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e
[
7
]
.
Sev
er
al
e
m
p
ir
ical
r
es
u
lt
s
in
d
ic
ated
th
at
th
e
p
r
esen
ce
o
f
t
h
e
s
h
o
ck
s
te
n
d
s
to
in
cr
ea
s
e
t
h
e
u
s
e
o
f
ch
ild
lab
o
r
alo
n
g
w
i
th
t
h
e
d
ec
li
n
e
o
f
at
ten
d
a
n
ce
r
ates.
Ho
w
ev
er
,
th
er
e
i
s
s
o
m
e
e
v
id
en
ce
t
o
co
n
tr
ad
ict
t
h
ese
f
i
n
d
in
g
s
.
I
n
ei
g
h
t
o
f
th
e
lar
g
est
m
etr
o
p
o
litan
ar
ea
s
i
n
B
r
a
zil,
th
e
lev
el
o
f
c
h
ild
lab
o
r
w
a
s
h
ig
h
er
f
o
r
lo
w
p
o
v
er
t
y
lev
el
s
an
d
h
i
g
h
ec
o
n
o
m
ic
g
r
o
w
t
h
[
8
]
.
C
h
ild
lab
o
r
w
as
g
r
ea
ter
,
an
d
s
ch
o
o
l
atten
d
a
n
ce
d
ec
r
ea
s
ed
w
h
e
n
ex
p
o
s
ed
to
h
ig
h
lev
e
ls
o
f
wag
es
[
9
]
.
Sim
ilar
r
esu
lt
s
w
er
e
o
b
tain
ed
in
B
r
az
il
an
d
Nica
r
ag
u
a
w
h
er
e
d
ata
s
h
o
w
ed
th
at
c
h
ild
r
en
ten
d
to
w
o
r
k
as
lo
n
g
as
ec
o
n
o
m
ic
co
n
d
itio
n
s
co
n
t
in
u
ed
to
i
m
p
r
o
v
e
as
th
eir
co
f
f
ee
p
r
o
d
u
ct
io
n
b
o
o
m
[
10
]
.
Ma
n
y
e
m
p
ir
ical
s
tu
d
ie
s
e
m
p
h
asize
t
h
e
i
m
p
o
r
tan
ce
o
f
th
e
cr
ed
it
m
ar
k
et
s
an
d
o
th
er
s
af
eg
u
ar
d
s
t
o
an
ticip
ate
t
h
e
i
m
p
ac
t
o
f
s
h
o
c
k
s
.
Ne
v
er
t
h
eles
s
,
it
i
s
u
n
d
e
n
ia
b
le
th
at
t
h
e
u
s
e
o
f
s
el
f
-
i
n
s
u
r
a
n
ce
m
ec
h
a
n
i
s
m
h
a
s
b
ee
n
w
id
el
y
u
s
ed
as
a
to
o
l
to
p
er
f
o
r
m
h
o
u
s
e
h
o
ld
co
n
s
u
m
p
ti
o
n
s
m
o
o
t
h
i
n
g
t
h
r
o
u
g
h
h
o
u
s
e
h
o
ld
ass
ets
[1
1
]
.
T
h
e
r
o
le
o
f
h
o
u
s
eh
o
ld
as
s
ets
ag
ai
n
s
t c
h
ild
lab
o
r
h
as a
n
a
m
b
i
g
u
o
u
s
ef
f
ec
t
[
12
]
.
I
n
th
is
ca
s
e,
th
e
o
w
n
er
s
h
ip
o
f
as
s
et
s
ca
n
r
ed
u
ce
ch
ild
lab
o
r
,
b
u
t
o
n
th
e
o
t
h
er
h
a
n
d
,
it
o
n
l
y
m
a
y
b
e
ab
le
to
p
r
o
v
id
e
r
elativ
el
y
s
m
all
p
r
o
tectio
n
b
ec
au
s
e
th
e
p
r
ice
o
f
t
h
e
ass
e
t c
an
b
e
d
ec
r
ea
s
ed
w
h
e
n
m
a
n
y
h
o
u
s
e
h
o
ld
s
s
el
l a
s
s
et
s
d
u
r
i
n
g
s
h
o
ck
s
.
Sin
ce
t
h
e
f
i
n
d
in
g
s
ar
e
co
n
tr
ad
icto
r
y
a
n
d
th
er
e
is
an
e
m
er
g
e
n
ce
o
f
th
e
is
s
u
e
o
f
u
s
i
n
g
ch
ild
lab
o
r
as
a
b
u
f
f
er
to
d
am
p
e
n
th
e
s
h
o
c
k
s
,
th
is
s
tu
d
y
ai
m
s
to
in
v
est
ig
ate
th
e
ef
f
ec
t
o
f
v
ar
io
u
s
id
io
s
y
n
cr
atic
s
h
o
ck
s
ag
a
in
s
t
ch
ild
lab
o
r
,
ch
ild
lab
o
r
h
o
u
r
an
d
s
ch
o
o
l
atte
n
d
an
ce
.
A
ls
o
,
t
h
e
r
o
le
o
f
h
o
u
s
e
h
o
ld
’
s
a
s
s
et
s
i
s
o
n
e
o
f
th
e
co
p
in
g
s
tr
ateg
ie
s
to
m
iti
g
ate
th
e
e
f
f
ec
ts
o
f
s
u
ch
s
h
o
ck
s
.
T
h
i
s
s
t
u
d
y
g
i
v
e
s
e
m
p
ir
ical
co
n
tr
ib
u
ti
o
n
b
ec
au
s
e
s
i
m
ilar
s
tu
d
ie
s
co
n
d
u
cted
i
n
I
n
d
o
n
e
s
ia
is
r
elati
v
el
y
li
m
ited
,
esp
ec
iall
y
o
n
e
th
a
t
lo
o
k
s
at
th
e
in
f
l
u
en
ce
o
f
v
ar
io
u
s
id
io
s
y
n
cr
atic
s
h
o
c
k
s
a
g
ain
s
t c
h
ild
lab
o
r
,
w
o
r
k
in
g
h
o
u
r
s
a
n
d
s
ch
o
o
l a
tten
d
a
n
ce
.
R
esear
ch
o
n
t
h
e
in
f
l
u
e
n
c
e
o
f
i
d
io
s
y
n
cr
atic
s
h
o
c
k
s
o
n
ch
i
ld
lab
o
r
w
a
s
m
o
s
tl
y
d
o
n
e
b
y
i
n
v
o
lv
in
g
t
h
e
e
m
p
ir
ical
r
esu
lt
s
an
d
d
if
f
er
en
t
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
es.
An
i
m
p
o
r
tan
t
c
o
n
tr
ib
u
tio
n
o
f
t
h
is
r
esear
ch
i
s
to
u
s
e
a
v
ar
iety
o
f
id
io
s
y
n
cr
atic
s
h
o
ck
s
t
h
at
ar
e
co
m
p
r
e
h
en
s
iv
e
in
cl
u
d
i
n
g
cr
o
p
lo
s
s
,
d
is
ea
s
e
s
u
f
f
er
ed
b
y
h
ea
d
o
r
h
o
u
s
e
h
o
ld
m
e
m
b
er
s
w
h
o
r
eq
u
ir
e
h
o
s
p
it
aliza
tio
n
o
r
co
n
tin
u
o
u
s
n
ee
d
o
f
m
ed
ical
ca
r
e,
ac
ce
p
tab
le
lo
s
s
es
t
h
e
b
u
s
i
n
es
s
s
ec
to
r
(
d
u
e
to
f
ir
es,
ea
r
th
q
u
ak
es
an
d
d
is
as
ter
s
o
th
er
s
)
,
t
h
e
h
e
ad
o
f
th
e
h
o
u
s
e
h
o
ld
is
n
o
t
w
o
r
k
in
g
o
r
f
ai
lu
r
e
o
f
a
b
u
s
i
n
ess
,
t
h
e
d
ec
lin
e
i
n
h
o
u
s
e
h
o
ld
in
co
m
e
d
u
e
to
lo
w
er
p
r
ice
o
r
q
u
an
tit
y
o
f
g
o
o
d
s
p
r
o
d
u
ce
d
.
Ou
r
co
n
tr
ib
u
tio
n
s
i
n
t
h
is
s
t
u
d
y
ar
e
.
