Int
ern
at
i
onal
Journ
al of E
valua
tio
n
an
d
Rese
arch
in
Educati
on (I
JE
RE)
Vo
l.
8
, No
.
4
,
Decem
ber
201
9
, p
p.
693
~
698
IS
S
N:
22
52
-
8822
,
DOI: 10
.11
591/
ije
r
e
.
v
8
i
4
.
20278
693
Journ
al h
om
e
page
:
http:
//
ia
es
core
.c
om/
journa
ls
/i
ndex.
ph
p/IJE
R
E
Actions t
o be t
aken
in Mex
ico tow
ards
educ
atio
n
4.0
and soci
ety 5.
0
Jesu
s
A
l
va
rez
-
Cedill
o
1
,
Mar
io Aguilar
-
Fer
na
n
dez
2
,
Raul Jr. S
an
d
oval
-
Go
mez
3
,
Te
odoro Al
varez
-
Sa
nchez
4
1
,2,3
Instit
uto
Polit
éc
ni
co
Na
ci
ona
l, UPIICS
A
,
Mexic
o
4
Instit
uto
Pol
it
é
c
nic
o
Na
ci
on
al
,
C
ITE
DI,
Instit
u
to P
oli
té
cn
ic
o
Nac
i
onal
500
,
Mex
ico
Art
ic
le
In
f
o
ABSTR
A
CT
Art
ic
le
history:
Re
cei
ved
A
ug
7
, 2
01
9
Re
vised
Oct
27
, 2
01
9
Accepte
d
Nov
2
9
, 201
9
Educ
a
ti
on
in
Mexic
o
has
not
evol
ved
in
the
wa
y
i
t
is
ta
ught
and
e
val
ua
te
d.
In
the
historical
m
om
ent
tha
t
post
m
oder
nism
ent
ers,
it
has
not
be
e
n
poss
ibl
e
to
ada
pt
to
Infor
m
at
ion
and
Co
m
m
unic
at
ion
T
ec
hnolog
ie
s
(
IC
T
)
,
or
rap
i
d
te
chno
logi
c
al
in
novat
ion
,
or cha
nges
and
t
ren
d
s i
n
the
industr
y
,
to
the
sha
ring
ec
onom
y
or
the
rise
of
dista
nce
r
ac
es.
In
it
s
anal
y
sis,
an
essent
ia
l
def
ic
i
en
c
y
is
det
ecte
d
in
the
cur
ren
t
educ
a
ti
o
n
m
odel
s,
and
it
is
det
ecte
d
th
at
e
duca
t
iona
l
fre
edom
is
nil
o
r
sca
rce,
which
has
le
d
to
poor
student
per
fo
rm
anc
e
,
high
y
outh
unemplo
ym
ent
,
which
ca
u
se
seve
re
social
proble
m
s
and
the
ec
ono
m
y
of
the
ec
onom
y
.
The
cur
ren
t
gov
ern
m
ent
is
work
ing
cl
ose
l
y
wi
th
the
priv
ate
sec
tor
to
conn
ect
educat
ion
and
p
rom
ote
emplo
ym
ent
.
It
is
n
ec
es
sar
y
to
gr
ant
publi
c
schools
m
ore
aut
onom
y
,
fre
edom
and
responsibil
ity
.
Thi
s
pape
r
expl
a
ins
how
to
ac
t
so
th
at
Mex
i
co
ca
n
ada
p
t
ed
uca
t
ion
4.
0
wi
th
solid
steps
to
re
ac
h
societ
y
5.
0.
Ke
yw
or
d
s
:
Ed
ucati
on 4.0
ICT
So
ci
et
y 5.0
Trends
in
e
duc
at
ion
Copyright
©
201
9
Instit
ut
e
o
f Ad
vanc
ed
Engi
n
ee
r
ing
and
S
cienc
e
.
Al
l
rights re
serv
ed
.
Corres
pond
in
g
Aut
h
or
:
Jesus Alva
rez
-
Ce
dill
o
In
sti
tuto
P
olit
écnico
Nacio
nal
,
UP
I
ICS
A,
Av. Te
95
0,
Granj
a
s Mexic
o,
Me
xico
Ci
ty
, M
exico
Em
a
il
: jaalvare
z@ip
n.
m
x
1.
INTROD
U
CTION
In
Me
xic
o,
e
ducat
ion
has
a
m
at
erial
i
m
pact
on
the
eco
nom
y
of
the
co
un
t
ry
that
dire
ct
ly
aff
ect
s
so
ci
et
y,
the
inc
reasin
g
us
e
of
te
chnolo
gy
has
ge
ner
at
ed
ne
w
business
i
n
th
e
eco
no
m
y
[1
,
2].
H
oweve
r,
a
ll
th
e
befor
e
,
It
caus
ed
a
high
im
pact
on
the
hab
i
tual
ci
ti
zen,
this
factor
s
to
c
r
eat
e
an
eff
ect
on
t
he
la
bour
m
ark
et
and
al
l
ow
t
o
c
aptu
re
the
at
te
ntion
of
the
po
li
ti
cal
causes
[3
].
