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.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2252
-
8822
I
n
t
.
J
.
E
v
al
.
&
R
es
.
E
d
u
c
.
Vo
l.
9
,
No
.
3
,
Sep
tem
b
er
2020
:
517
-
523
518
T
h
e
ter
m
“
q
u
alit
y
”
as
o
p
er
atio
n
all
y
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s
ed
in
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is
s
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ased
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A
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Me
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[
6
]
,
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f
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t
th
a
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ac
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r
esear
ch
ar
is
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s
f
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lu
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[
7
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s
s
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s
co
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R
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et.
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[
8
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r
ev
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esear
ch
.
T
ea
ch
er
s
n
ee
d
f
u
r
th
er
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
an
d
clar
if
icatio
n
in
ac
tio
n
r
esear
ch
[
9
]
m
o
s
t
n
o
tab
l
y
b
ec
au
s
e
ev
alu
a
tio
n
o
f
r
esear
c
h
es
is
u
s
u
all
y
s
et
b
y
t
h
e
ex
a
m
i
n
in
g
au
t
h
o
r
it
y
i
n
d
if
f
er
en
t
ac
ad
e
m
ic
i
n
s
tit
u
tio
n
s
i
n
th
e
P
h
ilip
p
in
es,
a
n
d
th
is
p
r
o
ce
s
s
f
r
o
m
id
e
n
ti
f
icatio
n
o
f
cr
it
er
ia
to
th
e
ac
tu
al
ev
alu
a
tio
n
o
f
ac
tio
n
r
esear
ch
e
s
m
a
y
b
e
s
u
b
j
ec
ted
to
b
iased
an
d
p
o
o
r
j
u
d
g
m
e
n
t,
if
n
o
t d
o
n
e
co
r
r
ec
tly
a
n
d
co
n
s
cie
n
tio
u
s
l
y
.
On
e
o
f
t
h
e
n
o
tab
le
liter
atu
r
es
r
elate
d
to
th
e
p
r
esen
t
s
t
u
d
y
is
w
h
a
t
Z
u
b
er
-
S
k
er
r
it
&
Fle
t
ch
er
[
1
0
]
p
r
esen
ted
as
q
u
alit
y
cr
i
ter
ia
in
ac
tio
n
r
esea
r
c
h
th
e
s
es
in
s
o
cial
s
cien
ce
s
.
A
cc
o
r
d
in
g
t
o
th
e
r
esear
ch
er
s
,
a
q
u
alit
y
ac
tio
n
r
esear
ch
p
r
e
s
en
t
s
a
cr
itical
an
al
y
s
is
o
f
a
w
e
ll
-
d
e
f
i
n
ed
p
r
o
b
lem
w
h
ic
h
r
aises
a
“
t
h
e
m
atic
co
n
ce
r
n
”
r
ef
er
r
ed
to
as
a
m
aj
o
r
i
s
s
u
e
i
n
co
m
m
u
n
i
t
y
d
e
v
elo
p
m
e
n
t.
A
l
s
o
,
th
e
“
q
u
al
it
y
”
co
m
es
w
i
th
t
h
e
u
s
e
o
f
an
ap
p
r
o
p
r
iate
m
et
h
o
d
o
lo
g
y
w
h
ic
h
ca
n
ad
v
an
ce
k
n
o
w
led
g
e
in
th
e
f
ield
.
I
t
p
r
o
v
id
es
co
n
v
i
n
ci
n
g
ev
id
en
ce
f
o
r
th
e
clai
m
ed
k
n
o
w
led
g
e
an
d
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ate
s
cr
itical
r
ef
lectio
n
w
h
ic
h
ca
n
co
n
tr
ib
u
t
e
to
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
i
n
g
k
n
o
w
led
g
e
an
d
p
r
ac
tices.
I
n
ad
d
itio
n
,
v
alid
an
d
q
u
alit
y
r
esear
ch
es
e
m
er
g
e
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
r
ef
lectio
n
o
f
teac
h
er
s
o
n
th
eir
w
o
r
k
[
1
1
]
.
Mo
r
eo
v
er
,
Feld
m
an
[
1
2
]
cr
iticized
th
e
p
r
in
cip
le
s
o
f
q
u
alit
y
ac
tio
n
r
esear
c
h
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
b
y
Heik
k
in
e
n
,
Hu
tt
u
n
en
a
n
d
S
y
r
j
ala.
A
cc
o
r
d
in
g
to
h
i
m
,
h
is
to
r
ical
co
n
ti
n
u
i
t
y
,
r
e
f
lex
iv
i
t
y
a
n
d
d
ialec
ti
cs,
w
o
r
k
ab
il
it
y
a
n
d
ev
o
ca
tiv
e
n
es
s
m
a
y
b
e
in
s
u
f
f
ic
ien
t
cr
iter
ia
b
ec
au
s
e
th
ese
m
a
y
o
n
l
y
ap
p
licab
le
to
th
e
r
esear
ch
r
ep
o
r
t
an
d
n
o
t
t
o
th
e
ac
tio
n
r
esear
ch
its
e
lf
.
W
h
ile
h
e
th
o
u
g
h
t
th
a
t
r
ef
lex
i
v
it
y
an
d
d
ialec
tics
m
a
y
b
e
u
s
ed
as
cr
iter
ia,
h
e
ad
d
ed
th
at
ac
tio
n
r
esear
ch
e
s
s
h
o
u
ld
i
n
clu
d
e
clea
r
a
n
d
d
etailed
d
escr
ip
tio
n
s
o
f
h
o
w
an
d
w
h
y
t
h
e
d
ata
w
er
e
co
llected
,
p
r
o
v
id
e
clea
r
an
d
d
etailed
d
escr
ip
tio
n
s
o
f
h
o
w
t
h
eir
n
ar
r
ativ
es
w
er
e
co
n
s
tr
u
cted
f
r
o
m
th
e
d
ata,
p
r
esen
t
an
ex
p
la
n
atio
n
o
r
th
eo
r
y
o
f
w
h
y
it
w
o
r
k
s
.
Mo
r
eo
v
er
,
h
e
av
er
r
ed
th
at
it
is
w
h
e
n
t
h
e
ac
tio
n
r
esear
ch
er
s
p
a
y
atten
tio
n
to
v
alid
it
y
o
f
t
h
eir
wo
r
k
th
at
t
h
eir
ac
tio
n
r
esear
ch
e
s
ca
n
h
a
v
e
g
o
o
d
q
u
alit
y
.
T
h
e
p
u
r
p
o
s
e
o
f
th
i
s
p
ap
er
is
t
o
d
eter
m
i
n
e
t
h
e
p
r
ef
er
r
ed
ev
a
lu
atio
n
cr
iter
ia
f
o
r
ac
tio
n
r
ese
ar
ch
es
i
n
ed
u
ca
tio
n
u
s
in
g
th
e
An
al
y
tic
Hier
ar
ch
y
P
r
o
ce
s
s
(
A
HP
)
b
y
e
x
p
er
ts
.
T
h
is
m
et
h
o
d
is
a
m
u
lt
ip
le
d
ec
is
io
n
-
m
ak
in
g
m
et
h
o
d
th
at
m
o
d
els
d
ec
is
io
n
-
m
a
k
i
n
g
p
r
o
ce
s
s
es
m
at
h
e
m
a
ticall
y
an
d
ar
e
u
s
ed
to
s
o
lv
e
co
m
p
l
e
x
p
r
o
b
lem
s
[
1
3
]
.
Usi
n
g
A
HP
,
t
h
is
r
esear
c
h
i
n
ten
d
s
to
id
en
ti
f
y
,
r
an
k
,
an
d
d
eter
m
i
n
e
t
h
e
weig
h
t
o
f
t
h
e
cr
iter
ia
w
h
ic
h
r
esear
ch
ex
p
er
ts
p
er
ce
i
v
ed
as
cr
itical
in
ap
p
r
aisi
n
g
ac
tio
n
r
esear
ch
es
co
n
d
u
cted
b
y
t
ea
ch
er
s
.
T
h
is
s
t
u
d
y
is
o
f
g
r
ea
t
r
elev
a
n
ce
s
in
ce
ev
alu
a
tio
n
o
f
ac
tio
n
r
e
s
ea
r
ch
es
m
ad
e
b
y
teac
h
er
s
d
o
es
n
o
t
o
n
l
y
i
m
p
r
o
v
e
th
e
d
eli
v
er
y
o
f
ed
u
ca
t
io
n
,
b
u
t
it
u
s
ed
n
o
w
ad
a
y
s
to
ap
p
r
aise
teac
h
er
s
’
d
ed
icatio
n
an
d
co
m
m
it
m
e
n
t
f
o
r
p
r
o
f
ess
io
n
al
g
r
o
w
th
.
2.
RE
S
E
ARCH
M
E
T
H
O
D
T
h
is
s
t
u
d
y
e
m
p
lo
y
ed
an
ex
p
lo
r
ato
r
y
-
s
eq
u
en
tial
m
i
x
e
d
m
eth
o
d
d
esi
g
n
.