Fir
s
t,
t
h
is
s
t
u
d
y
ad
d
s
a
v
ar
iet
y
o
f
s
tat
is
tical
te
s
ts
b
e
f
o
r
e
esti
m
ati
n
g
r
a
n
d
o
m
e
f
f
ec
t
p
r
o
b
it
a
m
o
n
g
o
t
h
er
s
ar
e
a
te
s
t
o
f
s
er
ial
co
r
r
elat
io
n
to
en
s
u
r
e
t
h
er
e
is
n
o
co
r
r
elatio
n
in
th
e
er
r
o
r
an
d
th
e
lik
elih
o
o
d
r
atio
test
(
L
R
)
,
w
ald
test
an
d
L
a
g
r
an
g
e
m
u
ltip
lier
(
L
M)
to
en
s
u
r
e
th
e
in
f
l
u
en
c
e
o
f
r
an
d
o
m
e
f
f
ec
ts
.
T
h
e
te
s
t
is
i
m
p
o
r
tan
t
i
n
o
r
d
er
to
esti
m
at
e
p
r
o
d
u
ce
d
co
n
s
is
te
n
tl
y
an
d
e
f
f
icien
tl
y
[
13
]
,
[
1
4
]
.
Seco
n
d
,
ad
d
in
g
th
e
p
r
o
v
in
ce
d
u
m
m
y
v
ar
iab
les
to
co
n
tr
o
l
o
r
ca
p
tu
r
e
th
e
ef
f
ec
t
o
f
d
if
f
er
e
n
ce
s
in
w
a
g
es,
lab
o
r
d
em
a
n
d
co
n
d
itio
n
s
a
n
d
p
r
ices
b
et
w
ee
n
p
r
o
v
in
ce
s
ca
u
s
ed
b
y
ag
g
r
e
g
ate
s
h
o
ck
s
,
s
u
ch
a
s
th
e
ec
o
n
o
m
ic
cr
is
i
s
i
n
I
n
d
o
n
esia
[
12
]
,
[
15
]
.
T
h
ir
d
,
th
e
d
ata
u
s
ed
in
th
is
s
tu
d
y
d
if
f
er
s
f
r
o
m
p
r
ev
io
u
s
s
tu
d
y
i
n
esti
m
atin
g
ch
i
ld
lab
o
r
in
I
n
d
o
n
esia
[
5
]
.
L
as
tl
y
,
t
h
e
ad
v
a
n
tag
e
s
o
f
t
h
i
s
s
t
u
d
y
w
it
h
o
th
er
s
tu
d
ie
s
in
I
n
d
o
n
esia
[
16
]
r
elate
d
to
th
e
esti
m
ated
h
o
u
r
s
o
f
w
o
r
k
i
s
th
e
u
s
e
o
f
p
an
el
d
ata
in
an
al
y
s
is
,
w
h
er
ea
s
p
r
ev
io
u
s
s
t
u
d
ies
u
s
i
n
g
cr
o
s
s
s
ec
tio
n
d
ata
s
o
th
at
th
e
p
o
s
s
ib
ilit
y
is
s
till
t
h
er
e
is
a
p
r
o
b
lem
co
n
ce
r
n
i
n
g
m
at
ter
s
t
h
at
ar
e
n
o
t o
b
s
er
v
ed
th
at
ca
n
a
f
f
ec
t o
u
tco
m
e
s
.
2.
RE
S
E
ARCH
M
E
T
H
O
D
2
.
1
.
F
irst
M
o
del
T
h
e
f
ir
s
t
m
o
d
el
is
u
s
ed
to
esti
m
ate
m
a
n
y
id
io
s
y
n
cr
atic
s
h
o
ck
s
o
n
t
h
e
p
r
o
b
ab
ilit
y
o
f
ch
ild
r
en
w
o
r
k
in
g
an
d
s
ch
o
o
l a
tte
n
d
an
ce
t
h
r
o
u
g
h
r
an
d
o
m
e
f
f
ec
ts
p
r
o
b
it
[1
7
]
w
i
th
s
o
m
e
m
o
d
if
icatio
n
s
.
L
i
ht
C
*
=
b
X
i
ht
+
l
q
i
ht
+
f
t
+
m
a
i
ht
+
c
h
+
e
i
ht
(
1
)
w
h
er
e
L
C*
iht
is
ch
i
ld
lab
o
r
o
r
s
ch
o
o
l
atten
d
an
ce
i
in
a
h
o
u
s
eh
o
ld
h
in
y
ea
r
t
,
X
i
ht
is
h
o
u
s
e
h
o
ld
an
d
in
d
iv
id
u
a
l
s
p
ec
if
ic
co
v
ar
iates,
c
h
is
a
h
o
u
s
eh
o
ld
ef
f
ec
t
o
n
ea
ch
c
h
ild
,
q
i
ht
is
th
e
id
io
s
y
n
cr
atic
s
h
o
ck
s
,
a
n
d
f
t
is
y
ea
r
d
u
m
m
y
v
ar
i
ab
les.
Me
a
n
w
h
ile,
a
i
ht
is
h
o
u
s
eh
o
ld
a
s
s
et
o
w
n
er
s
h
ip
an
d
e
i
ht
is
th
e
er
r
o
r
te
r
m
.
I
n
ad
d
itio
n
,
t
h
i
s
s
tu
d
y
u
s
es
d
u
m
m
ie
s
p
r
o
v
in
ce
v
ar
iab
les
to
ca
p
tu
r
e
a
n
y
e
f
f
ec
ts
o
f
i
n
ter
p
r
o
v
in
ce
d
i
f
f
er
en
ce
s
i
n
w
a
g
es
a
n
d
p
r
ices.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
-
8822
I
J
E
R
E
Vo
l
.
6
,
No
.
2
,
J
u
n
e
201
7
:
1
0
0
–
1
0
9
102
T
h
e
esti
m
a
tio
n
tech
n
iq
u
e
u
s
e
d
in
t
h
e
f
ir
s
t
m
o
d
el
is
a
r
an
d
o
m
e
f
f
ec
t
p
r
o
b
it.
T
h
e
p
u
r
p
o
s
e
o
f
u
s
i
n
g
t
h
e
esti
m
atio
n
tec
h
n
iq
u
e
i
s
to
co
n
tr
o
l
f
o
r
h
o
u
s
e
h
o
ld
u
n
o
b
s
er
v
ab
le,
s
u
ch
a
s
p
ar
en
tal
p
r
ef
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e
n
ce
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t
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lar
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o
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’
s
s
ch
o
o
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d
w
o
r
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d
ec
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s
.
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u
s
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o
ld
s
f
ix
ed
e
f
f
ec
t
esti
m
atio
n
te
ch
n
iq
u
e
w
o
u
ld
n
o
t
b
e
ab
le
to
co
n
tr
o
l
ef
f
ec
t
o
f
o
th
er
h
o
u
s
eh
o
ld
ch
ar
ac
ter
is
tics
s
u
ch
a
s
h
o
u
s
eh
o
ld
ass
e
t
o
r
p
ar
en
tal
ed
u
ca
tio
n
w
h
ic
h
p
o
ten
tiall
y
v
ar
ie
s
a
m
o
n
g
ch
ild
r
e
n
m
a
y
in
f
l
u
e
n
ce
ch
il
d
r
en
’
s
ti
m
e
allo
ca
tio
n
p
atter
n
to
w
o
r
k
o
r
to
s
tu
d
y
[1
7
]
.
2
.
2
.
Seco
nd
M
o
del
T
h
e
s
ec
o
n
d
m
o
d
el
is
u
s
ed
t
o
esti
m
ate
a
v
ar
iet
y
o
f
id
io
s
y
n
cr
atic
s
h
o
c
k
s
to
th
e
c
h
ild
lab
o
r
h
o
u
r
th
r
o
u
g
h
f
i
x
ed
ef
f
ec
t te
ch
n
iq
u
e
s
at
th
e
h
o
u
s
e
h
o
ld
lev
el
[
3
]
,
[
18
]
.
T
h
e
m
o
d
el
u
s
ed
is
as
f
o
llo
w
s
.
l
i
h
t
=
r
h
+
b
X
i
h
t
+
l
q
i
h
t
+
f
t
+
m
a
i
h
t
+
u
i
h
t
(
2
)
w
h
er
e
r
h
is
a
fixed
effec
ts
ter
m
o
n
th
e
h
o
u
s
e
h
o
ld
lev
el,
l
i
ht
is
tim
e
allo
w
ed
f
o
r
w
o
r
k
f
o
r
th
e
ch
ild
i
in
a
h
o
u
s
e
h
o
ld
h
in
y
ea
r
t
,
f
t
is
t
h
e
y
ea
r
d
u
m
m
y
v
ar
iab
les
an
d
u
i
ht
is
an
err
o
r
ter
m
.