I
n
the
previ
ou
s
ye
ars,
une
m
plo
yme
nt
in
Me
xico
was
va
riable
(
see
Figure
1),
and
there
is
con
ce
r
n
ab
ou
t
the
decele
rati
on
of
de
velo
pm
ent,
wh
ic
h
dam
ages
stock
m
a
rk
et
operati
ons
a
nd
eff
ic
ie
ncy
[
4
]
.
Seve
ral
ye
ars
ago
i
n
the
li
te
r
at
ur
e,
a
fiel
d
ha
d
bee
n
raised
that
su
ggest
s
that
t
echnolo
gical
ori
gin
al
it
y
m
ay
la
te
r
re
place
w
it
h
m
achines
a
n
esse
ntial
sect
ion
of
the
wor
k
th
at
hu
m
ans
c
urrent
ly
d
o.
Howe
ver,
the
histor
ic
al
ex
p
e
rience
of
in
no
vation
s
ugge
sts
that
m
or
e
producti
ve
new
job
s
a
re
li
kely
to
em
erg
e
that
change
the
r
ole
of
hum
an
bein
gs
in
dangero
us
an
d
re
petit
ive
ta
sk
s
to
rep
la
ce
th
ose
that
Tech
no
l
og
y
ha
s
res
ulted
[
5,
6
].
Nervert
heles
s,
the
ec
onom
i
c
an
d
poli
ti
cal
i
m
pact
and
t
he
uncertai
n
natu
re
of
the
sec
ond
-
ord
er
e
ff
ect
s of
thi
s
cha
nge n
at
ur
al
ly
ref
er
to
t
he
la
ws
a
nd r
eg
ulati
on
s
of draf
ti
ng
.
It
is evi
de
nt
that
in
Me
xico,
ed
ucati
on
po
li
cy
and
the
la
bour
m
ark
et
are
in
extrem
e
ref
or
m
[
7
]
.
Su
cc
essfu
l
evi
den
c
e
fr
om
countries
su
c
h as Ge
rm
any and
S
we
den s
ugge
sts t
hat the
d
e
sirable
directi
on
of ed
ucati
on
is:
a.
Decent
rali
zat
ion
:
the
trans
fe
r
of
c
on
tr
ol
of
insti
tuti
ona
l
stud
y
proj
e
ct
s
and
te
ach
ing
pract
ic
es
to
prof
e
ssors,
p
a
r
ents a
nd stu
de
nts;
b.
Transfe
r
the
b
a
rg
ai
ning
power t
o pr
i
vat
e wor
ker
s
, th
ei
r
em
plo
ye
rs
a
nd loca
l com
m
un
it
ie
s.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2252
-
8822
In
t.
J
.
Eval
.
&
Re
s
.
E
du
c
.
Vo
l
.
8
, No
.
4
,
Dec
e
m
ber
201
9
: 6
9
3
-
69
8
694
As
it
is
po
ssibl
e
to
see,
it
is
e
ssentia
l
to
ref
orm
edu
cat
ion
knowin
g
the
be
st
pr
act
ic
es.
A
ccordin
g
t
o
IN
E
GI
[8
]
.
T
he
2017
seaso
na
ll
y
adj
us
te
d
unem
plo
ym
ent
rate
in
Me
xico
was
3.4%
,
co
m
par
ed
to
3.6
%
the
pr
e
v
io
us
ye
ar.
Howev
e
r,
in
Ger
m
any
and
Sw
e
de
n,
un
e
m
plo
ym
ent
rates
are
belo
w
avera
ge
(
3.2%).
By
consolidat
in
g hig
h
unem
plo
ym
ent r
at
es and
poor academ
ic
perform
ance,
la
gg
i
ng
gove
rnm
ent u
le
s ar
e hurtin
g
the ef
fecti
ve
ne
ss of
wor
ker
s
a
nd the c
om
fo
rt
of a m
assive g
r
oup o
f
ci
ti
zens.
Figure
1. U
ne
m
plo
yme
nt in M
exico [
4
].
2.
THE
CASE
O
F GER
M
ANY
A
S
A PRE
DE
CESSO
R OF
EDU
CA
TI
ON 4.0
Since
re
un
ific
at
ion
in
1990,
Ger
m
any
has
undergone
a
sign
ific
a
nt
sh
i
ft
towards
dec
entrali
zat
io
n
bo
t
h
in
it
s
ed
uc
at
ion
al
syst
em
and
in
la
bo
ur
m
ark
et
reg
ul
at
ion
s.
T
his
el
e
ct
ion
pr
ov
e
d
to
be
vital
in
inc
reasin
g
eff
ic
ie
ncy,
m
akin
g
the
ec
onom
y
m
or
e
com
petit
ive
and
reducin
g
un
em
ploym
ent
fr
om
histor
ic
al
scena
ri
os
.
O
n
the
one
ha
nd,
t
he
co
untry
we
nt
thr
ough
a
re
m
ark
able
dece
ntrali
zat
ion
of
the
determ
in
at
ion
of
wa
ges
from
the
le
vel of the
in
dustry t
o t
he
le
ve
l of the
pr
i
vat
e firm
o
r
t
he
in
div
id
ual
wor
ke
r
[
9
].
Also
,
the
Ger
m
an
hi
gher e
duc
at
ion
syst
em
mo
ve
d
m
igh
ti
ly
i
n
the
directi
on
of
gr
e
at
er r
e
gi
on
al
iz
at
io
n
in
the
la
st
two
decad
es
.