T
h
e
p
u
r
p
o
s
e
o
f
an
ex
p
lo
r
ato
r
y
-
s
eq
u
e
n
tial
m
i
x
ed
m
et
h
o
d
s
d
esig
n
i
n
v
o
l
v
es
t
h
e
p
r
o
ce
d
u
r
e
o
f
f
ir
s
t
g
ath
er
in
g
q
u
ali
tati
v
e
d
ata
to
ex
p
lo
r
e
a
p
h
en
o
m
e
n
o
n
,
an
d
th
e
n
co
llecti
n
g
q
u
a
n
titati
v
e
d
ata
to
ex
p
lai
n
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
s
f
o
u
n
d
i
n
th
e
q
u
alitati
v
e
d
ata
[
1
4
]
.
T
h
e
r
esear
ch
er
an
al
y
ze
d
d
o
cu
m
e
n
ts
p
ar
ticu
lar
l
y
r
u
b
r
ics
u
s
ed
in
ass
es
s
i
n
g
ac
tio
n
r
esear
ch
es
b
y
e
x
p
er
ts
a
n
d
o
r
g
an
iza
tio
n
s
,
r
ev
ie
w
ed
liter
at
u
r
e
ab
o
u
t
ac
tio
n
r
esear
ch
es,
a
n
d
in
ter
v
ie
w
ed
f
ield
ex
p
er
ts
to
co
m
e
u
p
w
it
h
ev
a
lu
atio
n
cr
iter
ia.
T
h
ese
w
er
e
t
h
en
te
s
ted
an
d
f
u
r
t
h
er
an
al
y
ze
d
u
s
in
g
A
HP
to
d
eter
m
in
e
t
h
e
cr
iter
ia
w
eig
h
t
s
as e
v
al
u
ated
b
y
th
e
r
esear
c
h
e
x
p
er
ts
.
T
h
e
m
ai
n
r
esp
o
n
d
en
t
s
o
f
th
i
s
s
tu
d
y
w
er
e
f
iv
e
e
x
p
er
ts
in
th
e
f
ield
o
f
r
esear
ch
an
d
ev
al
u
ati
o
n
o
f
w
h
o
w
er
e
p
u
r
p
o
s
iv
el
y
s
elec
ted
b
y
t
h
e
r
esear
ch
er
.
I
n
s
elec
ti
n
g
r
es
p
o
n
d
en
ts
,
f
o
u
r
cr
iter
ia
w
er
e
co
n
s
id
er
ed
w
h
ic
h
ar
e
th
eir
ac
ad
e
m
ic
p
r
ep
ar
atio
n
,
y
ea
r
s
in
t
h
e
teac
h
i
n
g
p
r
o
f
ess
io
n
,
an
d
ex
p
er
ien
ce
s
in
w
r
i
tin
g
an
d
ev
al
u
ati
n
g
r
esear
ch
es.
A
ll
f
i
v
e
e
x
p
er
ts
a
r
e
P
h
.
D.
in
E
d
u
ca
tio
n
al
R
e
s
ea
r
ch
an
d
E
v
al
u
atio
n
ca
n
d
id
at
es,
h
a
v
e
at
least
1
0
y
ea
r
s
o
f
teac
h
in
g
e
x
p
er
ien
ce
,
h
av
e
p
u
b
lis
h
ed
r
esear
ch
e
s
b
o
th
in
lo
ca
l
an
d
i
n
ter
n
atio
n
al
j
o
u
r
n
als,
an
d
w
er
e
in
v
ited
to
ev
alu
a
te
r
esear
ch
es
an
d
j
o
u
r
n
als
a
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
ti
m
e
s
in
t
h
e
p
ast.
Fi
g
u
r
e
1
d
escr
ib
es
p
r
o
ce
s
s
f
lo
w
o
f
th
is
r
esear
c
h
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J
E
v
al
&
R
e
s
E
d
u
c
.
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8822
A
n
a
n
a
lytic
h
iera
r
ch
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p
r
o
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s
fo
r
q
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a
lity
a
ctio
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r
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r
ch
es in
ed
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a
tio
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(
A
lvin
B
ers
a
b
a
l B
a
r
ce
lo
n
a
)
519
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
P
r
o
ce
s
s
f
lo
w
o
f
t
h
is
r
esear
c
h
2
.
1
.
Co
llect
io
n
o
f
qu
a
lita
t
iv
e
da
t
a
T
h
e
f
ir
s
t
p
h
ase
o
f
d
ata
g
ath
er
i
n
g
w
a
s
th
e
co
llectio
n
an
d
an
a
l
y
s
i
s
o
f
q
u
alitat
iv
e
d
ata.
T
h
e
r
esear
ch
er
co
n
d
u
cted
co
n
te
n
t
an
al
y
s
is
o
f
ev
alu
a
tio
n
r
u
b
r
ics
u
s
ed
b
y
te
n
(
1
0
)
o
r
g
an
izatio
n
s
in
a
s
s
es
s
i
n
g
ac
tio
n
r
esear
c
h
es
m
ad
e
b
y
teac
h
er
s
,
i
n
ter
v
ie
w
e
d
r
esear
ch
ex
p
e
r
ts
,
an
d
r
ev
ie
w
ed
r
elev
a
n
t
liter
at
u
r
e.
T
h
e
d
ata
o
b
tain
ed
f
r
o
m
m
u
ltip
le
s
o
u
r
ce
s
o
f
d
ata
w
er
e
v
alid
ated
b
y
t
w
o
e
x
p
er
ts
w
h
o
b
o
th
h
av
e
P
h
D.
i
n
E
d
u
ca
tio
n
d
eg
r
ee
s
.
2
.
2
.
Co
llect
io
n o
f
qu
a
ntit
a
t
iv
e
da
t
a
us
ing
a
na
ly
t
ic
hiera
rc
hy
pro
ce
s
s
Af
ter
f
i
n
aliz
in
g
t
h
e
cr
iter
ia
f
o
r
th
e
ev
al
u
atio
n
o
f
ed
u
ca
tio
n
a
l
ac
tio
n
r
esear
ch
es,
it
w
a
s
s
u
b
j
ec
ted
to
A
HP
.
T
h
is
is
a
m
u
lti
-
cr
iter
ia
p
r
o
g
r
a
m
m
in
g
tech
n
iq
u
e
f
o
r
d
ec
is
io
n
m
ak
i
n
g
in
co
m
p
le
x
en
v
i
r
o
n
m
e
n
ts
i
n
w
h
ic
h
m
an
y
v
ar
iab
les
o
r
cr
iter
ia
ar
e
co
n
s
id
er
ed
in
th
e
p
r
io
r
itizatio
n
an
d
s
elec
tio
n
o
f
alter
n
ativ
e
s
o
r
p
r
o
j
ec
ts
s
u
ch
a
s
ev
alu
a
tio
n
cr
iter
ia
f
o
r
ed
u
ca
ti
o
n
al
ac
tio
n
r
esear
ch
er
s
w
h
er
e
th
er
e
ar
e
a
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
co
n
s
id
er
atio
n
s
w
h
ic
h
n
ee
d
to
tak
e
i
n
to
ac
co
u
n
t.
A
HP
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
s
t
h
e
co
m
p
ar
is
o
n
s
,
w
h
ic
h
ar
e
m
o
s
t
o
f
te
n
e
m
p
ir
ical,
i
n
t
o
n
u
m
er
ical
v
al
u
es
w
h
i
c
h
ar
e
f
u
r
th
er
p
r
o
ce
s
s
ed
an
d
co
m
p
ar
ed
.
T
h
e
w
ei
g
h
t
o
f
ea
ch
f
ac
to
r
allo
w
s
t
h
e
as
s
es
s
m
en
t
o
f
ea
ch
o
n
e
o
f
th
e
ele
m
e
n
ts
i
n
s
id
e
th
e
d
e
f
in
ed
h
ier
ar
ch
y
.
T
h
is
ca
p
ab
ilit
y
o
f
co
n
v
er
tin
g
e
m
p
ir
ical
d
ata
in
to
m
ath
e
m
at
ical
m
o
d
el
s
is
th
e
m
ai
n
d
is
ti
n
cti
v
e
co
n
tr
ib
u
tio
n
o
f
t
h
e
AHP
tech
n
iq
u
e
w
h
e
n
co
n
tr
asted
w
i
t
h
o
th
er
co
m
p
ar
in
g
tech
n
iq
u
es [
1
5
]
.
T
h
e
m
ai
n
ad
v
a
n
ta
g
e
o
f
A
HP
is
i
ts
ab
ili
t
y
to
r
an
k
c
h
o
ice
s
i
n
t
h
e
o
r
d
er
o
f
t
h
eir
e
f
f
ec
t
iv
en
e
s
s
in
m
ee
ti
n
g
co
n
f
licti
n
g
o
b
j
ec
tiv
es
[
1
6
]
w
h
ich
is
s
u
itab
le
to
t
h
e
p
u
r
p
o
s
e
o
f
th
i
s
s
tu
d
y
w
h
i
ch
is
to
d
eter
m
i
n
e
ev
alu
a
tio
n
cr
iter
ia
f
o
r
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
ac
tio
n
r
esear
ch
es
m
ad
e
b
y
teac
h
er
s
.