I
n
th
i
s
m
o
d
el,
p
ar
en
ts
’
le
v
el
o
f
ed
u
ca
tio
n
is
u
s
ed
a
s
a
p
r
o
x
y
f
o
r
p
ar
en
tal
in
co
m
e
to
a
v
o
id
th
e
p
o
s
s
ib
le
s
imu
lta
n
eity
b
et
w
ee
n
c
h
ild
lab
o
r
an
d
p
ar
en
tal
in
co
m
e
[
18
]
.
T
h
e
r
ea
s
o
n
o
f
t
h
is
i
s
b
ec
au
s
e
p
ar
en
ts
’
ed
u
ca
tio
n
is
h
i
g
h
l
y
u
n
lik
e
l
y
t
o
b
e
s
i
m
u
lta
n
eo
u
s
l
y
d
eter
m
in
ed
w
it
h
ch
ild
lab
o
r
.
B
ef
o
r
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
i
n
g
an
esti
m
ate
o
f
ea
ch
m
o
d
el,
t
h
e
s
te
p
th
at
m
u
s
t
b
e
d
o
n
e
is
en
s
u
r
i
n
g
th
a
t
id
io
s
y
n
cr
atic
s
h
o
ck
s
ar
e
u
n
p
r
ed
ictab
le
an
d
tr
a
n
s
ito
r
y
[
3
]
,
[
18
]
.
T
h
er
e
f
o
r
e,
to
test
t
h
i
s
i
s
s
u
e,
it
w
a
s
e
s
ti
m
ated
u
s
i
n
g
p
r
o
b
it
at
an
y
s
h
o
ck
s
.
I
n
th
i
s
ca
s
e,
th
e
s
h
o
ck
i
n
2
0
0
0
w
as
esti
m
ated
to
ch
ild
lab
o
r
an
d
o
w
n
er
s
h
ip
o
f
ass
ets i
n
1
9
9
7
as
w
ell
as t
h
e
c
h
ar
ac
ter
is
tic
s
o
f
t
h
e
h
o
u
s
eh
o
ld
an
d
ch
ild
r
en
t
h
r
o
u
g
h
t
h
e
f
o
llo
w
i
n
g
eq
u
atio
n
:
P
r
(
s
h
o
c
k
i
h
t
=
1
)
=
f
(
c
h
i
l
d
l
a
b
o
r
i
h
t
-
1
,
X
i
h
t
)
(
3
)
f
u
r
t
h
er
m
o
r
e
,
to
s
h
o
w
th
a
t
t
h
e
s
h
o
c
k
s
ar
e
tr
an
s
ito
r
y
i
t
is
n
ec
es
s
ar
y
to
a
n
al
y
ze
it
.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e,
th
i
s
ca
n
b
e
in
v
e
s
ti
g
ated
b
y
ex
a
m
i
n
i
n
g
th
e
f
o
llo
w
in
g
eq
u
at
io
n
:
P
r
(
s
hoc
k
i
ht
=
1
)
=
f
(
s
hoc
k
i
ht
-
1
,
X
i
ht
)
(
4
)
l
astl
y
,
[1
4
]
id
en
tif
ied
t
h
at
to
esti
m
ate
th
e
r
an
d
o
m
e
f
f
ec
ts
p
r
o
b
it
th
er
e
s
h
o
u
ld
b
e
a
v
ar
iety
o
f
s
tat
is
tical
te
s
t
s
in
cl
u
d
in
g
a
li
k
eli
h
o
o
d
r
atio
tes
t (
L
R
)
,
W
ald
test
an
d
L
a
g
r
an
g
e
m
u
ltip
lier
(
L
M)
to
f
in
d
o
u
t
w
h
er
e
t
h
e
i
n
f
l
u
e
n
ce
o
f
r
an
d
o
m
ef
f
ec
ts
.
B
esid
es,
th
e
s
er
ial
co
r
r
elatio
n
test
ca
n
als
o
b
e
im
p
o
r
tan
t
to
en
s
u
r
e
th
er
e
is
n
o
co
r
r
elati
o
n
in
er
r
o
r
.
T
h
e
d
ata
u
s
ed
in
th
i
s
p
ap
er
i
s
I
n
d
o
n
esia
Fa
m
il
y
L
i
f
e
S
u
r
v
e
y
(
I
FL
S)
,
p
ar
ticu
lar
l
y
t
h
o
s
e
f
r
o
m
1
9
9
7
an
d
2
0
0
0
,
a
n
d
it
is
u
s
ed
to
ca
p
tu
r
e
th
e
o
cc
u
r
r
e
n
ce
o
f
s
e
v
er
a
l
ev
en
ts
i
n
I
n
d
o
n
e
s
ia
w
h
ic
h
h
as
a
r
is
k
a
s
s
o
ciate
d
w
it
h
t
h
e
s
h
o
c
k
s
o
f
ch
ild
lab
o
r
,
ch
ild
lab
o
r
h
o
u
r
an
d
th
e
p
ar
ti
cip
atio
n
o
f
s
ch
o
o
l
ch
ild
r
en
.
C
h
ild
lab
o
r
v
ar
iab
les
in
t
h
is
s
tu
d
y
w
er
e
ch
ild
r
en
w
h
o
w
o
r
k
ed
w
h
ile
g
o
i
n
g
to
s
ch
o
o
l.
Me
an
w
h
i
le,
th
e
d
e
f
in
itio
n
o
f
ch
ild
lab
o
r
h
o
u
r
in
t
h
is
s
tu
d
y
u
s
i
n
g
t
h
e
d
ef
i
n
it
i
o
n
g
i
v
en
b
y
[1
9
]
th
at
ch
ild
wh
o
is
ac
ti
v
e
in
ec
o
n
o
m
ic
ac
t
iv
it
y
a
g
ed
5
u
p
to
1
4
y
ea
r
s
to
f
in
d
w
ag
e
s
o
v
er
th
e
l
ast
w
ee
k
o
r
th
e
last
w
ee
k
o
f
w
o
r
k
.
T
h
e
m
ea
s
u
r
e
m
e
n
t
o
f
id
i
o
s
y
n
cr
atic
s
h
o
ck
s
in
th
is
s
tu
d
y
i
s
a
v
ar
iet
y
o
f
s
h
o
ck
s
o
v
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th
e
p
ast
y
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r
o
r
1
2
m
o
n
t
h
s
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a
m
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n
g
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,
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h
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d
is
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f
f
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d
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d
m
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m
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cr
o
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b
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icles
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o
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to
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,
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th
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f
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m
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lan
d
is
n
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t
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i
n
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h
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ca
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m
a
k
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te
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b
iased
[
3
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.
Descr
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tiv
e
s
tati
s
tics
in
T
ab
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1
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h
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3.
RE
SU
L
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A
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3
.
1
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ab
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2
.
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1
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in
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[
3
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,
[
18
].
L
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test
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it c
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>
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.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
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3
M
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ts;
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b
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n
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ra
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A
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l
c
o
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ti
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r
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re
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ted
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f
f
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ic
Sh
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L
a
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r
T
h
e
est
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m
atio
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r
es
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lts
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n
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ab
le
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s
h
o
w
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s
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atic
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h
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last
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h
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itiv
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tatis
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icall
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t
ch
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r
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ad
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n
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icate
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at
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e
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ce
o
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li
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ited
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ld
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tect
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m
t
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s
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n
d
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estrict
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s
s
to
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o
r
m
a
l
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d
in
f
o
r
m
al
in
s
tit
u
tio
n
s
.
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h
is
m
a
y
in
d
ir
ec
tl
y
f
o
r
ce
t
h
e
p
ar
en
ts
to
i
n
v
o
lv
e
t
h
eir
c
h
ild
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en
to
w
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k
a
s
b
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f
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er
s
to
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ate
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r
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n
s
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m
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s
m
o
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h
i
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g
.
Dis
aster
h
ar
v
est
s
in
I
n
d
o
n
e
s
i
a
ca
n
n
o
t
b
e
s
ep
ar
ated
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
E
l
Nin
o
p
h
en
o
m
e
n
o
n
in
1
9
9
7
.
T
h
e
d
is
aster
p
o
s
itiv
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e
f
f
ec
t
a
g
ain
s
t
ch
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ld
lab
o
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an
d
ar
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s
tatis
ti
ca
ll
y
s
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g
n
i
f
ica
n
t
at
t
h
e
1
0
p
e
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ce
n
t
lev
el.