Als
o,
the
co
un
t
ry'
s
su
ccessf
ul
ed
ucati
on
a
nd
tr
ai
nin
g
pro
j
ect
s
,
al
so
sup
porte
d
an
d
fina
nced
by
the
pr
ivate
area
,
ref
le
ct
the
strong
inte
racti
on
betwee
n
w
orke
rs,
em
plo
ye
rs,
the
com
m
on
area
an
d
oth
e
r
s
ocial
pa
rtners.
Acc
ordi
ng
to
the
Ge
rm
an
ec
onom
ic
dev
el
opm
ent
ag
ency,
t
od
ay
'
s
VE
T
syst
em
pr
ov
i
des
m
or
e
than
thre
e
hundre
d
cert
ifie
d
trai
ning
occupati
ons,
a
nd
m
or
e
tha
n
549,0
00
vocat
ion
al
c
on
t
racts
were
sig
ne
d
in
20
12
al
on
e
[
10
]
.
B
esi
des,
th
rou
gh
it
s
active
li
nk
with
the
business
area
,
the
du
al
syst
em
is
hig
hl
y
value
d,
pri
m
ari
ly
a
m
on
g
busi
ness
people.
3.
THE
CASE
O
F SWE
DEN AS A P
RE
DECESSO
R OF
EDU
CA
TI
ON 4.0
Sw
e
den
'
s
s
pr
e
ad
of
ed
ucati
on
with
out
de
pende
ncy
ha
s
im
pr
ov
e
d
a
cadem
ic
resu
lt
s.
Af
te
r
the
structu
ral
re
form
of
1992,
Sw
e
den
is
ano
t
her
c
ount
ry
that
has
m
ov
ed
to
wards
a
higher
le
vel
of
de
cent
rali
zat
ion
in
e
du
cat
io
n.
Howe
ver
,
i
n
the
face
of
t
he
Ger
m
an
or
D
ut
ch
ex
per
ie
nce
,
rece
nt
ed
ucati
on
al
refor
m
s,
su
c
h
as
the
Sw
e
dis
h
Educat
ion
La
w
of
20
11,
f
oc
us
e
d
m
or
e
on
sel
ect
ion
in
depend
e
nce,
i
nd
e
pe
nd
e
nt
academ
ie
s an
d st
ud
e
nt sa
fety
[11
,
12
].
The
inc
r
ease i
n school p
rofici
ency an
d
the defi
niti
on
of
pro
fit objecti
ves
i
n
sch
ools has i
ncr
ease
d
the
academ
ic
achi
evem
ent
scenario
s,
im
pr
ove
d
conditi
ons
f
or
pro
fess
ors
a
nd,
w
hat
is
m
or
e
releva
nt,
f
avou
rs
stud
e
nts,
e
sp
ec
ia
ll
y t
ho
se w
it
h
a less
privil
e
ged b
ac
kgr
o
und [1
3
,
1
4
]
.
Be
sides,
the
i
ncr
ease
i
n
the
propor
ti
on
of
stud
e
nts
fro
m
ind
epe
nd
e
nt
academ
ie
s
has
i
m
pr
oved
academ
ic
resu
lt
s
both
in
t
he
s
hort
a
nd
lo
ng
t
erm
[1
5
,
16
]
.
Be
yond
the
fa
ct
that
this
m
a
y
su
r
pri
se
in
th
e
li
ght
of
S
wed
e
n'
s
relat
ive
red
ucti
on
in
the
P
ISA
te
st
scor
es,
the
authors
a
lso
do
no
t
fi
nd
sign
i
ficant
posit
ive
eff
ect
s
on
ac
adem
ic
resu
lt
s
fo
r
the
past
few
ye
ars,
wh
e
n
the
sco
res
of
the
S
wed
is
h
relat
iv
e
te
sts
decr
ease
d d
ra
m
at
ic
ally.
4.
THE
CASE
O
F
JAP
AN
A
S
A
F
OUNDE
R
OF SO
CIETY
5.0
In
2015,
un
der
the
im
pu
lse
of
P
reside
nt
S
hi
nzo
A
be,
the
J
apan
e
se
Governm
ent,
with
th
e
busine
s
s
fed
e
rati
on,
Ke
idan
ren,
la
unc
hed
it
s
crit
eri
a
of
S
ociet
y
5.0,
w
hich
it
la
te
r
re
fine
d
[1
7
-
1
9
].
F
or
m
an
y
researc
hers,
s
uc
h
as
Lo
renz
Gr
a
nr
at
h,
c
oor
din
at
or
a
nd
dir
ect
or
of
resea
r
ch
of
t
he
Ja
pa
nese
Nati
onal
Ce
nter
for
Scie
nce
an
d
Tech
nolo
gy,
ind
ic
at
es
that
so
ci
et
y
cor
res
ponds
to
a
crit
er
ion
m
or
e
corre
sp
on
ding
to
I
ndus
t
ry
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
In
t J
E
val & R
es Educ
.