Mo
r
eo
v
er
,
A
H
P
is
a
p
p
r
o
p
r
iate
t
o
p
eo
p
le
ar
e
w
o
r
k
i
n
g
w
it
h
p
r
o
b
le
m
s
in
v
o
lv
in
g
h
u
m
a
n
p
er
ce
p
tio
n
s
a
n
d
j
u
d
g
m
e
n
t
w
h
o
s
e
r
es
o
lu
tio
n
s
h
a
v
e
lo
n
g
-
ter
m
r
ep
er
cu
s
s
io
n
s
[
1
6
]
an
d
allo
w
s
s
o
m
e
s
m
al
l
in
co
n
s
i
s
te
n
cies
i
n
th
e
j
u
d
g
m
e
n
t
b
ec
au
s
e
it
r
ec
o
g
n
izes
t
h
at
h
u
m
a
n
p
er
ce
p
tio
n
is
n
o
t
al
w
a
y
s
co
n
s
i
s
ten
t.
I
n
ad
d
itio
n
to
t
h
is
,
t
h
e
i
m
p
le
m
en
tatio
n
o
f
AHP
is
b
ased
o
n
t
h
e
ex
p
er
ien
ce
an
d
k
n
o
w
led
g
e
o
f
th
e
ex
p
er
ts
o
r
u
s
er
s
to
d
eter
m
i
n
e
th
e
f
ac
to
r
s
a
f
f
e
c
tin
g
t
h
e
d
ec
is
io
n
p
r
o
ce
s
s
[
1
7
]
.
I
n
t
h
is
s
t
u
d
y
,
a
f
ter
t
h
e
cr
iter
ia
in
e
v
al
u
ati
n
g
ac
tio
n
r
esear
ch
e
s
w
er
e
id
en
ti
f
ied
b
ased
o
n
th
e
q
u
alitati
v
e
a
n
al
y
s
i
s
o
f
d
ata,
th
e
m
ag
n
it
u
d
e
o
r
w
ei
g
h
t
o
f
ea
ch
cr
iter
io
n
w
er
e
d
eter
m
in
ed
b
y
co
m
p
ar
in
g
t
w
o
cr
iter
ia
at
a
tim
e.
A
HP
r
eq
u
ir
es
d
ec
is
io
n
m
a
k
er
s
to
ca
r
r
y
o
u
t
s
i
m
p
le
p
air
w
a
is
e
co
m
p
ar
i
s
o
n
j
u
d
g
m
en
ts
[
1
8
]
.
T
h
is
s
te
m
s
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
f
ac
t
th
at
A
HP
ad
h
er
es
t
h
e
f
ac
t
t
h
at
th
e
m
ag
n
it
u
d
e
o
f
cr
iter
ia
m
a
y
n
o
t
b
e
eq
u
al
a
s
p
r
ef
er
r
ed
b
y
v
ar
io
u
s
e
v
al
u
ato
r
s
o
r
ex
p
er
ts
.
I
n
p
air
w
i
s
e
co
m
p
ar
is
o
n
,
th
e
r
esp
o
n
d
en
ts
w
er
e
ask
ed
to
u
s
e
th
e
A
HP
s
c
ale
th
at
f
o
llo
w
s
i
n
d
eter
m
in
i
n
g
w
h
ich
o
f
t
h
e
c
r
ite
r
ia
h
as
m
o
r
e
m
er
it f
o
r
th
e
m
as
s
h
o
w
n
i
n
T
ab
le
1
.
T
ab
le
1
.
T
h
e
an
al
y
tic
h
ier
ar
ch
y
p
r
o
ce
s
s
(
A
HP
)
s
ca
le
I
n
t
e
n
si
t
y
o
f
I
mp
o
r
t
a
n
c
e
S
h
o
r
t
D
e
scri
p
t
o
r
s
I
n
t
e
r
p
r
e
t
a
t
i
o
n
1
Eq
u
a
l
T
h
e
t
w
o
c
r
i
t
e
r
i
a
c
o
n
t
r
i
b
u
t
e
e
q
u
a
l
l
y
t
o
t
h
e
o
b
j
e
c
t
i
v
e
3
M
o
d
e
r
a
t
e
Ex
p
e
r
i
e
n
c
e
s a
n
d
j
u
d
g
me
n
t
s sl
i
g
h
t
l
y
f
a
v
o
r
o
n
e
o
v
e
r
t
h
e
o
t
h
e
r
.
5
S
t
r
o
n
g
Ex
p
e
r
i
e
n
c
e
s a
n
d
j
u
d
g
me
n
t
s s
t
r
o
n
g
l
y
f
a
v
o
r
o
n
e
o
v
e
r
t
h
e
o
t
h
e
r
7
V
e
r
y
S
t
r
o
n
g
Ex
p
e
r
i
e
n
c
e
s a
n
d
j
u
d
g
me
n
t
s v
e
r
y
st
r
o
n
g
l
y
f
a
v
o
r
o
n
e
o
v
e
r
t
h
e
o
t
h
e
r
w
h
e
r
e
i
t
s i
mp
o
r
t
a
n
c
e
i
s
d
e
m
o
n
st
r
a
t
e
d
i
n
p
r
a
c
t
i
c
e
.
9
Ex
t
r
e
me
T
h
e
e
v
i
d
e
n
c
e
f
a
v
o
r
i
n
g
o
n
e
o
v
e
r
t
h
e
o
t
h
e
r
i
s o
f
t
h
e
h
i
g
h
e
st
p
o
ssi
b
l
e
v
a
l
i
d
i
t
y
.
2,
4,
6,
8
I
n
t
e
r
me
d
i
a
t
e
V
a
l
u
e
s
W
h
e
n
c
o
mp
r
o
mi
se
i
s
n
e
e
d
e
d
3.
RE
SU
L
T
S
AND
D
I
SCU
SS
I
O
N
Af
ter
co
n
d
u
cti
n
g
co
n
te
n
t
a
n
al
y
s
i
s
o
f
t
h
e
e
v
al
u
atio
n
r
u
b
r
ics
f
r
o
m
te
n
r
esear
c
h
e
x
p
er
ts
an
d
o
r
g
an
izatio
n
s
,
an
d
th
e
m
es
s
u
r
f
ac
ed
f
r
o
m
in
ter
v
ie
w
s
,
s
ev
e
n
r
esear
ch
cr
iter
ia
e
m
er
g
ed
.
T
h
e
m
o
s
t
co
m
p
r
e
h
en
s
iv
e
s
u
m
m
ar
y
o
f
e
v
alu
a
tio
n
cr
iter
ia
f
o
r
ac
tio
n
r
esear
ch
es
w
h
ic
h
ca
n
e
n
ca
p
s
u
la
te
th
e
r
es
u
lts
o
f
th
e
q
u
alitati
v
e
an
al
y
s
i
s
d
o
n
e
b
y
th
e
r
esear
ch
er
ca
n
b
e
co
m
p
ar
ed
to
w
h
at
B
r
ad
b
u
r
y
-
H
u
a
n
g
[
1
9
]
p
r
esen
ted
as
q
u
alit
y
cr
iter
ia
f
o
r
ac
tio
n
r
ese
ar
ch
es.
Fo
r
t
h
e
p
u
r
p
o
s
e
o
f
cla
r
it
y
a
n
d
p
r
o
o
f
o
f
lit
er
at
u
r
e
u
n
d
er
p
in
n
in
g
s
,
th
e
s
e
s
ev
e
n
cr
iter
ia
w
er
e
ad
o
p
ted
in
th
is
s
t
u
d
y
.
T
h
ese
cr
iter
ia
w
er
e
co
m
p
ar
ed
an
d
an
al
y
ze
d
f
u
r
th
er
b
y
t
h
e
r
esear
c
h
ex
p
er
ts
to
d
eter
m
in
e
it
s
w
ei
g
h
t u
s
i
n
g
th
e
An
al
y
tic
Hier
ar
ch
y
P
r
o
ce
s
s
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2252
-
8822
I
n
t
.
J
.
E
v
al
.
&
R
es
.
E
d
u
c
.
Vo
l.
9
,
No
.
3
,
Sep
tem
b
er
2020
:
517
-
523
520
3
.
1
.
Well
-
a
rt
icula
t
ed
o
b
j
ec
t
iv
es
Qu
alit
y
ac
tio
n
r
esear
ch
h
as
cl
ea
r
o
b
j
ec
tiv
es
w
h
ic
h
g
u
id
ed
t
h
e
en
t
ir
e
w
o
r
k
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
b
eg
i
n
n
in
g
u
n
til
th
e
en
d
.