T
h
es
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f
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d
in
g
s
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d
icate
t
h
at
t
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cr
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p
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p
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ec
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p
ar
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u
s
t
a
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ticip
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t
h
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p
ac
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a
s
ter
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f
o
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m
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p
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ec
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in
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t
w
it
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a
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w
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th
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r
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en
ce
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cr
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en
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ag
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ts
to
in
v
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lv
e
t
h
eir
ch
ild
r
en
w
o
r
k
[
3
]
,
[
18
]
.
Fu
r
th
er
m
o
r
e,
h
ar
v
est
f
ail
u
r
es
co
u
l
d
in
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tl
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est
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t
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e
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o
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lo
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th
a
t
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is
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in
cl
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r
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tain
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co
m
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h
u
s
,
p
ar
en
ts
w
ill
in
v
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c
h
ild
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en
w
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i
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to
o
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t
o
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an
ticip
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t
h
e
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m
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ac
t o
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s
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ch
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o
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s
es a
n
d
p
r
o
v
id
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an
ad
d
itio
n
a
l c
o
n
tr
ib
u
tio
n
to
t
h
e
f
a
m
i
l
y
i
n
c
o
m
e.
B
ased
o
n
t
h
e
r
esu
lt
s
o
f
a
s
u
r
v
e
y
co
n
d
u
cte
d
b
y
t
h
e
I
L
O
i
n
m
id
-
1
9
9
6
th
at
c
h
il
d
lab
o
r
co
n
tr
ib
u
tes
to
th
e
f
a
m
il
y
i
n
co
m
e
av
er
ag
ed
2
0
p
er
ce
n
t o
f
to
tal
h
o
u
s
eh
o
ld
i
n
co
m
e
[
6
]
.
T
h
e
illn
es
s
s
u
f
f
er
ed
b
y
t
h
e
h
e
ad
o
r
m
e
m
b
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o
f
th
e
h
o
u
s
e
h
o
ld
o
v
er
th
e
last
y
ea
r
h
ad
a
p
o
s
i
tiv
e
e
f
f
ec
t
o
n
ch
ild
lab
o
r
an
d
s
tatis
t
icall
y
s
i
g
n
if
ican
t
at
t
h
e
1
0
p
er
ce
n
t
lev
el.
T
h
is
in
d
icate
s
th
a
t
th
e
h
ea
lt
h
co
n
d
itio
n
o
f
th
e
p
r
i
m
ar
y
b
r
ea
d
w
in
n
er
i
n
a
h
o
u
s
e
h
o
ld
h
as
a
n
e
s
s
e
n
tial
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le
to
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ec
id
e
w
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et
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er
t
h
e
c
h
ild
s
h
o
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ld
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t.
I
f
th
e
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r
ea
d
w
in
n
er
s
u
f
f
er
s
f
r
o
m
a
n
ill
n
e
s
s
,
t
h
is
s
it
u
atio
n
w
il
l
h
a
v
e
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n
s
eq
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ce
s
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o
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s
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ar
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r
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r
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h
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a
m
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n
t
h
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ca
s
e,
th
e
c
h
ild
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en
ar
e
j
u
s
t
s
u
b
s
tit
u
te
f
o
r
th
e
m
a
i
n
b
r
ea
d
w
i
n
n
er
i
n
a
h
o
u
s
eh
o
ld
at
t
h
e
ti
m
e
o
f
ad
u
lt
lab
o
r
s
u
p
p
l
y
d
ec
r
ea
s
es
b
ec
au
s
e
th
e
h
ea
d
o
f
t
h
e
h
o
u
s
e
h
o
ld
is
s
ick
a
n
d
r
eq
u
ir
es
h
o
s
p
italiza
tio
n
o
r
co
n
s
ta
n
t
m
ed
ical
ca
r
e.
T
h
e
f
in
d
i
n
g
s
ar
e
co
n
s
is
ten
t
w
i
th
r
esear
ch
i
n
M
ali
No
r
th
Af
r
ica
t
h
at
s
tated
s
i
ck
ad
u
lt
w
o
m
e
n
i
n
th
e
h
o
u
s
e
h
o
ld
in
cr
ea
s
es
t
h
e
p
r
o
b
a
b
ilit
y
t
h
at
a
ch
i
ld
w
ill
b
e
w
ith
d
r
a
w
n
f
r
o
m
s
c
h
o
o
l
[
1
7
]
.
Si
m
i
lar
r
es
u
lts
o
cc
u
r
r
ed
in
T
a
n
za
n
ia
t
h
at
w
h
e
n
a
p
ar
en
t
is
ill,
t
h
e
h
o
u
s
e
h
o
ld
m
a
y
n
ee
d
ch
ea
p
lab
o
r
to
s
u
b
s
tit
u
te
f
o
r
t
h
e
p
ar
en
t
’
s
m
is
s
ed
wo
r
k
at
t
h
e
f
ar
m
,
an
d
th
e
y
d
o
ag
r
icu
lt
u
r
e
w
o
r
k
at
a
y
o
u
n
g
a
g
e
[
20
]
.
Si
m
i
lar
f
i
n
d
in
g
s
o
cc
u
r
r
ed
in
B
an
g
lad
esh
,
w
h
e
n
th
e
f
at
h
e
r
s
u
f
f
er
ed
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
co
n
s
ta
n
t p
ai
n
it
w
ill e
n
co
u
r
a
g
e
ch
ild
r
en
to
p
ar
ticip
ate
in
th
e
lab
o
r
m
ar
k
et
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
J
E
R
E
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8822
I
d
io
s
yn
cra
tic
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c
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I
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(
B
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)
105
Fu
r
t
h
er
m
o
r
e,
th
e
d
ec
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s
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at
5
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d
10
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t.
T
h
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in
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ea
t
h
er
co
n
d
itio
n
s
o
r
clim
a
te
v
ar
iab
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y
ca
n
lea
d
to
a
d
ec
r
ea
s
e
in
h
o
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s
e
h
o
ld
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n
co
m
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d
u
e
to
p
r
ice
an
d
p
r
o
d
u
ctio
n
r
ec
eiv
ed
d
ec
r
ea
s
ed
.
T
h
u
s
,
to
o
f
f
s
et
t
h
e
d
ec
li
n
e
in
r
ev
e
n
u
e
an
d
r
ed
u
ce
t
h
e
co
s
t o
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p
r
o
d
u
ctio
n
o
f
th
e
h
o
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s
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h
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ld
n
ee
d
s
ad
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itio
n
a
l
in
co
m
e
b
y
i
n
cr
ea
s
i
n
g
lab
o
r
p
r
o
v
id
ed
b
y
m
e
m
b
er
s
o
f
h
is
f
a
m
il
y
,
esp
ec
iall
y
h
is
s
o
n
.
T
h
e
f
in
d
i
n
g
s
ar
e
co
n
s
i
s
t
en
t
w
it
h
s
t
u
d
ies
i
n
T
an
za
n
ia
t
h
at
w
h
e
n
t
h
er
e
ar
e
f
lu
ct
u
atio
n
s
i
n
th
e
i
n
co
m
e
o
f
h
o
u
s
e
h
o
ld
s
ac
ti
v
el
y
u
s
in
g
c
h
il
d
lab
o
r
in
r
esp
o
n
s
e
to
th
e
v
ar
i
ab
ilit
y
o
f
t
h
ese
i
n
co
m
e
s
[
7
]
,
[
18
]
.
L
ast
l
y
,
id
io
s
y
n
cr
atic
s
h
o
c
k
s
th
at
co
n
tr
ib
u
te
to
t
h
e
e
x
is
ten
ce
o
f
ch
ild
lab
o
r
i
s
th
e
d
ea
th
o
f
t
h
e
h
ea
d
o
f
h
o
u
s
e
h
o
ld
o
r
h
o
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s
e
h
o
ld
m
e
m
b
er
s
.
T
h
e
d
ea
th
o
f
th
e
h
ea
d
o
f
h
o
u
s
e
h
o
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r
h
o
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s
e
h
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m
e
m
b
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s
o
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th
e
last
y
ea
r
h
ad
a
p
o
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itiv
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ef
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t
o
n
ch
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lab
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r
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d
w
a
s
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ta
tis
tica
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y
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ig
n
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f
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at
5
an
d
1
0
p
er
ce
n
t.
T
h
is
f
i
n
d
in
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in
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icate
s
th
at
if
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o
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s
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d
ied
t
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p
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t
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v
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en
o
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s
e
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s
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u
r
v
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a
n
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it
e
n
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u
r
ag
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s
c
h
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r
en
to
w
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r
k
to
f
i
n
d
ad
d
itio
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al
i
n
co
m
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s
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r
t
h
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s
u
r
v
i
v
al
o
f
t
h
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f
a
m
i
l
y
.