IS
S
N:
22
52
-
8822
Act
ion
s t
o be t
aken in
Mexi
co
towar
ds ed
uc
at
ion
4.0 and
soc
ie
ty
5
.0
(
Jesus
Alvarez
-
Ce
dill
o
)
695
4.0
as
it
pu
ts
so
ci
et
y
within
the
sco
pe
of
in
du
st
ry,
in
At
the
centre
of
th
e
ongo
i
ng
te
c
hnol
og
ic
al
re
vo
l
ution,
the
pu
rpose
is
to
ac
hieve a
"s
uperi
ntell
igent s
ociet
y [
20
].
Ther
e
is
the
ta
lk
of
a
crit
eri
on,
or
a
pla
n,
w
hich
do
e
s
no
t
ha
ve
a
n
orga
nizat
ion
,
does
not
con
te
m
plate
par
ti
al
qua
ntit
at
ive
ob
j
ect
ive
s,
nor
a
preci
s
e
budget
.
The
Ge
rm
an
crit
erio
n
has
it
s
ori
gin
in
th
e
hi
gh
-
te
c
h
strat
egy
of
t
he
Ge
rm
an
Gov
ern
m
ent,
of
2014,
w
hich
de
fine
d
six
pr
io
r
it
y
fiel
ds
:
the
econom
y
and
dig
it
al
so
ci
et
y;
the
econom
y
and
su
s
ta
inable
ene
rgy
;
a
rev
ol
utionary
fiel
d
of
work
;
T
he
healt
hy
li
fe;
s
m
art
mo
bili
ty
;
and
ci
vil
secu
r
it
y.
So
ci
et
y
5.
0
is
na
m
ed
in
this
way
becau
se
it
s
pr
oponents
think
that
ther
e
wer
e
f
ou
r
ty
pes
of
so
ci
et
ie
s b
e
for
e (
Fig
ur
e
2):
a.
So
ci
et
y 1.0
hu
nting an
d gat
he
rin
g;
b.
So
ci
et
y 2.0,
agric
ultur
al
;
c.
So
ci
et
y 3.0,
in
du
st
rial
;
d.
The 4.
0 Societ
y of i
nfo
rm
ation
.
Figure
2. Ev
ol
ution
of s
ociet
ie
s [2
1
]
We
are,
acco
r
di
ng
to
this
vision,
now
li
ving
the
so
phist
ic
at
ed
integ
rati
on
of
cy
be
rsp
ac
e,
inf
or
m
at
ion
and
ph
ysi
cal
sp
ace
(r
eal
w
or
l
d)
to
be
f
or
m
ed
by
So
ci
et
y
5.0,
centre
d
on
hum
ans,
in
the
people.
Th
e
cr
eat
ion
of
kn
ow
le
dg
e
f
ro
m
inf
or
m
at
io
n
is
done
by
hum
an
s
in
S
oci
et
y
4.0,
i
n
the
nex
t
phase
of
hu
m
an
s
ociet
y,
it
will
be
do
ne
m
ai
nl
y
by
m
achines,
thr
ough
Ar
t
ific
ia
l
In
te
ll
igence
(
AI),
bu
t
at
the
serv
ic
e
of
people.
It
is
an
idea
that
is
be
com
ing
ver
y
present
i
n
va
rio
us
national
st
r
at
egies
in
the
fiel
d
of
Ar
ti
fi
ci
al
In
te
ll
igen
ce
or
dig
it
al
ag
e
nda.
5.
ESSENTI
AL
FAC
T
ORS F
OR
IT
S I
MP
LE
MENTATI
ON
I
N ME
X
I
CO
The
us
e
of
the
above
c
rite
ria
or
c
rite
ria
in
Me
xico
is
par
t
of
t
he
pu
rpose
or
desire
t
o
us
e
te
chnolo
gy
to
m
ake
a
bette
r
fu
t
ur
e
.
In
a
15
-
ye
ar
te
m
po
rar
y
ed
ucati
on
al
te
st
sp
ace,
it
will
be
po
ssib
le
to
assess
how
these
dev
el
op
m
ents
will
aff
ect
a
nd
infl
uen
ce
sect
or
s
of
the
ec
onom
y
and
s
oc
ie
ty
at
the
le
ve
l
of
the
fo
ll
owin
g
te
chnolo
gies
(
See Fig
ure
3.
)
[
2
2
]:
a.
In
te
r
net
of
t
hings
b.
Bi
gd
at
a
c.
A
rtific
ia
l i
ntell
igence
d.
The ro
boti
c
e.
Bl
ock
c
hain
The
f
orm
al
def
init
ion
of
S
oci
et
y
5.
0
t
hat
Me
xico
m
us
t
co
nt
inu
e
is
the
fo
ll
ow
i
ng
:
"
A
hum
an
-
centr
ed
so
ci
et
y
will
hav
e
to
be
ca
rr
ie
d
out
that
balances
eco
nom
ic
progress
wit
h
the
reso
l
ution
of
so
ci
al
pro
bl
e
m
s
thr
ough
a
syst
e
m
that
integr
at
es
su
ch
a
dva
nced
cy
ber
s
pa
ce
and
physi
cal
sp
ace
".
T
he
adv
a
nce
d
f
usi
on
of
cy
ber
-
sp
ace
an
d
ph
ysi
cal
m
ea
ns
t
hat
al
l
kind
s
of
se
nsor
dat
a
instal
le
d
in
the
ph
ysi
cal
s
pa
ce
will
be
col
le
ct
ed
thr
ough
the
Int
ern
et
of
T
hings
(IoT
),
w
hic
h
will
accum
u
la
te
in
cy
ber
sp
ace
an
d
that
w
il
l
be
analy
zed
by
arti
fici
al
intel
lig
ence
that
will
ex
ceed
hum
an a
bili
ti
es.