T
h
is
m
ea
n
s
t
h
at
a
well
-
d
ef
in
ed
a
n
d
s
tr
o
n
g
p
u
r
p
o
s
e
is
ar
ticu
lated
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
b
eg
i
n
n
i
n
g
o
f
t
h
e
s
t
u
d
y
w
h
ic
h
g
iv
e
s
d
ir
ec
tio
n
to
t
h
e
ac
tio
n
r
esear
ch
p
r
o
ce
s
s
.
At
t
h
e
e
n
d
o
f
t
h
e
s
t
u
d
y
,
th
e
ac
t
io
n
p
la
n
an
d
t
h
e
i
m
p
ac
t o
f
th
e
in
v
o
l
v
e
m
e
n
t o
f
teac
h
er
s
i
n
th
e
p
r
o
ce
s
s
ca
n
b
e
ass
er
ted
as
th
e
r
ea
lizatio
n
o
f
t
h
e
s
ta
ted
o
b
j
ec
tiv
es.
3
.
2
.
I
nco
rpo
ra
t
e
pa
rt
nersh
ip a
nd
co
o
pera
t
io
n a
m
o
ng
s
t
a
k
eho
l
ders
Qu
alit
y
ac
tio
n
r
esear
c
h
en
co
u
r
ag
es
p
ar
ticip
atio
n
a
m
o
n
g
s
ta
k
eh
o
ld
er
s
f
r
o
m
m
er
e
co
n
s
u
lta
tio
n
w
it
h
th
e
m
an
d
to
t
h
e
ex
ten
t
o
f
e
n
g
ag
i
n
g
t
h
e
m
as
co
-
r
e
s
ea
r
ch
er
s
.
T
h
e
id
en
tifie
d
an
d
r
aised
p
r
o
b
lem
s
i
n
ac
tio
n
r
esear
ch
es
m
a
y
d
ir
ec
tl
y
a
f
f
ec
t
th
e
s
tak
e
h
o
ld
er
s
s
u
c
h
as
th
e
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
,
teac
h
er
s
,
ad
m
in
is
t
r
ato
r
s
,
p
ar
en
ts
,
an
d
th
e
w
h
o
le
s
c
h
o
o
l
co
m
m
u
n
it
y
.
I
t
is
ess
en
tial
to
en
co
u
r
a
g
e
th
e
m
to
b
e
ac
tiv
el
y
e
n
g
ag
e
in
ev
er
y
s
tep
o
f
th
e
r
esear
ch
p
r
o
ce
s
s
as
th
e
y
h
elp
th
e
r
esear
ch
er
i
n
th
e
id
en
ti
f
icatio
n
o
f
th
e
p
r
o
b
lem
,
d
esi
g
n
o
f
th
e
in
v
e
s
ti
g
atio
n
,
an
d
i
n
th
e
i
m
p
le
m
e
n
tat
io
n
an
d
as
s
es
s
m
e
n
t
o
f
th
e
ac
tio
n
p
la
n
.
I
n
f
ac
t,
Har
t
&
B
o
n
d
as
cited
in
Dee
r
y
[
2
0
]
ass
er
ted
t
h
at
t
h
e
n
at
u
r
e
an
d
d
e
g
r
ee
o
f
d
e
m
o
cr
atic
co
llab
o
r
atio
n
ar
e
cr
u
cia
l
to
th
e
s
u
cc
es
s
o
f
th
e
ac
tio
n
r
esear
c
h
p
r
o
ce
s
s
.
3
.
3
.
Co
ntr
ibu
t
io
n t
o
t
heo
ry
a
nd
pra
ct
ice
Qu
alit
y
ac
t
io
n
r
esear
c
h
d
o
es
n
o
t
o
n
l
y
co
n
tr
ib
u
te
to
t
h
e
ac
tio
n
r
esear
ch
liter
at
u
r
e
b
u
t
p
r
o
v
id
es
in
p
u
ts
to
th
eo
r
ies
an
d
p
r
ac
tices
in
ed
u
ca
tio
n
.
T
h
e
co
n
tr
ib
u
tio
n
to
th
eo
r
y
a
n
d
p
r
ac
tice
is
s
i
m
p
l
y
th
e
i
m
p
etu
s
w
h
ic
h
w
il
l
h
elp
ch
an
g
e
an
d
i
m
p
r
o
v
e
th
e
p
r
esen
t
p
r
o
b
lem
at
ic
s
itu
a
ti
o
n
in
th
e
class
r
o
o
m
o
r
s
ch
o
o
l
s
etti
n
g
.
T
h
e
ai
m
is
f
o
r
i
m
p
r
o
v
e
m
e
n
t
w
it
h
in
t
h
e
co
n
tex
t
an
d
s
it
u
atio
n
w
it
h
i
n
wh
ich
t
h
e
s
tu
d
y
i
s
co
n
d
u
cted
in
th
e
k
e
y
p
r
io
r
ity
o
f
th
e
ac
tio
n
.
W
it
h
th
i
s
,
Fro
g
at
t
&
Ho
ck
le
y
[
2
1
]
s
ec
o
n
d
ed
th
at
t
h
is
k
in
d
o
f
m
et
h
o
d
o
lo
g
y
b
r
id
g
e
s
th
e
g
ap
b
et
w
ee
n
t
h
eo
r
y
a
n
d
p
r
ac
tice
w
h
er
e
teac
h
er
s
ar
e
c
h
alle
n
g
ed
to
lev
er
a
g
e
t
h
eir
i
n
s
id
er
k
n
o
wled
g
e
to
c
h
an
g
e
a
n
d
i
m
p
r
o
v
e
clas
s
r
o
o
m
p
r
ac
tices [
2
2
]
.
3
.
4
.
Use o
f
a
pp
ro
pria
t
e
a
nd
a
cc
ura
t
e
m
et
ho
ds
a
nd
pro
ce
s
s
e
s
Qu
alit
y
ac
tio
n
r
esear
ch
m
a
k
e
s
u
s
e
o
f
ap
p
r
o
p
r
iate
an
d
ac
cu
r
ate
m
et
h
o
d
s
an
d
p
r
o
ce
s
s
es
w
h
ic
h
h
e
lp
th
e
r
esear
ch
er
s
in
r
ea
liz
in
g
t
h
e
o
b
j
ec
tiv
es
o
f
t
h
e
s
tu
d
y
.
J
u
s
t
li
k
e
tr
ad
itio
n
al
s
cien
tific
r
esear
ch
es,
t
h
e
p
ar
ad
ig
m
o
f
ac
tio
n
r
esear
ch
es
n
ee
d
s
to
m
ak
e
u
s
e
o
f
ac
cu
r
ate
m
e
th
o
d
o
lo
g
ies.
A
cc
o
r
d
in
g
to
B
r
ad
b
u
r
r
y
an
d
R
ea
s
o
n
as
cited
in
Sk
er
r
it
an
d
Fletch
er
[
1
0
]
,
d
r
aw
i
n
g
o
n
an
d
in
teg
r
at
i
n
g
d
iv
er
s
e
w
a
y
s
o
f
k
n
o
w
i
n
g
an
d
u
s
i
n
g
d
i
f
f
er
e
n
t
m
et
h
o
d
o
lo
g
ies
ap
p
r
o
p
r
iately
an
d
cr
ea
tiv
el
y
i
n
th
e
co
n
tex
t
o
f
ac
tio
n
r
esear
ch
is
an
in
d
is
p
en
s
ab
le
ex
p
ec
tatio
n
to
th
is
k
in
d
o
f
r
esear
c
h
.
3
.
5
.
Requires a
ct
io
na
bil
it
y
Fin
d
i
n
g
s
g
en
er
ated
f
r
o
m
ac
t
io
n
r
esear
ch
p
r
o
v
id
e
s
p
ec
if
ic
ac
tio
n
s
i
n
r
esp
o
n
s
e
to
t
h
e
p
r
o
b
le
m
r
aised
in
t
h
e
s
t
u
d
y
.
As
p
o
s
ited
b
y
C
ain
[
2
]
,
r
esear
ch
a
n
d
ac
ti
o
n
ar
e
in
te
g
r
ated
in
a
s
er
ies
o
f
f
le
x
ib
le
c
y
cles.
T
h
e
p
lan
n
i
n
g
,
i
n
tr
o
d
u
ctio
n
,
a
n
d
i
m
p
le
m
en
ta
tio
n
o
f
t
h
e
‘
ac
tio
n
”
ar
e
to
ad
d
r
ess
th
e
r
aised
p
r
o
b
lem
is
n
ee
d
ed
to
b
r
in
g
ab
o
u
t p
o
s
iti
v
e
ch
a
n
g
e.
3
.
6
.