T
h
ese
f
i
n
d
in
g
s
ar
e
co
n
s
i
s
te
n
t
w
it
h
s
t
u
d
ies
i
n
Mo
za
m
b
iq
u
e
t
h
at
t
h
e
d
ea
th
o
f
th
e
h
ea
d
o
f
h
o
u
s
eh
o
ld
en
co
u
r
ag
es
t
h
e
u
s
e
o
f
c
h
ild
lab
o
r
[2
1
]
.
Ho
u
s
e
h
o
ld
ass
ets
h
av
e
a
n
eg
ativ
e
ef
f
ec
t
o
n
c
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ild
lab
o
r
an
d
ar
e
s
tatis
tical
l
y
s
ig
n
i
f
ica
n
t
at
th
e
1
p
er
ce
n
t
lev
el.
T
h
ese
r
es
u
lts
i
n
d
icate
th
at
th
e
ass
e
t
h
as
a
n
i
m
p
o
r
tan
t
r
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le
as
a
co
p
in
g
s
tr
ate
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r
ed
u
ci
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g
ch
i
ld
lab
o
r
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Dea
to
n
e
m
p
h
as
ized
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m
p
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et
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b
ec
au
s
e
it
is
r
elativ
el
y
ea
s
ier
an
d
ch
ea
p
er
[
22
]
.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e,
if
th
e
h
o
u
s
e
h
o
ld
h
as
ac
ce
s
s
to
v
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s
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s
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ass
et
s
th
at
m
a
y
in
d
ir
ec
tl
y
i
n
c
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s
e
h
o
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s
e
h
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ld
in
co
m
e,
t
h
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y
w
i
ll
b
e
b
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in
p
r
o
v
id
in
g
f
o
r
ch
ild
r
e
n
'
s
b
asic
n
ee
d
s
an
d
a
n
in
v
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s
t
m
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t
in
t
h
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t
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n
ad
d
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lar
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t
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e
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r
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d
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p
en
o
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e
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n
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m
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f
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c
tu
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s
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n
co
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ast
,
h
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s
e
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li
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as
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g
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h
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f
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d
in
g
s
ar
e
co
n
s
is
ten
t
w
i
th
s
t
u
d
ies
i
n
Ma
li
th
at
o
w
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er
s
h
ip
o
f
h
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u
s
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m
a
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t
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p
r
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a
b
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o
f
t
h
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o
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u
r
r
en
ce
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f
ch
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lab
o
r
[1
7
]
.
T
ab
le
3
.
C
h
ild
L
ab
o
r
R
eg
r
es
s
i
o
n
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V
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k
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n
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(
1
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Y
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M
a
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Ro
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A
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Ho
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o
f
w
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k
.
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h
is
in
d
icate
s
t
h
at
in
t
h
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e
v
e
n
t
o
f
id
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s
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cr
atic
sh
o
ck
s
,
h
o
u
s
e
h
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ld
s
d
o
n
o
t
u
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a
co
p
in
g
s
tr
ateg
y
b
y
i
n
cr
ea
s
i
n
g
th
e
d
u
r
atio
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o
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c
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lab
o
r
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a
m
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u
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ld
co
p
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g
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teg
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y
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u
c
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p
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o
r
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ir
ls
'
ed
u
ca
tio
n
to
ab
s
o
r
b
s
h
o
ck
s
[
23
]
,
[
24
]
.
I
n
ad
d
itio
n
,
th
e
m
o
r
e
co
m
m
o
n
co
p
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in
y
o
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u
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r
o
tect
th
e
ed
u
ca
tio
n
o
f
o
ld
er
ch
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r
en
[2
5
]
.
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h
ese
f
i
n
d
in
g
s
ar
e
co
n
s
is
ten
t
w
it
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u
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t
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ies
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id
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s
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atic
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t
h
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s
,
esp
ec
iall
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als
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le
s
s
th
a
n
1
8
y
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r
s
w
h
o
i
s
u
s
u
a
ll
y
in
v
o
l
v
ed
as
ch
ild
lab
o
r
[
16
]
.
A
n
o
th
er
s
t
u
d
y
s
h
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w
ed
t
h
at
h
o
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s
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ie
s
i
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e
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p
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iall
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er
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el
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in
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c
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r
en
's
ex
tr
a
w
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r
k
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r
s
[
2
].
T
ab
le
4
.
C
h
ild
L
ab
o
r
Ho
u
r
R
eg
r
ess
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n
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V
A
R
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A
B
L
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D
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p
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d
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b
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:
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i
x
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Ef
f
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(
1
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(
2
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(
3
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(
4
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(
5
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(
6
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w
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s
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o
r
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r
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5
-
1
4
y
ea
r
s
.
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h
e
f
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n
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s
ar
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co
n
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te
n
t
w
i
th
s
t
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n
I
n
d
o
n
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o
n
t
h
e
f
ac
t
th
at
t
h
e
a
s
s
et
s
o
w
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ed
b
y
h
o
u
s
eh
o
ld
s
ar
e
g
en
er
all
y
illi
q
u
id
,
alth
o
u
g
h
th
er
e
ar
e
s
o
m
e
ass
et
s
th
at
ar
e
r
elat
iv
el
y
li
q
u
id
as
ca
s
h
an
d
s
to
ck
,
b
u
t
t
h
o
s
e
ar
e
n
o
t
ab
le
t
o
m
iti
g
ate
th
e
ef
f
ec
t
s
o
f
s
h
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s
b
ec
au
s
e
th
e
v
al
u
e
h
as
d
ec
r
ea
s
ed
q
u
ite
d
r
a
m
atica
ll
y
i
n
l
in
e
b
y
t
h
e
ec
o
n
o
m
ic
cr
is
is
in
I
n
d
o
n
e
s
ia
[2
5
]
.
I
n
ad
d
itio
n
,
th
e
li
m
itatio
n
s
o
f
t
h
e
ass
ets
o
w
n
ed
b
y
h
o
u
s
e
h
o
ld
s
,
p
a
r
ticu
lar
l
y
i
n
r
u
r
al
an
d
d
is
tan
ce
co
n
s
tr
ai
n
t
s
to
tr
ad
e
ass
ets,
f
o
r
ex
a
m
p
le,
th
e
h
o
u
s
e
h
o
ld
s
w
ill
b
e
r
elati
v
el
y
d
i
f
f
ic
u
lt
to
s
el
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s
ets
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s
e
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t
h
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ta
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ce
b
et
w
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en
h
o
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s
e
h
o
ld
s
w
it
h
tr
ad
e
lo
ca
tio
n
is
q
u
ite
f
ar
.
An
o
th
er
s
tu
d
y
in
I
n
d
o
n
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s
h
o
w
ed
th
at
th
e
co
p
in
g
m
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h
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n
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s
m
s
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g
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th
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p
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o
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ch
i
l
d
lab
o
r
,
in
clu
d
in
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th
e
n
u
m
b
e
r
o
f
w
o
r
k
i
n
g
h
o
u
r
s
s
i
g
n
i
f
ican
tl
y
co
m
p
ar
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w
it
h
h
o
u
s
e
h
o
ld
ass
et
s
.
T
h
e
ex
is
te
n
ce
o
f
m
i
g
r
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n
r
ed
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ce
s
t
h
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
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r
s
o
f
w
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r
k
d
o
n
e
b
y
a
ll
th
e
n
u
m
b
e
r
o
f
f
a
m
il
y
m
e
m
b
er
s
,
in
cl
u
d
in
g
c
h
ild
r
en
,
at
2
6
h
o
u
r
s
p
er
w
ee
k
[2
6
]
.
T
h
u
s
,
th
e
r
o
le
o
f
m
i
g
r
ati
o
n
is
m
u
c
h
g
r
ea
ter
in
f
lu
e
n
ce
t
h
an
h
o
u
s
eh
o
ld
ass
e
t
s
in
r
ed
u
ci
n
g
c
h
ild
r
en
's
w
o
r
k
i
n
g
h
o
u
r
s
3
.
4
.
E
f
f
ec
t
s
o
f
I
dio
s
y
ncra
t
ic
Sh
o
cks
t
o
Scho
o
l
At
t
enda
nce
T
ab
le
5
s
h
o
w
s
t
h
at
a
v
ar
iet
y
o
f
id
io
s
y
n
cr
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s
h
o
ck
s
o
v
er
t
h
e
la
s
t
y
ea
r
w
a
s
n
o
t
s
tatis
ticall
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s
ig
n
i
f
ica
n
t
o
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s
c
h
o
o
l
atten
d
a
n
ce
.