Their
res
ults
are
goin
g
t
o
be
again
inse
rted
in
the
physi
cal
sp
ace
i
n
r
obots,
a
ut
onom
ou
s
cars
or
autom
at
ed
deliveries.
Cy
be
rphysic
al
syst
e
m
s
will
be
ge
ne
r
at
ed
in
this
wa
y.
From
the
be
ginnin
g,
t
he
ne
ed
t
o
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2252
-
8822
In
t.
J
.
Eval
.
&
Re
s
.
E
du
c
.
Vo
l
.
8
, No
.
4
,
Dec
e
m
ber
201
9
: 6
9
3
-
69
8
696
reach
a
hi
gh
e
r
le
vel
of
sec
ur
it
y
qu
al
it
y
is
rec
ognized
in
t
he
face
of
t
he
li
ke
ly
cy
ber
-
at
ta
cks
that
a
re
go
i
ng
to
be
m
or
e se
ver
e
and
will
b
e m
or
e
d
if
ficult
to
har
m
the lives
of the c
row
d.
Figure
3. S
ociet
y 5.0 (
s
ource:
pr
e
par
e
d base
d o
n
m
at
erial
s f
r
om
t
he
j
ap
an
bussines
f
e
de
rati
on
)
[23
]
This
ne
w
ty
pe
of
s
uper
-
intel
li
gen
t
so
ci
et
y
will
be
cha
rac
te
rized
in
a
s
oc
ie
ty
wh
ere
th
e
diff
e
re
nt
occupati
ons are
f
inely
d
iffer
e
ntiat
ed
and
fu
lf
il
le
d.
Th
e ap
proach
of
S
ociet
y 5.0
sho
uld
be
m
anag
ed
f
or
t
he
us
e
of thr
ee
m
ai
n
changes
[2
4
-
2
7
].
a.
Tech
no
l
og
ic
al
change;
b.
Eco
no
m
ic
an
d geop
olit
ic
al
ch
ang
e;
c.
Chan
ge of
m
in
d.
It
is
est
i
m
at
ed
in
this
way
t
o
pr
om
ote
com
pet
it
ive
dev
e
lop
m
ent
and
s
olv
e
s
ocial
pr
ob
le
m
s,
al
so
thr
ough the
evoluti
on
of capa
ble
local
it
ie
s or s
up
e
r
-
ci
ti
es (Sm
art
-
ci
ti
es).
6.
CON
CLUSION
T
ech
no
l
og
ic
al
change
is
the
essence
of
eco
nom
ic
pr
ogre
ss,
there
are
caus
es
to
be
scepti
cal
abo
ut
th
e
gr
im
conjectu
r
es
ab
out
the
f
uture
of
em
pl
oym
ent
and
c
om
fo
rt
as
a
pro
duct
of
t
he
m
os
t
recent
w
ave
of
or
i
gin
al
it
y.
O
n
the
oth
e
r
ha
nd,
t
he
ra
pid
te
chnolo
gical
c
ha
ng
e
prov
i
des
a
c
om
pelli
ng
ad
de
d
a
rgum
ent
to
su
pp
or
t
with
out
any
doubt,
the
refor
m
of
Me
xico'
s
edu
c
at
ion
al
syst
e
m
s
and
la
bo
ur
m
ark
et
norm
s.
Pu
blic
po
li
cy
has
not
achieve
d
res
ults
propor
ti
ona
l
to
the
el
e
m
ents
add
re
ssed
to
t
hem
;
In
sever
a
l
cases,
par
ti
ci
patio
n
has
w
orsene
d
the
res
ults.
Th
e
good
ne
ws
is
that
the
ex
pe
rience
of
ot
her
countries
gi
ve
s
prom
ise
abo
ut
the
arr
ival
an
d
the
po
s
sibil
it
y
of
sequ
el
s
of
the
li
ber
al
iz
in
g
refo
rm
.
B
y
con
ti
nuing
the
exam
ple
of
Ger
m
any
i
n
the
regulat
ion
of
t
he
la
bour
m
ark
et
,
an
d
Sw
e
de
n
in
e
du
cat
io
n,
Me
xico
will
be
nef
it
as
it
is
c
urren
tl
y
deali
ng
with
high
rates
of
st
ru
ct
ur
al
a
nd
y
ou
t
h
un
em
plo
ym
ent
.
Finall
y,
it
is
i
m
po
rtant
that
so
m
e
gove
rn
a
nce
syst
e
m
s
will
hav
e
t
o
be
rei
nv
e
nted
(whic
h
are
m
ai
nly
e
conom
ic
dev
el
op
m
ent
issues)
:
fo
r
e
xam
ple,
edu
cat
io
n,
se
cur
it
y,
com
m
un
ic
at
ion
s,
a
nd
c
om
petit
ion
,
am
on
g
oth
e
rs.
I
n
ad
di
ti
on
,
f
ro
m
a
c
yber
netic
per
s
pecti
ve,
a
r
oute
that
cou
l
d
hel
p
the
unde
rstan
ding
of
t
he
m
et
ho
d
for
the
desig
n
of
act
io
ns
t
o
be
ta
ke
n
before
edu
cat
i
on
4.0
an
d
so
ci
et
y
5.