Requires r
ef
le
x
iv
it
y
a
m
o
ng
a
ct
io
n r
esea
rc
hers
T
h
e
ac
tio
n
r
esear
ch
b
ec
o
m
es
an
i
m
p
etu
s
to
m
a
k
e
th
e
r
esear
ch
er
tak
es
a
p
er
s
o
n
al,
in
v
o
lv
e
d
,
an
d
s
elf
-
cr
itical
s
ta
n
ce
ab
o
u
t
th
eir
r
o
l
e
in
f
r
o
m
th
e
co
n
ce
p
tu
a
lizati
o
n
o
f
t
h
e
p
r
o
b
le
m
a
n
d
i
n
d
esig
n
i
n
g
ac
tio
n
to
p
r
o
m
o
te
ch
a
n
g
e
an
d
i
m
p
r
o
v
e
m
en
t.
Gid
d
en
s
a
s
cited
in
R
o
b
er
ts
o
n
[
2
3
]
d
escr
ib
ed
r
ef
le
x
ib
it
y
a
s
s
el
f
-
a
w
ar
e
n
ess
.
T
h
ese
q
u
alit
y
cr
i
ter
ia
ca
n
b
e
d
e
m
o
n
s
tr
ated
b
y
ac
tio
n
r
esear
ch
er
s
b
y
p
r
e
s
en
ti
n
g
h
o
w
th
e
ir
in
v
o
l
v
e
m
en
t
in
th
e
r
e
s
ea
r
ch
p
r
o
ce
s
s
h
as
m
ad
e
th
e
m
m
o
r
e
a
w
ar
e
o
f
th
eir
co
n
tr
ib
u
tio
n
t
o
th
e
p
r
o
b
lem
a
n
d
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
ed
th
e
m
to
i
m
p
r
o
v
e
th
eir
r
o
les
as
ed
u
ca
to
r
s
to
ad
d
r
ess
th
e
p
r
o
b
lem
.
Mo
r
eo
v
er
,
as
r
esear
ch
er
s
,
th
e
y
s
h
o
u
ld
ar
d
en
tl
y
s
h
o
w
h
o
w
th
eir
en
g
a
g
e
m
en
t
i
n
th
e
p
r
o
ce
s
s
o
f
ac
tio
n
r
esear
ch
h
as
p
en
etr
ated
in
th
eir
p
er
s
o
n
al
lif
e
a
n
d
w
o
r
k
,
an
d
h
o
w
th
e
ir
s
o
cial
w
o
r
ld
af
f
ec
ts
t
h
eir
d
is
p
o
s
itio
n
an
d
ac
tio
n
lead
in
g
t
o
th
e
ar
icu
la
tio
n
o
f
t
h
e
p
r
o
b
lem
s
an
d
f
o
r
m
u
latio
n
o
f
s
o
lu
tio
n
s
.
3
.
7
.
Sig
nifica
nce
bey
o
nd
i
mm
e
di
a
t
e
co
nte
x
t
A
ctio
n
r
esear
ch
e
s
o
f
g
o
o
d
q
u
alit
y
ar
e
n
o
t
o
n
l
y
r
elev
a
n
t
t
o
th
e
i
m
m
ed
iate
co
n
te
x
t
b
u
t
ex
ten
d
to
b
ig
g
er
s
y
s
te
m
s
an
d
co
m
m
u
n
it
i
es
w
h
er
e
f
in
d
i
n
g
s
ca
n
b
e
o
f
g
r
ea
t
u
s
e.
W
h
ile
th
e
p
r
io
r
ity
o
f
ac
tio
n
r
esear
ch
es
is
to
test
an
d
r
ec
o
m
m
en
d
p
o
s
s
ib
l
e
s
o
lu
tio
n
s
to
p
r
o
b
lem
s
o
f
i
m
m
ed
iate
co
n
te
x
t
s
u
c
h
as
t
h
o
s
e
af
f
ec
tin
g
a
s
p
ec
if
i
c
class
r
o
o
m
s
et
tin
g
,
it
s
s
i
g
n
if
ic
an
ce
s
h
o
u
ld
g
o
b
e
y
o
n
d
th
i
s
c
lass
r
o
o
m
a
n
d
s
h
o
u
ld
b
en
ef
it
o
th
er
class
r
o
o
m
s
o
f
al
m
o
s
t
t
h
e
s
a
m
e
s
e
tti
n
g
o
r
b
ig
g
er
e
n
tit
y
w
h
er
e
th
i
s
class
r
o
o
m
is
e
x
p
er
ien
ci
n
g
ac
ad
e
m
ic
ch
alle
n
g
e
s
.
T
h
is
is
w
h
at
H
u
a
n
g
-
B
r
ad
b
u
r
r
y
[
1
9
]
d
escr
ib
ed
as
th
e
m
ea
n
i
n
g
an
d
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
o
f
ac
t
io
n
r
esear
c
h
to
th
e
f
lo
u
r
is
h
in
g
o
f
p
eo
p
le,
c
o
m
m
u
n
ities
,
a
n
d
w
id
er
ec
o
lo
g
y
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
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&
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3
W
h
ile
all
cr
i
ter
ia
ar
e
p
r
o
v
en
t
o
h
av
e
w
id
e
ap
p
licab
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y
in
e
v
alu
a
tin
g
ac
tio
n
r
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c
h
es
in
ed
u
ca
tio
n
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ased
o
n
th
e
f
ir
s
t
p
h
ase
o
f
d
a
ta
co
llectio
n
w
h
ic
h
is
co
n
te
n
t
an
al
y
s
i
s
o
f
ev
alu
a
tio
n
r
u
b
r
ics
u
s
ed
b
y
d
if
f
er
en
t
o
r
g
an
izatio
n
s
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e
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iter
ia
s
ig
n
i
f
ican
ce
b
e
y
o
n
d
i
m
m
ed
iate
co
n
tex
t
(
1
4
.
0
6
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u
s
e
o
f
ap
p
r
o
p
r
iate
an
d
ac
cu
r
ate
m
et
h
o
d
s
,
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d
p
r
o
ce
s
s
es
(
1
2
.
5
8
%),
in
co
r
p
o
r
ate
p
ar
tn
er
s
h
i
p
an
d
c
o
o
p
e
r
atio
n
am
o
n
g
s
t
ak
eh
o
ld
er
s
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8
.
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6
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an
d
w
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-
ar
tic
u
lated
o
b
j
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tiv
es
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5
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w
er
e
g
iv
e
n
les
s
p
r
io
r
ities
b
y
th
e
r
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ch
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p
er
ts
.
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ce
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th
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n
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atio
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les
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n
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n
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n
s
i
s
te
n
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ies
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f
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h
e
s
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b
j
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tiv
e
j
u
d
g
m
e
n
ts
o
f
th
e
e
x
p
er
ts
ar
e
ac
ce
p
tab
le.
I
n
o
r
d
er
to
en
r
ich
an
d
elu
cid
ate
th
e
d
ata
o
b
tain
ed
f
r
o
m
A
HP
p
air
w
i
s
e
co
m
p
ar
is
o
n
s
m
ad
e
b
y
e
x
p
er
ts
,
in
ter
v
ie
w
d
ata
w
er
e
co
n
s
id
er
ed
.
A
cc
o
r
d
in
g
to
t
h
e
f
ir
s
t
e
x
p
er
t
(
E
1
)
,
“
Si
n
ce
ac
tio
n
r
esear
ch
h
as
m
a
n
y
d
if
f
er
en
t
f
r
a
m
e
w
o
r
k
s
a
n
d
p
ar
ad
ig
m
s
,
s
o
m
e
e
v
alu
a
tio
n
cr
iter
ia
m
a
y
n
o
t
b
e
ex
p
licitl
y
e
v
id
en
t
i
n
th
e
r
ep
o
r
t
s
u
c
h
a
s
p
ar
tn
er
s
h
ip
an
d
co
o
p
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atio
n
a
m
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n
g
s
ta
k
eh
o
ld
er
s
b
ec
au
s
e
o
f
is
s
u
e
s
o
f
ti
m
e
an
d
r
eso
u
r
ce
s
o
r
m
a
y
n
o
t
b
e
ab
le
to
ad
d
r
ess
its
s
ig
n
i
f
ica
n
ce
b
e
y
o
n
d
i
m
m
ed
iate
co
n
tex
t
b
ec
au
s
e
o
f
lac
k
o
f
g
e
n
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aliza
b
ilit
y
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o
w
er
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I
n
s
tead
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w
h
a
t
m
u
s
t
b
e
en
s
u
r
ed
is
its
co
n
tr
i
b
u
tio
n
to
th
eo
r
y
an
d
p
r
ac
tice
in
ed
u
ca
tio
n
w
h
ic
h
is
to
i
m
p
r
o
v
e
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
p
r
a
ctice
.
T
h
is
is
s
u
p
p
o
r
ted
b
y
E
5
w
h
e
n
h
e
p
o
s
ited
th
at
th
e
cr
iter
io
n
co
n
tr
ib
u
tio
n
to
th
eo
r
y
an
d
p
r
ac
tice
is
th
e
u
l
ti
m
ate
g
o
al
o
f
co
n
d
u
cti
n
g
r
esear
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h
er
s
o
f
w
h
atev
er
f
o
r
m
s
.