T
h
is
in
d
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s
t
h
at
d
u
r
in
g
a
v
ar
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y
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cr
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s
h
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ck
s
,
h
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n
i
n
g
c
h
ild
r
en
a
g
ed
5
-
1
4
y
ea
r
s
[
5
]
.
Th
ese
f
in
d
i
n
g
s
in
li
n
e
w
it
h
p
r
ev
io
u
s
r
esear
ch
i
n
I
n
d
o
n
es
ia
th
at
id
io
s
y
n
cr
atic
s
h
o
ck
s
h
ad
n
o
ef
f
ec
t
o
n
ch
ild
r
en
's
ed
u
ca
tio
n
[
2
]
.
[
27
]
s
h
o
w
ed
th
at
ch
i
ld
r
en
ag
ed
6
-
1
4
y
ea
r
s
s
till
r
ec
eiv
ed
th
e
ed
u
ca
tio
n
,
b
o
th
f
o
r
m
a
l
an
d
in
f
o
r
m
al
d
u
r
in
g
a
f
i
n
an
cial
cr
is
is
i
n
Asi
a
n
co
u
n
tr
ie
s
,
in
cl
u
d
in
g
I
n
d
o
n
esia.
[
28
]
id
en
ti
f
ied
th
at
th
e
u
n
ce
r
tai
n
t
y
o
f
h
o
u
s
eh
o
ld
in
co
m
e
ex
p
ec
tatio
n
s
ca
u
s
ed
b
y
s
h
o
ck
s
d
id
n
o
t
af
f
ec
t
th
e
atte
n
d
an
ce
o
f
ch
ild
r
en
at
p
r
im
ar
y
s
c
h
o
o
l le
v
el
i
n
I
n
d
o
n
e
s
ia.
Ho
u
s
e
h
o
ld
ass
et
p
o
s
itiv
el
y
af
f
ec
ts
c
h
ild
r
en
'
s
s
c
h
o
o
l
at
ten
d
a
n
ce
an
d
s
tatis
ticall
y
s
i
g
n
i
f
ica
n
t
at
th
e
1
p
er
ce
n
t
lev
el.
T
h
is
in
d
icate
s
t
h
at
th
e
lar
g
er
th
e
h
o
u
s
e
h
o
ld
as
s
et
o
w
n
er
s
h
ip
,
th
e
ten
d
e
n
c
y
to
s
en
d
th
eir
ch
ild
r
en
to
s
ch
o
o
l
w
i
ll
b
e
h
ig
h
er
.
T
h
is
f
i
n
d
in
g
is
co
n
s
is
te
n
t
w
i
th
s
tu
d
ies
co
n
d
u
cted
in
T
an
za
n
ia
[
3
]
an
d
Ma
li
[1
7
]
th
at
th
e
o
w
n
er
s
h
ip
o
f
a
s
s
et
s
o
f
th
e
h
o
u
s
eh
o
ld
ca
n
i
n
cr
ea
s
e
th
e
p
r
o
b
ab
ilit
y
o
f
c
h
ild
r
en
s
ch
o
o
l
atte
n
d
an
c
e
s
ig
n
i
f
ica
n
tl
y
.
T
ab
le
5
.
Sch
o
o
l A
tten
d
a
n
ce
R
eg
r
ess
io
n
s
V
A
R
I
A
B
L
ES
D
e
p
e
n
d
e
n
t
v
a
r
i
a
b
l
e
:
S
c
h
o
o
l
A
t
t
e
n
d
a
n
c
e
,
y
e
s =
1
,
0
=
n
o
R
a
n
d
o
m
Ef
f
e
c
t
P
r
o
b
i
t
(
1
)
(
2
)
(
3
)
(
4
)
(
5
)
(
6
)
C
r
o
p
l
o
ss (y
e
s =
1
)
-
0
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0
5
4
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0
.
0
4
2
[
0
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0
5
2
]
[
0
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5
1
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S
i
c
k
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s =
1
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0
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1
0
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0
2
3
[
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5
1
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[
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5
0
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f
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l
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(
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s =
1
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0
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0
9
4
0
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8
5
[
0
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6
3
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[
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6
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D
i
sast
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s (y
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s=1
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0
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7
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L
i
k
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r
a
t
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3
3
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1
3
3
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2
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3
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1
1
3
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6
3
3
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4
3
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0
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W
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l
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T
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0
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M
Te
st
6
5
.
6
7
6
5
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2
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6
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1
1
6
5
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4
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5
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2
8
P
r
o
b
>
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0
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1
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1
7
7
5
N
1
3
6
0
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3
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1
3
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3
6
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1
3
6
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1
3
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8
Y
e
a
r
d
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mm
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mm
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s
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s
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s
Ro
b
u
st
sta
n
d
a
r
d
e
rro
rs i
n
b
ra
c
k
e
t
s
A
d
d
it
io
n
a
l
c
o
n
tr
o
ls:
Ho
u
se
h
o
l
d
h
e
a
d
se
x
(
w
o
m
e
n
=
1
),
Ho
u
se
h
o
l
d
a
g
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(
y
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a
rs),
Ru
ra
l
(
y
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s
=
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d
se
x
(b
o
y
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d
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g
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(
y
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a
rs)
a
n
d
th
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f
a
r
m
b
u
si
n
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ss
(
se
lf
-
o
w
n
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d
=
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Ho
u
s
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ld
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,
M
o
th
e
r’s
e
d
u
c
a
ti
o
n
(y
e
a
rs),
F
a
th
e
r’s
ed
u
c
a
ti
o
n
(y
e
a
r
s)
a
re
in
c
lu
d
e
d
b
u
t
n
o
t
re
p
o
r
ted
.
*
p
<
0
.
1
,
*
*
p
<
0
.
0
5
,
*
*
*
p
<
0
.
0
1
4.
CO
NCLU
SI
O
N
Var
io
u
s
id
io
s
y
n
cr
atic
s
h
o
ck
s
th
at
en
co
u
r
ag
e
ch
ild
lab
o
r
is
g
en
er
all
y
ca
u
s
ed
b
y
cr
o
p
lo
s
s
,
a
d
is
ea
s
e
s
u
f
f
er
ed
b
y
t
h
e
h
ea
d
o
r
m
e
m
b
er
o
f
th
e
h
o
u
s
e
h
o
ld
,
a
d
ec
r
ea
s
e
in
h
o
u
s
e
h
o
ld
in
co
m
e
d
u
e
to
lo
w
er
p
r
ices a
n
d
th
e
q
u
an
tit
y
p
r
o
d
u
ce
d
an
d
th
e
d
e
ath
o
f
t
h
e
h
ea
d
o
r
a
f
a
m
il
y
m
e
m
b
er
.
T
h
is
i
n
d
icate
s
t
h
at
h
o
u
s
e
h
o
ld
s
ar
e
n
o
t
s
h
elter
ed
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
id
io
s
y
n
cr
atic
s
h
o
ck
s
s
o
t
h
at
w
ill
in
v
o
lv
e
th
e
ch
i
ld
r
en
w
o
r
k
a
s
a
b
u
f
f
er
i
n
m
ak
i
n
g
co
n
s
u
m
p
ti
o
n
s
m
o
o
th
i
n
g
.
Ot
h
e
r
f
i
n
d
in
g
s
s
h
o
w
a
v
ar
iet
y
o
f
i
d
io
s
y
n
cr
atic
s
h
o
ck
s
d
o
es
n
o
t
af
f
ec
t
t
h
e
w
o
r
k
i
n
g
h
o
u
r
s
an
d
th
e
le
v
el
o
f
s
ch
o
o
l
atten
d
an
ce
.
T
h
is
in
d
icate
s
th
a
t
in
th
e
ev
e
n
t
o
f
v
ar
io
u
s
h
o
u
s
eh
o
ld
id
io
s
y
n
cr
atic
s
h
o
ck
s
ten
d
n
o
t
ad
d
w
o
r
k
i
n
g
h
o
u
r
s
an
d
la
y
o
f
f
th
e
i
r
ch
il
d
r
en
atten
d
in
g
s
c
h
o
o
l
to
d
am
p
en
o
r
o
f
f
s
et
s
u
c
h
s
h
o
ck
s
.