0,
ar
e:
a.
Underst
and
t
he
the
or
y
and
c
onte
xt
of
the
fou
rth
in
du
st
rial
revolu
ti
on
(in
puts)
.
b.
A
n
integral
a
naly
sis
of
the
soft
a
nd
ha
rd
te
c
hnologies
re
qu
i
re
d
f
or
su
c
h
re
voluti
on
(
proces
s).
c.
A
nd
fina
ll
y,
a
ho
li
sti
c stu
dy of the
possi
ble im
pacts o
n
e
ducat
ion
, e
co
nom
y, so
ci
et
y an
d sustai
na
bili
ty
(
ou
t
pu
ts
).
ACKN
OWLE
DGE
MENTS
We
ap
pr
eci
at
e
the
facil
it
ie
s
gr
a
nted
f
or
th
e
reali
zat
ion
of
this
wor
k
to
the
In
sti
tuto
Po
li
té
cnico
Nacio
nal
th
rough
t
he
Secret
ariat
of
Re
sea
rch
an
d
Post
gradu
at
e
with
th
e
SIP
pro
j
ect
s
2018
002,
201950
6,
201949
86
an
d
201950
24.
T
ha
nk
s
to
t
he
I
nte
rd
isc
ipli
na
ry
U
nit
of
En
gin
e
er
ing
a
nd
S
ocial
and
A
dm
inist
rati
ve
Scie
nces,
Ce
nt
er
of
I
nnova
ti
on
a
nd
Tec
hnologica
l
De
velo
pm
ent
in
Com
pu
ti
ng
an
d
Re
s
earc
h
and
Dev
el
op
m
ent
Ce
nter
of
Digi
ta
l
Technolo
gy,
the
Sti
m
ulu
s
to
the
Pe
rfor
m
ance
of
the
Re
searche
rs
(EDI
)
an
d
the P
rogr
am
o
f
Sti
m
ulu
s to
th
e Teachi
ng Pe
r
form
ance (
ED
D)
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
In
t J
E
val & R
es Educ
.
IS
S
N:
22
52
-
8822
Act
ion
s t
o be t
aken in
Mexi
co
towar
ds ed
uc
at
ion
4.0 and
soc
ie
ty
5
.0
(
Jesus
Alvarez
-
Ce
dill
o
)
697
REFERE
NCE
S
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Vela
zqu
ez,
EAP.
,
The
use
of
b
uss
ine
s
sim
ula
tors
in
teac
hing
logi
s
t
ic
s:
Looki
ng
for
new
wa
y
s
of
teac
hing
logi
sti
cs
.
In
Proce
ed
ings
of
2015
Int
ern
ational
Conf
ere
n
c
e
on
In
te
ra
ct
iv
e
Coll
abor
at
iv
e
an
d
Ble
nded
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ea
r
ning,
ICB
L
201
5.
htt
ps://
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i.
org/1
0.
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,
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Herná
nd
ez
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era
,
Cla
ud
ia
Al
ej
andr
a,
Sán
chez
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drígu
ez
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lva
dor.
,
"
Busine
ss
educ
ation:
an
appr
oa
ch
from
unive
rsit
y
stude
nts
in
two
i
nstit
uti
ons
of
highe
r
educ
a
ti
on,
"
Edu
cat
ion
al
inno
vation
(
Me
xi
co
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y
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on
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5,
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tp:
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ww
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el
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org.
m
x/sci
el
o
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ph
p
?
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ript=sci_a
r
ttext&
pid
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26732017000300081&l
ng=
en&
t
lng=
en
,
2017
.
[3]
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y
ng
edouw,
E.
,
"
The
politi
ca
l
ec
onom
y
a
nd
poli
t
ical
ecolog
y
of
the
h
y
dro
-
soci
al
c
ycl
e
,
"
Journal
of
Conte
mpor
ary
Wate
r R
ese
arch
&
E
ducat
ion
,
h
ttps
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i.
or
g/10.
1
111/j
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1936
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704x
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x
,
2
009
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E
IC
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W
il
lc
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L.,
L
ac
i
t
y
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MC,
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i
g,
A.
,
"
Roboti
c
proc
ess
aut
om
at
i
on
at
xcha
ng
ing
,"
The
Outsour
ci
ng
Unit
Workin
g
Re
search Paper
Serie
s
,
2015
.
[6]
Álvar
ez
-
C
edi
l
lo,
JA
,
Sandoval
-
Gutie
rre
z,
J.,
Herre
ra
-
Loz
ad
a,
JC,
Mede
l
-
Juáre
z
,
JD
J,
Olg
uín
-
Carbaja
l
,
M.,
"
Design,
m
anuf
ac
tur
ing
and
p
erf
orm
anc
e
of
a
low
cos
t
de
lt
a
robo
t,
"
Dy
na
(
Spain
)
,
vol.
91
(3)
,
2016
.
htt
ps://
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i.
org/1
0.
6036/7687
.
[7]
Ramoni
Pera
zz
i
,
J.,
&
Orl
andoni
Merli
,
G.