I
t
is
lik
e
n
ed
to
an
u
m
b
r
ella
cr
iter
io
n
th
at
co
v
er
s
th
e
o
th
er
id
en
tif
ied
cr
it
er
ia.
T
h
ese
id
ea
s
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
th
at
th
e
v
er
y
es
s
en
ce
o
f
ac
tio
n
r
es
ea
r
ch
in
ed
u
ca
tio
n
is
to
p
r
o
v
id
e
p
r
ac
titi
o
n
er
s
w
it
h
n
e
w
k
n
o
w
led
g
e
an
d
u
n
d
er
s
t
an
d
in
g
o
n
h
o
w
to
i
m
p
r
o
v
e
p
r
ac
tices
b
y
r
eso
l
v
in
g
s
ig
n
i
f
ica
n
t
p
r
o
b
le
m
s
i
n
cla
s
s
r
o
o
m
s
an
d
s
ch
o
o
ls
[
2
4
]
.
I
n
ac
ti
o
n
r
esear
ch
,
teac
h
er
s
p
r
escr
ib
e
a
r
ec
o
m
m
e
n
d
atio
n
w
r
itte
n
a
n
d
p
r
ep
ar
ed
b
y
th
e
m
w
h
ic
h
th
e
y
b
eliev
ed
ar
e
p
r
ac
tical
s
o
lu
tio
n
s
to
th
eir
p
r
o
b
le
m
s
[
2
5
]
.
E
1
w
h
o
p
r
ed
o
m
i
n
an
t
l
y
g
a
v
e
th
e
h
ig
h
e
s
t
p
r
io
r
ity
w
ei
g
h
t
o
n
th
e
cr
iter
io
n
r
eq
u
ir
es
ac
tio
n
ab
ilit
y
ass
er
ted
th
at
ac
tio
n
s
h
o
u
ld
b
e
an
in
t
r
in
s
ic
p
ar
t
o
f
th
e
r
esear
ch
er
(
s
)
an
d
p
ar
ticip
an
ts
w
h
ich
is
s
ee
n
th
r
o
u
g
h
th
e
ac
tio
n
ta
k
en
to
lo
o
k
at
o
n
e
’
s
o
w
n
p
r
ac
tice
o
r
s
it
u
atio
n
to
s
ee
k
o
u
t
a
s
p
ec
ts
i
n
teac
h
i
n
g
t
o
i
m
p
r
o
v
e
p
r
ac
tice
o
r
s
itu
atio
n
.
A
cc
o
r
d
in
g
to
t
h
e
ex
p
er
t,
w
h
e
n
ac
t
io
n
r
esear
c
h
r
eq
u
ir
es
ac
tio
n
ab
il
it
y
,
it
d
o
es
n
o
t
o
n
l
y
d
escr
ib
e
an
d
r
eq
u
ir
e
th
e
f
i
n
al
ac
tio
n
p
r
escr
ib
ed
to
s
o
lv
e
t
h
e
r
aised
p
r
o
b
lem
,
b
u
t
it
h
ig
h
li
g
h
ts
t
h
e
s
e
r
ies
o
f
cr
itical
an
d
ca
r
ef
u
l
ac
tio
n
s
ta
k
en
b
y
th
e
r
esear
ch
er
s
a
n
d
t
h
o
s
e
w
h
o
ar
e
in
v
o
l
v
ed
i
n
e
v
er
y
s
tep
o
f
t
h
e
r
esear
ch
p
r
o
ce
s
s
to
r
ea
lize
th
e
o
b
j
ec
tiv
es
o
f
th
e
s
tu
d
y
.
T
h
is
d
is
p
o
s
itio
n
s
u
p
p
o
r
ts
th
at
q
u
alit
y
ac
tio
n
r
esear
ch
es
n
o
t
o
n
l
y
in
f
o
r
m
p
ar
ticip
an
ts
an
d
au
d
ien
ce
,
b
u
t
en
co
u
r
ag
e
s
th
e
m
to
ca
r
r
y
o
u
t
ac
tio
n
s
to
i
m
p
r
o
v
e
t
h
eir
p
r
esen
t
co
n
d
itio
n
a
s
ch
an
g
e
a
g
e
n
ts
[
1
9
]
an
d
th
e
s
e
ac
tio
n
s
ar
e
s
u
b
s
ta
n
ti
v
e
lo
ca
t
ed
th
r
o
u
g
h
a
r
esear
ch
p
r
o
ce
d
u
r
e,
d
is
cip
li
n
ed
b
y
en
q
u
ir
y
,
an
d
a
pe
r
s
o
n
al
atte
m
p
t
to
u
n
d
er
s
ta
n
d
,
i
m
p
r
o
v
e,
an
d
r
ef
o
r
m
p
r
ac
tice
[
2
6
]
.
T
h
is
m
ak
es
t
h
e
“
ac
t
io
n
”
i
n
ac
tio
n
r
esear
ch
c
h
allen
g
i
n
g
to
d
ef
in
e,
m
ea
s
u
r
e,
an
d
ac
h
ie
v
e
[
2
7
]
.
R
eq
u
ir
i
n
g
r
e
f
le
x
iv
it
y
a
m
o
n
g
ac
tio
n
r
esear
ch
er
s
a
n
d
p
ar
ticip
an
ts
is
al
s
o
g
i
v
e
n
h
i
g
h
er
p
r
io
r
ities
b
y
th
e
ex
p
er
ts
a
m
o
n
g
o
th
er
s
.
A
c
co
r
d
in
g
to
E
3
,
q
u
alit
y
ac
tio
n
r
esear
ch
es
in
ed
u
ca
tio
n
s
h
o
u
ld
b
e
in
f
o
r
m
ed
b
y
r
ef
lex
i
v
e
th
in
k
i
n
g
an
d
in
v
es
ti
g
atio
n
,
a
f
o
r
m
o
f
s
el
f
-
s
t
u
d
y
o
f
o
n
e’
s
o
w
n
r
o
les
an
d
s
tan
ce
o
f
th
e
p
r
o
b
lem
an
d
h
o
w
h
is
p
r
ese
n
t
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
ca
n
b
e
i
m
p
r
o
v
ed
to
ch
an
g
e
t
h
e
s
itu
atio
n
f
o
r
th
e
b
etter
.
T
h
e
ex
p
er
t
s
tr
ess
ed
th
a
t
as
teac
h
er
-
r
esear
c
h
er
,
o
n
e
n
e
ed
s
to
u
n
p
ac
k
th
e
v
er
y
s
el
f
in
th
e
p
r
ac
tice
o
f
teac
h
i
n
g
,
en
g
ag
e
i
n
cr
itical
an
d
ca
r
ef
u
l
th
in
k
i
n
g
to
s
el
f
-
e
v
alu
ate
cu
r
r
en
t
p
r
ac
tice.
Ho
n
g
&
L
a
w
r
e
n
ce
[
2
8
]
r
en
o
u
n
ce
d
th
e
s
a
m
e
w
h
en
th
e
y
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2252
-
8822
I
n
t
.
J
.
E
v
al
.
&
R
es
.
E
d
u
c
.
Vo
l.
9
,
No
.
3
,
Sep
tem
b
er
2020
:
517
-
523
522
co
n
ten
d
t
h
at
s
el
f
-
r
e
f
lectio
n
is
i
m
p
o
r
ta
n
t i
n
ac
tio
n
r
esear
c
h
as
it is
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p
o
w
er
f
u
l
w
a
y
to
k
n
o
w
m
o
r
e
ab
o
u
t t
h
e
s
e
lf
in
r
esear
ch
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n
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p
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tice
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ef
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iv
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ed
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o
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h
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as
teac
h
er
-
lead
er
s
.
B
y
b
ein
g
r
ef
le
x
i
v
e
i
n
th
eir
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
,
teac
h
er
s
ar
e
e
m
p
o
w
er
ed
w
h
e
n
th
e
y
ar
e
ab
le
to
co
llect
an
d
u
s
e
d
ata
in
m
a
k
i
n
g
i
n
f
o
r
m
ed
d
ec
is
io
n
s
ab
o
u
t
t
h
eir
o
w
n
s
ch
o
o
ls
a
n
d
clas
s
r
o
o
m
s
,
B
o
o
k
;
Fu
e
y
o
&
Ko
o
r
lan
d
;
Hen
s
e
n
;
as
cited
i
n
Hi
n
e
[
2
4
]
.
T
h
is
i
s
tr
u
e
w
h
e
n
teac
h
er
s
e
x
er
cise
th
eir
i
n
d
iv
id
u
al
talen
t
s
,
ex
p
er
ien
ce
s
an
d
cr
ea
tiv
e
id
ea
s
w
i
th
in
t
h
e
cla
s
s
r
o
o
m
;
th
e
y
b
ec
o
m
e
e
m
p
o
w
er
ed
to
m
a
k
e
c
h
an
g
e
s
r
elate
d
to
teac
h
in
g
an
d
lear
n
in
g
.