Ho
u
s
e
h
o
ld
ass
et
s
as
a
co
p
i
n
g
s
tr
ateg
y
p
la
y
s
a
n
i
m
p
o
r
ta
n
t
r
o
le
in
r
ed
u
ci
n
g
t
h
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
ch
ild
lab
o
r
an
d
i
n
cr
ea
s
e
s
c
h
o
o
l
atte
n
d
an
c
e
,
b
u
t
n
o
t
e
f
f
ec
tiv
e
i
n
r
ed
u
ci
n
g
t
h
e
c
h
ild
lab
o
r
h
o
u
r
.
Me
a
n
w
h
ile,
a
lth
o
u
g
h
th
e
in
f
o
r
m
al
p
r
o
tectio
n
t
h
r
o
u
g
h
o
w
n
er
s
h
ip
o
f
as
s
ets ca
n
h
elp
in
d
o
in
g
h
o
u
s
e
h
o
ld
co
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
s
m
o
o
th
in
g
,
b
u
t
n
o
t
en
o
u
g
h
b
ec
au
s
e
th
e
e
f
f
ec
t
i
s
r
elativ
el
y
s
m
al
l
at
u
n
d
er
1
p
er
ce
n
t.
T
h
u
s
,
it
is
n
ec
es
s
ar
y
to
estab
lis
h
s
o
cial
p
r
o
tectio
n
m
ec
h
a
n
i
s
m
s
t
h
at
a
r
e
f
o
r
m
al
i
n
o
r
d
er
to
cr
ea
te
ea
s
y
ac
ce
s
s
a
n
d
i
n
cr
ea
s
e
t
h
e
o
p
p
o
r
tu
n
it
y
f
o
r
h
o
u
s
e
h
o
ld
s
to
an
t
icip
ate
th
e
s
h
o
ck
s
w
i
th
o
u
t
i
n
v
o
l
v
i
n
g
c
h
ild
r
en
to
w
o
r
k
.
I
n
ad
d
itio
n
,
t
h
er
e
s
h
o
u
ld
b
e
s
p
ec
ial
p
o
licies
th
at
ai
m
to
p
r
o
m
o
te
g
en
d
er
eq
u
alit
y
an
d
e
m
p
o
w
er
w
o
m
e
n
,
esp
ec
iall
y
in
ac
ce
s
s
to
ed
u
ca
tio
n
.
L
o
w
ed
u
ca
tio
n
o
f
g
ir
l
s
is
v
er
y
in
f
l
u
en
t
ial
o
n
ac
ce
s
s
to
p
r
o
d
u
ctio
n
r
eso
u
r
ce
s
,
w
h
er
e
g
ir
ls
ar
e
m
o
r
e
co
n
ce
n
tr
ated
in
th
e
in
f
o
r
m
a
l
an
d
d
o
m
est
ic
w
o
r
k
ten
d
to
h
a
v
e
lo
w
er
w
a
g
es.
T
h
is
h
ap
p
en
s
b
ec
au
s
e
th
er
e
i
s
s
till
a
th
o
u
g
h
t
t
h
at
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
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:
2
2
5
2
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I
J
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R
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Vo
l
.
6
,
No
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2
,
J
u
n
e
201
7
:
1
0
0
–
1
0
9
108
b
o
y
s
ar
e
n
o
t
o
b
lig
ed
to
en
g
ag
e
in
d
o
m
est
ic
w
o
r
k
.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e,
th
e
av
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a
g
e
w
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e
o
f
w
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m
e
n
w
o
r
k
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d
to
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e
r
elativ
el
y
lo
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a
n
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w
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s
.
C
r
itics
o
f
th
i
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tu
d
y
ar
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co
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s
id
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e
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m
p
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th
ese
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o
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.
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to
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ata
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ed
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M
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ar
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p
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Do
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to
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al
R
e
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ch
Gr
a
n
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o
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at
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al
P
en
d
id
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T
in
g
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k
ti).
W
e
th
a
n
k
o
u
r
co
lleag
u
es
f
r
o
m
Do
cto
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al
P
r
o
g
r
am
o
f
E
co
n
o
m
ics,
Gad
j
ah
Ma
d
a
Un
i
v
er
s
it
y
w
h
o
p
r
o
v
id
ed
in
s
ig
h
t
a
n
d
e
x
p
er
tis
e
t
h
a
t
g
r
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tl
y
a
s
s
i
s
ted
t
h
e
r
esear
ch
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d
w
e
t
h
a
n
k
to
“
a
n
o
n
y
m
o
u
s
”
r
e
v
ie
w
er
s
f
o
r
th
eir
s
o
-
ca
lled
in
s
ig
h
t
s
.
RE
F
E
R
E
NC
E
S
[1
]
R.
T
o
w
n
se
n
d
,
“
Risk
a
n
d
In
s
u
ra
n
c
e
in
V
il
lag
e
In
d
ia
,
”
Eco
n
o
me
trica
,
v
o
l.
L
X
II,
p
p
.
5
3
9
–
5
9
1
,
1
9
9
4
.
[2
]
E.
F
it
z
sim
o
n
s,
“
T
h
e
Eff
e
c
ts
o
f
R
isk
o
n
Ed
u
c
a
ti
o
n
i
n
In
d
o
n
e
sia
,
In
stit
u
te
f
o
r
F
isc
a
l
S
tu
d
ies
,”
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
Ec
o
n
o
mic
De
v
e
lo
p
me
n
t
a
n
d
C
u
lt
u
ra
l
C
h
a
n
g
e
,
v
ol
/i
ss
u
e
:
56
(
1
)
,
p
p
.
1
-
25
,
2
0
0
7
.
[3
]
K.
Be
e
g
le,
e
t
a
l.
,
“
Ch
il
d
L
a
b
o
r
a
n
d
A
g
ricu
lt
u
ra
l
S
h
o
c
k
s
,
”
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
De
v
e
lo
p
me
n
t
Eco
n
o
mic
s
,
v
o
l.
81
,
p
p
.
80
–
96
,
2
0
0
6
.
[4
]
E.
S
k
o
u
f
ias
a
n
d
S
.
W
.
P
a
rk
e
r,
“
L
a
b
o
r
m
a
rk
e
t
sh
o
c
k
s
a
n
d
th
e
ir
i
m
p
a
c
ts
o
n
w
o
rk
a
n
d
sc
h
o
o
li
n
g
:
Ev
id
e
n
c
e
f
ro
m
u
rb
a
n
M
e
x
ico
.
F
o
o
d
C
o
n
su
m
p
ti
o
n
a
n
d
Nu
tri
t
io
n
Div
isio
n
,
”
Disc
u
ss
io
n
P
a
p
e
r
1
2
9
.
W
a
sh
in
g
to
n
,
D.C
.
:
In
tern
a
ti
o
n
a
l
F
o
o
d
P
o
li
c
y
Re
se
a
rc
h
In
stit
u
te
,
2
0
0
2
.
[5
]
A
.
P
riy
a
m
b
a
d
a
,
e
t
a
l.
,
“
W
h
a
t
Ha
p
p
e
n
e
d
to
Ch
il
d
L
a
b
o
r
in
I
n
d
o
n
e
sia
d
u
ri
n
g
th
e
Eco
n
o
m
ic
Crisis?
T
h
e
T
ra
d
e
-
o
ff
b
e
tw
e
e
n
S
c
h
o
o
l
a
n
d
W
o
rk
,
”
S
M
E
RU W
o
rk
in
g
P
a
p
e
r
,
2
0
0
5
.
[6
]
In
tern
a
ti
o
n
a
l
L
a
b
o
u
r
Org
a
n
iza
ti
o
n
,
“
Ch
i
ld
L
a
b
o
r:
W
h
a
t’s
T
o
B
e
Do
n
e
?
”
Do
c
u
m
e
n
t
f
o
r
d
isc
u
ss
io
n
a
t
th
e
I
n
f
o
rm
a
l
T
r
ip
a
rti
te
M
e
e
ti
n
g
a
t
th
e
M
in
isteria
l
L
e
v
e
l
,
Ge
n
e
v
a
,
S
w
it
z
e
rlan
d
,
1
9
9
6
.
[7
]
R.
De
h
e
ji
a
a
n
d
R.
G
a
tt
i,
“
Ch
il
d
L
a
b
o
r:
T
h
e
Ro
le
o
f
In
c
o
m
e
V
a
ri
a
b
il
it
y
a
n
d
A
c
c
e
ss
to
Cre
d
it
A
c
r
o
ss
Co
u
n
tr
ies
,”
NBER
W
o
rk
in
g
P
a
p
e
r
N
o
.
9
0
1
8
,
2
0
0
2
.
[8
]
R.
Ba
rro
s,
e
t
a
l.
,
“
Is
P
o
v
e
rty
Th
e
M
a
in
Ca
u
se
o
f
Ch
il
d
W
o
rk
in
Urb
a
n
Bra
z
il
?