,
"
Anal
y
sis
of
the
structu
re
of
the
la
bour
m
ark
et
in
Colom
bia
:
a
stud
y
b
y
gende
r
th
r
ough
m
ult
i
ple
cor
r
esp
ondenc
es.
Notebooks
of
E
conom
y
,
"
2017.
htt
ps://
do
i.
org/1
0.
1016/j.c
esje
f.
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016.
02.
002
[8]
INEGI
.
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i
nform
at
ion
bank
,
2017
.
[9]
La
m
per
t,
Er
n
âni,
"
Educat
ion
:
gl
obal
panor
amic
vision
and
pe
rspec
t
ive
s
for
th
e
2
1st
ce
ntur
y
,
"
Ed
ucat
ional
profil
e
s
,
vol.
25
(10
1),
pp.
7
-
22.
Ret
ri
eved
on
June
5,
2019,
fro
m
htt
p://ww
w.sci
elo.org.
m
x/scielo.php
?
sc
ript=sci_artt
ext&pid
=S0185
-
26982003000300002&l
ng=
en
&t
lng=en
,
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[10]
HO
CKERTS,
H
G.
,
"
W
ie
der
gut
m
ac
hung
in
Deutsc
hla
nd
1945
-
1
990,
"
Ei
n
Überb
li
ck
.
In:
Bunde
sz
ent
rale
für
poli
t
i
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ca
t
i
on
s
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ark
et
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al
bonding
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re
l
eva
nc
e
W
h
y?
M
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t
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Soci
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e
-
dimensio
nal
spac
e
v
ec
tor
PW
M
for
thre
e
-
phase
four
-
le
g
inve
rt
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,
"
IE
EE
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ansacti
ons on Indus
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ic
s:
The
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strat
eg
y
",
Huff
i
ngton
Post
Inte
r
nati
onal
,
Jul
y
5,
ava
i
la
bl
e at
h
tt
p:
//
ww
w.huffi
ngto
npost.
es/shinz
o
a
be/
l
a
-
te
r
ce
r
a
-
fl
e
cha
-
ab
enomics
-
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html,
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13.
[19]
Salgue
s,
B
.
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"
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y
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y
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y
um
i
Fuku
y
a
m
a.
,
"
Soci
ety
5.
0:
Aim
ing
for
a
new
hum
an
-
ce
n
t
ere
d
soc
iet
y
,"
Ja
pan
SPOTL
IGH
T
,
2018
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Alvar
ez
-
C
edi
l
lo,
J.,
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-
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ga
,
E.,
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-
Ferná
ndez,
M.
,
Pére
z
-
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ero
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"
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rne
t
pr
ospec
ti
v
e
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y
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"
Bul
letin
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ec
t
rical
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g
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"
The
US
-
Japa
n
tra
de
imbala
nce
from
the
Japa
nese
per
s
pec
t
ive
,
"
Nati
on
al
Bureau
of
Econom
ic
Re
searc
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nt
i
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enc
e
,
t
ec
hno
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y
and
innov
at
io
n
for
e
conomic
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eve
lopment
,
"
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egi
on
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soc
ie
t
y
,
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R
et
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eve
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on
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2
019,
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elo.org.
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ript=sci_artt
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,
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ta
ina
b
le
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y
4.
0
fra
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ework:
A
s
y
stematic
li
t
er
at
ure
rev
i
ewidentif
y
ing
the
c
urre
nt
tre
nds
a
nd
future
per
s
pec
t
ive
s
,"
Proc
ess
Safe
t
y
and
Env
ironmenta
l
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rotec
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on
,
vo
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–
A
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di
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c
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A
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iometri
c
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l
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sis
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ne
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li
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ilián
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it
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ca
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c
al e
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uca
t
ion,
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va
ci
ón
Educ
at
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a
,
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.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2252
-
8822
In
t.
J
.
Eval
.
&
Re
s
.
E
du
c
.
Vo
l
.
8
, No
.
4
,
Dec
e
m
ber
201
9
: 6
9
3
-
69
8
698
BIOGR
AP
HI
ES OF
A
UTH
ORS
He
is
a
comm
unic
a
ti
ons
and
el
e
ct
roni
c
eng
in
ee
r
who
gra
du
a
te
d
from
Instit
u
to
Polit
é
cnico
Nac
ional
-
Mex
ic
o(1987).
He
r
ec
e
ive
d
th
e
P.H
.
D.
degr
ee
in
E
DU
CATION
(2
016)
from
Baj
a
Cal
ifornia
Univ
ersity
,
Master
d
egr
ee
in
In
form
at
i
cs
from
IPN
-
UP
IICSA
(2002
).
He
h
ave
a
posdoctora
l
degr
ee
in
Advanc
e
T
ec
hnolog
y
(2017
)
from
IPN
-
CIITE
C.
His
areas
of
int
er
e
sts
ar
e
in
Educ
ation,
T
e
chnol
og
y
,
SM
ES
ent
erp
rises,
Pa
ral
l
el
proc
essing
.
He
is
the
aut
hor
of
scie
nti
fi
c
art
i
cl
es
(JCR
an
d
SC
OP
U
S),
books,
cha
p
te
rs,
a
nd
has
par
t
ic
ip
ated
in
n
at
ion
al
a
nd
int
ern
at
ion
al
conf
ere
n
ce
s.