A
ls
o
,
th
e
s
el
f
-
r
ef
le
x
i
v
it
y
is
s
ee
n
in
a
s
p
ir
al
a
p
p
r
o
ac
h
w
h
ic
h
co
n
s
i
s
ts
o
f
a
p
lan
n
i
n
g
,
i
m
p
le
m
e
n
ti
n
g
a
ctio
n
,
r
ef
lecti
n
g
an
d
r
ep
ea
tin
g
t
h
e
p
r
o
ce
s
s
as
n
ec
es
s
ar
y
[
2
9
]
.
T
h
is
m
a
k
e
s
r
ef
lectio
n
a
co
m
p
lex
p
r
o
ce
s
s
w
h
ic
h
d
e
m
a
n
d
s
th
e
r
o
le
o
f
v
alu
es
an
d
ex
i
s
te
n
tial
k
n
o
wled
g
e
in
ed
u
ca
tio
n
a
m
o
n
g
teac
h
er
s
[
3
0
]
an
d
r
es
ea
r
ch
er
s
s
h
o
u
ld
co
n
ti
n
u
o
u
s
l
y
r
ef
lect
a
n
d
d
o
s
el
f
-
ev
a
lu
at
io
n
w
h
ic
h
s
h
o
u
ld
b
e
in
te
n
tio
n
al
a
n
d
s
y
s
te
m
atic
[
3
1
]
.
4.
CO
NCLU
SI
O
N
T
h
e
p
r
o
cliv
it
y
o
f
teac
h
er
s
to
c
o
n
d
u
ct
r
esear
c
h
es
f
o
r
p
er
s
o
n
al
an
d
p
r
o
f
es
s
io
n
al
g
r
o
w
t
h
i
s
v
e
r
y
ev
id
en
t
at
p
r
esen
t
as
ac
tio
n
r
e
s
ea
r
ch
es
co
n
ti
n
u
e
to
s
co
r
e
an
d
f
l
o
u
r
is
h
.
Hen
ce
,
th
e
p
r
ese
n
t
r
e
s
ea
r
ch
f
o
cu
s
ed
o
n
ar
ticu
lati
n
g
th
e
q
u
ali
ties
o
f
ac
t
io
n
r
esear
ch
es
p
er
ce
iv
ed
to
b
e
m
ea
n
i
n
g
f
u
l
a
n
d
cr
itical
as
p
er
ce
iv
ed
b
y
ex
p
er
ts
.
W
ith
th
e
co
m
p
le
x
it
y
a
n
d
v
ar
iatio
n
s
in
t
h
e
f
r
a
m
e
w
o
r
k
,
th
eo
r
etica
l
u
n
d
er
p
in
n
i
n
g
s
,
an
d
co
n
tex
tu
a
l
c
o
n
s
id
er
atio
n
s
,
t
h
e
r
esear
c
h
er
r
ec
o
g
n
ized
th
at
q
u
alit
y
i
n
ac
tio
n
r
esear
ch
i
s
m
u
l
ti
f
ac
e
ted
,
an
d
th
at
teac
h
er
s
,
ev
alu
a
to
r
s
,
an
d
o
r
g
an
izat
io
n
s
n
ee
d
to
cr
iticall
y
s
elec
t
w
h
at
q
u
alitie
s
s
h
o
u
ld
b
e
p
r
io
r
itized
.
T
h
e
q
u
alitativ
e
e
m
p
ir
ical
d
ata
co
llected
in
th
e
f
ir
s
t
p
h
ase
o
f
th
is
ex
p
lo
r
ato
r
y
-
s
eq
u
en
t
ial
m
ix
e
d
m
et
h
o
d
d
esig
n
s
t
u
d
y
h
as
p
r
o
v
en
th
a
t
th
er
e
ar
e
m
a
n
y
p
o
s
s
ib
l
e
q
u
alit
y
cr
iter
ia
w
h
ic
h
ca
n
b
e
u
s
ed
in
e
v
al
u
ati
n
g
ac
tio
n
r
esear
ch
er
s
m
ad
e
b
y
te
ac
h
er
s
s
u
c
h
as
w
h
at
B
r
an
d
b
u
r
r
y
-
H
u
an
g
s
u
m
m
ar
ized
in
h
er
p
ap
er
.
T
h
e
u
s
e
o
f
th
e
A
n
al
y
tic
Hier
ar
ch
y
P
r
o
ce
s
s
in
t
h
e
s
ec
o
n
d
p
h
ase
o
f
d
ata
g
ath
er
i
n
g
an
d
an
al
y
s
is
f
ac
ili
tated
,
clar
if
ied
,
an
d
r
ef
in
ed
w
h
ic
h
o
f
th
e
s
e
cr
iter
i
a
m
a
y
b
e
g
i
v
e
n
m
o
r
e
co
n
s
id
e
r
atio
n
an
d
g
r
ea
ter
w
eig
h
t
s
s
u
ch
as
t
h
e
cr
iter
ia
o
f
(
1
)
co
n
tr
ib
u
tio
n
to
th
eo
r
y
an
d
p
r
ac
tice,
(
2
)
r
eq
u
ir
es a
ctio
n
ab
ilit
y
,
an
d
(
3
)
r
ef
lex
i
v
it
y
a
m
o
n
g
r
esear
ch
er
s
.
T
h
e
co
n
tr
ib
u
tio
n
o
f
ac
tio
n
r
esear
ch
to
ed
u
ca
tio
n
a
l
th
eo
r
y
a
n
d
p
r
ac
tice
s
h
o
u
ld
al
w
a
y
s
b
e
f
o
r
eg
r
o
u
n
d
ed
r
eg
ar
d
less
o
f
r
esear
ch
o
b
j
ec
tiv
es,
co
n
tex
t,
an
d
m
et
h
o
d
s
.
T
h
is
m
ea
n
s
th
at
t
h
e
ac
tio
n
r
esear
ch
er
is
ex
p
ec
ted
to
i
m
p
r
es
s
t
h
e
q
u
alit
y
o
f
h
is
/h
er
w
o
r
k
b
y
u
n
d
er
s
co
r
in
g
clea
r
l
y
h
o
w
t
h
e
e
n
tire
p
r
o
ce
s
s
ca
n
b
e
m
ea
n
in
g
f
u
l
b
y
e
x
p
an
d
i
n
g
e
x
i
s
tin
g
k
n
o
w
led
g
e
a
n
d
i
m
p
r
o
v
e
cu
r
r
en
t
p
r
ac
tice.
Mo
r
eo
v
er
,
th
e
ac
tio
n
i
n
ac
tio
n
r
esear
ch
b
r
in
g
s
q
u
al
it
y
w
h
e
n
it
is
b
ased
o
n
t
h
e
s
y
s
te
m
at
i
c
p
r
o
ce
s
s
o
f
r
esear
ch
a
n
d
is
tak
en
s
er
io
u
s
l
y
a
n
d
e
f
f
ec
tiv
e
l
y
to
i
m
p
r
o
v
e
t
h
e
teac
h
in
g
an
d
lear
n
i
n
g
co
n
d
iti
o
n
.
A
l
s
o
,
q
u
alit
y
o
f
r
ef
lex
i
v
it
y
a
m
o
n
g
ac
tio
n
r
esear
ch
er
s
ca
n
n
o
t
b
e
ta
k
e
n
f
o
r
g
r
an
ted
.
T
ea
ch
er
s
s
h
o
u
ld
e
n
g
a
g
e
i
n
r
e
f
lecti
v
e
teac
h
i
n
g
h
ab
itu
all
y
,
an
d
f
i
n
d
w
a
y
s
on
h
o
w
t
h
eir
r
o
les
ca
n
b
e
m
o
d
if
ied
a
n
d
i
m
p
r
o
v
ed
to
esp
o
u
s
e
c
h
an
g
e
an
d
s
o
lu
tio
n
to
p
r
ess
in
g
p
r
o
b
lem
s
in
s
id
e
t
h
e
clas
s
r
o
o
m
a
n
d
w
it
h
i
n
th
e
s
ch
o
o
l.
W
h
ile
q
u
alitie
s
in
ac
tio
n
r
e
s
ea
r
ch
co
n
ti
n
u
e
to
ev
o
l
v
e
an
d
ch
an
g
e
in
t
h
e
f
u
t
u
r
e,
th
e
A
n
a
l
y
t
ic
Hier
ar
ch
y
P
r
o
ce
s
s
h
as
p
r
o
v
en
th
at
it
ca
n
b
e
u
s
ed
to
h
elp
teac
h
er
s
,
p
r
ac
titi
o
n
er
s
,
an
d
ev
al
u
ato
r
s
to
s
elec
t
an
d
m
ak
e
co
m
p
le
x
d
ec
is
io
n
s
in
d
iv
id
in
g
p
r
io
r
ities
a
m
o
n
g
s
ee
m
i
n
g
l
y
eq
u
al
v
al
u
ed
o
p
tio
n
s
co
n
ce
r
n
i
n
g
r
esear
c
h
an
d
ev
alu
at
io
n
.