”
Rio
d
e
Ja
n
e
i
ro
,
T
e
x
to
p
a
ra
Disc
u
ss
ã
o
No
.
3
5
1
,
In
st
it
u
t
o
d
e
P
e
sq
u
isa
Eco
n
ô
m
ica
A
p
li
c
a
d
a
,
1
9
9
4
.
[9
]
S.
Du
ry
e
a
a
n
d
M
.
A
.
Ku
e
n
n
in
g
,
“
S
c
h
o
o
l
A
tt
e
n
d
a
n
c
e
,
C
h
il
d
L
a
b
o
r
a
n
d
L
o
c
a
l
L
a
b
o
r
M
a
rk
e
t
F
lu
c
tu
a
ti
o
n
s
i
n
Urb
a
n
Bra
sil
,
”
Pre
p
a
re
d
fo
r
p
re
se
n
ta
ti
o
n
a
t
t
h
e
c
o
n
fer
e
n
c
e
“
Cris
e
s
a
n
d
Disa
ste
rs
:
M
e
a
su
re
me
n
t
a
n
d
M
it
ig
a
ti
o
n
o
f
t
h
e
ir
Hu
ma
n
C
o
sts”
o
rg
a
n
ize
d
b
y
t
h
e
I
DB
a
n
d
IFP
RI
,
2
0
0
1
.
[1
0
]
D.
I.
Kr
u
g
e
r,
“
Co
f
fe
e
P
ro
d
u
c
ti
o
n
Ef
fe
c
ts
o
n
Ch
il
d
L
a
b
o
r
a
n
d
S
c
h
o
o
li
n
g
in
Ru
ra
l
Bra
z
il
,
”
J
o
u
r
n
a
l
o
f
De
v
e
lo
p
me
n
t
Eco
n
o
mic
s
,
v
o
l/
issu
e
:
8
2
(
2
)
,
p
p
.
4
4
8
–
63
,
2
0
0
4
.
[1
1
]
S.
D
e
rc
o
n
,
“
In
s
u
ra
n
c
e
a
g
a
in
st
P
o
v
e
rt
y
(UN
U
-
W
IDER
S
t
u
d
ies
in
De
v
e
lo
p
m
e
n
t
Eco
n
o
m
ics
)
,”
Ox
fo
rd
Un
iv
e
rsit
y
P
re
ss
,
2
0
0
5
.
[1
2
]
S.
Bh
a
l
o
tra
a
n
d
C.
He
a
d
y
,
“
Ch
il
d
F
a
rm
Lab
o
r:
T
h
e
W
e
a
lt
h
P
a
ra
d
o
x
,
”
T
h
e
W
o
rld
Ba
n
k
Eco
n
o
mic
Rev
iew
,
v
o
l.
1
7
,
p
p
.
1
9
7
-
227
,
2
0
0
3
.
[1
3
]
W
.
A
ru
la
m
p
a
la
m
,
“A
No
te
o
n
Esti
m
a
ted
Co
e
ff
icie
n
ts
in
Ra
n
d
o
m
Eff
e
c
ts
P
ro
b
it
M
o
d
e
ls
,
”
D
e
p
a
rt
m
e
n
t
o
f
Eco
n
o
m
ics
,
Un
iv
e
rsity
o
f
War
w
ick
,
Co
v
e
n
try
,
CV
4
7
A
L
,
U.K
,
1
9
9
8
.
[1
4
]
W
.
G
re
e
n
e
a
n
d
C.
M
c
Ke
n
z
ie,
“
An
L
M
T
e
st
B
a
se
d
On
Ge
n
e
ra
li
z
e
d
Re
sid
u
a
ls
f
o
r
Ra
n
d
o
m
Eff
e
c
ts
in
A
No
n
li
n
e
a
r
M
o
d
e
l
,
”
Eco
n
o
mic
s L
e
tt
e
rs
,
v
ol
.
1
2
7
,
p
p
.
47
–
50
,
2
0
1
5.
[1
5
]
J.
A
.
L
e
v
in
so
h
n
,
e
t
a
l
.
,
“
Im
p
a
c
ts
o
f
th
e
In
d
o
n
e
sia
n
Ec
o
n
o
m
ic
Crisi
s
P
rice
Ch
a
n
g
e
s
,”
Na
ti
o
n
a
l
B
u
re
a
u
o
f
Ec
o
n
o
mic
Res
e
a
rc
h
,
2
0
0
3
.
[1
6
]
L
.
Ca
m
e
ro
n
a
n
d
C.
W
o
rsw
ick
,
“
T
h
e
Lab
o
u
r
M
a
rk
e
t
a
s
a
S
m
o
o
th
in
g
De
v
ice
:
L
a
b
o
u
r
S
u
p
p
l
y
Re
sp
o
n
se
s
to
Cr
o
p
L
o
ss
,
”
Rev
iew o
f
De
v
e
lo
p
me
n
t
Ec
o
n
o
mic
s
,
v
o
l/
issu
e
:
7
(
2
)
,
p
p
.
3
2
7
-
341
,
2
0
0
3
.
[1
7
]
A
.
B
a
n
d
a
ra
,
e
t
a
l.
,
“
T
h
e
I
m
p
a
c
t
o
f
In
c
o
m
e
a
n
d
No
n
-
In
c
o
m
e
S
h
o
c
k
s
o
n
Ch
il
d
L
a
b
o
r:
Ev
id
e
n
c
e
f
ro
m
a
P
a
n
e
l
S
u
rv
e
y
o
f
T
a
n
z
a
n
ia
,
”
W
o
rld
De
v
e
lo
p
me
n
t
,
v
o
l.
6
7
,
p
p
.
2
1
8
–
2
3
7
,
2
0
1
5
.
[1
8
]
A
.
Dill
o
n
,
“
Ch
il
d
L
a
b
o
r
a
n
d
A
g
r
icu
lt
u
ra
l
P
r
o
d
u
c
ti
o
n
in
N
o
rth
e
r
n
M
a
li
,
”
A
Diss
e
rtatio
n
.
F
a
c
u
lt
y
o
f
th
e
G
ra
d
u
a
te
S
c
h
o
o
l
o
f
Co
r
n
e
ll
Un
iv
e
rsity
,
2
0
0
8
.
[1
9
]
In
te
rn
a
ti
o
n
a
l
L
a
b
o
u
r
Org
a
n
iza
ti
o
n
,
“
P
a
n
d
u
a
n
ten
tan
g
P
e
lak
sa
n
a
a
n
P
e
m
a
n
tau
a
n
d
a
n
P
e
lap
o
ra
n
P
e
n
e
rim
a
M
a
n
f
a
a
t
L
a
n
g
su
n
g
,
”
Ja
k
a
rta
,
2008
.
[2
0
]
S
.
A
.
A
l
a
m
,
“
P
a
re
n
tal
He
a
lt
h
S
h
o
c
k
s,
Ch
il
d
L
a
b
o
r
a
n
d
E
d
u
c
a
ti
o
n
a
l
Ou
tco
m
e
s:
Ev
id
e
n
c
e
f
ro
m
T
a
n
z
a
n
ia
,
”
Essa
y
in
Un
iv
e
rsit
y
o
f
Was
h
in
g
to
n
–
S
e
a
tt
le
,
2
0
1
2
.
[2
1
]
D.
M
a
th
e
r,
e
t
a
l.
,
“
Ho
u
se
h
o
l
d
R
e
sp
o
n
se
s
to
P
rim
e
A
g
e
A
d
u
lt
M
o
rtalit
y
in
Ru
ra
l
M
o
z
a
m
b
iq
u
e
:
I
m
p
li
c
a
ti
o
n
s
f
o
r
HIV
/A
IDS
M
it
ig
a
ti
o
n
Ef
f
o
rts
a
n
d
Ru
ra
l
Eco
n
o
m
ic
De
v
e
lo
p
m
e
n
t
P
o
li
c
ies
,
”
Rep
rin
t
o
f
p
a
p
e
r
p
re
p
a
re
d
fo
r
th
e
Ce
n
ter
fo
r th
e
S
t
u
d
y
o
f
Af
ric
a
n
E
c
o
n
o
mie
s Co
n
fer
e
n
c
e
,
M
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I
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Un
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,
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.
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8
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C.
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m
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.
Un
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Esse
x
,
2009
.
BI
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M
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Un
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In
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Bo
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Un
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Do
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m
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f
ro
m
Un
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rsitas
G
a
d
j
a
h
M
a
d
a
.
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