I
t
i
s
par
t
of
the
Na
ti
onal
IPN
envir
onm
ent
a
nd
ec
o
l
og
y
ne
twork
an
d
computat
ion
net
work.
htt
ps://
or
ci
d
.
org/
0000
-
0003
-
0823
-
4621
Mem
ber
of
the
cor
e
of
the
M
aste
r
in
Industr
i
al
Eng
ine
er
ing
and
the
Mast
er
of
Scie
nc
e
in
Inte
rdisc
ipl
in
ar
y
Studie
s
for
S
m
al
l
and
Medium
Ent
erp
rises
(PN
P
C
-
CON
A
C
y
T)
,
of
the
UP
IICSA
of
th
e
IPN
.
He
is
a
n
Industria
l
En
gine
er
,
with
a
Master
'
s
d
egr
e
e
in
Industrial
Engi
ne
eri
ng
fro
m
the
UP
IIC
SA
of
the
IPN
;
and
Doctor
ate
in
Industria
l
Engi
n
ee
r
i
ng
in
Strat
egic
Te
chno
log
y
Pl
a
nning
from
CA
DIT,
Univer
sida
d
Anáhua
c
del
Norte
.
His
acad
emic
activit
y
foc
uses
on
th
e
m
odel
ing
and
sim
ula
ti
on
of
s
y
stems
,
as
wel
l
as
the
strateg
ic
p
la
nning
of
engi
ne
eri
ng
and
te
chno
log
y
.
He
is
the
au
thor
of
scie
ntific
art
i
cles
(JCR
and
SC
OP
US
),
books,
cha
pt
ers,
and
ha
s
par
ticipated
in
nat
ion
al
and
in
te
rna
ti
ona
l
conf
ere
nc
es.
I
t
is
p
a
rt
of
th
e
IPN
Ec
onom
ic
De
velopm
ent
Network
.
htt
ps://
or
ci
d
.
org/
0000
-
0002
-
7537
-
4504
Doctor
of
Publi
c
Adm
ini
strat
ion
(2016),
Doctor
o
f
Philosoph
y
of
Educ
a
ti
on
HC.
(
2007)
Master
of
Scie
nce,
Mast
er
of
Adm
ini
strat
ion,
Master
of
Educ
a
ti
ona
l
Ma
nage
m
ent
HC.
(
2007)
Industria
l
Chemica
l
Eng
in
ee
r
(1975)
Dipl
om
a
in
Projec
t
Mana
gement
in
Educ
a
ti
ona
l
Innova
ti
on
(Spain
,
2006),
Diploma
in
Mana
gement
Potent
ializat
ion
(1997),
Diploma
in
Mana
gement
Deve
lopment
2000)
Profess
iona
l
Car
ee
r
Profess
o
r
-
Resea
r
c
her
in
the
Upp
er
Middle
le
v
el;
Higher
and
Pos
tgra
duat
e
(1
980
to
date).
D
ire
c
tor
of
High
er
Middle
Educat
ion
(2005
-
2
008);
Hea
d
of
Resea
rch
at
UP
IICSA
.
Dire
ct
or
of
CEC
y
T
N
°
2
(1996
-
2003),
Adm
ini
strat
ive
Deput
y
Dire
ct
or
of
CEC
y
T
N
°
2
(1993
-
1996)
.
In
the
private
in
i
ti
ative:
Produc
tion
Mana
ger
,
Su
ppl
y
Man
age
r
,
Mate
ri
al
s
Mana
ger
,
Oper
at
ion
Mana
ger
and
Marke
ti
ng
Man
age
r
for
var
iou
s
Tra
nsnati
on
al
Com
pani
es
(197
4
-
1993).
htt
ps://
or
ci
d
.
org/
0000
-
0001
-
9335
-
2176
Mem
ber
of
the
c
ore
of
th
e
Mast
e
r
in
DI
GITAl
T
e
chnol
og
y
i(PNP
C
-
CON
ACy
T)
,
of
the
CI
TE
DI
of
the
Inst
it
uo
P
oli
técni
co
Nac
io
nal
.
He
is
an
A
ero
nautic
Engi
n
ee
r,
with
a
Mas
te
r
'
s
degr
ee
in
Com
puta
ti
onal
s
ci
en
ce
s
from
the
CIC
of
the
I
PN
;
and
Doctor
at
e
i
n
Com
puta
ti
onal
scie
nce
s
from
the
CIC
of
the
I
PN
.
H
is
ac
ad
emic
a
ct
iv
ity
fo
cuse
s
on
the
h
ard
war
e
s
y
st
ems
,
educa
ti
on,
m
ode
li
ng
and
sim
ula
ti
on
o
f
s
y
stems
,
as
well
as
the
str
at
eg
ic
pla
nning
of
eng
ine
er
ing
and
t
echnolog
y
.
He
is
the
aut
hor
of
sc
ie
nti
f
ic
articles
(JCR
and
SC
OP
US
),
books,
c
hapt
ers,
and
has
par
t
ic
i
p
at
ed
in
nat
ion
al
and
interna
t
iona
l
conf
e
ren
ce
s.
I
t
is
par
t
of
the
Nati
on
al
IPN
envi
ronm
ent
and
e
col
og
y
net
work.
htt
p://orci
d
.
org/0
000
-
0002
-
2975
-
7125
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.