T
h
e
f
in
d
in
g
s
o
f
th
is
s
t
u
d
y
m
a
y
b
e
o
f
co
n
s
id
er
ab
le
in
ter
est
to
th
o
s
e
in
d
iv
id
u
al
s
an
d
o
r
g
an
izatio
n
s
w
i
s
h
i
n
g
to
ev
al
u
ate
th
e
m
er
it a
n
d
q
u
alit
y
o
f
ac
t
io
n
r
esear
ch
es c
o
m
p
le
ted
b
y
t
ea
ch
er
s
.
RE
F
E
R
E
NC
E
S
[1
]
P
.
L
a
ri,
A
.
Ro
se
,
J.
Ern
st,
A
.
Clark
,
D.
Ke
ll
y
,
a
n
d
V.
De
L
u
c
a
,
“
P
re
m
iere
p
d
:
A
c
ti
o
n
re
se
a
rc
h
,
”
T
e
c
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
a
n
d
En
g
i
n
e
e
rin
g
T
e
a
c
h
e
r
, v
o
l
.
79
,
n
o
.
2
,
p
p
.
23
-
2
7
,
2
0
1
9
.
[2
]
T
.
Ca
in
,
“
T
h
e
c
h
a
ra
c
teristics
o
f
a
c
ti
o
n
re
se
a
rc
h
in
m
u
sic
e
d
u
c
a
ti
o
n
,
”
B.
J
.
M
u
sic
.
E
d
.
,
v
o
l.
25
,
n
o
.
3,
p
p
.
2
8
3
-
3
1
3
,
2
0
0
8
.
[3
]
M
.
M
c
G
li
n
n
,
“
A
c
ti
o
n
re
se
a
rc
h
a
n
d
sy
ste
m
a
ti
c
,
in
ten
ti
o
n
a
l
c
h
a
n
g
e
in
tea
c
h
in
g
p
ra
c
ti
c
e
,
”
Rev
iew
o
f
Res
e
a
rc
h
i
n
Ed
u
c
a
ti
o
n
,
v
o
l
.
4
3
,
n
o
.
1
,
p
p
1
6
3
-
1
9
6
,
2
0
1
9
.
[4
]
C.
Yig
it
a
n
d
B
.
Ba
g
c
e
c
i,
“
Tea
c
h
e
rs’
o
p
i
n
io
n
s
re
g
a
rd
in
g
th
e
u
sa
g
e
o
f
a
c
ti
o
n
re
se
a
r
c
h
in
p
r
o
f
e
ss
io
n
a
l
d
e
v
e
lo
p
m
e
n
t,
”
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
E
d
u
c
a
t
io
n
a
n
d
T
rin
i
n
g
S
tu
d
ies
, v
ol
.
5
,
n
o
.
2,
p
p
.
2
4
3
-
2
5
2
,
2
0
1
7
.
[5
]
M
.
V
a
u
g
h
a
n
,
M
.
Bo
e
ru
n
,
a
n
d
L
.
W
h
it
e
h
e
a
d
,
“
A
c
ti
o
n
re
se
a
rc
h
i
n
d
o
c
to
ra
l
c
o
u
rse
w
o
rk
:
P
e
rc
e
p
ti
o
n
s
o
f
in
d
e
p
e
n
d
e
n
t
re
se
a
rc
h
e
x
p
e
rien
c
e
s
,
”
F
lo
rid
a
A
tl
a
n
ti
c
Un
iv
e
rsity
,
2
0
1
8
.
[6
]
J.
M
e
y
e
r,
“
E
v
a
lu
a
ti
n
g
a
c
ti
o
n
re
se
a
rc
h
,
”
Brit
ish
G
e
riatrics
S
o
c
iety
,
2
0
0
0
.
[7
]
S
.
K
h
a
n
a
n
d
P
.
T
z
o
rtzo
p
o
u
l
o
s
,
“
A
n
e
v
a
lu
a
ti
o
n
f
ra
m
e
w
o
rk
fo
r
a
n
a
c
ti
o
n
re
se
a
rc
h
s
tu
d
y
o
n
lea
n
d
e
sig
n
m
a
n
a
g
e
m
e
n
t,
”
Pro
c
.
2
4
th
An
n
.
C
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Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
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4
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J.
Cre
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5
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6
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8
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9
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H.
Bra
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,
“
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2
0
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.
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0
]
R.
De
e
ry
,
“
Ba
lan
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s:
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.
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.
89
-
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,
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0
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.
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1
]
K.
F
ro
g
a
tt
a
n
d
J.
Ho
c
k
ley
,
“
A
c
t
io
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re
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a
rc
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in
p
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l
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a
ti
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re
:
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f
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ll
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M
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.
8
,
p
p
.
7
8
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-
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8
7
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2
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1
1
.
[2
2
]
C.
Biss
e
ss
a
r,
“
R
e
se
a
r
c
h
to
p
ra
x
is:
E
m
p
o
w
e
rin
g
T
rin
id
a
d
ian
p
rim
a
r
y
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c
h
o
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h
e
rs
v
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a
c
t
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re
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a
rc
h
,
”
Au
stra
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n
J
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l.
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,
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.
9,
p
p
.
1
7
6
-
1
9
2
,
2
0
1
5
.
[2
3
]
J.
Ro
b
e
rtso
n
,
“
T
h
e
th
re
e
Rs
o
f
a
c
ti
o
n
re
se
a
rc
h
m
e
th
o
d
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o
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y
:
R
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c
ip
ro
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re
f
le
x
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v
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y
a
n
d
re
f
lec
ti
o
n
-
on
-
re
a
li
ty
,
”
Ed
u
c
a
ti
o
n
a
l
Actio
n
Res
e
a
rc
h
,
v
o
l
.
8
,
n
o
.
2,
p
p
.
3
0
7
-
3
2
6
,
2
0
0
0
.
[2
4
]
G
.
Hin
e
,
“
T
h
e
im
p
o
rtan
c
e
o
f
a
c
ti
o
n
re
se
a
rc
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in
tea
c
h
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c
a
ti
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p
ro
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ra
m
s
,
”
Iss
u
e
s
in
Ed
u
c
a
ti
o
n
a
l
Res
e
a
rc
h
,
v
o
l.
23
,
n
o
.
2
,
p
p
.
1
5
1
-
1
6
3
,
2
0
1
3
.
[2
5
]
M
.
Ca
li
sk
a
n
a
n
d
H.
S
e
rc
e
,
“
A
c
ti
o
n
re
se
a
rc
h
a
rt
icle
s
o
n
e
d
u
c
a
ti
o
n
i
n
T
u
rk
e
y
:
A
c
o
n
ten
t
a
n
a
ly
s
is
,
”
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
Kirs
e
h
ir E
d
u
c
a
ti
o
n
F
a
c
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lt
y
,
v
ol
.
1
9
,
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.
1
,
p
p
.
8
0
-
1
0
2
,
2
0
1
9
.
[2
6
]
B.
Ch
isa
k
a
a
n
d
M
.
M
u
k
a
b
e
ta,
“
Ac
ti
o
n
re
se
a
rc
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a
n
d
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d
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c
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ti
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ti
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e
,
”
S
a
v
e
th
e
Ch
il
d
re
n
,
p
p
.
1
-
54
,
2
0
1
3
.
[2
7
]
B.
G
u
y
,
T
.
F
e
ld
m
a
n
,
C.
Ca
in
,
L
.
L
e
e
s
m
a
n
,
a
n
d
C.
Ho
o
d
,
“
De
f
in
in
g
a
n
d
n
a
v
ig
a
ti
n
g
‘a
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ti
o
n
’
in
a
p
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r
ti
c
ip
a
to
ry
a
c
ti
o
n
re
se
a
rc
h
p
ro
jec
t,
”
Ed
u
c
a
ti
o
n
a
l
Ac
ti
o
n
Res
e
a
rc
h
, v
o
l.
2
8
,
no.
1,
p
p
.
142
-
1
5
3
,
2
0
2
0
.
[2
8
]
C.
Ho
n
g
a
n
d
S
.
L
a
w
r
e
n
c
e
,
“
Ac
ti
o
n
re
se
a
rc
h
in
tea
c
h
e
r
e
d
u
c
a
t
io
n
.
Clas
sro
o
m
in
q
u
iry
,
re
f
le
c
ti
o
n
,
a
n
d
d
a
ta
-
d
r
iv
e
n
d
e
c
isio
n
m
a
k
in
g
,
”
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
I
n
q
u
iry
&
Actio
n
in
Ed
u
c
a
ti
o
n
,
v
o
l.
4
,
n
o
.
2,
p
p
.
1
-
1
6
,
2
0
1
1
.
[2
9
]
M
.
Am
in
,
R.
Ra
sh
id
,
a
n
d
K.
T
e
h
,
“
In
v
e
stig
a
ti
n
g
issu
e
s
a
n
d
c
h
a
l
len
g
e
s
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